View source for Hymns Ancient and Modern

{{Short description|English hymnal}}
{{for|the Passion album|Passion: Hymns Ancient and Modern}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hymns Ancient and Modern''}}
{{Infobox hymnal
| name              = Hymns Ancient and Modern
| cover             = File:Hymns Ancient and Modern (first edition 1861).jpg
| caption           =Title page to the first edition, 1861
| commissioned_by   = William Denton, Francis Murray, [[Sir Henry Williams Baker, 3rd Baronet]]
| approved_for      = Church of England
| released          = 1861
| publisher         = (Currently) Canterbury Press
| editor            = [[William Henry Monk]]
| pages             =
| number_of_hymns   = 273
| psalms            =
| service_music     =
| last_hymnal       =
| next_hymnal       =
}}

'''''Hymns Ancient and Modern''''' is a [[hymnal]] in common use within the [[Church of England]], a result of the efforts of the [[Oxford Movement]]. The hymnal was first published in 1861.

The organization publishing it has now been formed into a [[charitable trust]], '''Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd''',<ref>{{EW charity|270060|HYMNS ANCIENT AND MODERN LIMITED}}</ref> and {{as of|2022|lc=on}} it publishes a wide range of hymnals as well as other theological and religious books and magazines, under imprints including the acquired publishers '''Canterbury Press''' and [[SCM Press]].

==Origin==
===Hymn singing===
By 1830 the regular singing of hymns in the dissenting churches (outside the Church of England) had become widely accepted due to hymn writers like [[Isaac Watts]], [[Charles Wesley]] and others.<ref name="smith">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/British.Hymnody/ham.html |title=Hymns Ancient and Modern |website=Smith Creek Music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223449/http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/British.Hymnody/ham.html |archive-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> In the [[Church of England]] hymn singing was not an integral part of Orders of Service until the early 19th century, and hymns, as opposed to [[metrical psalter|metrical psalms]], were not officially sanctioned.<ref name="smith"/><ref name="sing">{{cite book |last1=Eskew |first1=Harry |last2=McElrath |first2=Hugh T. |title=Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology |date=1995 |publisher=Church Street Press |location=Nashville |isbn=9780805498257 |pages=135–139}}</ref> From about 1800, parish churches started to use different hymn collections in informal services, like the ''Lock Hospital Collection''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/collectionofpsal00lock#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Collection of Psalm and hymn tunes, sung at the Chapel of the Lock Hospital |publisher=Broderip and Wilkinson |location=London |date=1770}}</ref> (1769) by [[Martin Madan]], the ''[[Olney Hymns]]''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/olneyhymnsbyjne00cowpgoog |title=Olney Hymns |publisher=T. Wilkins |location=London| date=1783}}</ref> (1779) by [[John Newton]] and [[William Cowper]] and ''A Collection of Hymns for the Use of The People Called Methodists''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofhym00wesl |title=A Collection of Hymns for the Use of The People Called Methodists |first=John |last=Wesley |publisher=John Mason |location=London |date=1779}}</ref> (1779) by [[John Wesley]] and [[Charles Wesley]].<ref name="smith"/><ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Moffatt |title=Handbook to the Church Hymnary |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1927 |page=404}}</ref>

===Oxford Movement===

A further impetus to hymn singing in the Anglican Church came in the 1830s from the [[Oxford Movement]], led by [[John Keble]] and [[John Henry Newman]].<ref name="sing"/> Being an ecclesiastical reform movement within the Anglican Church, the Oxford Movement wanted to recover the lost treasures of [[breviary|breviaries]] and service books of the ancient Greek and Latin churches.<ref name="sing"/><ref name="smith"/> As a result Greek, Latin and even German hymns in translation entered the mainstream of English hymnody.<ref name="sing"/> These translations were composed by people like [[John Chandler (clergyman)|John Chandler]],<ref>{{cite web |title=John Chandler |url=http://www.hymnary.org/person/Chandler_John |website=Hymnary.org }}</ref> [[John Mason Neale]], [[Thomas Helmore]], [[Edward Caswall]], [[Jane Laurie Borthwick]] and [[Catherine Winkworth]].<ref name="sing"/><ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard William |date=1985 |title=A History of Hymns Ancient and Modern  |publisher=University of Hull |url=https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:8304a/content}}</ref><ref name="pref61">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/modeance00chur#page/n5/mode/2up |chapter=Preface |title=Hymns Ancient and Modern |date=1861 |publisher=J. Alfred Novello |location=London |pages=iii–vi}}</ref> Besides stimulating the translation of medieval hymns, and use of [[plainsong]] melodies, the Oxford Reformers, inspired by [[Reginald Heber]]'s work, also began to write original hymns.<ref name="brit">{{Britannica | id=279350 | title=Hymn }}</ref><ref name="sing"/> Among these hymnwriters were clergy like [[Henry Alford (theologian)|Henry Alford]], [[Henry Williams Baker]], [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], [[John Keble]] and [[Christopher Wordsworth]] and laymen like [[Matthew Bridges]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hymnary.org/person/Bridges_Matthew |title=Matthew Bridges |website=Hymnary.org}}</ref> [[William Chatterton Dix]] and [[Folliott Sandford Pierpoint]].<ref name="sing"/>

