View source for Howard Moscoe

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name         = Howard Moscoe
| image        = 659 Northcliffe Boulevard affordable housing opening (S2311 fl1610 it0047) (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Moscoe in 2003
| imagesize    = 200px
| office1      = [[Toronto City Councillor]] for Ward 15 (Eglinton-Lawrence)
| predecessor1 = Ward Created
| successor1   = [[Josh Colle]]
| term_start1  = December 1, 2000
| term_end1    = November 30, 2010
| office2      = Chair of Licensing and Standards Committee
| predecessor2 = Committee Created
| successor2   = [[Cesar Palacio]]
| term_start2  = December 1, 2006
| term_end2    = November 30, 2010
| office3      = [[Toronto City Councillor]] for Ward Eight
| predecessor3 = Ward Created
| successor3   = Ward Abolished
| alongside3 = [[Mike Feldman]]
| term_start3  = January 1, 1998
| term_end3    = November 30, 2000
| office4      = Metro Toronto Councillor, North York Spadina Ward
| predecessor4 = Ward established
| successor4   = City Amalgamated
| term_start4  = December 1, 1988
| term_end4    = December 31, 1997
| office5      = North York City Controller and [[Metro Toronto Council]]lor
| predecessor5 = [[Esther Shiner]], [[Barbara Greene]], [[Robert Yuill]] and [[William Sutherland (Ontario politician)|William Sutherland]]
| successor5   = Position eliminated
| alongside5 = [[Robert Yuill]], [[Norman Gardner]], [[Esther Shiner]] (1985-87) and [[Mario Gentile]] (1988)
| term_start5  = 1985
| term_end5    = 1988
| office6      = North York Alderman, Ward Four
| predecessor6 = [[Murray Markin]]
| successor6   = [[Frank Di Giorgio]]
| term_start6  = 1978
| office7     = [[#Table of offices held|More...]]
| term_end6    = 1985
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1939|11|28}}
| birth_place  = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| spouse       = 
| children     = 
| residence    = Toronto, ON
| alma_mater   = 
| occupation   = High school teacher
}}
'''Howard Moscoe''' (born November 28, 1939)<ref name="gencat4.eloquent-systems.com">https://gencat4.eloquent-systems.com/webcat/request/Action?SystemName=City+of+Toronto+Archives&UserName=wa+public&Password=&CMD_%28DetailRequest%29[0]=&ProcessID=6000_1980%280%29&KeyValues=KEY_315373</ref> is a former [[Toronto city councillor|city councillor]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, representing Ward 15 in the western part of [[Eglinton-Lawrence]]. Among the most prominent and longest-serving councillors in the city, he is also known for an outspokenness which caused controversy at times. Moscoe is a member of the [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]]. On August 31, 2010, after 31 years as an elected municipal politician, Moscoe announced his retirement from city council.<ref name=retire>[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontocouncil/article/855079--howard-moscoe-calls-it-quits?bn=1 "Howard Moscoe calls it quits"], ''Toronto Star'', August 31, 2010</ref>

==Early life and career==
Moscoe's father, Alexander, was born to a [[Jewish]] family in [[Łódź]], Poland, moved to Canada as a child before the [[First World War]]. His uncle, Joe Moscoe, was the first licensed [[Taxicab|taxi]] driver in Toronto (cab license #1).<ref>"A. Moscoe, 84 boxer founded sign business Doctors told him he'd die at 24 of lead poisoning councillor says", ''Toronto Star'', April 26, 1997, A20.</ref>

Moscoe was a junior high school art teacher with the [[North York]] Board of Education before entering political life, and was president of the North York Elementary Teachers' Federation and a governor of the Ontario Teachers' Federation.<ref>"Campaign '77", ''Toronto Star'', June 6, 1977, A7.</ref> He campaigned for a seat on the North York Hydro Commission in 1974, and ran for the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Ontario legislature]] in [[1975 Ontario general election|1975]] and [[1977 Ontario general election|1977]] as the [[New Democratic Party of Ontario|Ontario New Democratic Party]] candidate in [[Wilson Heights (electoral district)|Wilson Heights]].<ref>Moscoe ran a ''Toronto Star'' advertisement in 1974 which read as follows: ""What did … THE NORTH YORK HYDRO COMMISSION do last year? If you don't know, then you need to elect a COMMISSIONER who will provide information and encourage public input!" ''Toronto Star'', 30 November 1974, A16.</ref> Moscoe initially supported extension of the [[Spadina Expressway]] to reduce traffic in his riding, but opposed further extension once the freeway was partially completed and renamed as [[Allen Road]].<ref>"Reform Metro's line on candidate depends on his line", ''The Globe and Mail'', May 19, 1978, P3.</ref>

Moscoe is also a successful businessman as a designer and producer of election signs. In the late 1980s, he personally designed a brand of plastic sleeves to prevent rainwater damage during campaigns. He claimed 78 candidates as customers in the [[1988 Toronto municipal election|1988 municipal election]], and a further eighteen in the [[1988 Canadian federal election|1988 federal election]].<ref>"Of musicians and socialist salesmen...", ''The Globe and Mail'', October 28, 1988, A16.</ref> Moscoe later said that he supplied every sign used by the New Democrats in the [[1999 Ontario general election|1999 provincial election]].<ref>John Barber, "Cagey councillor read the signs", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 8, 2000, A16. It is not clear if he meant every sign in the City of Toronto, or every sign in the province.</ref> He is an active member of the [[Canadian Jewish Congress]], and has served on its community relations committee.<ref>Kim Honey, "Oversight means Beaches park may be named after former Nazi", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 25, 1998, A8.</ref>

