View source for Human rights in Eritrea

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Politics of Eritrea}}
'''Human rights in Eritrea''' are viewed, as of the 2020s, by [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs) such as [[Human Rights Watch]] as among the worst in the world, particularly with regards to [[freedom of the press]].<ref name= "UNHRC">{{cite web|url= http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx| title = Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea | work= UNHRC website | date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2015-06-09}}</ref><ref name="hrw2010">{{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/eritrea|title= Eritrea: Events of 2009| work=Human Rights Watch|date= 20 January 2010}}</ref> [[Eritrea]] is a [[one-party state]] in which [[Elections in Eritrea|national legislative elections]] have been repeatedly postponed,<ref name="gi"/> the judiciary is weak, and constitutional provisions protecting individual freedom have yet to be fully implemented.<ref name= "UNHRC" /><ref name="UPR_18_ER_submission" /><ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=September 2005|title=Country Profile: Eritrea|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Eritrea.pdf|access-date=November 5, 2020|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]}}}}</ref> Some Western countries, particularly the [[United States]], accuse the [[government of Eritrea]] of [[arbitrary arrest and detention]]s and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. Additionally, Eritrean citizens, both men and women, are [[Conscription in Eritrea|forcibly conscripted]] into the military with an indefinite length of service and used as [[forced labour]].<ref>{{cite web|title='It's just slavery': Eritrean conscripts wait in vain for freedom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/oct/11/its-just-slavery-eritrean-conscripts-wait-in-vain-for-freedom|work=The Guardian|date=11 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

The Eritrean government has continuously dismissed the accusations as politically motivated.<ref>{{cite web|title=HUMAN RIGHTS AND ERITREA'S REALITY|url=http://www.tesfanews.net/wp-content/uploads/Human-Rights-and-Eritreas-Reality.pdf|work=E Smart|publisher=E Smart Campaign|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> As an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues.<ref name="Pdhrie"/> A new movement called [[Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea]], which aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition, was formed in early 2009.<ref name="Egshr"/>

==Overview==
Eritrea is a [[one-party state]] in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed,<ref name="gi">{{cite web|url=http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea |title=Eritrea |access-date=2007-10-25 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724164739/http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea |archive-date=24 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}. Grassroots International</ref><ref name=":0" /> and its [[human rights]] record is considered among the worst in the world.<ref name="hrw2006">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/eritre12307.htm |title=World Report 2006 |work=Human Rights Watch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211174118/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/eritre12307.htm |archive-date=11 February 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="US STATE">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186194#wrapper Eritrea]. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. U.S. State Department</ref> Since [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War|Eritrea's conflict with Ethiopia]] in 1998–2001, Eritrea's human rights record has worsened.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/25/eritrea-human-rights-united-nations|access-date=30 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 October 2013}}</ref> Human rights violations are frequently committed by the government or on behalf of the government. [[Freedom of speech]], [[News media|press]], [[Freedom of assembly|assembly]], and [[Interpersonal relationship|association]] are limited. Those that practice "unregistered" religions, try to flee the nation, or escape military duty are arrested and put into [[prison]].<ref name=Guardian />
[[File:Helen_Berhane.jpg|150px|thumb|left| [[Helen Berhane]], an Eritrean singer, who has written of her experiences at the hands of the State, courtesy of Church in Chains]]
According to [[Amnesty International]] Eritrea is one of the world's most repressive countries. In recent years, there have been increasing measures to prevent worshippers from practicing their faith. Some of the most prosecuted are [[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses#Eritrea|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and members of Evangelical congregations. The Eritrean government has shut down their churches, and persecuted many members of the congregations. After independence, President [[Isaias Afwerki]]'s administration denied all basic rights to Jehovah's Witnesses. No members could receive any government assistance, or use any government services.  Jehovah's Witnesses are not allowed to obtain national identification cards, without which they are not allowed to participate in the political and social sphere of Eritrea. National identification cards permit citizens to participate in everyday life, as well as in transactions with the government or any financial institution. The government began to informally allow Jehovah's Witness members to practice their faith within their home. They were still barred from practicing in any public space.  Many families fled the country to seek asylum abroad due to mass persecution and imprisonment. According to Amnesty International, there are currently 250 families that have left Eritrea to seek [[Right of asylum|asylum]] abroad.<ref name="amnesty.org">{{Cite web |title=Eritrea: Religious Persecution |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr64/013/2005/en/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Domestic and international human rights organizations are not allowed to function in Eritrea.<ref name="US STATE" /> The registered, census-based religions are the [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] (a [[miaphysite]] [[Oriental Orthodox]] denomination), the [[Roman Catholic Church]], Eritrean [[Lutheran Church]], and [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]. All other religions are persecuted, including other denominations of Islam, such as [[Shi'ism]], and other denominations of Christianity, such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and any of the myriad [[Protestant denominations]] (other than the Eritrean Lutheran Church). All denominations of Christianity were given [[freedom of worship]] until 2002 when the government outlawed worship and assembly outside the 'registered' denominations. [[Evangelical]] churches in Eritrea have been some of the most persecuted religious groups. For religious groups to participate and freely practice their faith they must apply for registration with the Department of Religious Affairs. The government has seized many churches and religious buildings.<ref name="amnesty.org"/>

