View source for IARC group 2B

{{Short description|Classification of agents that are possibly carcinogenic to humans}}
{{IARC groups}}
'''IARC group 2B''' substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances are those that have been classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) as <ref>{{cite web |url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications |title=List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 7, 2019 |website=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans |publisher=IARC |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> This category is used when there is [[level of evidence|limited evidence]] of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in [[experimental animal]]s. It may also be used when there is insufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but sufficient evidence in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent, mixture, or exposure circumstance with inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence in experimental animals, combined with supporting evidence from other relevant data, may be included in this group. 

This list focuses on the [[hazard]] linked to the agents. This means that the carcinogenic agents are capable of causing cancer, but this does not take their [[risk]] into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer given the level of exposure to this carcinogenic agent.<ref name="preamble">{{Cite web |title=IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019) |url=https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preamble-2019.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) |quote=A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard.}}</ref> The list is up to date as of January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans |url=https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=monographs.iarc.who.int}}</ref>

==Agents and groups of agents==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
===A===
*[[A-α-C]] (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-''b'']indole)
*[[Acetaldehyde]]
*[[Acetamide]]
*[[Furylfuramide|AF-2]] (2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide)
*[[Aflatoxin M1]]
*[[1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone]]
*[[2-Amino-4-chlorophenol]]
*[[Aniline Yellow|''para''-Aminoazobenzene]]
*[[ortho-Aminoazotoluene]]
*[[2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole]]
*[[Amsacrine]]
*[[Anthracene]]
*[[Arecoline]]
*[[Aspartame]]

===B===
*Benz[''j'']aceanthrylene
*[[Benz(a)anthracene|Benz[''a'']anthracene]]
*[[Benzo(b)fluoranthene|Benzo[''b'']fluoranthene]]
*[[Benzo(j)fluoranthene|Benzo[''j'']fluoranthene]]
*[[Benzo(k)fluoranthene|Benzo[''k'']fluoranthene]]
*[[Benzo(c)phenanthrene|Benzo[''c'']phenanthrene]]
*[[Benzophenone]]
*[[Benzofuran]]
*[[Benzyl violet 4B]]
*[[2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol]]
*[[BK polyomavirus]] (BKV)
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Bracken|Bracken fern]]
*[[1-Bromo-3-chloropropane]]
*[[Bromochloroacetic acid]]
*[[Bromodichloromethane]]
*[[1-Bromopropane]]
*[[1-Butyl glycidyl ether]]
*[[Butyl methacrylate]]
*[[Butylated hydroxyanisole]]
*[[β-Butyrolactone]]

===C===
*[[Caffeic acid]]
*[[Carbazole]]
*[[Carbon black]]
*[[Carbon nanotube]]s, multi-walled MWCNT-7
*[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
*[[Catechol]]
*[[Chlordane]]
*[[Chlordecone]] (Kepone)
*[[Chlorendic acid]]
*[[4-Chloroaniline|''para''-Chloroaniline]]
*[[3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone]]
*[[Chloroform]]
*[[1-Chloro-2-methylpropene]]
*[[3-Chloro-2-methylpropene]], technical grade
*[[4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride]]
*[[2-Chloronitrobenzene]]
*[[4-Chloronitrobenzene]]
*[[Chlorophenoxy herbicide]]s
*[[4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine]]
*[[Chloroprene]]
*[[Chlorothalonil]]
*[[Chrysene]]
*[[CI Acid Red 114]]
*[[CI Basic Red 9]]
*[[CI Direct Blue 15]]
*[[CI DIrect Blue 218]]
*[[Citrus Red 2|Citrus Red No. 2]]
*[[Cobalt(II) oxide]]
*[[Cobalt]] and [[List of inorganic compounds#Co|cobalt compounds]] {{ref|1|1}}
*[[Cobalt sulfate]] and other soluble cobalt(II) salts
*[[Cocamide DEA|Coconut oil diethanolamine]] condensate
*[[para-Cresidine]]
*[[Crotonaldehyde]]
*[[Cumene]]
*[[Cupferron]]
*[[Cycasin]]