Moscoe graduated from Lakeshore Teachers College and completed BA degrees at [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] and [[York University]], and a [[Master of Education]] at the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name="gencat4.eloquent-systems.com"/>

==North York Council==

===Ward Alderman===
Moscoe was first elected to the North York city council in [[1978 Toronto municipal election|1978]], defeating incumbent alderman [[Murray Markin]] in the city's fourth ward. He soon emerged as a prominent voice on the council's left, and became a frequent critic of Mayor [[Mel Lastman]]. Moscoe criticized Lastman's ties to regional developers, arguing that the mayor often used reformist rhetoric to hide a pro-establishment bias.<ref>Geoffrey York, "Lastman image as feisty fighter immune to time", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 28, 1985, P15.</ref> Moscoe once described his rivalry with Lastman by saying, "It's a fundamental difference of opinion. He's the wheeler-dealer, free-enterpriser, step-up-and-see-the-dancing-girls type of politician, while I'm a strong [[social democrat]]."<ref>David Todd, "The duelling egos of Mel Lastman and Howard Moscoe are North York's best show", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 29, 1988, P38.</ref> This comment notwithstanding, Moscoe quickly developed his own reputation for political theatrics against Lastman.<ref>John Barber, "Hail to the stunt king of cycling and politics", ''The Globe and Mail'', May 31, 1994, A9.</ref> He once purchased one of Lastman's [[toupee]]s at a charity auction, and used it to dust his chair and desk at the start of council meetings.<ref>[[Michael Valpy]], "Howard Moscoe: Unguided missile", ''''The Globe and Mail'', April 13, 1999, A15.</ref>

Moscoe asked the [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] to intervene in his 1982 re-election campaign, alleging that rival candidate Sydney Moscoe was running with the deliberate intent of confusing voters. He informed the media that the ten nominees who signed Sydney Moscoe's papers also signed those of Eleanor Rosen, a more serious challenger associated with the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservatives]].<ref>"Alderman cries foul", ''The Globe and Mail'', October 20, 1982, P5.</ref> A [[Supreme Court of Ontario]] judge ruled that both Moscoes were legitimate candidates. Moscoe was re-elected, although by a reduced margin.

In 1984, Moscoe was a leading supporter of reform legislation to limit campaign contributions to $500 per year and require candidates to declare expenses, contributions and contributors within ninety days of an election.<ref>[[John Sewell]], "Progressive North York?", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 16, 1984, M1.</ref> Largely through his efforts, North York became the first municipality in the Toronto area to pass such legislation.<ref>"Campaign backers must be identified, North York orders", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 10, 1984, M3.</ref> Moscoe later supported tax credits for municipal political donations, similar to those used at the provincial and federal levels.<ref>Dyanne Rivers, "Alderman backs tax credit scheme for civic elections", July 26, 1984, M2.</ref> Also in 1984, he spoke out against the strict enforcement of an anti-scalping by-law outside [[Exhibition Stadium]] during home games by the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] baseball team. He argued that some constituents who were not scalpers were given fines for selling extra tickets outside the stadium at face value.<ref>"Scalper bylaw unfair, alderman charges", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 23, 1984, M1.</ref> To protest the law, he painted a yellow line on the pavement 400 metres from the stadium and declared the area past the line a "free trade zone" for fans to exchange tickets.<ref>Alden Baker and Gary Cohen, "Police plan to intercept stadium liquor", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 5, 1984, M1. Moscoe later acknowledged that he helped pay his way through university by scalping tickets. Paul Moloney, "Bylaw will skin city's scalpers", ''Toronto Star'', September 25, 2003, B01.</ref>

Moscoe campaigned for the Ontario legislature a third time in [[1985 Ontario general election|1985]], and finished third against [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]] [[Monte Kwinter]] in a provincial swing to the Liberal Party. He was subsequently elected to a seat on the North York [[Board of Control (municipal government)|Board of Control]] in the [[1985 Toronto municipal election|municipal election]] later in the year, focusing his campaign on issues such as housing and affordable day care.<ref>Dyanne Rivers, "Traffic an issue in controllers' race 13 seek seats on North York board", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 6, 1985, A16.</ref>

===City Controller===
Moscoe was the only left-leaning member on the city's [[Toronto Board of Control#North York|Board of Control]] between 1985 and 1988, and was frequently at odds with its other members.<ref>Dyanne Rivers, "Scrappy newcomer right at home on North York's Board of Control", ''The Globe and Mail'', February 11, 1986, A14.</ref> He nonetheless rose to a position of administrative leadership, overseeing finances, policy initiatives and a variety of technical matters.<ref>[[John Sewell]], "Politically perfect in North York", ''The Globe and Mail'', May 21, 1986, A8.</ref> On policy, Moscoe promoted the creation of a municipal housing corporation in North York to promote rent-geared-to-income housing. He argued that the city's housing situation was in crisis, and that government inaction would result in a rise in homelessness in later years.<ref>Lynne Ainsworth, "Soaring rental costs force families to endure hand-to-mouth existence", ''Toronto Star'', February 11, 1986, N6; "Alderman urged to quit task force", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 7, 1986, A15. The latter article title refers to Moscoe's request that [[Mario Sergio (politician)|Mario Sergio]] resign from the North York housing task force.</ref> He also promoted [[employment equity]],<ref>"Senior staff are all men, Moscoe says", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 23, 1986, E15; Dyanne Rivers, "Report on minorities stirs North York row", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 26, 1986, A20; Dyanne Rivers, "Group considering equal opportunity", ''The Globe and Mail'', September 23, 1986, A18; "Equal opportunity plan endorsed in North York", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 24, 1987, A16.</ref> and supported the extension of anti-smoking regulations in the workplace.<ref>"Smoking talks extinguished in North York", ''Toronto Star'', February 4, 1988, A6; Michael Best, "North York delays restaurant no-smoking bylaw", ''Toronto Star'', April 8, 1986, D22.</ref> Moscoe was fighting a personal battle to quit smoking at the time.