In 2003, there was a record number of arrests made on members of Evangelical churches. Law enforcements officials go to different religious gatherings or weddings to carry out mass arrests, "Police singled out religious weddings in homes as occasions to round up believers." It is normal for the government to make followers recant their faith: "The detainees were usually pressured under torture or ill-treatment, with the threat of indefinite detention, to sign a document agreeing to certain conditions of release, such as not to attend religious meetings. Some were reportedly forced to recant their faith and agree to rejoin the Orthodox Church." Many of these religious prisoners were often subjected to secret trials and secret prison sentences.<ref name="amnesty.org"/> There has been no known reason for the "crackdown" on Evangelical churches, according to Amnesty International, "ongoing crackdown on minority religious groups was never given by the government but it appeared to be partly linked to government action against young people trying to avoid military conscription".<ref name="amnesty.org"/> Religious prisoners are often tortured in Eritrea.<ref name="CSW">[http://www.cswusa.org/news/eritrea CSW-USA on Eritrea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009165219/http://www.cswusa.org/news/eritrea |date=9 October 2015 }} CSW</ref> Freedom of worship is one of the top reasons thousands of Eritreans flee the country. There are thousands of Eritreans in [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]],  [[Israel]], [[Europe]] and the West seeking asylum.<ref name="hrw2006"/>

[[Freedom of speech]] and the press are severely constrained while [[freedom of assembly]], association, movement, and [[Freedom of religion|religion]] also are restricted.<ref name=":0" /> Besides political opposition, the media were also the target of the regime. In 2001, thirteen [[journalist]]s were imprisoned because of their support for dissident ministers.  Among them, [[Fesshaye Yohannes]] died on January 11, 2007, in [[Eiraeiro prison]] located in the northeast of the country. In addition to journalists, hundreds of political and military figures were imprisoned.<ref>[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210511163018/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.rsf.org/fr-rapport15-Erythree.html Reporters sans Frontiers]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/reports/2019/09/10-most-censored-eritrea-north-korea-turkmenistan-journalist/|title=10 Most Censored Countries|website=cpj.org|date=10 September 2019|access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

In 2015, a 500-page [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UNHRC]] report detailed allegations of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and prolonged sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.<ref name= "UNHRC" /><ref name= guard>{{cite news|last= Jones | first=Sam| title= Eritrea human rights abuses may be crimes against humanity, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/08/human-rights-abuses-eritrea-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-un-report| access-date=2015-06-08 |newspaper=The Guardian|date=2015-06-08}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited the reports catalogue of 'a litany of human rights violations "on a scope and scale seldom witnessed elsewhere"'.<ref name= guard /> The Council also asserted that these violations may amount to crimes against humanity.<ref name= "UNHRC" /> Barbara Lochbihler, of the [[European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights]] said the report detailed 'very serious human rights violations', and indicated that EU funding for development would not continue as at present without change in Eritrea.<ref name=DWelle>{{cite web|url= http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea/a-18535963 | title = Human rights: EU 'should put more pressure on Eritrea' | work= Deutsche Welle | date=2015-06-23 | access-date= 2015-07-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704105608/http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea/a-18535963 | archive-date= 2015-07-04}}</ref>

