View source for IBM Z

{{Short description|Family of mainframe computers}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:IBM Z}}
{{IBM mainframes}}
[[File:IBM Z15 mainframe.jpg|thumb|A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe. Larger capacity models can have up to four total frames. This model has blue accents, as compared with the LinuxONE III model with orange highlights.]]
[[File:IBM Z14 (36084219181).jpg|thumb|An IBM z14 mainframe. It is distinguished from the LinuxONE model by the blue accents on the doors.]]
[[File:IBM z13 and LinuxONE Rockhopper.jpg|thumb|A pair of IBM mainframes. On the left is the IBM z13 (while the naming was changed, the z13 line had a zSystems label on doors). On the right is the [[IBM LinuxONE]] Rockhopper.]]
'''IBM Z'''<ref>{{citation
 | publisher  = IBM
 | title      = IBM Mainframes - IBM Z
 | url        = https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z
 | access-date = 2015-04-20}}</ref> is a family name used by [[IBM]] for all of its [[z/Architecture]] [[mainframe computer]]s.
In July 2017, with another generation of products, the official family was changed to IBM Z from IBM z Systems; the IBM Z family will soon include the newest model, the IBM z17, as well as the z16, z15, z14, and z13 (released under the IBM z Systems/IBM System z names), the IBM zEnterprise models (in common use the zEC12 and z196), the [[IBM System z10]] models (in common use the z10 EC), the [[IBM System z9]] models (in common use the z9EC) and ''IBM eServer zSeries'' models (in common use refers only to the z900 and z990 generations of mainframe).

== Architecture ==
The ''zSeries,'' ''zEnterprise,'' ''System z'' and ''IBM Z'' families were named for their availability – ''z'' stands for [[High availability|zero downtime]]. The systems are built with spare components capable of hot [[failover]]s to ensure continuous operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/techjournal/0806_greggo/0806_greggo.html?ca=dat- |title=Selecting System z operating environments: Linux or z/OS? |first=Andrea |last=Greggo |date=June 18, 2008 |work=IBM DeveloperWorks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210603/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/techjournal/0806_greggo/0806_greggo.html?ca=dat- |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The IBM Z family maintains full [[backward compatibility]]. In effect, current systems are the direct, lineal descendants of the [[System/360]], announced in 1964, and the [[System/370]] from the 1970s. Many applications written for these systems can still run unmodified on the newest IBM Z system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mainframe strength: Continuing compatibility|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos-basic-skills?topic=it-mainframe-strength-continuing-compatibility|access-date=March 22, 2024|work=z/OS basic skills information center|publisher=IBM}}</ref>

===Virtualization===
[[Virtualization]] is required by default on IBM Z systems. First layer virtualization is provided by the Processor Resource and System Manager (PR/SM) to deploy one or more Logical Partitions ([[LPAR]]s). Each LPAR supports a variety of operating systems. A [[hypervisor]] called [[z/VM]] can also be run as the second layer virtualization in LPARs to create as many [[virtual machine]]s (VMs) as there are resources assigned to the LPARs to support them. The first layer of IBM Z virtualization (PR/SM) allows a z machine to run a limited number of LPARs (up to 80 on the IBM z13). These can be considered virtual "bare metal" servers because PR/SM allows CPUs to be dedicated to individual LPARs. z/VM LPARs allocated within PR/SM LPARs can run a very large number of virtual machines as long as there are adequate CPU, memory, and I/O resources configured with the system for the desired performance, capacity, and throughput.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

IBM Z's PR/SM and hardware attributes allow compute resources to be dynamically changed to meet workload demands. CPU and memory resources can be non-disruptively added to the system and dynamically assigned, recognized, and used by LPARs. I/O resources such as IP and SAN ports can also be added dynamically. They are virtualized and shared across all LPARs. The hardware component that provides this capability is called the Channel Subsystem. Each LPAR can be configured to either "see" or "not see" the virtualized I/O ports to establish desired "shareness" or isolation. This virtualization capability allows significant reduction in I/O resources because of its ability to share them and drive up utilization.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

PR/SM on IBM Z has earned [[Common Criteria]] [[Evaluation Assurance Level]] (EAL) 5+ security certification,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bannan|first1=Karen|title=The zEnterprise EC12 Raises Enterprise Security While Boosting Analytics and Cloud Performance|url=http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/trends/security/security_zec12/|access-date=29 August 2014|website=IBM Systems Magazine|publisher=MSP Communications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235909/http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/trends/security/security_zec12/|archive-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and z/VM has earned Common Criteria EAL4+ certification.<ref>{{cite web|title=z/VM provides proven system integrity, security, availability, and reliability|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zvm/7.2?topic=zo-zvm-provides-proven-system-integrity-security-availability-reliability|date=30 September 2022|access-date=14 January 2023|publisher=IBM}}</ref>

The [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine|KVM]] hypervisor from [[Linux]] has also been ported.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM – KVM for IBM z Systems |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/solutions/virtualization/kvm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002060315/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/solutions/virtualization/kvm/ |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2016 |publisher=IBM}}</ref>

==List of models (reverse chronological order)==
Since the move away from the System/390 name, a number of IBM Z models have been released. These can be grouped into families with similar architectural characteristics.

