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{{Short description|1950 papal encyclical}}
{{Other uses}}
{{essay-like|reason=[[wp:libel]]|date=January 2023}}
{{Italic title}}{{Infobox encyclical|title=Humani generis|language of title=Latin|translation of title=|type=|pope=Pius XII|Papal coats of arms=C o a Pius XII.svg|signature date=12 August 1950|subject=|number=18|before=Summi maeroris|after=Mirabile illud}}'''''Humani generis''''' is a [[Encyclical#Catholic usage|papal encyclical]] that [[Pope Pius XII]] [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgated]] on 12 August 1950, "concerning some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of Catholic Doctrine". It primarily discussed, the encyclical says, "new opinions" which may "originate from a reprehensible desire of novelty" and their consequences on the Church.

== Influences ==
There was speculation that Father [[Sebastiaan Tromp]] {{Post-nominals|list=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}}, professor of theology at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]], had assisted in drafting the encyclical.<ref name="van">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-24 |title=Looking Back at "Humani Generis" |url=https://www.hprweb.com/2013/12/looking-back-at-humani-generis/ |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=[[Homiletic & Pastoral Review]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange]] {{Post-nominals|list=[[Order of Preachers|OP]]}} (1877–1964), professor of the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], is said to have been a major influence on the content of the encyclical.<ref>Michael Kerlin, "Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange: Defending the Faith from ''Pascendi dominici gregis'' to ''Humani generis''", ''US Catholic Historian'', vol. 25, no. 1, winter 2007, 111: "No one has ever found a 'smoking gun' proving that Garrigou-Lagrange shared in ghost-writing ''Humani generis'' or has ever fixed his exact contribution. But, as noted above, it is plain that he had a major role in its gestation." </ref>

== Content ==

=== Role of theology ===

''Humani generis'' states: "This [[deposit of faith]] [[Jesus in Christianity|our Divine Redeemer]] has given for authentic interpretation not to each of the faithful, not even to [[theologians]], but only to the teaching authority of the Church."<ref>Pius XII, Encyclical ''Humani generis: some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundation of Catholic doctrine''", Vatican City, 1950, 21.</ref>

In ''Humani generis'', Pope Pius held a corporate view of theology. Theologians, employed by the Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the Church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in all kinds of empirical research, which the Church will generously support, but in matters of [[morality]] and [[religion]], they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the Church, the [[Magisterium]].

<blockquote>
The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of [[revelation]] […] in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 21.</ref>
</blockquote>

''Humani generis'' is critical of some trends in modern theology, but does not mention or attack individual opinions or even groups of dissenting theologians.

The Pope later refers to a new [[axiom]]: "a new [[Intellectual history|intellectual current]], a new public mood within the Church, and, new behaviour patterns" of its members. He asked his fellow [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishops]], to heal this "intellectual infection", which should not be allowed to grow.<ref>Pius XII, The Magisterium of the Bishops, May 31, 1954.</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2013}}

In areas of both "human sciences and sacred theology", the encyclical authorized "research and discussions" where "reasons for both opinions, that is, those favorable and those unfavorable to evolution" were to "be weighed and judged."<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 36.</ref>

=== Obstacles to finding God ===
{{Further|Faith and rationality}}
''Humani generis'' begins with a recognition of several obstacles to seek and find [[God]] by the light of [[reason]] alone:

<blockquote>
Though human reason is, strictly speaking, truly capable by its own natural power and light of attaining to a true and certain knowledge of the one personal God, Who watches over and controls the world by His providence, and of the natural law written in our hearts by the Creator; yet there are many obstacles which prevent reason from the effective and fruitful use of this inborn faculty. For the truths that concern the relations between God and man wholly transcend the visible order of things and if they are translated into human action and influence it, they call for self-surrender and abnegation. The human [[mind]], in its turn, is hampered in the attaining of such truths, not only by the impact of the senses and the imagination, but also by disordered appetites which are the consequences of [[original sin]]. So it happens that men, in such matters, easily persuade themselves that what they would not like to be true is false or at least doubtful.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 2.</ref>
</blockquote>

This is why man stands in need of being truthfully enlightened by God's revelation.

=== Four issues ===

Having thus established a main principle, the encyclical continues with a review of the philosophical currents of modern culture and their potential and dangers in light of [[divine revelation]] of faith in the distinct levels. It reviews recent theological, philosophical and scientific developments.

==== ''Nouvelle théologie'' ====
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In describing erroneous development in the Catholic Church after World War II, the encyclical does not mention names, nor does it accuse specific persons or organizations. The encyclical states the {{lang|fr|[[Nouvelle théologie]]}} and its followers viewed Catholic teaching as [[Relativism|relative]], that it departed from traditional [[neo-Thomism]] using relativistic [[historical analysis]] and engaging philosophical axioms, such as [[existentialism]], or [[positivism]]. The encyclical further states that the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle théologie}} scholars expressed Catholic [[dogma]] with concepts of modern philosophy, [[immanentism]] or [[idealism]] or existentialism or any other system, and that some believed that the mysteries of faith could be expressed by truly adequate concepts but only by approximate and ever-changeable notions.<ref name="Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 15">Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 15.</ref> The encyclical also stated:

