View source for Humber armoured car

{{Short description|British armoured car}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Humber armoured car
| image              = File:Een Humber Mk IV pantserauto (2001 157-47-G216a).jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = The Mk IV armed with a 37 mm gun was the most produced variant of the Humber armoured car.
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
| origin             = [[United Kingdom]]
| production_date    = 1940–1945
| used_by            = [[United Kingdom]] and [[British India]] in Second World War, Italy operated captured models,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/LibyaPara.html|title = National and Libyan Paratrooper Units 1940–41|date = 18 February 2010 |author=Jim H |website=Commando Supremo |quote=<!-- "1 captured Humber armored car" -->}}</ref> other nations post war.
| wars               = [[World War II|Second World War]]<br />[[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]<br />[[Operation Polo]]<br />[[Portuguese-Indian War]]<br />[[Sino-Indian War]]
| manufacturer       = [[Rootes Group]] ([[Karrier]])
| number             = 5,400
| length             = {{convert|15| ft|1.5|in|m|abbr=on}}
| width              = {{convert|7|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| height             = {{convert|7|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight             = {{convert|6.3|t}}<ref name=WM>{{citation| title= Armoured Car Humber Mark IV- Workshop Manual | series= Publication  No. 1305 | publisher= British Military  | year =1944}}</ref>
| suspension         = Wheel 4x4, rigid front and rear axles, rear-wheel drive with selectable four-wheel drive
| speed              = {{convert|50|mph|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|200 |miles|km|abbr=on}}
| primary_armament   = Mk I-III: 15 mm [[Besa machine gun#15mm Besa machine gun|Besa machine gun]] <br /> Mk IV: [[37mm Gun M3|M5 or M6 37 mm gun]]
| secondary_armament = 7.92 mm [[Besa machine gun]]
| armour             = {{convert|21| mm|abbr=on}}<ref  name=WM />
| engine             = Rootes 6 cylinder [[gasoline engine|petrol engine]]
| engine_power       = 90 hp (67 kW)
| pw_ratio           = 12.9 hp/tonne
| crew               = Mk I, II, IV: 3 <br /> Mk III: 4
}}

The '''Humber armoured car''' was one of the most widely produced British [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]]s of the Second World War. It supplemented the [[Humber Light Reconnaissance Car]] and remained in service until the end of the war.

==Development==

The Guy company did not have sufficient production capacity to produce sufficient [[Guy armoured car]]s as well as other vehicles, so shortly after war broke out the [[Rootes Group]] were approached to produce an armoured car – at the time the terminology "Tank, Light (Wheeled)" was used by the Army.<ref>White, p. 10</ref> Working from the Guy design, [[Karrier]] designed a vehicle using as a basis their KT 4 [[artillery tractor]] chassis (already in production for the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]) and the armoured body of the Guy armoured car. Karrier moved the KT4 engine to the rear and fitted welded bodies and turrets provided by Guy. As it had been based on proven elements, trials of prototypes passed without serious issues and an order for 500 was placed in 1940 and the first deliveries made in 1941.<ref name="White p11">White, p. 11</ref>

The Karrier name was dropped to avoid confusion with the British [[Universal Carrier]] tracked vehicle<ref>{{Book-Fletcher-Great Tank Scandal|page= }}</ref> and the vehicles were designated "Armoured Car, Humber Mk 1" using the name of [[Humber Limited]] (another member of the Rootes Group) though production was by Karrier at the Luton works of [[Commer]] (another Rootes company).<ref name="White p11"/>

The first Humbers were more or less identical to the Guy down to the faults in the armour, but this was later rectified.

The Mark III improved upon the Mark II by providing a three-man turret. Mark III production ended in 1942 after 1,650 had been built. 

The Humber was a relatively complicated build compared to the Daimler Amoured Car but the Rootes Group had larger production capacity so both companies worked on a common design for production. While design of this possible replacement, the [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder|2-pounder]] (40mm) armed [[Coventry armoured car]], was underway, the Mark IV was designed. This put the US 37&nbsp;mm gun in the turret but at the cost of one crewman.  The Coventry was not ordered as a replacement and so production of Mark IV continued, for a total of 2,000.

==Design==
The Humber was a rectangular chassis frame with a rear mounted engine. The gearbox was mounted to the front of the engine; it fed a centrally mounted transfer box which distributed power to front and rear differentials. The rigid axles were mounted on leaf springs front and rear with hydraulic dampers. The welded armoured hull was mounted at four points – front, rear and sides – to give some flexibility but with precautions against excessive movement of the hull on the chassis.<ref name="White p15">White, p. 15</ref>

For forward vision the driver had a flap in the front of the "cab" (which became part of the glacis from the Mark II onwards). When shut the view he was protected by a Triplex bullet proof glass block. These could be readily replaced if damaged. There were other flaps to the sides. In order to see to the rear there was a combination of a flap in the rear bulkhead between the fighting compartment and engine bay and a mechanism that raised the engine cover.<ref name="White p15"/>

The turret, armed with one 15mm and one 7.92mm [[Besa machine gun]]s, was hand traversed. The vehicle commander acted as the wireless operator.