=== IBM z17 ===

The IBM z17 mainframe's Telum II processor was unveiled at Hot Chips 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Timothy Prickett |date=2024-08-27 |title=IBM Shows Off Next-Gen AI Acceleration, On Chip DPU For Big Iron |url=https://www.nextplatform.com/2024/08/27/ibm-shows-off-next-gen-ai-acceleration-on-chip-dpu-for-big-iron/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=The Next Platform |language=en-US}}</ref> The new architecture is expected to focus on AI acceleration and optimization. The Telum II's 43B transistor die features an on-chip [[Data processing unit|DPU]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=z17 Datasheet |url=https://www.ibm.com/downloads/documents/us-en/1227a45bcbb087b3 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250410122114/https://www.ibm.com/downloads/documents/us-en/1227a45bcbb087b3 |archive-date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.ibm.com}}</ref> and offers marginal improvements over the z16's Telum processor, with a similar architecture, including support for [[OpenCAPI]].<ref name=":0" />

=== IBM z16 ===

The IBM z16<ref>{{cite book
 | title       = IBM z16 (3931) Technical Guide
 | id          = SG24-8951-0
 | author1     = Octavian Lascu
 | author2     = Bill White
 | author3     = Ewerson Palacio
 | author4     = John Troy
 | author5     = Jannie Houlbjerg
 | author6     = Martijn Raave
 | author7     = Kazuhiro Nakajima
 | author8     = Paul Schouten
 | author9     = André Spahni
 | author10    = Anna Shugol
 | author11    = Gerard Laumay
 | author12    = Hervey Kamga
 | author13    = Bo Xu
 | author14    = Slav Martinski
 | author15    = Markus Ertl
 | author16    = Octavian Lascu
 | date        = September 2022
 | edition     = First
 | url         = https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248951.pdf
 | series      = Redbooks
 | publisher   = [[IBM]]
 | access-date = December 23, 2022
 }}
</ref> mainframe, based on the [[IBM Telum|Telum processor]], was introduced on April 5, 2022.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=IBM |title=Announcing IBM z16: Real-time AI for Transaction Processing at Scale and Industry's First Quantum-Safe System |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-04-05-Announcing-IBM-z16-Real-time-AI-for-Transaction-Processing-at-Scale-and-Industrys-First-Quantum-Safe-System |access-date=Apr 5, 2022 |website=IBM Newsroom}}</ref> The instructions for [[AI]] and [[neural net]]s are described in a new edition<ref>{{cite book
 |title        = z/Architecture Principles of Operation
 |id           = SA22-7832-13
 |date         = May 2022
 |edition      = Fourteenth
 |publisher    = [[IBM]]
 |url          = http://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/a227832d.pdf
 |access-date  = 2022-12-23
 |archive-date = 2023-01-18
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20230118190040/http://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/a227832d.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref> of the z/Architecture Principles of Operation.
<!-- Need URL -->

===IBM z15===

* IBM z15 (8561) mainframe based on the [[IBM z15|z15 chip]] was introduced on September 12, 2019.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-09-12-IBM-Unveils-z15-With-Industry-First-Data-Privacy-Capabilities|title=IBM Unveils z15 With Industry-First Data Privacy Capabilities|date=September 12, 2019|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
* IBM z15 Technical Introduction<ref>{{cite book |author1=White |first=Bill |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/RedpieceAbstracts/sg248850.html?Open |title=IBM z15 Technical Introduction |author2=Lascu |first2=Octavian |author3=Troy |first3=John |author4=Houlbjerg |first4=Jannie |author5=Packheiser |first5=Frank |author6=Schouten |first6=Paul |author7=Nakajima |first7=Kazuhiro |author8=Shugol |first8=Anna |author9=Kamga |first9=Hervey |date=May 2021 |series=Redbooks |publisher=[[IBM]] |isbn=978-0738459172 |edition=Third |id=SG24-8850-02 |access-date=2022-12-08}}
</ref>
* IBM z15 Technical Guide<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lascu |first=Octavian |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/RedpieceAbstracts/sg248851.html?Open |title=IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide |author2=White |first2=Bill |author3=Troy |first3=John |author4=Houlbjerg |first4=Jannie |author5=Nakajima |first5=Kazuhiro |author6=Schouten |first6=Paul |author7=Shugol |first7=Anna |author8=Packheiser |first8=Frank |author9=Kamga |first9=Hervey |date=January 17, 2020 |series=Redbooks |publisher=[[IBM]] |isbn=978-0738458120 |edition=First |id=SG24-8851-00 |access-date=2022-12-08 |author10=Bo Xu}}
</ref>

===IBM z14===
The dual frame z14, launched in July 2017,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719140917/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 19, 2017|title=IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection|date=July 17, 2017|publisher=IBM}}</ref> and the single frame launched in April 2018,<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-04-10|title=IBM unveils new cloud-ready mainframe based on single-frame design - IBM IT Infrastructure Blog|language=en-US|work=IBM IT Infrastructure Blog|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/systems/mainframe-cloud-secure/|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> are based on the [[IBM z14|z14 chip]], a 5.2&nbsp;GHz 10-core processor.<ref>{{cite web|title=The enterprise mainframe server – the core of trusted digital experiences|website=[[IBM]] |date=9 November 2020 |url=https://www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/z14}}</ref><ref name=z14tech>{{cite book
 | title       = IBM z14 (3906) Technical Guide
 | id          = SG24-8451-01
 | author1     = Octavian Lascu
 | author2     = Hervey Kamga
 | author3     = Esra Ufacik
 | author4     = Bo Xu
 | author5     = John Troy
 | author6     = Frank Packheiser
 | author7     = Michal Kordyzon
 | date        = October 2018
 | edition     = Second
 | isbn        = 978-0738457253
 | url         = http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248451.pdf
 | series      = Redbooks
 | publisher   = [[IBM]]
 | access-date = 2022-12-08
 }}
</ref> A z14 system can have a maximum of 240 Processing Unit (PU) cores, 170 of which can be configured to the customer's specification to run applications and operating systems, and up to 32&nbsp;TB usable [[redundant array of independent memory]] (RAIM), some of which can be configured as Virtual Flash Memory (VFM). Each PU can be characterized as a [[IBM z14|Central Processor]] (CP), Integrated Firmware Processor (IFP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[ZIIP|Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, additional System Assist Processor (SAP) or as a spare. The focus of the IBM Z systems are pervasive encryption as the z14 processor has plenty of hardware assisted cryptography features (AES, DES, TDES, SHA, Random number generator).<ref name=z14tech />