===Accomplishment of the Hymns Ancient and Modern===
[[File:William Henry Monk.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Henry Monk]], original editor of the hymnal.]]
The growing popularity of hymns inspired the publication of more than 100 hymnals during the period 1810–1850.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Julian |title=Dictionary of Hymnology |publisher=John Murray |date=1892}}</ref> The sheer number of these collections prevented any one of them from being successful.<ref name="sing"/> A beginning of what would become the ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' was made with the ''Hymns and Introits'' (1852), edited by George Cosby White.<ref name="lc">{{cite book |first=W. K. Lowther|last=Clarke |title=A Hundred Years of Hymns Ancient and Modern |date=1960 |publisher=William Clowes |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|22}} The idea for the hymn-book arose in 1858 when two clergymen, both part of the [[Oxford Movement]], met on a train: William Denton of [[St Bartholomew]], [[Cripplegate]], co-editor of the ''Church Hymnal'' (1853)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/c/o/o/k/cooke_w.htm |title=William Cooke |website=The Cyber Hymnal}}</ref> and Francis Henry Murray, editor of the ''Hymnal for Use in the English Church''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L05VAAAAcAAJ |title=Hymnal for Use in the English Church |editor-first=Francis H. |editor-last=Murray |location=London |date=1855}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/8391166/AandM-the-C-of-E-in-words-and-music.html |title=A&M: the C of E in words and music |first=Christopher |last=Howse |work=Daily Telegraph |date=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="lc"/> Denton suggested that the 1852 ''Hymnal for use in the English Church'' by Francis Murray and the ''Hymns and Introits''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/introitsandhymn01whitgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |title=Hymns and Introits |publisher=Joseph Masters |location=London |editor-first=George Cosby |editor-last=White |date=1853}}</ref> by George Cosby White should be amalgamated to satisfy the need for standardisation of the hymn books in use throughout England.

Besides their idea, [[Henry Williams Baker]] and Rev. P. Ward were already engaged on a similar scheme for rival books. Given the lack of unanimity in the church's use of hymns, [[Henry Williams Baker]] thought it necessary to compile one book which would command general confidence.<ref name="sing"/> After ascertaining by private communications the widespread desire of churchmen for greater uniformity in the use of hymns and of hymnbooks in the services of the Church, Sir Henry Baker, vicar of [[Monkland, Herefordshire|Monkland]] in the diocese of Hereford, early in 1858 associated himself for this purpose with about twenty clergymen, including the editors of many existing hymnals, who agreed to give up their several books to try to promote the use of one standard hymn book.<ref name="grove">{{Cite Grove1900 |wstitle= Hymns Ancient and Modern |volume= 1 |last= Pulling |first= William |author-link= |page= 764 |short=1 }}</ref> In October of that year an advertisement in ''[[The Guardian (Anglican newspaper)|The Guardian]]'', the High Church newspaper, invited co-operation, and over 200 clergymen responded.<ref name="grove"/>