The Eritrean Foreign Ministry responded by describing the commission's report as "wild allegations" which were "totally unfounded and devoid of all merit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201506100911.html |title=Eritrea: Asmara Lashes Out at UN's 'Vile Slanders' |work=AllAfrica news website |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611062509/http://allafrica.com/stories/201506100911.html |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> A statement from Eritrean presidential adviser Yemane Gebreab accused the panel of being "entirely one-sided", and indicated that "Eritrea rejects the politically motivated and groundless accusations and the destructive recommendations of the COI. It believes they are an unwarranted attack not only against Eritrea, but also Africa and developing nations."<ref name="i24news.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/116057-160608-eritrea-has-been-committing-crimes-against-humanity-for-25-years-un|title=i24NEWS|website=www.i24news.tv|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref> The Commission of Inquiry (CoI) report was based on the testimony of 833 anonymous persons purported to be Eritrean. In reaction to this, a significant number of the Eritrean Diaspora population rejected the Commission of Inquiry report. 230,000 Eritreans signed Petitions against the paper and 45,000 Eritreans provided testimonies defending Eritrea, which did not appear in the report. 850 Eritreans asked to present themselves to appear in person in Geneva and give their testimonies to the UNHRC against the paper. In addition, more than 10,000 Eritrean demonstrated against the report in Geneva.<ref name="i24news.tv"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tesfanews.net/diaspora-eritreans-rally-against-coi-report-geneva/|title=Thousands of Diaspora Eritreans Rally Against COI Report in Geneva|last=TesfaNews|date=2016-06-21|website=TesfaNews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/thousands-of-eritreans-protest-un-report|title=Thousands of Eritreans protest UN report|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hot91.com.au/news/national-news/54611-thousands-of-eritreans-protest-un-report |title=Thousands of Eritreans protest UN report - Hot 91.1 |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406001440/http://hot91.com.au/news/national-news/54611-thousands-of-eritreans-protest-un-report |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madote.com/2016/06/video-eritrean-demonstration-in-un.html|title=[Video] Eritrean Demonstration in UN Geneva (June 21, 2016)|last=Admin|website=Madote|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastafro.com/2016/06/21/video-thousands-of-eritreans-demonstrate-in-geneva-against-the-un/|title=Video: Thousands of Eritreans Demonstrate in Geneva Against the UN|date=2016-06-21|website=EastAFRO.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20067&LangID=E|title=OHCHR {{!}} UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref> Several countries also rejected the report's abrasive language, especially the US and China. At a drafting meeting, U.S. diplomat Eric Richardson said the Eritrea paper did not have "the same level of sophistication and precision" as the report on North Korea and the United States could not support the language of the text without revisions. In addition, Eritrean presidential advisor Yemane blamed Ethiopia for "some of the worst human rights abuses and massacres of its people", saying it was ironic that Ethiopia could use the council to lobby for the adoption of the resolution against Eritrea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0ZH5GW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702144557/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0ZH5GW|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-07-02|title=Eritrea escapes U.N. Security Council referral over human rights|date=2016-07-01|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-17|language=en}}</ref>

Since Eritrea's conflict with Ethiopia in 1998–2001, the nation's human rights record has come under criticism at the United Nations.<ref name=Guardian/> Human rights violations are allegedly frequently committed by the government or on behalf of the government. [[Freedom of speech]], [[News media|press]], [[Freedom of assembly|assembly]], and [[Interpersonal relationship|association]] are limited. Those who practice "unregistered" religions, try to flee the nation, or escape military duty are arrested and put into [[prison]].<ref name=Guardian /> During the Struggle for Eritrean Independence, many atrocities were committed by the Ethiopian authorities against unarmed Eritrean civilians (men, women, and children). Roughly, 90,000 Eritrean civilians were killed by the Ethiopian military.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm |title=Case Study |access-date=2007-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911212032/http://american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> During the 1998 [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]], the [[EPRDF]] government also deported and confiscated the private property of 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport99/africa/ethiopia.html|title=HRW World Report 1999: Ethiopia|website=www.hrw.org|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931|title=A critical look into the Ethiopian elections|access-date=2007-02-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061129063002/http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-11-29}} <!-- Bot retrieved archive --></ref> The majority of the 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin were considered well off by the Ethiopian standard of living. They were deported after their belongings had been confiscated.<ref>Natalie S. Klein [http://denden.com/Conflict/deportees/klein-0898.htm Mass expulsion from Ethiopia: Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin from Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129004000/http://denden.com/Conflict/deportees/klein-0898.htm |date=29 January 2020 }},  June – August, 1998 "NOTE: This report is being reproduced, with the author's permission, by the Embassy of Eritrea, Washington DC, USA. The text is identical to the original. It has been reformatted and therefore pagination is not the same." — This website site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area.</ref>

