View source for Hurricane Nate (2005)

{{Short description|Category 1 Atlantic hurricane}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Nate
| image = Nate Sept 7 2005 1730Z (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hurricane Nate at peak intensity southeast of [[Bermuda]] on September 9
| formed = {{Start date|2005|09|05}}
| dissipated = {{End date|2005|09|13}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 80
| pressure = 979
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2005
| fatalities = 2 direct <small>(Both combined with [[Hurricane Maria (2005)|Hurricane Maria]])</small>
| damage-suffix = None
| areas = [[Bermuda]], [[East Coast of the United States]], [[Scotland]], [[Norway]] 
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}

'''Hurricane Nate''' was a [[tropical cyclone]] that threatened [[Bermuda]] but remained at sea during early September 2005. The fourteenth [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] and seventh hurricane of the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|annual Atlantic hurricane season]], Nate formed southwest of Bermuda on September 5 and initially moved very slowly to the northeast. Early forecasts suggested a possible threat to the island, but Nate passed well to its south as a [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category&nbsp;1]] hurricane on September 8. After moving away from the island, the storm entered a region with cooler [[sea surface temperature]]s and unfavorable [[wind shear]], causing it to weaken to a tropical storm before becoming [[extratropical]] on September 10. The extratropical remnant was later absorbed by a larger weather system.

The hurricane caused no structural damage while tropical, although it generated [[rip current]]s in combination with other storms that killed one person off the [[New Jersey]] coast. Nate dropped light rainfall and produced gusty winds on the island of Bermuda. The remnants of hurricanes Nate and [[Hurricane Maria (2005)|Maria]] contributed to heavy rainfall in parts of [[Scotland]] and later [[Western Norway]], triggering a mudslide that killed one person. Canadian Navy ships en route to the US Gulf Coast, carrying relief supplies to assist in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]], were delayed while trying to avoid Nate and [[Hurricane Ophelia (2005)|Hurricane Ophelia]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nate 2005 track.png|alt=Track map of hurricane. The United States are seen on the western end of the map, while Bermuda is located closer to the center.}}
A [[tropical wave]] emerged from the west coast of Africa on August&nbsp;30 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean, maintaining a vigorous area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] along the wave axis. By September&nbsp;1 most of the  deep convection had been stripped away by southwesterly wind shear.  Despite this, the wave remained well-defined as it continued west-northwest. The wave split into two pieces; the northern portion passed between the [[Leeward Islands]] and [[Hurricane Maria (2005)|Hurricane Maria]] on September&nbsp;3, while the southern portion moved into the [[Caribbean Sea]]. On September&nbsp;4, the northern portion of the wave began to interact with an upper-level [[low pressure system]] and an elongated [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] that was located between [[Bermuda]] and the Leeward Islands<ref name="NateTCR">{{cite web|author=Stacy R. Stewart |title=Hurricane Nate Tropical Cyclone Report |date=November 29, 2005 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=January 5, 2009 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL152005_Nate}} |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140128/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL152005_Nate.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2008 }}</ref>—the same trough which contributed to the development of [[Hurricane Ophelia (2005)|Hurricane Ophelia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven and Hugh D. Cobb, III |title=Hurricane Ophelia Tropical Cyclone Report |date=January 26, 2006 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=January 5, 2009 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL162005_Ophelia}} |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140249/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL162005_Ophelia.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2008 }}</ref> As a result of the low wind shear, convection redeveloped and organized along the wave axis. [[Rainband|Convective banding]] formed around a broad [[surface weather analysis|surface low]]. It is estimated that the system developed into a tropical depression at 1800&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on September&nbsp;5. At the time it was located approximately {{convert|350|mi|km}} to the south-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="NateTCR"/>

Upon being designated, Tropical Depression Fifteen developed deep convection close to, and to the east of, the [[eye (cyclone)|center of circulation]]. At the same time, [[tropical cyclone#Background|banding features]] became better organized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Molleda and Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Depression 15 Discussion Number 1|date=September 5, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Later on September 5, the overall cloud pattern improved while thunderstorm activity condensed and deepened within the increasingly well-defined circulation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Nate Discussion Number 2|date=September 5, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> Just six hours after being designated as a tropical depression, the cyclone intensified into a tropical storm; it was given the name ''Nate'' by the [[National Hurricane Center]]. Over the following two days, Nate drifted slowly northeastward towards Bermuda.<ref name="NateTCR"/>