In January 1859 the committee set to work under the lead of Henry William Baker.<ref name="grove"/> An appeal was made to the clergy and to their publishers to withdraw their individual collections and to support this new combined venture.<ref name="sing"/> They founded a board, called the "Proprietors", which oversaw both the publication of the hymnal and the application of the profits to support appropriate charities, or to subsidise the purchase of the hymn books by poor parishes. The superintendent was [[William Henry Monk]]. One of the advisors, [[John Keble]], recommended that it should be made a comprehensive hymn-book.{{r|lc|page1=24}} This committee set themselves to produce a hymn-book which would be a companion to the [[Book of Common Prayer]].<ref name="routley">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsosAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |title=A Short History of English Church Music |first1=Erik |last1=Routley |first2=Lionel |last2=Dakers|publisher=Mowbray |location=London |date=1997 |edition=Revised |isbn=9781441132796 |page=70}}</ref> Another intention of the founders of ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' was that it would improve congregational worship for everybody.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hymnsam.co.uk/150-years-of-hymns-ancient-and-modern.aspx |title=Celebrating 150 years of Hymns Ancient and Modern |website=Hymns Ancient & Modern |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803044458/http://www.hymnsam.co.uk/150-years-of-hymns-ancient-and-modern.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> A specimen was issued in May 1859.<ref name="grove"/> In 1860 a trial edition was published, with the [[imprimatur]] of Dr [[Renn Hampden]], Sir Henry Baker's [[diocesan bishop|diocesan]].<ref name="grove"/><ref  name="routley"/> The first full edition with tunes, under the musical editorship of Professor W. H. Monk, King's College, London, appeared on 20 March 1861.<ref name="grove"/>

===Sources for the Hymns Ancient and Modern===

The ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' was a rather eclectic collection of hymns that included a broad series of hymns from different religious traditions, in order to achieve a standard edition.<ref name="jan">{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Valkestijn |chapter=De Anglicaanse traditie |title=Het Kerklied: Een geschiedenis |editor1-first=Jan |editor1-last=Lüth |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Pasveer |editor3-first=Jan |editor3-last=Smelik |date=2001 |isbn=9789023990215 |publisher=Mozaïek |language=nl}}</ref> Sources included:<ref name="pref61"/><ref name="sing"/><ref name="smith"/>

* the translations from Greek by John Chandler in his ''Hymns of the Primitive Church''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsprimitivec00changoog |title=Hymns of the Primitive Church |date=1837|publisher=J.W. Parker }}</ref>
* the translations from Latin by [[John Mason Neale]] in his [https://books.google.com/books?id=2E3Dya5ON5oC ''Hymnal Noted''] (Novello, Ewer and Company, 1851) and the [https://books.google.com/books?id=AqYQAAAAYAAJ ''Accompanying Harmonies to The Hymnal Noted''], together with [[Thomas Helmore]], (1852), the [https://archive.org/details/mediaevalhymnsse00neal/page/n5/mode/2up ''Mediaeval Hymns and Sequences''] (first edition 1851), and the [https://archive.org/stream/hymnseasternchu00nealgoog#page/n5/mode/2up ''Hymns of the Eastern Church, translated with Notes and an Introduction''] (1870, first edition appeared in 1865)<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/n/neale/easternhymns/ 1865 edition Hymns of the Eastern Church], ccel.org, retrieved 26 December 2014</ref>
* the translations from Latin by [[Edward Caswall]] in his [https://archive.org/details/lyracatholicaco00caswgoog ''Lyra Catholica: Containing All the Hymns of the Roman Breviary and Missal''] (1851)
* the translations from German by [[Catherine Winkworth]] in her [https://books.google.com/books?id=YA0DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Lyra+germanica%22+Winkworth&pg=PR1 ''Lyra Germanica, Hymns for the Sundays and chief festivals of the Christian Year, Translated from the German''] (1855 edition)
* the translations from German by [[Jane Laurie Borthwick]] in her [https://archive.org/details/landofl00bort ''Hymns from the land of Luther: translated from the German''] (first edition in 1853)
* the churchly{{clarify|date=August 2018}} hymns from the [[Oxford Movement]]. In the Preface of the 1861 edition of the ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' [[John Keble]]'s [https://archive.org/details/christianyearth14keblgoog ''The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and holidays throughout the year''], 1837 (first edition appeared in 1827) was mentioned explicitly.
* the hymns from the evangelical stream (dissenters and Methodists); composers included the clergy [[William Hiley Bathurst]], [[Horatius Bonar]], [[Henry Francis Lyte]], [[John Henry Newman]], and lay persons like [[Sarah Flower Adams]], [[Cecil Frances Alexander]], [[William Henry Havergal]], [[Frances Ridley Havergal]] and [[Jane Eliza Leeson]]. In the Preface of the 1861 edition of the ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' [[William Henry Havergal]]'s [http://imslp.org/wiki/Havergal%27s_Psalmody_and_Century_of_Chants_%28Havergal,_William_Henry%29 ''Old Church Psalmody''], (1849) was mentioned explicitly.