All Eritreans between the ages of 18 and 40 must complete a mandatory national service, which includes military service. Between 10,000 and 25,000 high-school students spend their 12th year of education in one of the countries national service camps, most notable of which is the camp near Sawa.<ref name=D+C>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee every month|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/how-government-eritrea-became-one-worlds-most-repressive-regimes|author=Diglel Fadi|work=D+C, development and cooperation |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> This national service was implemented after Eritrea gained its [[independence]] from Ethiopia, as a precautionary means to be protected against any threats on Eritrea's [[sovereignty]], to instill national pride, and to create a disciplined populace.<ref name="National service in Eritrea">[https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/03/national-service-eritrea National service in Eritrea]. ''Economist''. 10 March 201</ref> Eritrea's national service requires lengthy, indefinite conscription periods, which some Eritreans leave the country in order to avoid.<ref name="National service in Eritrea"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123073425/http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-23 |title=Professor to lecture on African refugees of Eritrea |work=The Daily Beacon }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/africa/migrants-libya.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 | title=Young African Migrants, Enticed by Smugglers, End Up Mired in Libya | work=The New York Times | date=5 May 2015 | access-date=6 May 2015 |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D.}}</ref>

An August 2019 [[Human Rights Watch]] report claimed that the Eritrean secondary education forces students into indefinite military or government jobs and many flee from the country because of this. The organization described the [[Education in Eritrea|Eritrean education system]] as a conscription machine that subjects students to systematic abuse, including torture, harsh working conditions and insufficient pay to support their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/09/young-eritreans-would-rather-risk-death-sea-let-their-leaders-take-their-freedom|title=Young Eritreans Would Rather Risk Death at Sea Than Let Their Leaders Take Their Freedom|date=9 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

In June 2022, the [[United Nations|UN]] special rapporteur on human rights in Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, issued a report critical of the deteriorating human rights situation in the country. Among the violations recorded, forced military conscription, arbitrary arrests, disappearances and torture were common. The report also involved Eritrea's involvement in the armed conflict in [[Ethiopia]]. Eritrean refugees in Ethiopian camps have been kidnapped and forced to fight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-report-human-rights-situation-in-eritrea-dips-to-new-low/6617122.html|title=UN Report: Human Rights Situation in Eritrea Dips to New Low|accessdate=14 June 2022|website=VOA}}</ref>

On August 7, 2023, a U.N. report by investigator [[Mohamed Babiker]] exposed instances of torture, abuse, and forced labor endured by Eritrean refugees and asylum-seekers during indefinite national service. The report shed light on President Isaias Afwerki's authoritarian rule and emphasized how the national service program drives emigration, in the wake of disruptive protests at a Sweden-based Eritrea-themed festival. The nation has also been accused of human rights violations in the Tigray region and implication in the Ethiopian conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-08 |title= UN Investigator: Eritreans Experienced Torture, Sexual Violence During National Service |language=en |work=VOA NEWS |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/un-investigator-eritreans-experienced-torture-sexual-violence-during-national-service/7215918.html |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>
==Reforms==
Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?".<ref name="Pdhrie">{{cite web|title=Public Dialogue Human Rights in Eritrea |url=http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4551.html |date=2006-06-01 |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908190129/http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4551.html |archive-date=8 September 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2007, the Eritrean government banned [[female genital mutilation]].<ref name="Ebfc">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6527619.stm | work=BBC News | title=Eritrea bans female circumcision | date=2007-04-04}}</ref> Regional Assemblies and religious leaders also speak out continuously against the use of female cutting. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anseba Religious leaders condemn female circumcision|url=http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005411.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015425/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005411.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-09-30|date=2006-08-31|access-date=2006-09-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Religious leaders of Northern Red Sea region condemn female circumcision|url=http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005446.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015303/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005446.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-09-30|date=2006-09-09|access-date=2006-09-10 }}</ref>