===IBM z13===
Launched on January 13, 2015,<ref>{{cite press release|title=IBM Launches z13 Mainframe|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114051151/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 14, 2015|website=IBM|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Niccolai|first=James|date=January 13, 2015|title=IBM's new z13 mainframe eats mobile app data for lunch|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2868457/ibms-new-z13-mainframe-eats-mobile-app-data-for-lunch.html|website=[[Computerworld]]}}</ref> the z13 is based on the [[IBM z13|z13 chip]], a 5&nbsp;GHz 8-core processor. A z13 system can have a maximum of 168 Processing Unit (PU) cores, 141 of which can be configured to the customer's specification to run applications and operating systems, and up to 10.144&nbsp;TiB (usable) of [[redundant array of independent memory]] (RAIM). Each PU can be characterized as a [[IBM z13|Central Processor]] (CP), Integrated Firmware Processor (IFP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[ZIIP|z Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, additional System Assist Processor (SAP) or as a spare. The [[z Application Assist Processor]] (zAAP) feature of previous z/Architecture processors is now an integrated part of the z13's zIIP.<ref>{{cite book
|title=IBM z13 and IBM z13s Technical Introduction
|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248250.pdf
|access-date=2018-11-11
|page=21
 }}
</ref>

The z Systems z13s (2965 series) was introduced on February 17, 2016<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/49021.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302105737/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/49021.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2016|title=IBM Unveils New Mainframe for Encrypted Hybrid Clouds|date=February 16, 2016|publisher=IBM}}</ref>

The z13 and z13s introduce a new vector architecture and are the last z Systems servers to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode.<ref>[https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.e0zm100/z132012hw1.htm Accommodate functions for the z13 server to be discontinued on future servers]</ref>

===IBM zEnterprise System===
[[File:System z Frames.JPG|thumbnail|A trio of IBM zEnterprise mainframe computers. From left to right: EC12, BC12, [[IBM Z#BladeCenter Extension (zBX)|Bladecenter Extension]].]]
This line has two generations: first generation, released in 2010/2011 with 114 single-rack ("business class") and 196 ("Enterprise class") models; and released in 2012/2013 second generation, branded as generation 12 of main line, and released with two model lines: single-rack zBC12 and dual-rack zEC12.

==== zEnterprise gen2 (zBC12 and zEC12) ====
[[File:Glowing IBM zEnterprise EC12.JPG|thumbnail|An IBM zEnterprise EC12 with the cover removed. The interior is lit to better see the various internal parts.]]On April 8, 2014, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the System/360 mainframe, IBM announced<ref name="cloud-offerings-press-release2">{{cite press release|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/43608.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413064237/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/43608.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2014|title=IBM Brings New Cloud Offerings, Research Projects and Pricing Plans to the Mainframe|date=8 April 2014|access-date=2014-07-18|website=IBM News Room|publisher=IBM}}</ref> the release of its first [[converged infrastructure]] solution based on mainframe technology. Dubbed the IBM Enterprise Cloud System,<ref>{{cite web|date=8 April 2014|title=IBM Enterprise Cloud System|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/solutions/cloud/system.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413101807/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/solutions/cloud/system.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2014|access-date=2014-07-18|website=IBM System z: Enterprise Cloud System|publisher=IBM}}</ref> this new offering combines IBM mainframe hardware, software, and storage into a single system and is designed to compete with competitive offerings from [[VCE (company)|VCE]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]. According to IBM, it is the most scalable Linux server available with support for up to 6,000<ref name="cloud-offerings-press-release2" /> virtual machines in a single-footprint.