===D===
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dantron]] (Chrysazin, 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
*[[Daunomycin]]
*[[DDT]] (''p'',''p'''-DDT)
*[[N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine]]
*[[2,4-Diaminoanisole]]
*[[4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether]]
*[[2,4-Diaminotoluene]]
*Dibenz[''a,h'']acridine
*Dibenz[''c,h'']acridine
*7''H''-Dibenzo[''c,g'']carbazole
*Dibenzo[''a,h'']pyrene
*Dibenzo[''a,i'']pyrene
*[[Dibromoacetic acid]]
*[[Dibromoacetonitrile]]
*[[1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane]]
*[[2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol]]
*[[1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene]]
*[[Dichloroacetic acid]]
*[[para-Dichlorobenzene]]
*[[3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine]]
*[[3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether]]
*[[1,2-Dichloroethane]]
*[[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid|2,4-D]] (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
*[[1,3-Dichloropropene]] (technical grade)
*[[1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol]]
*[[Dichlorvos]]
*[[Diethanolamine]]
*[[Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate]]
*[[1,2-Diethylhydrazine]]
*[[Diglycidyl resorcinol ether]]
*[[Digoxin]]
*[[Dihydrosafrole]]
*[[Diisopropyl sulfate]]
*[[3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine]] (''o''-Dianisidine)
*[[N,N-Dimethylacetamide]]
*[[para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene]]
*''trans''-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
*[[2,6-Xylidine]] (2,6-Dimethylaniline)
*[[Dimethylarsinic acid]]
*[[3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine]] (''o''-Tolidine)
*[[1,1-Dimethylhydrazine]]
*[[Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite]]
*[[Dimethyl-p-toluidine]]
*[[3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene]]
*[[3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene]]
*[[1,3-Dinitropyrene]]
*[[1,6-Dinitropyrene]]
*[[1,8-Dinitropyrene]]
*[[2,4-Dinitrotoluene]]
*[[2,6-Dinitrotoluene]]
*[[1,4-Dioxane]]
*[[1,2-Diphenylhydrazine]]
*[[Diphenylamine]]
*[[Disperse Blue 1]]
*4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene,Solvent yellow 2( MSDS India )

===E===
*[[1,2-Epoxybutane]]
*[[Ethyl acrylate]]
*[[Ethylbenzene]]
*[[Ethylene dichloride]]
*[[2-Ethylhexyl acrylate]]
*[[Ethyl methanesulfonate]]

===F===
*Foreign bodies, implanted in tissues
::Polymeric, prepared as thin smooth films (with the exception of poly(glycolic acid))
::Metallic, prepared as thin smooth films
::Metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron
*[[2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole]]
*[[Fumonisin B1]]
*[[Furan]]

===G===
*[[Crystal violet|Gentian violet]]
*''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' extract
*Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-''a'':3',2'-''d'']imidazole)
*Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-''a'':3',2'-''d'']imidazole)
*[[Glycidaldehyde]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]

===H===
*[[HC Blue No. 1]]
*[[Heptachlor]]
*[[Hexachlorobenzene]]
*[[Hexachloroethane]]
*[[Hexachlorocyclohexane]]s
*[[Hexamethylphosphoramide]] (HMPA)
*[[2,4-Hexadienal]]
*[[Human immunodeficiency virus]] type 2 (infection with)
*[[Human papillomavirus]] types 26, 53, 66, 67, 70, 73, 82
*[[Human papillomavirus]] types 30, 34, 69, 85, 97
*[[Human papillomavirus]] types 5 and 8 (in patients with [[epidermodysplasia verruciformis]])
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[1-Hydroxyanthraquinone]]

===I===
*Indeno[1,2,3-''cd'']pyrene
*[[Indium tin oxide]]
*Iron-dextran complex
*[[Isoeugenol]]
*[[Isophorone]]
*[[Isoprene]]

===J===
*[[JC polyomavirus]] (JCV)

===K===
*[[Kava]] extract

===L===
*[[Lasiocarpine]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Leucomalachite green]]