In 1986, Moscoe took part in a demonstration organized by members of Toronto's Jewish community against the South African government's policy of [[apartheid]]. He was quoted as saying, "The world stood by while [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] brought in his Nuremberg korrekt laws. It's important we not make the same mistake again." He also described the South African government as "[[fascist]], no matter how you slice it."<ref>"Metro Jews demonstrate against policy of apartheid", ''Toronto Star'', February 10, 1986, C20.</ref>

Some members of the North York council, including Mel Lastman, attempted to remove Moscoe from the city's planning advisory committee in 1986. Moscoe described the effort as "a thinly veiled direct personal attack on myself", while another councillor later acknowledged that it was intended as punishment for Moscoe's outspokenness against Lastman. He survived the motion by eleven votes to six.<ref>"Moscoe survives ouster bid in North York", ''The Globe and Mail'', February 25, 1986, A16.</ref>

Despite his rivalry with Lastman, Moscoe was the prime mover in a motion dedicating North York's 1.8-hectare Mel Lastman Square in 1986. Shortly before the dedication, he said that Lastman was "responsible for the development of the downtown and the centrepiece of the downtown is the civic square". Some speculated that Moscoe, who had his own ambitions to serve as Mayor of North York, was attempting to hasten Lastman's retirement.<ref>"Square dedicated to Lastman", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 23, 1986, A13; [[Mike Foster (Toronto politician)|Mike Foster]], "Lastman finds niche in history thanks to enemy", ''Toronto Star'', May 20, 1986, N4.</ref>

Moscoe was the only North York councillor to oppose a ban on ''[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]]'' from parts of city hall in 1988. He awarded the magazine with a prize for journalistic excellence in March 1988, while serving a week-long term as acting mayor in Lastman's absence.<ref>Alexander Bruce, "Controller praises banned tabloid", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 15, 1988, A16.</ref>

==Metro Councillor==

===Part-time===
Moscoe's election to the North York Board of Control in 1985 gave him an automatic seat on the [[Metropolitan Toronto]] council, which was then a part-time body made up of representatives from six municipal councils. He supported several reforms to the council's operations, including direct election and increased powers of governance.<ref>Royson James, "Aldermen storm out in debate on direct vote", ''Toronto Star'', March 3, 1987, A7.</ref> Particularly notable was his call for the Metro Police Commission and Toronto Transit Commission to be governed entirely by elected officials, rather than by mixed bodies of elected officials and appointees.<ref>Howard Moscoe, "Politicians should run Metro police and the TTC", ''Toronto Star'', February 5, 1987, A21.</ref>

Moscoe rose to greater prominence in 1988 as a leading critic of proposed [[Sunday shopping]] reforms introduced by the provincial government of [[David Peterson]]. Moscoe argued that the Peterson government was abdicating its responsibility by permitting municipalities to legislate change on the issue, and described efforts to expand Sunday shopping as "an attack on labor unions, small business and the family".<ref>Michael Best, "Sunday shopping vote beaten in North York", ''Toronto Star'', February 9, 1988, A1; Royson James, "Lastman seeks test of Sunday shopping", ''Toronto Star'', January 21, 1988, A1; "'Local option' for Sundays rejected by municipalities", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 30, 1988, A13.</ref> He served as chairman of a task force on Sunday shopping, and oversaw a series of public meetings on the issue in 1990.<ref>Royson James, "Task force to create plan for shopping on Sundays", ''Toronto Star'', January 19, 1990, A6; "Supporters of Sunday shopping want task-force chairman to quit", ''The Globe and Mail'', February 20, 1990, C6.</ref>

===Full-time===

====First term====
Metro Toronto introduced the direct election of councillors in [[1988 Toronto general election|1988]]. Moscoe chose to run for a seat on the new council, and was declared elected when his only opponent withdrew one day after nominations closed. He described his acclamation as bittersweet, in that he had already ordered 25,000 campaign pamphlets.<ref>Bruce DeMara, "Moscoe in election scrap despite acclamation", ''Toronto Star'', October 26, 1988, A9.</ref> After the election, he supported [[Dennis Flynn]]'s unsuccessful bid to be re-elected as [[Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto|Metro chairman]]. Flynn lost to [[Alan Tonks]], whom Moscoe later criticized as "Mr. Indecision" and "Mr. Subcommittee".<ref>Jim Byers, "Metro's captain off to a slow start", ''Toronto Star'', A27.</ref>

Moscoe's efforts to reform the Toronto Transit Commission came to fruition in late 1988, when council voted to replace all of the TTC's citizen members with elected officials.<ref>Sean Fine, "Metro makes transit body all political", ''The Globe and Mail'', December 16, 1988, A1.</ref> Moscoe argued that the change was necessary in light of the Metro councillors's increased responsibilities, adding that the "citizen members" were in fact high-level patronage appointees.<ref>David Lewis Stein, "The better way by far: Get rid of the TTC", ''Toronto Star'', December 21, 1988. A report in late 2006 suggested removing elected officials from the TTC. Moscoe criticized this suggestion, and repeated that the citizen members were patronage appointees. See Jeff Gray, "Traffic crisis looms, report warns", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 17, 2006, A19.</ref> One of Moscoe's leading allies in achieving this reform was [[Chris Stockwell]], later a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] [[cabinet minister]] in Ontario.<ref>Michael Smith, "TTC head 2 others get axe at Metro", ''Toronto Star'', December 16, 1988, A6.</ref>