<blockquote>
Everyone is aware that the terminology employed in the schools and even that used by the Teaching Authority of the Church itself is capable of being perfected and polished; and we know also that the Church itself has not always used the same terms in the same way. It is also manifest that the Church cannot be bound to every system of philosophy that has existed for a short space of time. Nevertheless, the things that have been composed through common effort by Catholic teachers over the course of the centuries to bring about some understanding of dogma are certainly not based on any such weak foundation. These things are based on principles and notions deduced from a true knowledge of created things. In the process of deducing, this knowledge, like a star, gave enlightenment to the human mind through the Church. Hence it is not astonishing that some of these notions have not only been used by the [[Ecumenical Councils]], but even sanctioned by them, so that it is wrong to depart from them.<ref name="Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 15"/>
</blockquote>

Pius pleads with the "rebels" not to tear down but to build up. He demands not to neglect, or to reject, or devalue so many and such great resources which have been conceived, expressed and perfected over the centuries. A new philosophy like existentialism, "today, like a flower of the field in existence, tomorrow outdated and old-fashioned, shaken by the winds of time",<ref name="Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 15" /> he says, is a poor and unstable basis for the theology of the Church.

==== Evolution ====

The encyclical took up a nuanced position with regard to evolution. It distinguished between the soul, held as created divinely, and the physical body, whose development may be subject to empirical and prudent study:<blockquote>
The Teaching Authority of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter – for the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God.<ref>[https://www.vofoundation.org/faith-and-science/humani-generis-1950/ "Humani Generis (1950)"], ''Faith and Science'', The Vatican Observatory Foundation.</ref></blockquote>

The encyclical does not endorse a comprehensive acceptance of [[evolution]], nor its outright rejection, because it deemed the evidence at the time not convincing. It allows for the possibility in the future: However, when one reads the entire encyclical, it is evident that it is not favorable to the theory of evolution. 

<blockquote>
This certainly would be praiseworthy in the case of clearly proved facts; but caution must be used when there is rather question of hypotheses, having some sort of scientific foundation, in which the [[doctrine]] contained in [[Sacred Scripture]] or in Tradition is involved.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 35.</ref>
</blockquote>

The position delinking the creation of [[Human body|body]] and [[soul]] has been more recently confirmed by [[Pope John Paul II]], who highlighted additional facts supporting the theory of evolution half a century later.

==== Polygenism ====

While the factual basis for creationism should be researched further, the encyclical issues a clear no to another scientific opinion popular at the time, [[polygenism]], the scientific hypothesis that mankind descended from different groups of original humans (that there were many groups of Adams and Eves).

<blockquote>
When, however, there is question of another conjectural opinion, namely polygenism, the children of the Church by no means enjoy such liberty. For the faithful cannot embrace that opinion which maintains that either after Adam there existed on this earth true men who did not take their origin through natural generation from him as from the first parent of all, or that Adam represents a certain number of first parents. Now it is no way apparent how such an opinion can be reconciled with that which the sources of revealed truth and the documents of the Teaching Authority of the Church propose with regard to original sin, which proceeds from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam and which through generation is passed on to all and is in everyone as his own.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 37.</ref>
</blockquote>

==== Old Testament critiques ====

A final critique is issued against negative interpretations which downgrade the [[Old Testament]] to historical half-truths, or which impute error to the alleged ancient sacred writers.

<blockquote>
If, however, the ancient sacred writers have taken anything from popular narrations (and this may be conceded), it must never be forgotten that they did so with the help of divine inspiration, through which they were rendered immune from any error in selecting and evaluating those documents.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 38.</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Therefore, whatever of the popular narrations have been inserted into the Sacred Scriptures must in no way be considered on a par with myths or other such things, which are more the product of an extravagant imagination than of that striving for truth and simplicity which in the Sacred Books, also of the Old Testament, is so apparent that our ancient sacred writers must be admitted to be clearly superior to the ancient profane writers.<ref>Pius XII, Enc. ''Humani generis'', 39.</ref>
</blockquote>

''Humani generis'' encourages further research, taking into account and respecting the holiness of the [[Old Testament]] scriptures to [[Jews]] and [[Christians]] alike.

=== Conclusion ===

Pope Pius XII, who usually employs diplomatic and carefully measured language in his writings, is convinced of the serious nature of those opinions threatening to (to quote the encyclical's subtitle) "undermine the foundation of Catholic doctrine", a most unusual tone for this pontiff.

[[Philosophy]] and [[theology]] are the main topics of this encyclical. But, it extends further into the realm of [[culture]] and [[science]].

==Legacy==
Fr. [[Brian Van Hove]] {{Post-nominals|list=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} states that ''Humani generis'' caused "a freezing of [[systematic theology]] into a [[Thomist]] [[orthodoxy]]", remarking that the "freeze" was later ameliorated by [[Pope John Paul II]]'s 1993 ''[[Veritatis splendor]]''.<ref name=van/> For example, Fr. [[Henri de Lubac]] {{Post-nominals|list=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} (later Cardinal de Lubac) wrote about his plan for a comprehensive theological project integrating "patristics, liturgy, history, philosophical reflection [...] The lightning bolt of ''Humani generis'' killed the project."<ref>Quoted in von Balthasar, Hans Urs, ''The Theology of Henri de Lubac'', pp. 10-11.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Catholic Church]]
* [[Magisterium]]
* [[Relativism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Historicism]]
* [[Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html ''Humani generis''] (hosted by the [[Holy See]])
*[https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius12/p12human.htm ''Humani generis''] (hosted by Papal Encyclicals)
{{Pope Pius XII}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Encyclicals of Pope Pius XII]]
[[Category:Catholic Church and science]]
[[Category:Christianity and evolution]]
[[Category:August 1950]]
[[Category:1950 in Christianity]]