===M===
*[[Magnetic field]]s ([[extremely low frequency]])
*[[Malachite green]]
*MeA-α-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9''H''-pyrido[2,3-''b'']indole)
*[[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]]
*MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-''f'']quinoline)
*MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-''f'']quinoxaline)
*[[Melamine]]
*[[Merphalan]]
*[[Methyl acrylate]]
*[[Methyl isobutyl ketone]]
*[[Methylarsonic acid]]
*[[2-Methylaziridine]] (Propyleneimine)
*[[Methylazoxymethanol acetate]]
*[[5-Methylchrysene]]
*4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline)
*[[4,4'-Methylenedianiline]]
*[[Methyleugenol]]
*[[2-Methylimidazole]]
*[[4-Methylimidazole]]
*[[Methylmercury]] compounds 
*[[N-Methylolacrylamide]]{{ref|1|1}}
*[[2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone]] (uncertain purity)
*[[N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane]]
*[[Methylthiouracil]]
*[[alpha-Methylstyrene|α-Methylstyrene]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Michler's base]] (4,4'-methylene-bis(''N'',''N''-dimethyl)benzenamine)
*[[Michler's ketone]] (4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone)
*[[Microcystin-LR]]
*[[Mirex]]
*[[Mitomycin C]]
*[[Mitoxantrone]]
*[[Molybdenum trioxide]]
*[[3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol]] (3-MCPD)
*[[Monocrotaline]]
*5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone
*β-[[Myrcene]]

===N===
*[[Nafenopin]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Nickel]], metallic and alloys
*[[Niridazole]]
*[[Nitrilotriacetic acid]] and its salts {{ref|1|1}}
*[[5-Nitroacenaphthene]]
*[[2-Nitroanisole]]
*[[para-Nitroanisole]]
*[[3-Nitrobenzanthrone]]
*[[Nitrobenzene]]
*[[Nitrofen]] (technical-grade)
*[[2-Nitrofluorene]]
*1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone
*''N''-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide
*Nitrogen mustard ''N''-oxide
*[[Nitromethane]]
*[[2-Nitropropane]]
*[[4-Nitropyrene]]
*[[N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine]]
*[[N-Nitrosodiethanolamine]]
*[[N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine]]
*[[3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile]]
*[[N-Nitrosomethylethylamine]]
*[[N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine]]
*[[N-Nitrosomorpholine]]
*[[N-Nitrosopiperidine]]
*[[N-Nitrosopyrrolidine]]
*[[N-Nitrososarcosine]]

===O===
*[[Ochratoxin A]]
*[[Oil Orange SS]]
*[[Oxazepam]]

===P===
*[[Palygorskite]] (attapulgite)  (long fibres, >5&nbsp;μm)
*[[Panfuran S]] (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Pentosan polysulfate sodium]]
*[[Perfuorooctanesulfonic acid]] (PFOS) 
*[[Phenazopyridine hydrochloride]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phenolphthalein]]
*[[Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride]]
*Phenyl glycidyl ether
*[[ortho-Phenylenediamine]]
*[[ortho-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*PhIP ([[2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine]])
*[[Polychlorophenol]]s and their [[sodium salts]] (mixed exposures)
*Ponceau MX
*Ponceau 3R
*[[Potassium bromate]]
*[[Primidone]]
*[[Progestin]]s
*Progestogen-only contraceptives
*[[beta-Propiolactone|β-Propiolactone]]
*[[Propylene oxide]]
*[[Propylthiouracil]]
*[[Pulegone]]
*[[Pyridine]]

===Q===
*[[Quinoline]]

===R===
*[[radio wave|Radiofrequency]] [[electromagnetic field]]s<ref>[http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf Press release No 208, 31 May 2011], IARC classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans</ref>
*[[Refractory ceramic fibres]]
*[[Riddelliine]]