He criticized Mel Lastman's plans to provide public funding for the North York Performing Arts Centre in 1991, arguing that it was an unnecessary expense and that private entrepreneur [[Garth Drabinsky]] would be the primary beneficiary.<ref>Howard Moscoe, "$29 million for Arts Centre could cut taxes 36%", ''Toronto Star'', June 20, 1991, N4.</ref> (Drabinsky was later charged with accounting fraud after [[Livent]] went bankrupt.) Moscoe also criticized the municipal election reforms passed by [[David Peterson]]'s government in the same period, arguing that large land developers would be able to avoid donation limits without difficulty.<ref>Howard Moscoe, "Election reform left huge holes", ''Toronto Star'', July 26, 1989, A25.</ref>

====Second and third terms====
Moscoe was re-elected in the [[1991 Toronto municipal election|1991 municipal election]], defeating two minor challengers. A ''[[Toronto Star]]'' survey from the election lists him as the hardest-working member of council, but adds "his effectiveness has been hurt by his penchant for mischief-making, which often casts him in the role of the buffoon".<ref>"How the members of Metro Council stack up", ''Toronto Star'', November 9, 1991, SA2.</ref> He was appointed to the Toronto Transit Commission after the election.<ref>"No changes on police board", ''Toronto Star'', December 6, 1991, A6.</ref>

Moscoe became involved with municipal gaming issues in the mid-1990s, and supported the provincial government of [[Bob Rae]] in its plans for casino expansion. He served on Toronto's casino committee for the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] (CNE), and favoured the introduction of [[horse race]] betting in 1994. Moscoe later called for a permanent casino to be established on Exhibition grounds.<ref>Bob Brent, "CNE in the running for off-track betting", ''Toronto Star'', May 3, 1994, A8; Kathleen Goldhar, "CNE wants its casino to get full-time status", ''Toronto Star'', August 20, 1996, A2.</ref>

He was a leading opponent of the [[Government of Canada|federal government's]] decision to sell the [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in 1993, arguing that the airport should be owned by Toronto-area taxpayers. He described the sale as a "sell-out" orchestrated by members of the governing [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]], and argued that the deal would be remembered as "the greatest orgy of patronage ever in this country."<ref>Bruce Campion-Smith, "Former Mulroney aide linked to Pearson deal", ''Toronto Star'', October 2, 1993, A1; Bruce Campion-Smith and Bob Brent, "Tory, critic clash over Pearson deal", ''Toronto Star'', October 7, 1993, A6.</ref> After the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] won the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 federal election]], Moscoe encouraged new [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]] to cancel the deal and turn the airport over to a non-profit local authority.<ref>David Lewis Stein, Bruce Campion-Smith and Bob Brent, "Chrétien zeroes in on Metro", ''Toronto Star'', October 28, 1993, A6.</ref> Chrétien subsequently cancelled the deal.

Moscoe has long been a supporter of gay and lesbian issues. He was one of three TTC members to support the group "Toronto Area Gays and Lesbians" (TAGL) in a 1993 controversy over TTC advertising: TAGL had purchased advertising space, only to have their contract revoked when other commission members complained that the content was too controversial.<ref>Royson James, "TTC rejects transfer ads for gay, lesbian services", ''Toronto Star'', June 9, 1993, A8.</ref> Moscoe also spoke out against Metro's decision to reject funding for two gay and lesbian cultural groups in the same year, urging councillors "not to succumb to a radical, right-wing fringe" in withholding revenue.<ref>Royson James, "Cultural cash cut for gay groups", ''Toronto Star'', June 30, 1993, A6.</ref>

In December 1995, Moscoe co-sponsored a successful motion calling for Metro Toronto to block a contract with [[Shell Oil|Shell Canada]], on the grounds that its parent company was complicit with human rights violations in Nigeria.<ref>Antonie Halff, "Toronto Metro Council To Reconsider Shell Boycott", ''Dow Jones International News'', January 12, 1996, 15:24 report.</ref> In 1996, he opposed a plan to fingerprint welfare recipients.<ref>Peter Small, "Finger ID passes vote hurdle", ''Toronto Star'', May 15, 1996, A6.</ref>

==Toronto councillor==

===1997-2003===
The provincial government of [[Mike Harris]] eliminated the Metropolitan Toronto council in 1997, and amalgamated its six former municipalities to create the new City of Toronto. Moscoe supported amalgamation in principle, but was skeptical about the future of social service and education funding under the Harris government's plan.<ref>Harold Levy, "Protest turnout hurt by weather", ''Toronto Star'', January 29, 1997, A13.</ref> He was elected to the new city council in the [[1997 Toronto municipal election|1997 election]], while his old nemesis Mel Lastman was elected as the first [[Mayor of Toronto|mayor of the new city]]. Moscoe soon resumed his role as Lastman's chief critic, but nevertheless won Lastman's support to become chair of the Toronto Transit Commission in January 1998.<ref>Royson James, "Mel scores coup on council jobs", ''Toronto Star'', January 14, 1998, A15.</ref> His term lasted until the [[2000 Toronto general election|2000 municipal election]].

Moscoe was re-elected in 2000 over [[Tony Rizzo]], a former NDP [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] who had later crossed over to the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. He was reappointed as a TTC commissioner, but relinquished the chairmanship to [[Brian Ashton (politician)|Brian Ashton]].<ref>Mark Gollom, "City council finally cuts the bickering and attaches names to committee posts", ''National Post'', December 8, 2000.</ref> He was subsequently reappointed to a second term as TTC chair in March 2003 after [[Betty Disero]]'s resignation, and was reconfirmed in the position after the 2003 election.