Within the early hours of September&nbsp;6, Nate became quasi-stationary under a weak steering pattern between Hurricane Maria and a disturbance over [[The Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Stacy Stewart|title=Tropical Storm Nate Discussion Number 3|date=September 6, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.003.shtml?}}</ref> Satellite imagery indicated that the cloud pattern continued to organize with excellent [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] surrounding the storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixion Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nate Discussion Number 4|date=September 6, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Late on September&nbsp;6 a developing [[eye (cyclone)|banding eye feature]] became evident.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Roberts and Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nate Discussion Number 6|date=September 6, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> Tropical Storm Nate strengthened further and became a hurricane at 1200 UTC&nbsp;on September&nbsp;7, as it began to turn away from Bermuda.<ref name="NateTCR"/> Some models indicated that Nate could have been either absorbed by or [[Fujiwhara effect|merged]] with the larger Hurricane Maria, but the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) forecast that Nate would survive as a separate system, which it did.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Roberts and Jack Beven|title=Hurricane Nate Discussion Number 10|date=September 7, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.010.shtml}}</ref> The large low to the northeast of The Bahamas gradually opened into a broad trough as a shortwave trough approached from the northwest. The larger trough slowly became elongated in a northeast–southwest manner late on September&nbsp;7. At the same time, the shortwave trough moved southward along the west side of the other trough. The increasing southwesterly flow along the southeast side of the broad trough caused Nate to accelerate northeastward. Nate reached its peak intensity of 90&nbsp;mph (145&nbsp;km/h) late on September&nbsp;8 as it passed 120&nbsp;miles (205&nbsp;km) southeast of Bermuda, while its strongest winds remained well offshore.<ref name="NateTCR"/>

While at peak intensity, the storm maintained a well-organized and "impressive" convective pattern.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jamie Rhome and Jack Beven|title=Hurricane Nate Discussion Number 14|date=September 8, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> Soon after the storm peaked in strength, increasing wind shear and dry air caused Nate to weaken back into a tropical storm later on September&nbsp;9.<ref name="NateTCR"/> Satellite imagery showed that the cloud pattern began to rapidly deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jamie Rhome and James Franklin|title=Hurricane Nate Discussion Number 15|date=September 9, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> The hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm at 1800&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;9 and continued to weaken as wind shear increased in association with an approaching trough and a related [[cold front]].<ref name="NateTCR"/> By late on September&nbsp;9, all of the already limited convective activity was confined to the eastern semicircle, leaving the low-level center exposed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake and Lixion Avila|title=Hurricane Kate Discussion Number 17|date=September 9, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> The storm was reduced to a swirl of low-level clouds just hours later.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jamie Rhome and Jack Beven|title=Hurricane Kate Discussion Number 18|date=September 9, 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al152005.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> Nate became extratropical the next day before becoming absorbed by a larger system by 0000&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;13, to the north-northeast of the [[Azores]].<ref name="NateTCR"/>

== Impact, records, and naming ==
[[File:Hurricane Nate Sept 6 05.jpg|right|thumb|Tropical Storm Nate intensifying on September 6|alt=Satellite image of a tropical storm. An eye feature is invisible at this point.]]
A [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm watch]] was issued for [[Bermuda]] early on September&nbsp;7, and later that day a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch superseded it. However, the storm did not reach the island, so the warnings were canceled as the storm moved away September&nbsp;8.<ref name="NateTCR"/> Four cruise ships left the island ahead of schedule, and flights were canceled in anticipation of Nate.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stuart Roberts|title=Bermuda braces itself as Hurricane Nate moves closer|date=September 8, 2005|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-112912994.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022212715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-112912994.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flights canceled in Bermuda due to Hurricane Nate|date=September 8, 2005|publisher=Airline Industry Information|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-135936192.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114061731/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-135936192.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2012}}</ref>