==Service history==
The vehicle was used in the [[North African Campaign]] from late 1941 by the [[11th Hussars]] and other units. It was also widely used in the [[European Theatre of World War II|European theatre]] by [[reconnaissance]] regiments of British and Canadian infantry divisions. A few vehicles were used for patrol duty along the [[Persian Corridor|Iran supply route]]. A [[British Indian Army]] armoured car regiment, partly equipped with Humbers, served in the reconquest of Burma.<ref name="Fowler2009"/> [[Portugal]] received a number of Humber vehicles in 1943, most of them going to the [[Portuguese Army|Army]], but with 20 going to the [[Portuguese National Republican Guard|National Republican Guard]]. After the Second World War, the Humber was employed by [[Egypt]] in 1948–49 as well as by [[Burma]], [[Ceylon]], [[Cyprus]], [[Denmark]], [[India]], [[Mexico]] and the [[Netherlands]].

The Humber armoured car was used in [[Burma Campaign]] by the [[16th Light Cavalry]], an Indian armoured car regiment, which formed part of [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] troops.<ref name="Fowler2009">{{cite book|last=Fowler|first=William|title=We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwRSFWUH7FUC&pg=PT176|date=26 February 2009|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-85761-7|page=176}}</ref><ref name="RMarkDavies">{{cite web |url=http://www.fireandfury.com/painting/burmaarmypaintingguide.pdf |title=British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide |author=Davies, R. Mark |publisher= Fire and Fury Games|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Pantserwagers bij de opmars van Muntok naar Pangalpingang (2002-291-2).jpg|thumb|right|Dutch Humber Mk IV providing security in the Dutch East Indies, 1946]]
After [[Independence of India|Independence]], an [[Indian Army]] regiment, [[63rd Cavalry]], was raised with Humber Mk IV armoured cars as one of its squadrons which was later hived off as an independent reconnaissance squadron and the integral squadron re-raised, the second time with Daimlers.<ref name="Sandhu1987">{{cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|title=The Indian Armour: History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941–1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hT4sAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-004-3|page=312}}</ref>  The Humbers and Daimlers of the Indian Army formed the mounts of the [[President's Bodyguard]] and were deployed in the defense of [[Chushul]] at heights above 14,000&nbsp;ft during the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]].<ref name="PBG">{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.gov.in/presidents_body_guard.html |title=The President's Bodyguard |work=The President of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat, Government of India|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bhat2011">{{cite web |url=http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623023757/http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2014 |title=A Tryst with India's History |author=Bhat, Anil |year=2011 |work=Salute magazine |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> The Humber was used against the Indian Army in 1948 by the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, armoured car cavalry units of the Hyderabad State Forces, during [[Operation Polo]].<ref name="Prasad1972">{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Dr. S. N.|title=Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlQdAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |via= Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi|page=75}}</ref>
<!--a single use of vehicle unless it was critical seems not notable...  A captured vehicle (a Mk IV) was used by the ''Aufklärungs Abt'' of the [[9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen]] at [[Arnhem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.axishistory.com |title= |website=forum.axishistory.com |access-date=25 Nov 2006}}{{SemiBareRefNeedsTitle|date=May 2022}}</ref>  -->

Humber armoured cars were employed during the [[Indian annexation of Goa|Indian invasion of Goa in December 1961]]. These vehicles equipped the four reconnaissance squadrons of the [[Portuguese Army|Portuguese garrison]] in [[Goa]]. The Portuguese Humbers engaged the invading Indian forces in the brief fights that occurred in the border villages of Doromagogo, Malinguém and Polem, and in the break through the Indian troops surrounding the Portuguese forces in [[Mapusa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531153947/http://www.areamilitar.net/Analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 May 2010 |title=A invasão de Goa |author=Mendonça, Paulp |year=2011 |work=[|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

==Survivors==
{{more references| section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Obchody Narodowego Święta Niepodległości 2009 (08).jpg|thumb|Humber armoured car during [[National Independence Day (Poland)]] 2009]]
Several static and operational cars are distributed through North America and Europe. [[The Tank Museum]], Bovington, England has an original and sole survivor Guy Wheeled Tank on display and a Humber Mk II not currently on display.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IWM London |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-london |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> A Mk IV is on display at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum in [[Cairns]], Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibits |url=https://www.ausarmour.com/exhibits/ |website=The Australian Armour & Artillery Museum |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Two Portuguese cars are on display, one at the Museu do Combatente in [[Lisbon]] and the other at the Military Museum of [[Elvas]].