Moscoe broke with other left-leaning councillors to vote in favour of a proposed [[Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport|island airport bridge]] in 2002, even though he actually opposed the bridge in principle.<ref>James Rusk, "Councillor vexes Lastman", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 29, 2002, A26.</ref> He later explained that his vote was part of a compromise arrangement with [[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier]] and developer [[Robert Deluce]] to have a large piece of land surrounding the [[Downsview (TTC)|Downsview subway stop]] set aside for residential development. The city later reached a separate deal with Bombardier, and Moscoe voted against the bridge when the issue was reconsidered in late 2003.<ref>Linda Diebel and Vanessa Lu, "Bombardier settles $75M housing deal", ''Toronto Star'', December 4, 2003, A01.</ref>

Moscoe is a prominent ally of [[David Miller (Canadian politician)|David Miller]], who was elected as Lastman's successor in the [[2003 Toronto municipal election|2003 municipal election]]. Moscoe's own campaign for re-election in 2003 was complicated by a heart virus, which resulted in a rare condition known [[constrictive pericarditis]]. He organized most of his re-election campaign from a hospital bed, and did not publicize his illness until later in the year.<ref>Jack Lakey, "Winning the race flat on his back", ''Toronto Star'', January 1, 2004, B05.</ref>

===2003-2006===
Moscoe was strongly critical of a 2004 decision by the provincial government of [[Dalton McGuinty]] to negotiate future infrastructural arrangements with the [[Association of Municipalities of Ontario]] rather than with individual communities. He argued that the plan was detrimental to Toronto's interests, and suggested that the city might consider leaving the AMO in protest. He was quoted as saying, "We are not going to let the village of [[East Garafraxa, Ontario|East Garafraxa]] determine how public transit funding is distributed in Toronto".<ref>James Cowan, "Toronto may quit municipalities group", ''National Post'', September 16, 2004, A5. [[John Gerretsen]], McGuinty's [[Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (Ontario)|Municipal Affairs Minister]], argued that the AMO deal would still allow the province to negotiate with Toronto to specific issues. See Robert Benzie, Kerry Gillespie and Caroline Mallan, "Province chides mayor", ''Toronto Star'', August 26, 2004, A14.</ref> This dispute notwithstanding, Moscoe supported the provincial government's plans to grant increased governmental powers to Toronto.<ref>Royson James, "First step on T.O.'s road to adulthood", ''Toronto Star'', September 25, 2004, A01.</ref> Also in 2004, Moscoe brought forward a successful motion to rename a street in his ward as "[[Tommy Douglas]] Gardens".<ref>Katherine Harding, "Street to be named after Callwood", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 24, 2004, A8.</ref>
[[File:Rainbow flag raising ceremony at Toronto City Hall 2005 (S2311 fl1953 it0034).jpg|thumb|Moscoe (right) with [[John Tory]] (left) and [[Olivia Chow]] (centre), at a Rainbow flag raising ceremony at Toronto City Hall, 2005]]
In late 2005, Moscoe amended a municipal motion to include Toronto councillors and the mayor under the terms of a planned 12.25% salary increase for the city's unionized employees. Some members of council later said that they did not notice the change, and were unaware that they were voting themselves a pay increase when they approved the bill. Moscoe denied that any trickery was involved, and suggested that certain councillors were disingenuously trying to appear disinterested in their salaries. He added, "I think we deserve the same raises everybody else got - modest though they may be. I'm not in the slightest bit embarrassed."<ref>Vanessa Lu, "Councillors boost own salaries", ''Toronto Star'', November 10, 2005, B01.</ref> He withdrew the motion when council reconsidered its raise increase in January 2006, saying that the matter had been "blown all out of proportion" by the media.<ref>James Cowan, "Councillors nix their own 12.25% raise", ''National Post'', February 1, 2006, A10.</ref>

====Council controversies====
Moscoe was criticized for yelling [[Fuck|an obscenity]] at [[Rob Ford]] in a 2004 meeting, for which he later apologized.<ref>Bruce DeMara, "Council's in a tizzy over the F-word", ''Toronto Star'', July 22, 2004, B02; Jeff Gray, "'Sexist' slammed", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 31, 2006, A13.</ref> He initially joked that he had told Ford to "flock off, as the birds do".

Moscoe distributed a [[prank]]ish memo to other councillors in late 2005, entitled "How far will Lady Jane go?", drawing a connection between [[Jane Pitfield]]'s planned challenge against David Miller in 2006 and Lady [[Jane Grey]]'s nine-day reign as [[Queen regnant]] of England in 1553. He withdrew the memo after complaints, and wrote an apology to Pitfield for any offence given. Rival councillors [[Karen Stintz]] and [[Frances Nunziata]] argued that the contest was demeaning to women, and Stintz suggested that Moscoe had "a history of making disparaging comments to women". Stintz and [[David Soknacki]] signed an affidavit requesting that Moscoe be investigated by the integrity commissioner for the comments.<ref>[http://www.towncrieronline.ca/main/main.php?direction=viewstory&storyid=5080&rootcatid= Sandie Benitah, "Investigation of Moscoe sought by fellow councillor", ''Town Crier'', 16 January 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044126/http://www.towncrieronline.ca/main/main.php?direction=viewstory&storyid=5080&rootcatid= |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Moscoe argued that the contest was not sexist, acknowledging that it was directed against Pitfield but denying that he was targeting her gender. One Toronto columnist suggested that the memo criticisms were politically motivated in order to aid Pitfield's potential candidacy. Pitfield did not consider the memo offensive, and initially joked that she was planning to enter the contest.<ref>James Cowan, "'Lady Jane' attracts punters", ''National Post'', December 12, 2005, A12. See James Cowan, "Moscoe forced to apologize for office pool on mayoral race", ''National Post'', December 13, 2005, A16 and James Cowan, "Pay raise up in the air as year ends", ''National Post'', December 17, 2005, A17;</ref>