[[Henry Williams Baker]] wrote and translated many of the hymns which it contains, and his ability, his profound knowledge of hymnology, and his energetic discharge of the duties of chairman of its committee for twenty years, mainly contributed to its success.<ref name="grove"/> Not all the hymns in these sources were already provided with tunes. Therefore, composers like [[William Henry Monk]], the editor of the 1861 edition, [[John Bacchus Dykes]] and [[Frederick Ouseley]], [[John Stainer]], [[Henry Gauntlett]] and [[Edmund Hart Turpin]] provided new hymn tunes. Among the hymns with newly-composed tunes were ''[[Eternal Father, Strong to Save]]'' and ''[[Praise to the Holiest in the Height]]'' (John Bacchus Dykes), ''[[Onward, Christian Soldiers]]'' ([[Arthur Sullivan]]) and ''[[Abide with Me]]'' (William Henry Monk).<ref>John Monsell, ''Hymns Ancient and Modern: De negentiende-eeuwse Engelse gezangindustrie'', in: Tim Dowley, Christelijke muziek door de eeuwen heen, 2013, p. 170-171</ref>

The ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' was austere in style and conformed to the Anglican [[Book of Common Prayer]].<ref name="brit"/> It also established the practice of writing tunes for specific texts and publishing both texts and tunes together rather than in separate collections, which had been the practice until then.<ref name="sing"/> Roughly, the hymns were arranged in the order of the Prayer Book.<ref name="routley"/> More specifically, there were separate sections grouped according to liturgical criteria: hymns for the daily offices, Sunday, the church year, Holy Communion and other sacraments, and the various feasts.<ref name="jan"/> Furthermore, the ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' was the first influential book to attach "Amen" to every hymn.<ref name="routley"/>

===Impact===
''Hymns Ancient and Modern'' experienced immediate and overwhelming success, becoming possibly the most popular English hymnal ever published.<ref name="sing"/> The music, expressive and tuneful, greatly assisted to its popularity.<ref name="sing"/> Total sales in 150 years were over 170 million copies.,<ref name="hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.hymnsam.co.uk/about-us/the-history-and-traditions.aspx |title=The History and Traditions |website=Hymns Ancient & Modern |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> by 2024 nearly 200 million <ref name="hist2024">{{cite web |url=http://www.hymnsam.co.uk/about-us/the-history-and-traditions.aspx |title=The History and Traditions |website=Hymns Ancient & Modern |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> As such, it set the standard for many later hymnals like ''[[The English Hymnal]]'' which first appeared in 1906 and was succeeded by ''[[The New English Hymnal]]'' in 1986.<ref name="sing"/>

==Editions==
===Early editions===
The first edition, musically supervised by [[William Henry Monk]],<ref name="hist"/> was published in 1861 by [[Novello & Co]], with 273 hymns. They also published the 1868 Appendix; but following negotiations, the whole publishing project was placed in the hands of William Clowes and Son later that year. It was revised in 1875 by Monk to produce the second edition, to which [[Charles Steggall]] added several supplementary hymns in 1889. In 1904 a "new and revised edition" was published, edited by [[Bertram Luard-Selby]]. After many complaints about the difference between this and its predecessors, Charles Steggall's edition was republished in 1906 as the "Complete edition".

===Standard edition===
In 1916 the "old complete edition" was republished for the last time, with a second supplement by [[Sydney Nicholson]]. In 1922, the "standard edition" was published, more strongly based on the "old complete edition" than the less popular "new and revised edition". This also was edited by Nicholson, who was the musical editor until he died in 1947.

===Revised edition===
[[File:Bathabbey-5.jpg|thumb|353x353px|The New Standard Edition on a stall in [[Bath Abbey]].]]
In 1950 the "revised edition" was published, with [[Gerald Hocken Knight|G. H. Knight]] and [[John Dykes Bower|J. Dykes Bower]] having both edited since the death of Nicholson. Many hymns were weeded out from the 1950 edition as the editors wished to make space for more recent compositions and to thin out the over-supplemented previous versions. Bower was organist at [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], whilst Knight held the same post at [[Canterbury Cathedral|Canterbury]].