In early 2009, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government. The movement was launched at a two-day conference in [[London]], after previous attempts at dialogue failed.<ref name="Egshr">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7822599.stm | work=BBC News | first=Martin | last=Plaut | title=Eritrea group seeks human rights | date=2009-01-11}}</ref>

== Freedom House ==
Eritrea was considered "not free" according to the [[Freedom House]] Freedom in the World 2022 report, scoring 1/40 on political rights and 2/60 on civil liberties.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House Freedom in the World 2022]</ref>

==Historical situation==
The following is a chart of Eritrea's ratings since 1993 in the [[Freedom in the World]] reports, published annually by [[Freedom House]]. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".<ref name='FH1972'>
{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref>{{ref|a|1}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; "
!Historical ratings
|-
|style="padding:0; border:none;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:left;" | Year
| style="width:3em;" |[[Political Rights]]
| style="width:3em;" |[[Civil Liberties]]
| style="width:3em;" |Status
| style="width:3em;" |[[List of heads of state of Eritrea|President]]{{ref|b|2}}
|- align=center
| align=left | 1993
| 6
| 5
| Not Free
| [[Isaias Afwerki]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 1994
| 6
| 5
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 1995
| 6
| 4
| Partly Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 1996
| 6
| 4
| Partly Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 1997
| 6
| 4
| Partly Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 1998
| 6
| 4
| Partly Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 1999
| 7
| 5
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2000
| 7
| 5
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2001
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2002
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2003
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2004
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2005
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2006
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2007
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2008
| 7
| 6
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2009
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2010
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2011
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2012
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2013
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2014
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2015
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2016
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2017
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2018
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2019
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2020
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2021
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2022
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|- align=center
| align=left | 2023
| 7
| 7
| Not Free
| Isaias Afwerki
|}
|}

==International treaties==
Eritrea's stances on [[International human rights law|international human rights treaties]] are as follows:

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; "
!International treaties
|-
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
| Treaty
| Organization
| Introduced
| Signed
| Ratified
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | [[United Nations]]
| style="background:#99f;" |1948
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]]<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |2001
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |2001
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |2002
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 21 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021103748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1966
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]]<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 20 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121020214806/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1968
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid]]<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1973
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1979
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |1995
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]]<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1984
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1989
| style="background:#9f9;" |1993
| style="background:#9f9;" |1994
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty]]<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1989
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1990
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 20 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1999
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict]]<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 25 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2000
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |2005
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography]]<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 13 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2000
| style="background:#9f9;" |-
| style="background:#9f9;" |2005
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2006
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2006
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance]]<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 21 August 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120821123748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2006
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 18 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2008
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure]]<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2011
| style="background:#99f;" |-
| style="background:#99f;" |-
|}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Eritrea}}
*[[Freedom of press in Eritrea]]
*[[Freedom of religion in Eritrea]]
*[[Human trafficking in Eritrea]]
*[[Refoulement of Eritrean refugees]]
*[[LGBT rights in Eritrea]]
*[[Human Rights Concern Eritrea]]
*[[Politics of Eritrea]]

== Notes ==
:1.{{note|a}}Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
:2.{{note|b}}As of 24 May (Independence Day) in 1993; 1 January thereafter.
:3.{{note|c}}The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="UPR_18_ER_submission">{{cite web | title= UPR – 18th Session – Eritrea – Human Rights Concern Eritrea–Stakeholder Submission | website= [[Universal Periodic Review]] |date = 2014-03-05 | url = https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/eritrea/session_18_-_january_2014/hrce_upr18_eri_e_main_0.pdf | access-date = 2021-02-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210205160535/https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/eritrea/session_18_-_january_2014/hrce_upr18_eri_e_main_0.pdf |archive-date= 2021-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/east-africa-the-horn-and-great-lakes/eritrea/report-eritrea/ 2023 Human rights report], by [[Amnesty International]]
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/eritrea Freedom in the World 2012 Report], by [[Freedom House]]
* [https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-eritrea World Report 2012], by [[Human Rights Watch]]
* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea], [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] Report, 8 June 2015
{{Africa in topic|Human rights in}}
{{Eritrea topics}}

[[Category:Human rights in Eritrea| ]]
[[Category:Society of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Politics of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Government of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Human rights by country|Eritrea]]