Moscoe was later criticized for allegedly sexist comments made in an exchange with [[Frances Nunziata]] in 2006. Nunziata had complained that bus service in her ward was substandard, and asked Moscoe to walk the area's streets for a first-hand view. Moscoe responded by saying, "Councillor, I leave walking the streets to you", which was a play on words referring to "street-walker", a euphemism for "prostitute". He subsequently apologized, adding "on occasion my mouth gets ahead of my brain". Nunziata wrote an open letter to the city's integrity commissioner, asking that Moscoe be censured for his comments.<ref>Jeff Gray, "'Sexist' slammed", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 31, 2006, A13. See "It's Miller's time in pages of Vanity Fair", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 8, 2006, A12.</ref>

====2006 election====
In July 2006, a local taxpayer group called the Coalition for Municipal Change announced that it would try to find a challenger for Moscoe in the [[2006 Toronto municipal election|2006 municipal election]]. Moscoe described the Coalition as a "Tory front group who are basically trying to destroy the balance of council", and later said "I always face two or three or four opponents during an election [...] Bring them on."<ref>Donovan Vincent, "Group targets Moscoe, Rae", ''Toronto Star'', July 19, 2006, B04; James Cowan, "Community group works to unseat councillors", ''National Post'', July 19, 2006, A10.</ref> No candidate came forward, and the coalition did not endorse any of Moscoe's opponents.<ref>Jim Byers and Vanessa Lu, "Sewell shares the wealth", ''Toronto Star'', October 5, 2006, R6.</ref> Moscoe defeated [[Ron Singer]], his closest challenger, by about a two-to-one margin.

===2006-2010===
[[File:Federation of Canadian Municipalities Award presentation in Council (S2311 fl2781 it0010).jpg|thumb|Moscoe speaking at an Award presentation at Toronto City Hall, 2009]]
Moscoe stood down as TTC chair following the 2006 election, and was selected as chair of Toronto's licensing and standards committee. He is also a member of David Miller's executive committee . Soon after the swearing-in ceremony in December 2006, Moscoe distributed a list of his priorities to journalists, which was highlighted by a plan to license Toronto's landlords.<ref>Jeff Gray, "Moscoe to chair licensing committee", ''The Globe and Mail'', December 6, 2006, A24.</ref> The plan calls for landlords to pay a high per-unit fee if their properties are run down, and a low fee if the buildings are in good shape.<ref>Paul Moloney, "Moscoe touts licence fee for landlords", ''Toronto Star'', December 7, 2006, A18.</ref> "Good landlords have nothing to fear from the licensing scheme because the amounts they are going to pay will be marginal," he has said. "The emphasis in whatever scheme we establish must be making the bad landlords pay".<ref>James Cowan, "City considers ranking system for apartments", ''National Post'', January 20, 2007, A16.</ref> He conducted a media tour of the worst-kept buildings in Toronto in early 2007.<ref>Donovan Vincent, "Moscoe calls for tour of squalor", ''Toronto Star'', January 22, 2007, E4.</ref>

Moscoe has called for Ontario's disabled parking system to be overhauled, arguing that the current system is both outdated and rampant with abuse. He says that many non-disabled Ontarians are currently using [[disabled parking permit]]s for convenience purposes.<ref>Jim Byers, "Scrap disabled parking system: Moscoe", ''Toronto Star'', February 13, 2007, E1.</ref> In a letter published in the ''Toronto Star'' in February 2007, Moscoe argues that subsidies should be provided to the disabled poor, rather than to those who can afford their own and drive a car.<ref>Howard Moscoe, "Subsidize the disabled poor, not those with cars" [letter], ''Toronto Star'', February 15, 2007, A23.</ref>

In late March 2007, Moscoe led the licensing and standards committee in supporting a ban on airport limousines picking up fares in Toronto (a practice sometimes called "scooping").<ref>Jennifer Lewington, "Limits on airport limos endorsed", ''The Globe and Mail'', A6.</ref> Council approved the motion the following month, but imposed a one-month delay on its enforcement to allow further negotiations with the [[Greater Toronto Airport Authority]] and the City of [[Mississauga]]. Several airport drivers protested the new law at city council.<ref>Paul Moloney and John Spears, "Temporary truce in airport cab wars", ''Toronto Star'', April 25, 2007, B1.</ref>

In an unrelated matter, Moscoe attempted to have Toronto's numbered electoral wards given new names in early 2007. The motion was defeated by council.<ref>Kelly Patrick, "Moscoe loses quest to have wards named rather than merely numbered", ''National Post'', April 24, 2007, A9.</ref>

==Issues==

===Transportation===
Moscoe has long been a prominent advocate for public transit in Toronto. As early as 1979, he brought forward a motion to the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]] calling for senior levels of government to provide operating and capital costs for public transit in cities.<ref>Marina Strauss, "Mississauga will not enter federal group, mayor says", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 7, 1979, P3.</ref> He recommended that Toronto take steps to improve its transit network in 1989, following the release of a report indicating that rush-hour traffic would double between 1981 and 2001. He was quoted as saying, "We can no longer afford the absolute luxury of people travelling alone and taking up valuable space on the road. The only solution is to improve public transit and increase disincentives to travel downtown by car."<ref>Margaret Polanyi, "Rush-hour traffic will double in Metro by 2011, report says", ''The Globe and Mail'', September 8, 1989, A13.</ref> In 1991, he argued that Metro should charge developers for transit projects.<ref>Jim Byers, "Make developers pay for transit, panel says", ''Toronto Star'', March 6, 1991, A6.</ref>