===New Standard Edition===
In 1975 the proprietors formed a [[limited company]] and a [[registered charity]], and in 1983 published the "New Standard Edition".  This consisted of 333 of the 636 hymns included in ''A and M Revised'' (AMR) and the entire 200-hymn contents of ''[[100 Hymns for Today]]'' (HHT, 1969) and ''[[More Hymns for Today]]'' (MHT, 1980).

===''Common Praise''===
In 2000 Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, through its subsidiary the [[Canterbury Press]], published a new hymnal, this time called ''Common Praise''. This was printed by [[William Clowes Ltd.]] of [[Suffolk]].

===''Sing Praise''===
In September 2010 [[Canterbury Press]] and the [[Royal School of Church Music]] published ''Sing Praise'', subtitled "Hymns and Songs for Refreshing Worship", containing 330 recently written hymn, song and short chant compositions. The selection was designed to complement ''Common Praise'' in particular, but also other hymn books in current use.

===''Ancient and Modern''===
In March 2013 [[Canterbury Press]] published ''Ancient and Modern'', so reverting to the original title without the word "Hymns", but also subtitled ''Hymns and Songs for Refreshing Worship'', a new edition designed for contemporary patterns of worship. It contains 847 items, including some items from ''Common Praise'' and ''Sing Praise'', ranging from psalm settings to [[John L. Bell]], [[Bernadette Farrell]], [[Stuart Townend (musician)|Stuart Townend]] and others. In 2014 the British organist [[John Keys (organist)|John Keys]] completed recordings of organ accompaniments of all the hymns in the book.

==Publisher==
In 1989 Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd. bought the ''[[Church Times]]'', the Church of England's periodical, and bought [[SCM Press]] in 1997. Other imprints include Canterbury Press. In 2007 it became the distributor for [[Saint Andrew Press|St Andrew Press]], the [[Church of Scotland]]'s publishing house.

==Japanese edition==
The Japanese edition of ''Hymns Ancient Modern'', called ''Kokin Seika Shū'' ([[:ja:古今聖歌集 (日本聖公会)|古今聖歌集]]), was published in 1902 by the [[Anglican Church in Japan|Nippon Sei Ko Kai]] (NSKK), with the subsequent several revisions. It was used until 2006, when it was replaced by ''NSKK Hymnal'' ([[:ja:日本聖公会聖歌集|日本聖公会聖歌集]]).

==See also==
* ''[[Songs of Praise]]''
* ''[[Sunday Half Hour]]''
* The ''[[English Hymnal]]'', established by [[Percy Dearmer]], the successor of which is the ''[[New English Hymnal]]''
* The ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', later supplemented by the ''[[Alternative Service Book]]'' in 1980, and then ''[[Common Worship]]'' in 2000
*[[List of English-language hymnals by denomination]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/modeance00chur#page/n0/mode/1up ''Hymns Ancient and Modern''], 1861 edition (first edition)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226052136/http://petrucci.mus.auth.gr/imglnks/usimg/c/ce/IMSLP278469-SIBLEY1802.27029.4832-39087011259134score.pdf ''Hymns Ancient and Modern''], 1875 edition
* [http://www.hymnsam.co.uk Hymns Ancient & Modern Charitable Trust]
* [https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:8304a/content A History of Hymns Ancient and Modern]
* [http://www.singpraise.info Sing Praise]
* [http://www.newaandm.co.uk Ancient & Modern (2013 edition)]
* [https://archive.org/details/historicalcompan00mooruoft A historical companion to Hymns ancient and modern: containing the Greek and Latin; the German, Italian, French, Danish and Welsh hymns; the first lines of the English hymns; the names of all authors and translators; notes and dates], edited by Robert Maude Moorsom (1903)

{{Anglican church music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anglican hymnals]]
[[Category:English Christian hymns]]
[[Category:Culture of England]]
[[Category:1861 books]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1861 in music]]
[[Category:1861 in Christianity]]
[[Category:British church music]]
[[Category:Anglican liturgical books]]