View source for Hussein Dey

{{Other uses}}{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Hussein Dey
| title        = [[Dey]]-[[Pasha]]
| image        = Dey Hussein Pacha.jpg
| caption      = Portrait of Hussein Dey, [[Royal Collection]]
| reign        = 1 March 1818 – 5 July 1830
| predecessor  = [[Ali Khodja]]
| successor    = Title abolished
| birth_name   = Hüseyin bin Hüseyin
| birth_date   = 1764/65
| birth_place  = [[Urla, İzmir|Urla]] or [[Smyrne]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = 1838
| death_place  = [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], Ottoman Empire
| spouse       = Lella Fatma bent Hassan-Pacha
| issue        = Nafissa Hanem<br>El Hadj Omar<br>Amina Hanem<br>unnamed daughter
| full name    = Sultan Hussein<br>Hüseyin bin Hüseyin Dey-Pasha<br>Hussein Pasha
| occupation   = [[Khodjet al-khil]] (minister)
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| native_lang1 = الداي حسين
}}
'''Hussein Dey''' (real name '''Hüseyin bin Hüseyin'''; 1765–1838; {{langx|ar|حسين داي}}) was the last [[Dey]] of the [[Deylik of Algiers]].

== Early life ==
He was born either in [[İzmir]] or [[Urla, İzmir|Urla]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. He went to [[Istanbul]] and joined the [[Cannoneer|Canoneers]] (Topçular in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), and quickly rose to the rank of Odabaşı, but thanks to his character and rivalries, he was forced to flee the Ottoman Empire. He fled to the [[Deylik of Algiers]], a country which was [[de facto]] independent from the Ottoman Empire, similar to the other countries of the [[Barbary Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Association|first=American Historical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6gOAQAAMAAJ&q=Algiers+independence+1710&pg=PA23|title=General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884-1914|date=1918|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Uwechue|first=Raph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlFEAQAAIAAJ&q=Tripolitania+independent+1711|title=Africa Today|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|isbn=978-0-903274-16-6|language=en}}</ref> Algiers was well known for accepting fugitives of different countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gF0aAQAAIAAJ&q=renegades+Algiers+fugitives&pg=PA392|title=The Asiatic Quarterly Review|date=1890|publisher=Swan Sonnenshein & Company|language=en}}</ref> There, he joined the [[Odjak of Algiers]] and became a [[Janissary]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Estry|first=Stephen d'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9NJAQAAMAAJ&q=hussein%20est%20n%C3%A9%20%C3%A0%20Vourla,%20en%201764&pg=PA211|title=Histoire d'Alger: de son territoire et de ses habitants, ...|date=1841|publisher=Mame|language=fr}}</ref> In 1815 he was appointed [[Khodjet al-khil]], a minister tasked with raising and commanding the cavalry of the Dey and raising taxes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaddache|first=Mahfoud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXtyAAAAMAAJ|title=L'Algérie durant la période ottomane|date=1998|publisher=Office des publications universitaires|isbn=978-9961-0-0099-1|language=fr}}</ref> He commanded the cavalry as a quick relief force during the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|bombardment of Algiers in 1816]]. 

In 1818 following the death of the previous Dey, the [[Divan of Algiers]] elected Hussein as the next ruler.

== Rule ==
Husseyn Dey succeeded [[Ali V ben Ahmed]] as [[dey]] of Algiers in March 1818. He enacted some measures such as freeing hostages and ensuring freedom of religion for the [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]].<ref>Fleury, Georges. ''Comment l'Algérie devint française (1830-1848)''</ref>

==French conquest of Algeria==
[[File:Le coup d eventail 1827.jpg|thumb|right|Hussein Dey insulting the French consul.]]
{{Main article|French conquest of Algeria}}
In an attempt by [[Charles X of France]] to increase his popularity amongst the French, he sought to bolster patriotic sentiment, and turn eyes away from his domestic policies, by "skirmishing against the dey".<ref name="EncBrit">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Algeria, Colonial Rule|access-date=2007-12-19 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |page= 39 |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-220553/Algeria#487751.hook}}</ref> This eventually led to the French conquest of Algeria.

===The Fly Whisk Incident===
{{Main|Bakri-Busnach affair}}
In the 1790s, France had contracted to purchase wheat for the French army from two Jewish merchants in Algiers, Messrs. [[Bakri-Busnach affair|Bakri-Busnach]], and was in arrears paying them. The merchants had their own debts to the dey and claimed inability to pay those until France paid its debts to them. The dey had unsuccessfully negotiated with [[Pierre Deval (diplomat)|Pierre Deval]], the French consul, to rectify this situation, and he suspected Deval of collaborating with the merchants against him, especially when the French government made no provisions to repay the merchants in 1820. Deval's nephew Alexandre, the consul in [[Annaba]], further angered the dey by fortifying French storehouses in [[Annaba]] and [[El Kala]] against the terms of prior agreements.<ref>Abun-Nasr, Jamil. ''A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period'', p. 249</ref>

After a contentious meeting in which Deval refused to provide satisfactory answers on 29 April 1827, the dey struck him with his [[fly whisk]]. [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] used this slight against his diplomatic representative to first demand an apology from the dey, and then to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers.  When the dey responded to a demand to send an ambassador to France to resolve the incident by firing cannons toward one of the blockading ships, the French determined that more forceful action was required.<ref>Abun-Nasr, p. 250</ref>

===Invasion of Algiers (June 1830)===

{{Main article|Invasion of Algiers in 1830}}
34,000 French soldiers landed at [[Sidi Fredj]] {{convert|27|km|mi}} west of Algiers on 14 June 1830 and entered Algiers on 5 July after a three-week campaign against the Dey. Hussein Dey agreed to surrender in exchange for his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. This marked the end of the Deylik and the start of [[French Algeria|French rule]] in Algeria.

==Exile==
On 15 July 1830, five days after his surrender to the French, Husseyn Dey left Algiers with his family, his [[harem]] and his personal fortune on the French ship ''Jeanne d'Arc''. His request for permission to live in France having been refused by Charles X, he settled in [[Naples]].<ref>Hugo, Abel. 1835. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d80BAAAAYAAJ&q=%22garde%20nationale%22&pg=PA261 ''France pittoresque'']</ref> He stayed in Italy for three years and died in [[Alexandria]] in 1838.

==Legacy==
A [[Hussein Dey (commune)|suburb of the city of Algiers]] has been named after Hussein Dey and the [[Hussein Dey District|district]] that surrounds it bears the same name. The football club [[NA Hussein Dey]] is based here.

==References==
{{Portal|Algeria}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Regency of Algiers topics}}
{{Barbary Corsairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussein Dey}}
[[Category:1760s births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:People from İzmir]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Deys of Algiers]]