Moscoe recommended several reforms to transit policy following his appointment to the TTC in 1991. He supported lower rates for Toronto's poorer residents, arguing that transit passes could be mailed out with welfare cheques. This idea was opposed by then-TTC chair [[Mike Colle]].<ref>"TTC chief opposes lower fares for poor", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 10, 1992, A8.</ref> Moscoe also advocated lower advertising rates for small businesses, noting that a national recession was resulting in many spaces being left unused.<ref>Robert MacLeod, "Councillor seeks policy change to encourage small advertisers", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 11, 1992, A9.</ref> He opposed the TTC's elimination of [[environmentally friendly]] [[trolley bus]] services in January 1992, and led a successful initiative for their restoration later in the same year.<ref>"Trolleys come to end of line", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 29, 1992, A10; "Trolleys live again", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 3, 1992, A1.</ref> Moscoe also opposed a 16% fare increase in 1992, arguing that the TTC could cut expenses through administration instead.<ref>Royson James, "Bitter TTC battle ends with riders out of pocket", ''Toronto Star'', March 1, 1992, B4.</ref>

He criticized the service cutbacks introduced by the provincial government of [[Mike Harris]] in the mid-1990s, and spoke against a 43% fare increase for students and seniors in 1996.<ref>Bruce Campion-Smith, "TTC riders now facing longer wait", ''Toronto Star'', February 18, 1996, A3; Bruce Campion-Smith, "TTC hike hits seniors, students", ''Toronto Star'', May 1, 1996, A6; Gay Abbate, "$31-million annual budget cut will wreck system, TTC says", ''The Globe and Mail'', September 9, 1997, A5.</ref> Moscoe later argued that the Harris government's funding cuts were the start of a long period of decline for the TTC, from which it had not entirely recovered by the mid-2000s.<ref>Jack Lakey, "Turned from a prince to a pauper; Tory win in 1995 seen as crucial point for TTC money woes", ''Toronto Star'', March 29, 2004, B01.</ref>

Moscoe joined with other NDP councillors to support increased funding for WheelTrans, a transportation service for Toronto's disabled persons, 1995.<ref>Jane Armstrong, "Transit for disabled needs boost Metro told", ''Toronto Star'', April 5, 1995, A6.</ref> After the Harris government introduced its funding cuts, however, he reluctantly brought forward a motion to scale back WheelTrans services. He described the motion as "the most difficult decision I've had to make", but argued it was necessary to prevent a total collapse in the city's transit system.<ref>Kris Rushowy, "TTC votes to cut its service for disabled", ''Toronto Star'', August 15, 1995, A3.</ref> He recommended that WheelTrans users voluntarily limit their non-essential use of the service, so as to ensure that it remained accessible for work and school transportation.<ref>Kris Rushowy, "TTC asks disabled to curb use of transit", ''Toronto Star'', September 27, 1995, A6.</ref> He opposed further cuts in 1996, and subsequently supported initiatives to make regular buses wheelchair-friendly.<ref>Peter Small, "Wheel-Trans cuts postponed", ''Toronto Star'', January 24, 1996, A6; Bruce Campion-Smith, "New TTC buses give disabled riders a lift", ''Toronto Star'', July 30, 1996, A3.</ref>

====TTC Chair, 1998-2000====
Moscoe was appointed as TTC chair in January 1998, and soon emerged as a prominent rival to [[David L. Gunn|David Gunn]], the TTC's chief general manager. The two disagreed over policy issues, including the proposed purchase of low-floor buses to benefit elderly and disabled passengers: Moscoe supported the purchase, while Gunn argued that it was beyond the TTC's budget. Gunn also accused Moscoe of interfering in TTC management issues, particularly after Moscoe renegotiated a contract for condominium development at the TTC's Bayview station. Gunn threatened to resign in mid-1998 if Moscoe was not removed, but retracted this threat when the TTC reaffirmed its confidence in Moscoe's leadership.<ref>Paul Moloney, "TTC showdown for Moscoe Chair", ''Toronto Star'', June 11, 1998, B1; Gay Abbate, "TTC honchos kiss and make up", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 12, 1998, A10; Paul Moloney, "Time out in TTC battle", ''Toronto Star'', June 15, 1998, B3.</ref> Gunn eventually stepped down in April 1999, saying that Moscoe was "ruining his reputation".<ref>Joseph Hall, "Departing transit boss blames Moscoe", ''Toronto Star'', April 30, 1999, p. 1.</ref> His replacement, [[Rick Ducharme]], was openly critical of his predecessor's management style and initially had a more cooperative relationship with Moscoe and other elected officials.<ref>Joseph Hall, "GO chief transfers to TTC", ''Toronto Star'', July 21, 1999, p. 1.</ref>

There were several attempts to remove Moscoe as TTC chair in 1999, following a threatened strike by TTC workers. During the negotiations, Moscoe had suggested that council should reach a settlement with the workers and then consider a property tax increase to find the necessary revenues. Mel Lastman opposed this proposal, and is widely believed to have coordinated the subsequent efforts to remove Moscoe from office.

