View source for IARC group 2A

{{Short description|Probable carcinogens}}
{{IARC groups}}
'''IARC group 2A''' agents are substances and exposure circumstances that have been classified as probable [[carcinogen]]s by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications |title=List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 7, 2019 |website=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans |publisher=IARC |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> This designation is applied when there is [[level of evidence|limited evidence]] of [[carcinogenesis|carcinogenicity]] in humans, as well as ''sufficient evidence'' of carcinogenicity in [[animal experimentation|experimental animals]]. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this group when there is ''inadequate evidence'' of carcinogenicity in humans along with ''sufficient evidence'' of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and ''strong evidence'' that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in this group solely on the basis of ''limited evidence'' of carcinogenicity in humans.

This list is focusing on the [[hazard]] linked to the agents. This means that the carcinogenic agents are capable of causing cancer, but this does not take their [[risk]] into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer given the level of exposure to this carcinogenic agent.<ref>{{cite web|title=IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)|url=https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preamble-2019.pdf|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)|accessdate=August 18, 2023|quote=A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard.}}</ref> The list is uptodate as of January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans |url=https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=monographs.iarc.who.int}}</ref>

==Agents==

===Substances===
*[[Acrolein]]
*[[Acrylamide]]
*[[Anabolic steroid|Androgenic (anabolic) steroids]]
*[[Aniline]]
*[[Anilinium chloride|Aniline hydrochloride]]
*[[o-Anisidine|ortho-Anisidine]] hydrochloride
*[[Azacitidine]]
*[[BCNU]] (Bischloroethyl nitrosourea)
*[[2-Bromopropane]] 
*[[Captafol]]
*[[Chloral]]
*[[Chloral hydrate]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*α-Chlorinated toluenes ([[benzal chloride]], [[benzotrichloride]], [[benzyl chloride]]) and [[benzoyl chloride]] (combined exposures)
*[[Lomustine|CCNU]] (1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea)
*[[4-Chloro-o-toluidine|4-Chloro-''o''-toluidine]]
*[[Chlorozotocin]]
*[[Cisplatin]]
*[[Soluble Cobalt(II) salts|Cobalt(II) salts, soluble]]
*[[Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene|Cyclopenta[''c'',''d'']pyrene]]
*[[Diazinon]]
*[[Dibenz(a,j)acridine|Dibenz[''a'',''j'']acridine]]
*[[Dibenz(a,h)anthracene|Dibenz[''a'',''h'']anthracene]]
*[[Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene|Dibenzo[''a'',''l'']pyrene]]
*[[Dichloromethane]] (methylene chloride)
*[[DDT|4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT)
*[[Diethyl sulfate]]
*[[Dieldrin]], and [[aldrin]] metabolized to dieldrin
*[[Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride]]
*[[Dimethylformamide]]
*[[1,2-Dimethylhydrazine]]
*[[Dimethyl sulfate]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Epichlorohydrin]]
*[[Ethylene dibromide]]
*[[Ethyl carbamate]] (urethane)
*[[N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea]]
*[[Glycidol]]
*[[Glycidyl methacrylate]]
*[[Glyphosate]]
*[[Hydrazine]]
*[[Indium phosphide]]
*[[Heterocyclic amine formation in meat#Heterocyclic amines, meat, and cancer|2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-''f'']quinoline (IQ)]]
*[[Inorganic compounds by element#Lead .28Plumbum.29|Lead compounds]], inorganic
*[[Malathion]]
*[[5-Methoxypsoralen]]
*[[Methyl eugenol|Methyleugenol]] 
*[[Methyl methanesulfonate]]
*[[Mercaptobenzothiozole]]
*[[MNNG]] (''N''-Methyl-''N'''-nitro-''N''-nitrosoguanidine)
*[[N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea]]
*[[Nitrate]] or [[nitrite]] (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous [[nitrosation]]
*[[ortho-Nitroanisole]]
*[[Nitrogen mustard]]
*[[1-Nitropyrene]]
*[[N-Nitrosodiethylamine]] (DEN)
*[[N-Nitrosodimethylamine]] (NDMA)
*[[Mononitrotoluene|Nitrotoluene]]
*[[6-Nitrochrysene]]
*[[Phenacetin]]
*[[Pioglitazone]]
*[[Polybrominated biphenyl]]s
*[[Procarbazine hydrochloride]]
*[[1,3-Propane sultone]]
*[[Silicon carbide]] whiskers
*[[Styrene]] (industrial exposure)
*[[Styrene-7,8-oxide]]
*[[Teniposide]]
*[[Tetrabromobisphenol A]]
*3,3',4,4'-Tetrachloroazobenzene
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetrafluoroethylene]]
*[[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]]
*[[1,2,3-Trichloropropane]]
*[[Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate]]
*Trivalent antimony
*[[Vinyl bromide]]
*[[Vinyl fluoride]]

===Pathogens===
*[[Malaria]] (caused by infection with ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in holoendemic areas)
*[[Human papillomavirus|Human papillomavirus type 68]]
*[[Merkel cell polyomavirus]] (MCV)

===Mixtures===
*[[Bitumen]]s, occupational exposure to oxidized bitumens and their emissions during roofing
*[[Creosote]]s (from [[coal tar]]s)
*High-temperature [[frying]], emissions from
*Household combustion of [[biomass fuel]] (primarily wood), indoor emissions from
*Non-arsenical [[insecticide]]s (occupational exposures in spraying and application of)
*[[Red meat]] (consumption of)<ref>{{cite web|title=IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat|url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref>
*[[Mate (drink)|Mate]], hot (see Very hot [[beverages]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Dana |last2=Guyton |first2=Kathryn Z |last3=Lauby-Sectretan |first3= Béatrice |last4=El Ghissassi |first4=Fatiha |last5=Bouvard |first5= Véronique |last6=Benbrahim-Tallaa |first6=Lamia |last7=Guha |first7=Neela |last8=Mattock |first8=Heidi |last9=Straif |first9=Kurt |title=Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages |journal=The Lancet Oncology |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |date=July 1, 2016 |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=877–8 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30239-X |pmid=27318851}}</ref>
*Very hot [[beverages]] at above 65 °C ([[drinking]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Drinking-Coffee-Mate-And-Very-Hot-Beverages-2018 |title=Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volumes 116 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 13, 2018 |website=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans |publisher=IARC |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref>

===Exposure circumstances===
*Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of)
*[[Carbon]] [[electrode]] manufacture
*[[Cobalt]] metal with [[tungsten carbide]]
*[[Cobalt]] metal without tungsten carbide or other [[Alloy|metal alloys]]
*[[Hairdresser]] or barber ([[occupational]] exposure as a)
*[[Petroleum refining]] ([[occupational]] exposures in)
*[[Night]] [[shift work]]

==See also==
* [[IARC group 1]]
* [[IARC group 2B]]
* [[IARC group 3]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ Description of the list of classifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728195941/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ |date=2013-07-28 }}, [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications List of Classifications] (latest version)
<!-- ** [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf Agents Classified], (last updated on 7 April 2015) (((old version of the same thing from the previous link, so hide it))) -->
** [https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124] (Last update: 8 July 2019)

{{Carcinogen}}

[[Category:Carcinogens|*]]
[[Category:IARC Group 2A carcinogens| ]]

[[ja:IARC発がん性リスク一覧]]