A fully restored original Humber Mk IV is in the USA. It is being used for living history displays and reenactments. It saw service in the British and Portuguese militaries. Seeing service in the Carnation Revolution.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Variants==
[[File:IWM-MH-3702-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg|thumb|Mk I showing its similarity to the [[Guy armoured car|Guy Mk IA armoured car]]]]
[[File:IWM-H-17835-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg|thumb|Mk II with redesigned glacis armour]]
[[File:Tanks and Afvs of the British Army 1939-45 MH3709.jpg|thumb|Mk III with visible turret overhang]]
[[File:Humber Mk IV front.jpg|thumb|Humber Mk IV]]

;Mark I
:Original version, hull as the Guy armoured car Mark 1A. Armed with one 15 mm and one 7.92 mm calibre [[Besa machine gun]]s. Three-man crew: driver, gunner, commander. About 300 units built.
;Mark II
:Changes to the turret, better armour around driver and radiator. 440 units built.
;Mark II OP
:Observation post vehicle fitted for communication with field artillery batteries, armed with two 7.92 mm Besa machine guns
;Mark III
:Larger three-man turret with provisions for a wireless operator freeing up the wireless operation tasks of the commander.
;Mark III "Rear Link" 
:gun replaced with dummy to allow installation of a [[Wireless Set No. 19]] High Power, ie amplified, and its generator. Issued two per regiment for communication between Brigade and Divisional headquarters.
;Mark IV
:Equipped with the US [[37 mm gun M3|M5 or M6 37 mm]] high velocity gun in place of the 15 mm Besa. The larger gun required the removal of the third crewman in the turret (the wireless operator). Turret hatches were rearranged with the new gun and crew layout. About 2,000 units built.
;AA Mark I
:The Mark I fitted with a different turret (by [[Stothert & Pitt]]) mounting four 7.92 mm Besa machine guns able to elevate to near vertical and an AA sight. Introduced in 1943, the vehicle was intended to provide anti-aircraft support for armoured car units (at a rate of one troop of four cars per regiment), but the Allied air superiority meant they were needed less and less as the war progressed and the troops were disbanded in 1944. A twin 15mm Besa version was also made.<ref>White, p. 19</ref>

==Former operators==

===Second World War===
*{{flag|British India}}
*{{flag|Canada|1921}}
*{{flag|Italy|1861}}
*{{flag|Portugal}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}

===Post-War===
*{{flag|Burma|1948}}
*{{flag|Ceylon}}
*{{flag|Cyprus}}
*{{flag|Denmark}}
*{{flag|Egypt|1922}}
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Mexico|1934}}
*{{flag|Netherlands}}
*{{flag|Indonesia|1950}}
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}}
*[[File:Flag of Hyderabad 1900-1947.svg|25px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]

==See also==
*[[Fox armoured car]] – a [[Canada|Canadian]] vehicle based on the Humber Mk III

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* George Forty (1996), ''World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery'', Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|1-85532-582-9}}.
* I. Moschanskiy, ''Bronekollektsiya'', 1999, no. 02 (Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939–1945 part 2), Modelist-Konstruktor. (И. Мощанский – ''Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939–1945 часть 2'', Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999–02)[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211210639/http://www.mk-armour.narod.ru/1999/No2.htm]
*[http://www.warwheels.net/Humber4INDEX.html Humber Mark IV/Fox Mark II Armoured Car] Warwheels.net
* {{Book-Fletcher-Great Tank Scandal}}
*{{citation| last= White |first=BT  | title= Armoured Cars: Guy, Daimler, Humber, AEC | series= AFV Weapons Profile No. 21 | publisher= Profile Publications | number=21 | year =1970}}
*{{citation| last= Armored Car Humber Mark IV |first=BT  | title= Armored Car Humber Mark IV- Workshop Manual | series= Publication  No. 1305 | publisher= British Military  | year =1944}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.armyvehicles.dk/humberiv.htm Armyvehicles.dk]
* Photo galleries at Tanxheaven.com (Mk IV): [http://tanxheaven.com/ljs/humbermk4armouredcarljs/humbermk4armouredcarljs.htm], [http://tanxheaven.com/huw/humbermk4huw/humbermk4huw.htm].
* [http://www.cavaleriemuseum.nl Dutch Cavalry Museum] has two Humber Armoured Cars and the [[Humber Light Reconnaissance Car]] in its exposition.

{{WWIIBritishAFVs}}

[[Category:World War II armoured cars]]
[[Category:World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Humber vehicles|Armoured car]]
[[Category:Armoured cars of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]