In June 2014, IBM announced<ref>{{cite news|last=Taft|first=Darryl|date=2014-06-27|title=IBM Ships Its First Enterprise Cloud System to Vissensa|work=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-ships-its-first-enterprise-cloud-system-to-vissensa/|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref> it had shipped its first Enterprise [[Cloud system (computing)|Cloud System]] to Vissensa, a UK-based managed service provider.<blockquote>'''zEnterprise Business Class 12 –''' The '''zBC12''' is an entry-level single-rack solution, was introduced in July 2013 and is available in two hardware models, the H06 and the H13. It's designed to serve the mid-range business segment and can be configured to be a Linux virtualization server, in a version called the Enterprise Linux Server. The H13 has 18 processor cores, with up to 13 configurable. The H06 has nine, with up to six configurable.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="min-width: 55%;"
! colspan="10" |'''zBC12''' models
|-
!Model
!CPs
!IFLs
!zAAPs / zIIPs
!ICFs
!SAPs
!IFPs
!Spares
!zBX
!Memory (GB)
|-
|H06
|0–6
|0–6
|0–4 / 0–4
|0–6
|2
|1
|0
|0–1
|8–240
|-
|H13
|0–6
|0–13
|0–8 / 0–8
|0–13
|2
|1
|2
|0–1
|16–496
|}
Introduced in July 2013, the '''zEnterprise BC12''' is based on an upscaled z114, running 18 zEC12 processors at 4.2&nbsp;GHz and up to 489&nbsp;GB RAM. It is available in two models, the H06 and the H13 with one and two processing drawers respectively. The zBC12 can connect to the zBX expansion system. IBM is offering a special version of the zBC12 called the ''Enterprise Linux Server'',<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM unveils new "mainframe for the rest of us"|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/07/ibm-unveils-new-mainframe-for-the-rest-of-us/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> running only Linux hosts on top of its z/VM hypervisor, targeting large migrations from [[x86]]-based Linux installations.
<blockquote>'''zEnterprise Enterprise Class 12''' – The '''zEC12''' is a high-end dual-rack solution, and available in five hardware models: H20, H43, H66, H89 and HA1.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM zEnterprise EC12 Specifications|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/zec12_specs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901045346/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/zec12_specs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 1, 2012|access-date=2012-08-29|publisher=[[IBM]]}}</ref> The model number is based on the number of cores available for customer workloads. Additional cores are reserved as spares, SAPs and IFPs.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="min-width: 55%;"
! colspan="9" |'''zEC12''' models
|-
!Model
!CPs
!IFLs
!zAAPs / zIIPs
!ICFs
!SAPs
!IFPs
!Spares
!Memory (GB)
|-
|H20
|1–20
|0–20
|0–10 / 0–10
|0–20
|4–8
|1
|2–20
|32–704
|-
|H43
|1–43
|0–43
|0–21 / 0–21
|0–43
|8–16
|1
|2–43
|32–1392
|-
|H66
|1–66
|0–66
|0–33 / 0–33
|0–66
|12–24
|1
|2–66
|32–2272
|-
|H89
|1–89
|0–89
|0–44 / 0–44
|0–89
|16–32
|1
|2–89
|32–3040
|-
|HA1
|1–101
|0–101
|0–50 / 0–50
|0–101
|16–32
|1
|2–101
|32–3040
|}
Introduced in August 2012, the '''zEnterprise EC12''' is based on the [[IBM zEC12|zEC12 chip]], a 5.5&nbsp;GHz 8-core [[Out-of-order execution|out-of-order]] [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]]-based [[z/Architecture]] processor. The zEC12 can have a maximum of 120 cores, 101 of which are customer configurable to run operating systems and applications.<ref name="zEC12RedBookTechGuide2">{{cite web|date=August 28, 2012|title=IBM zEnterprise EC12 Technical Guide|url=https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248049.pdf|access-date=January 14, 2023|publisher=IBM}}</ref> The maximum number of cores available in a particular model of the zEC12 is denoted by the model name. For example, the H20 has up to 20 cores orderable for direct customer use, plus spare and a special I/O processor core type, the System Assist Processor. Each core can be characterized as a [[IBM zEC12|Central Processor]] (CP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[z Application Assist Processor]] (zAAP), [[ZIIP|z10 Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The zEnterprise EC12 allows up to 3&nbsp;TB (usable) of [[redundant array of independent memory]] (RAIM).

The EC12 has 50% higher total capacity than the z196 (up to 78,000 MIPS), and supports [[Transactional memory|Transactional Execution]] and Flash Express – integrated [[SSD]]s which improve paging and certain other I/O performance.

==== zEnterprise gen1 (114 and 196) ====
zEnterprise, announced in July 2010, with the z196 model, was designed to offer both mainframe and distributed server technologies in an integrated system. The zEnterprise System consists of three components:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247832.pdf|title=IBM zEnterprise System Technical Introduction|date=August 2011|publisher=IBM|section=1.3 Introducing the zEnterprise System|id=SG24-7832-01|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

* First is a System z server.
* Second is the IBM zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX).
* Last is the management layer, IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager), which provides a single management view of zEnterprise resources.

The zEnterprise is designed to extend mainframe capabilities – management efficiency, dynamic resource allocation, serviceability – to other systems and workloads running on AIX on POWER7, and Microsoft Windows or Linux on x86.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM's mainframe-blade hybrid to do Windows|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/01/12/ibm_zenterprise_zbx_update/|access-date=12 October 2012|publisher=The Register}}</ref>

The zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX) is an infrastructure component that hosts both general purpose [[IBM BladeCenter]] servers and appliance-like workload optimizers which can all be managed as if they were a single mainframe. The zBX supports a private high speed internal network that connects it to the central processing complex, which reduces the need for networking hardware and provides inherently high security.

The IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager integrates the System z and zBX resources as a single virtualized system and provides unified and integrated management across the zEnterprise System. It can identify system bottlenecks or failures among disparate systems and if a failure occurs it can dynamically reallocate system resources to prevent or reduce application problems. The Unified Resource Manager provides energy monitoring and management, resource management, increased security, virtual networking, and information management from a single user interface.<blockquote>'''zEnterprise 114''' – The '''z114''' is a entry-level single-rack solution, available in two hardware models: M05 and M10. Introduced in July, 2011, this system is designed to extend the benefits of the zEnterprise System to the mid-range business segment. Like the z196, the z114 is fully compatible with the zBX and the URM and also features the mission-critical server design elements. The z114 features up to 14 cores (up to 10 configurable) with a clock speed of 3.8&nbsp;GHz. The z114 is physically approximately half the size of the z196.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="min-width: 55%;"
! colspan="9" |z114 models
|-
!Model
!CPs
!IFLs
!zAAPs / zIIPs
!ICFs
!SAPs
!Spares
!zBX
!Memory (GB)
|-
|M05
|0–5
|0–5
|0–2 / 0–2
|0–5
|2–4
|0
|0–1
|8–120
|-
|M10
|0–5
|0–10
|0–5 / 0–5
|0–10
|2–4
|2
|0–1
|16–248
|}
This model can contains up to 14 [[IBM z196|z196]] [[Out-of-order execution|out-of-order]] [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]]-based [[z/Architecture]] processors running at 3.8&nbsp;GHz. The z114 offers 130 capacity settings across two models and is designed to offer the hybrid capabilities of the zEnterprise System with a lower capacity, a lower energy usage, and lower price.<ref name="z114RedBookTechGuide2">{{cite web|date=February 27, 2012|title=IBM zEnterprise 114 Technical Guide|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247954.pdf|access-date=October 1, 2012|publisher=IBM}}</ref> Each core can be characterized as a [[IBM z196|Central Processor]] (CP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[z Application Assist Processor]] (zAAP), [[ZIIP|z10 Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The z114 supports up to 248&nbsp;GB (usable) of [[redundant array of independent memory]] (RAIM).<blockquote>'''zEnterprise 196''' – The '''z196''' is a high-end dual-rack solution, and available in five hardware models: M15, M32, M49, M66 and M80. The model number is based on the number of cores available for customer workloads.<ref name="IBMSpecs2">{{cite web|title=IBM zEnterprise 196 - Specifications|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/specifications.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801221327/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/specifications.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 1, 2010|access-date=September 1, 2010|publisher=IBM}}</ref> Additional cores are reserved as spares and as SAPs.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="min-width: 55%;"
! colspan="9" |'''z196''' models
|-
!Model
!CPs
!IFLs
!zAAPs / zIIPs
!ICFs
!SAPs
!Spares
!zBX
!Memory (GB)
|-
|M15
|0–15
|0–15
|0–7 / 0–7
|0–15
|3
|2–15
|0–1
|32–752
|-
|M32
|0–32
|0–32
|0–16 / 0–16
|0–16
|6
|2–32
|0–1
|32–1520
|-
|M49
|0–49
|0–49
|0–24 / 0–24
|0–16
|9
|2–49
|0–1
|32–2288
|-
|M66
|0–66
|0–66
|0–33 / 0–33
|0–16
|12
|2–66
|0–1
|32–3056
|-
|M80
|0–80
|0–80
|0–40 / 0–40
|0–16
|14
|2–80
|0–1
|32–3056
|}
The 196's microprocessor is the [[IBM z196|z196 chip]], a 5.2&nbsp;GHz quad-core [[Out-of-order execution|out-of-order]] [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]]-based [[z/Architecture]] processor. The z196 can have a maximum of 24 processors giving a total of 96 cores, 80 of which are directly available to run operating systems and applications.<ref name="Register13">{{cite web|last=Morgan|first=Timothy Prickett|date=July 19, 2010|title=IBM zEnterprise 196 mainframe due July 22|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/07/19/z196_mainframe_blade_interconnect/|access-date=September 1, 2010|publisher=The Register}}</ref> The number of cores available in a particular model of the z196 is denoted by the model name. For example, the M15 has 15 cores available for direct customer use, plus spare and service processor cores. Each core can be characterized as a [[IBM z10|Central Processor]] (CP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[z Application Assist Processor]] (zAAP), [[ZIIP|z10 Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP). The zEnterprise also supports [[x86]] or [[Power ISA]] blades attached via the zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). The zEnterprise 196 allows up to 3&nbsp;TB (usable) of [[redundant array of independent memory]] (RAIM).

The zEnterprise z196 has twice the memory capacity of the z10, and 60% higher total capacity than the z10 (up to 52&nbsp;GIPS). It supports the BladeCenter Extension (zBX) and Unified Resource Manager.

===IBM System z10===
{{Main|IBM System z10}}
[[File:IBM_System_z10.jpg|thumb|IBM System z10]]
This generation of Z servers supported more memory than previous generation systems and can have up to 64 central processors (CPs) per frame. The full speed z10 processor's uniprocessor performance was up to 62% faster than that of the z9 server, according to IBM's z10 announcement, and included these other features:

* 50% more performance and 70% more usable capacity. The new 4.4&nbsp;GHz processor was designed to address CPU intensive workloads and support large scale server consolidation on the mainframe.
* Just-in-time capacity and management – monitoring of multiple systems based on Capacity Provisioning and Workload Manager (WLM) definitions. When the defined conditions are met, z/OS can suggest capacity changes for manual activation from a z/OS console, or the system can add or remove temporary capacity automatically and without operator intervention.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247632.html?Open|title=IBM System z10 Business Class Technical Overview|date=November 2009|publisher=IBM|isbn=9780738433769|section=7.3.10 Capacity Provisioning Manager|id=SG24-7632-01|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

Specific models from this family include:

* z10 Business Class (2098 series), introduced on October 21, 2008
* z10 Enterprise Class (2097 series), introduced on February 26, 2008

===IBM System z9===
[[File:IBM_System_Z9_(type_2094_front).jpg|thumb|IBM System z9]]
{{Main|IBM System z9}}
In July 2005, IBM announced a new family of servers – the [[System z9]] family – with the IBM System z9 Enterprise Class (z9&nbsp;EC) and the IBM System z9 Business Class (z9&nbsp;BC) servers. The System z9 servers offered:

* More flexibility on the enterprise class servers in customizing and sizing the capacity of the general purpose processors (CPs) that reside in the server. The z9&nbsp;EC servers offered four different sub-capacity settings when run with eight or fewer general purpose processors.
* [[zIIP]] engines. The zIIP is designed so that a program can work with z/OS to have all or a portion of its [[Service Request Block]] (SRB) dispatched work directed to the zIIP to help free up capacity on the general purpose processor which may make it available for use by other workloads running on the server.
* [[MIDAW]]. The Modified Indirect Data Address Word (MIDAW) facility offers an alternative facility for a channel program to be constructed. It is designed to improve performance for native FICON applications that use extended format datasets (including DB2 and VSAM) by helping to improve channel utilization, reduce channel overhead, and improve I/O response times.
* CP Assist for Cryptographic Functions (CPACF) is shipped on every CP and IFL processor in support of clear key encryption. CPACF was enhanced for System z9 processors to include support of the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES) for 128-bit keys, Secure Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA-256), CPACF offers DES, Triple DES and SHA-1.