The outer bands of Nate brushed Bermuda with sustained winds of 35&nbsp;mph (55&nbsp;km/h) and widespread showers.<ref name="NateTCR"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Guishard & Roger Williams |title=The 2005 Hurricane Season in Bermuda |publisher=Bermuda Weather Service |access-date=January 5, 2009 |url=http://www.weather.bm/TropicalArchive/WMO_2005_Bermuda.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905102438/http://www.weather.bm/TropicalArchive/WMO_2005_Bermuda.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2006 }}</ref> Gusts were higher, peaking at roughly 50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=Hurricane Nate spares Bermuda, passes well south of island|date=September 8, 2005|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-112955376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022212734/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-112955376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> Less than 1&nbsp;inch (25&nbsp;mm) of rain was recorded at [[Bermuda International Airport]].<ref name="NateTCR"/> Damage in Bermuda was minimal.<ref name="NateTCR"/> Two ships reported tropical storm-force winds in association with the storm: the ''Maersk New Orleans'', to the north of the storm's center, and a ship with the call sign WCZ858 to the east-southeast.<ref name="NateTCR"/> Rip currents from Nate and the more distant [[Hurricane Maria (2005)|Maria]] killed one and injured another in [[New Jersey]]; several others were caught in rip currents, though they were able to escape.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rip Current Event Report for New Jersey|year=2005|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5474156}}</ref> In the Carolinas, Nate also contributed to heightened seas, though this time in combination with Hurricane Ophelia and persistent unrelated northeasterly winds. A buoy just offshore [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] recorded waves up to {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bruce Smith|title=Tropical Weather|date=September 11, 2005|newspaper=The Inland Valley Daily Bulletin}}</ref>

Tropical energy from the remnants of Nate and Maria merged to form a broad storm system that would track toward parts of Europe. The mid-latitude cyclone produced a day of heavy rains across the [[Scottish Highlands]] that included a 24-hour precipitation total of {{convert|5.17|in|mm|abbr=on}} on the [[Isle of Skye]].<ref name="Scotland">{{cite news|author=Philip Edgen|title=Bad weather caused by two more hurricanes Maria and Nate leave their mark in dropping temperatures|date=September 18, 2005|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph}}</ref> As it continued north, the storm also dropped torrential rainfall over [[Western Norway]]. The region suffered extensive flooding and mudslides, including one that killed one person and injured nine more.<ref name="Scotland"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Tisdall|title=Mudslides hit Vestlandet|date=September 14, 2005|newspaper=Aftenposten|access-date=January 5, 2009|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1114723.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022252/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1114723.ece| archive-date= June 29, 2011}}</ref> Although the remnants of Nate and Maria avoided [[England]], they broke a streak of above-average temperatures in the region, filtering down much cooler Arctic air. In places, this led to the first frost of the winter season.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Simmons|title=Hurricanes make us shiver when they die|date=September 20, 2005|publisher=The Times (London)}}</ref> Temperatures down to {{convert|-1.7|C|F}} were recorded following the influx of colder air, with readings below freezing as far south as [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name="Scotland"/>

Four [[Canadian Navy]] ships headed to the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]], carrying relief supplies to help in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]], were slowed down trying to avoid Hurricanes Nate and [[Hurricane Ophelia (2005)|Ophelia]].<ref name="Times">{{cite news|author=Jim Fox|title=Storms slow Canada aid|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=September 11, 2005|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/09/11/Worldandnation/Storms_slow_Canada_aid.shtml|access-date=January 5, 2009}}</ref> The convoy included a destroyer, two [[frigates]], and an icebreaker, and developed a plan to travel between the two hurricanes to minimize damage to their cargo. Anticipating rough seas and gusty winds even with the altered course, crews secured onboard supplies which included generators, chainsaws, diapers, and cots.<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Canadian Press|title=Canadian vessels must avoid storm|date=September 9, 2005|newspaper=The Vancouver Province}}</ref> The genesis of Tropical Storm Nate continued the unprecedented levels of tropical activity during the 2005 hurricane season; when it developed on September&nbsp;5, it was the earliest in any season that the fourteenth named tropical cyclone formed, surpassing the previous record held by an unnamed storm during the [[1936 Atlantic hurricane season|1936 season]]. This record was later broken in 2020 when Tropical Storm Nana formed on September 1, four days earlier.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Nate (disambiguation)|Other tropical cyclones named Nate]]
* [[List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
* [[List of New Jersey hurricanes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/refresh/NATE+shtml/ NHC's archive on Hurricane Nate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060414013031/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL152005_Nate.pdf NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Nate]

{{2005 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
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[[Category:2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2005|Nate]]