===S===
*[[Safrole]]
*''[[Schistosoma japonicum]]'' (infection with)
*[[Silicon carbide]], fibrous
*[[Sodium orthophenyl phenol|Sodium ''ortho''-phenylphenate]]
*Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and '475' glass fibres
*[[Sterigmatocystin]]
*[[Streptozotocin]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Sulfallate]]

===T===
*[[1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane]]
*[[1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane]]
*[[Tetrachlorvinphos]]
*[[Tetrahydrofuran]]
*[[Tetranitromethane]]
*[[Thioacetamide]]
*[[4,4'-Thiodianiline]]
*[[2-Thiouracil]]
*[[Titanium dioxide]]
*[[Toluene diisocyanate]]s
*[[Toxaphene]] (Polychlorinated camphenes)
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Trichlormethine]] (Trimustine hydrochloride)
*[[Trichloroacetic acid]]
*[[2,4,6-Trichlorophenol]]
*Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5''H''-pyrido[4,3-''b'']indole)
*Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5''H''-pyrido[4,3-''b'']indole)
*[[Tungsten]] weapons-grade (with nickel and cobalt) alloy
*[[Trypan blue]]

===U===
*[[Uracil mustard]]

===V===
*[[Vanadium pentoxide]]
*[[Vinyl acetate]]
*[[4-Vinylcyclohexene]]
*[[4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide]]

===Z===
*[[Zalcitabine]]
*[[Zidovudine]] (AZT)
{{div col end}}

==Mixtures==
*''[[Aloe vera]]'', whole leaf extract
*[[Bitumen]]s, occupational exposure to straight-run bitumens and their emissions during road paving
*[[Bitumen]]s, occupational exposure to hard bitumens and their emissions during mastic asphalt work
*[[Carrageenan]], degraded ([[Poligeenan]])
*[[Chlorinated paraffins]] of average carbon chain length C<sub>12</sub> and average degree of chlorination approximately 60%
*[[Diesel fuel]], marine
*[[Exhaust gas|Engine exhaust]], [[gasoline]]
*[[Fuel oil]]s, residual (heavy)
*''[[Fusarium moniliforme]]'', toxins derived from ([[Fumonisin B1|fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>]], [[Fumonisin B2|fumonisin B<sub>2</sub>]], and [[fusarin C]])
*[[Gasoline]]
*[[Goldenseal]] root powder
*Magenta dyes ([[CI Basic Red]] and [[fuchin]]s)
*Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia)
*[[Toxaphene]] (Polychlorinated camphenes)
*[[Welding]] fumes

==Exposure circumstances==
*[[Carpentry]] and [[Woodworking joints|joinery]]
*[[Cobalt]] metal without [[tungsten carbide]]
*[[Dry cleaning]] ([[occupational]] exposures in)
*[[Firefighting|Firefighter]] ([[occupational]] exposure as)
*[[Printing]] processes ([[occupational]] exposures in)<ref name="IARC Publications Website g947">{{cite web | title=Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds | website=IARC Publications Website | url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Printing-Processes-And-Printing-Inks-Carbon-Black-And-Some-Nitro-Compounds-1996 | access-date=2023-10-31}}</ref><ref name="J C WG. 1996 b323">{{cite web | last=J | first=Wilbourn | last2=C | first2=Partensky | last3=WG. | first3=Morgan | title=Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds | publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer | date=1996 | pmid=9148039 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424275/ | access-date=2023-10-31}}</ref>
*[[Talc]]-based body powder ([[Perineum|perineal]] use of)
*[[Textile manufacturing]] industry (work in)

==Notes==
*{{note|1|1}} Evaluated as a group.

==See also==
* [[IARC group 1]]
* [[IARC group 2A]]
* [[IARC group 3]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|IARC Group 2B carcinogens}}
* [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ Description of the list of classifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728195941/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ |date=2013-07-28 }}, [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications List of Classifications] (latest version)
<!-- ** [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf Agents Classified], (last updated on 7 April 2015) (((old version of the same thing from the previous link, so hide it))) -->
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124] (Last update: 8 July 2019)

{{Carcinogen}}

[[Category:Carcinogens|*]]
[[Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens| ]]

[[ja:IARC発がん性リスク一覧]]