Specific models from this family include:

* z9 Business Class (2096 series), successor to the z890 and smallest z990 models (2006)
* z9 Enterprise Class (2094 series), introduced in 2005, initially as z9-109, beginning the new ''System z9'' line

===IBM zSeries family===
[[Image:Z800 2066 JKU.jpeg|thumb|upright=1|An IBM zSeries 800 (foreground, left) running Linux]]

Announced on October 3, 2000, and available on December 18, the [[eServer]] zSeries 900 ('''z900''' for short) was the first to feature the [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] '''[[z/Architecture]]''' extension of the [[IBM System/360 architecture|S/360 architecture]], still retaining the support for the [[31-bit computing#IBM mainframes with 31-bit addressing|31-bit]] and 24-bit [[memory address|addressing]] programs back to 1964.

The system's 12 or 20 ''Blue Flame''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vance |first1=Ashlee |author1-link=Ashlee Vance |title=IBM shows chip road map for eServer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=October 16, 2000 |page=20}}</ref> processors, of which up to 16 could be used as Central Processors, are contained in a [[multi-chip module]] with 101 glass-ceramic layers and 4226 I/O pins. Each processor has 47 million transistors across 177&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup>. Compared to the preceding S/390 G6, the Blue Flame's L1 cache is doubled by splitting it 256+256 KB I+D and the L2 cache is doubled to 32 MB. The peripheral I/O bandwidth has been tripled to 24 GB/s, while the main memory has the bandwidth of 70 GB/s, a 150 ns latency and up to 64 GB capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM eServer zSeries 900: A Multipurpose Server for Enterprise-Class e-business |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS100-323/index.html&lang=en-ZZ-ZZ-ZZ&request_locale=en |publisher=IBM |date=October 3, 2000}}</ref> Featuring a 7-stage pipeline, the Blue Flame initially attained 769&nbsp;MHz with a bulk 180&nbsp;nm process, and upon the change to [[silicon on insulator]] in May 2002 reached 917&nbsp;MHz, at which it consumes 38 Watts.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM zSeries 900 Processor Update |url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/mktsupport/techdocs/expo_02_z900_update.pdf |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>Hubert J. Harrer et al. {{cite journal |title=First- and second-level packaging for the IBM eServer z900 |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |date=July 2002 |volume=46 |issue=4/5 |pages=397–420 |doi=10.1147/rd.464.0397 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224103146|last1=Harrer |first1=H. |last2=Pross |first2=H. |last3=Winkel |first3=T.-M. |last4=Becker |first4=W. D. |last5=Stoller |first5=H. I. |last6=Yamamoto |first6=M. |last7=Abe |first7=S. |last8=Chamberlin |first8=B. J. |last9=Katopis |first9=G. A. }}</ref>

In 2002, IBM launched the '''z800''', a lower-end mainframe featuring five Blue Flames clocked at 625&nbsp;MHz, of which up to four can be Central Processors, all sharing an 8 MB L2 cache. The I/O bandwidth is 6 GB/s and the memory capacity is up to 32 GB.<ref name="z9-109">{{cite web |title=IBM System z9 109 Technical Introduction |url=https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246669.pdf |pages=4–5 (16–17 of pdf)}}</ref>

The fully redesigned '''z990''' mainframes for the mid-range and high-end became available in June and October 2003, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family 2084+01 IBM z990 Family of Servers | date=12 March 2019 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_sm/1/897/ENUS2084-_h01/index.html&lang=en |publisher=IBM}}</ref> Featuring IBM's first [[Superscalar processor|superscalar]] [[CMOS]] mainframe processors, a dual-core chip contained 121 million transistors across 266&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup>, and was manufactured in a 130&nbsp;nm process, drawing 55 Watts at 1.2&nbsp;GHz in the z990.<ref name="z990cpu">{{cite journal |last1=Slegel |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Pfeffer |first2=Erwin |last3=Magee |first3=Jeffrey A. |title=The IBM eServer z990 microprocessor |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |date=May 2004 |volume=48 |issue=3/4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1147/rd.483.0295 |url=http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/483/slegel.pdf |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=2004-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224152213/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/483/slegel.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each core contained a cryptographic coprocessor supporting the [[Data Encryption Standard]] and [[SHA-1]].<ref>Magee, Jeffrey A. et al. {{cite web |title=Integrated Cryptographic Hardware Engines on the zSeries Microprocessor |url=https://old.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc14/2_Mon/11_magee.pdf |website=[[Hot Chips]] |date=August 19, 2002}}</ref><ref name="z990cpu"/>

The z990 contained up to 48 cores, of which up to 32 were enabled as Central Processors. To support this increase, the z990 was the first IBM mainframe with a [[non-uniform memory access]], as its processors and memory were grouped into up to four "book"-modules, each book also containing a 32 MB L2 cache.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siegel |first1=Ira G. |last2=Glendening |first2=Beth A. |last3=Kubala |first3=Jeffrey P. |title=Logical partition mode physical resource management on the IBM eServer z990 |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |date=May 2004 |volume=48 |issue=3/4 |pages=535–541 |doi=10.1147/rd.483.0535 |url=http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/483/siegel.pdf |quote=additional latencies and bandwidth constraints exist when a CPU accesses memory on a nonlocal book. This is understood by applications that were designed for a nonuniform  memory access (NUMA) environment |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=2006-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312071521/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/483/siegel.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was also the first to be capable of speculative [[memory disambiguation]].<ref name="z990cpu"/> The maximum I/O bandwidth and memory capacity were both quadrupled, to 96 GB/s and 256 GB respectively, as was the number of [[Channel I/O|I/O channels]] through the introduction of the quad-''Logical Channel SubSystems'' (LCSS). Each instance of an OS can access no more than one LCSS, thus preserving the limit of 256 channels per an OS.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Dennis |title=zSeries FICON Express Updates for FC and FCP |url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/mktsupport/techdocs/Z5034_FICON_Ng.pdf |publisher=IBM |date=October 2004}}</ref> The number of [[logical partition]]s was doubled to 30, and the maximum distance of [[IBM Parallel Sysplex|Parallel Sysplex]] rose to 100&nbsp;km. It took some time for a single OS to fully utilize the z990, as the [[z/OS]] and [[z/VM]] only gained support for 24 processors in September 2004, and for 32 processors in June 2005 for the z/OS and June 2007 for the z/VM.<ref>{{cite web |title=32 way CP Support Now Available in z/OS V1.6 and z/OS V1.7 |url=https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/system/files/inline-files/zos_32way_v1.pdf |publisher=IBM |date=July 29, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Improved Processor Scalability |date=23 July 2009 |url=http://www.vm.ibm.com/perf/reports/zvm/html/mt31cpus.html |publisher=IBM}}</ref>

In May 2004, the z800 was succeeded by the '''z890'''. The memory capacity and the core count were left unchanged from the z800, but the processors were the same as in the z990 except clocked at 1.0&nbsp;GHz. The L2 cache's size was 32 MB, and the I/O subsystem supported two LCSSs and 16 GB/s of bandwidth.<ref name="z9-109"/>

In 2004, IBM extended the idea of lower-cost restricted processors (first introduced in 2000 in the form of [[Integrated Facility for Linux|IFL]], for use by [[Linux on IBM Z]] only) that are not permitted to run the traditional mainframe OSes ([[z/OS]], [[z/VM]], [[z/VSE]], and [[z/TPF]]), by the addition of [[z Application Assist Processor]] dedicated to [[Java (software platform)|Java]] and [[XML]] processing. The IFL and zAAP are physically the same as the Central Processors, but IBM charges lower fees for their use. In 2006 another restricted processor type, the [[ZIIP|z Integrated Information Processor]], was added in the [[IBM System z9|System z9]].

== Features ==

===Processors and memory===
The IBM zSeries systems were based on the [[z/Architecture]] chips – the [[Out-of-order execution|out-of-order]] [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]]-based [[z/Architecture]] multi-core processors. The maximum number of cores available in a particular model of the zEC12 is denoted by the model name. For example, the H20 has up to 20 cores orderable for direct customer use, plus spare and a special I/O processor core type, the System Assist Processor. Each core can be characterized as a [[IBM zEC12|Central Processor]] (CP), [[Integrated Facility for Linux]] (IFL) processor, [[z Application Assist Processor]] (zAAP), [[ZIIP|z10 Integrated Information Processor]] (zIIP), Internal [[Coupling Facility]] (ICF) processor, or additional System Assist Processor (SAP).

==== Processor book ====
A processor book is a modular card in [[IBM mainframe]]s that contains processors, memory, and I/O connections.<ref name="mainframe-redbook">{{cite book|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246366.htm|title=Introduction to the New Mainframe|date=March 2011|publisher=IBM Corporation|page=6}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Multichip Module Packaging and Its Impact on Architecture|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/soc/cpmt/presentations/cpmt0810a.pdf}}</ref> A multi-chip module is welded onto each processor book for the z196 model.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM's z12 mainframe engine makes each clock count|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/05/ibm_z12_mainframe_engine/|access-date=14 April 2017|website=[[The Register]]}}</ref>

==== The computing power ordering ====
The typical ordering process of modern IBM Z mainframe looks like a buying of service<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=New Jersey taps IBM's mainframe as a service|url=https://statescoop.com/new-jersey-ibm-mainframe-as-a-service/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=StateScoop|language=en}}</ref> or looks like a leasing;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephen Swoyer|title=Leasing IT's Mainframe Future -- With an Option to Buy|url=https://esj.com/articles/2008/11/11/leasing-its-mainframe-future--with-an-option-to-buy.aspx|website=esj.com}}</ref> the mainframe is a program/hardware complex with rent for a system workload, and (in the most cases) additional system capabilities can be unlocked after additional payment.

===Operating systems===
The z15, z14, z13, zEC12, zBC12, z114 and z196 support the IBM operating systems: [[z/OS]], [[z/VM]], [[z/VSE]], and [[z/TPF]]. Other operating systems available include [[Linux on IBM Z]], such as [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6]] and [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11]].<ref name="IBMSpecs">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/specifications.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801221327/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/hardware/zenterprise/specifications.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2010 |title=IBM zEnterprise 196 - Specifications |publisher=IBM |access-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> In November, 2011, IBM introduced [[Microsoft Windows Server 2008]] support via [[x86]] processor-based [[server blade|blades]] that plug into IBM's zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). The zBX also supports the IBM WebSphere DataPower Integrated Appliance XI50 for zEnterprise (DataPower XI50z).

===BladeCenter Extension (zBX)===
[[File:CeBIT 2011 Samstag PD 11.JPG|thumb|zBX extension]]
The zEnterprise System supports an optional '''zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension''' (zBX). This add-on infrastructure supports redundant top-of-Rack switches, redundant power supplies, extra blowers, and [[IBM BladeCenter]] chassis. This add-on chassis allows [[POWER7]] and [[x86]] [[blade servers]] to be integrated with and managed from the mainframe.<ref name="ZDNet1">{{cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-unveils-hybrid-mainframe-system-of-system-eyes-data-center-consolidation/ |title=IBM unveils hybrid mainframe; 'System of system' eyes data center consolidation |first=Larry |last=Dignan |date=July 21, 2010 |publisher=ZDNet |access-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> A [[gameframe]] installation at Hoplon Infotainment is an example of a hybrid mainframe.

The zBX supports up to 112 blade modules.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247832.pdf|title=IBM zEnterprise System Technical Introduction|at=Section 1.5.6 zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension|publisher=IBM|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref> The zBX and the System Z server are connected by a redundant, secure [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]] connection, providing a private data network. There is also a [[Gigabit Ethernet|1 Gigabit Ethernet]] connection for management.

===Unified Resource Manager===
The zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager) allows the supported zBX platforms to be virtualized into a single system for management. It also allows for the prioritization of certain workloads in the system. The Resource Manager can monitor the various platforms for signs of bottlenecks or faults and modify the overall system to recover, maintaining a specified [[quality of service]] level.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eweek.com/networking/ibm-unveils-new-zenterprise-mainframe/ |title=IBM Unveils New zEnterprise Mainframe |first=Darryl |last=Taft |publisher=eWeek.com |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date=January 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Liquid cooling===
The zEC12 and z196 support external liquid cooling. Customers have the option of purchasing their mainframe with a water-cooled heat exchanger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9183068/Water_cooling_returns_to_IBM_mainframe?taxonomyId=67 |title=Water cooling returns to IBM mainframe |first=Patrick |last=Thibodeau |publisher=Computer World |date=September 1, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref>

===PU characterization===
Each purchased PU (processor unit) is characterized as one of a variety of types:
* '''CP''': Central processor; The standard processors. For use with any supported operating system and user applications.
* '''IFL''': [[Integrated Facility for Linux]]; Exploited by Linux and for z/VM processing in support of Linux. It is not possible to [[Initial Program Load|IPL]] operating systems other than z/VM or Linux on an IFL.
* '''zAAP''': [[Z Application Assist Processor|Application Assist Processor]]; Exploited under z/OS for designated workloads, which include the IBM JVM and XML System Services functions.
* '''zIIP''': [[zIIP|Integrated Information Processor]]; Exploited under z/OS for designated workloads, which include various XML System Services, IPSec offload, certain parts of IBM DB2 DRDA, star schema, IBM HiperSockets for large messages, and the IBM GBS Scalable Architecture for Financial Reporting.
* '''ICF''': [[Coupling Facility|Internal Coupling Facility]]; Used for z/OS clustering, running exclusively the Coupling Facility Control Code (CFCC).
* '''SAP''': [[Channel I/O|System Assist Processor]]; Offloads and manages I/O operations.
* '''IFP''': Integrated Firmware Processor; reserved for managing new generation of [[PCIe]] adapters in zEC12 and zBC12.
* '''Spares''': exclusively reserved to provide failover in the event of a processor (CP, IFL, zAAP, zIIP, ICF, SAP or IFP) failure.

Also it's possible to run a zAAP-eligible workload on zIIPs if no zAAPs are enabled. IBM does not impose any software charges on work that is
dispatched on zAAP and zIIP processors.

The addition of IFLs, zAAPs, zIIPs, ICFs, SAPs or IFPs does not change the system capacity setting or its [[Million service units|MSU]] rating, only CPs do.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of IBM products]]
* [[Linux on IBM Z]]
* [[zAAP]]
* [[zIIP]]
* [[Peer to Peer Remote Copy]]
* [[Extended Remote Copy]]
* [[LPAR]]
* [[HiperSocket]]
* [[ESCON]]
* [[FICON]]
* [[IBM Parallel Sysplex]]
* [[IBM Secure Service Container]]
* [[Hercules emulator]]
* [[z/VM]]
* [[z/OS]]
* [[OpenSolaris for System z]]
* [[Gameframe]]
* [[IBM z13]]
* [[IBM z196]]
* [[IBM zEC12]]
* [[z/Architecture]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|url=http://www.eweek.com/security/ibm-slims-down-pair-of-mainframes-for-the-cloud|title=IBM Slims Down Pair of Mainframes for the Cloud|last=Burt|first=Jeffrey|date=10 April 2018|work=eWeek|access-date=2018-04-15|department=Security|quote=The z14 Model ZR1 and LinuxONE Rockhopper II put the capabilities of IBM’s Z14 mainframe systems announced last year into an industry-standard 19-inch, single-frame design....}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.ibm.com/z IBM Z systems home page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150318054429/http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/TD105503 IBM Mainframe Life Cycle History]
* IBM Archives: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060126232459/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/sys390.pdf A Brief History of the IBM ES/9000, System/390 AND zSeries]

{{s-start}}
{{S-other|[[IBM mainframes]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[IBM System/390]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=IBM Z|years=2000 - current}}
{| class="wikitable" style = "text-align: {{{align|center}}}; font-size: 65%; max-width:540px;"
|colspan=2|'''[[IBM eServer zSeries]]'''
|rowspan=2|'''[[IBM System z9]]''' {{br}}2005/2006
|rowspan=2|'''[[IBM System z10]]'''{{br}}2008
|colspan=2|'''[[IBM zEnterprise]]'''
|rowspan=2|'''[[IBM Z#IBM z13|IBM z13]]'''{{br}}2015/2016
|rowspan=2|'''[[IBM Z#IBM z14|IBM z14]]'''{{br}}2017/2018
|rowspan=2|'''[[IBM Z#IBM z15|IBM z15]]'''{{br}}2019/2020
|-
|'''z800, z900'''{{br}}2000/2002
|'''z890, z990'''{{br}}2003/2004
|'''z114, z196'''{{br}}2010/2011
|'''zBC12, zEC12'''{{br}}2012/2013
|}
{{s-end}}

{{IBM}}

[[Category:IBM System/360 mainframe line|z System]]
[[Category:IBM server computers|Z]]
[[Category:Transactional memory]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2000]]