Four commissioners on the seven-member TTC board issued a statement in April 1999, indicating that they were prepared to "reconsider the position of chair".<ref>Gay Abbate, "Politicians quarrelling as transit strike looms", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 8, 1999, A7.</ref> Moscoe was able to retain his position at a subsequent TTC meeting with a deft procedural move that divided the opposition, and later described the attempt to dismiss him as a "[[kindergarten]] coup".<ref>Joseph Hall and Jack Lakey, "Moscoe keeps job with deft manoeuvre", ''Toronto Star'', April 9, 1999, p. 1.</ref> His opponents attempted to remove him again in May 1999, when TTC commissioners [[Chris Korwin-Kuczynski]] and [[Brian Ashton (politician)|Brian Ashton]] brought forward a motion before city council to replace the entire TTC board. Ashton acknowledged that the move was intended to replace Moscoe, whom he described as "very incompetent".<ref>Rebecca Braig, "Moscoe foes launch new bid to oust him", ''Toronto Star'', May 12, 1999, p. 1.</ref> Moscoe again retained his position when council rejected the motion, and instead agreed to a compromise plan which saw two new members added to the board.<ref>James Rusk, "Council adds two positions to troubled transit board", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 10, 1999, A9.</ref>

The new appointments did not solve Moscoe's difficulties: both new members were opposed to his leadership, and their appointments led to a renewed effort to remove him as chair. Moscoe responded to the threat by introducing a legal challenge against the manner of the new members' selection: both were chosen by a simple majority of council, and Moscoe argued that a two-thirds majority was required.<ref>Gay Abbate, "Moscoe will go to court to fend off latest coup", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 12, 1999, A15.</ref> A court ruling in late June 1999 upheld Moscoe's position and invalidated the appointments. After the ruling, [[Mel Lastman]] signalled that he was again willing to accept Moscoe as chair.<ref>James Rusk, "Victorious Moscoe gains meeting with the mayor", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 30, 1999, A6; James Rusk, "Council reverses approval for police helicopter", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 8, 1999, A9.</ref> The controversy ended for a time.

There was another effort to remove Moscoe as chair late in 1999, when it was revealed that an employee in his office had faxed confidential documents to a company suing the TTC. Moscoe indicated that he had no awareness of the fax, but submitted a resignation notice to take formal responsibility.<ref>Joseph Hall, "Moscoe offers to quit TTC job over leak", ''Toronto Star'', December 9, 1999, p. 1.</ref> The other commissioners planned to reject his resignation after a single day's debate, but commissioner [[Rob Davis (Ontario politician)|Rob Davis]] unexpectedly suspended the proceedings and suggested that a broader inquiry be launched. Moscoe then withdrew his resignation, saying that the matter should have been resolved quickly to permit the TTC to return to its regular business.<ref>James Rusk, "Davis wants formal probe of TTC information leak", ''The Globe and Mail'', December 10, 1999, A10</ref> There was a further attempt to dismiss Moscoe in January 2000, but this came to nothing.<ref>James Rusk, "Moscoe remains at TTC, Kinahan quits in protest", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 13, 2000, A21. Blake Kinahan resigned his position on the TTC after the January 2000 effort.</ref>

Despite these controversies, Moscoe's first tenure as TTC chair was marked by several notable accomplishments. The city purchased hundreds of new subway cars, rebuilt several buses and streetcars and maintained its "state of good repair" schedule despite provincial cutbacks.<ref>"Transit commission did job despite the childish antics", ''Toronto Star'', October 16, 2000, p. 1.</ref>

====TTC Chair, 2003-2006====
After his reappointment in 2003, Moscoe expressed concern that the provincial government of [[Ernie Eves]] was abandoning Toronto transit services in favour of projects in the surrounding municipalities.<ref>Jennifer Lewington, "New authority to oversee Golden Horseshoe service", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 28, 2003, A15.</ref> He proposed a referendum for a 1% property tax hike later in the same year, with the revenues to be targeted toward public transit improvements.<ref>Royson James, "Once again, we ask: Who's driving this bus?", ''Toronto Star'', May 14, 2003, B03.</ref> The city turned down the proposal.

In 1999, Moscoe began a lobbying effort to have a percentage of provincial revenues directed toward the TTC. He achieved success in 2004, when Premier [[Dalton McGuinty]] declared his support for the plan.<ref>Jennifer Lewington, "TC gas tax finding favour, poll says", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 3, 1999, A3; Caroline Mallan, "1 cent a litre to be announced Tuesday", ''Toronto Star'', May 15, 2004, A01.</ref> In the same period, the federal government of [[Paul Martin]] announced that it would contribute a portion of its fuel tax revenues to municipal transit, including the TTC. Moscoe welcomed a $1 billion investment over five years from the federal and provincial governments in 2004, and received a separate $90 million infusion from the provincial Liberal government in the same year to stave off a 25-cent fare increase.<ref>Jennifer Lewington, "TTC hoopla hides a lack of hard cash", ''The Globe and Mail'', March 31, 2004, A12; Keith Leslie, "Ont. gives TTC another $90 million to stave off proposed 25-cent fare hike", ''Canadian Press'', March 31, 2004, 12:34 report.</ref> Moscoe endorsed the Martin government's 2005 budget, which implemented the federal gas-tax plan.<ref>Keith Leslie, "Tories putting cities at risk: PM", ''Vancouver Sun'', June 18, 2005, A5.</ref>

In April 2005, Moscoe led the TTC in last-minute negotiations with the city's transit union to prevent a city-wide strike. Published reports indicate that a shouting match between Moscoe and union president [[Bob Kinnear]] sparked the final successful negotiations. When the union accepted a tentative deal, Moscoe remarked, "I feel like a member of the bomb squad who was faced with a green wire and red one and thank God we cut the red wire".<ref>Noah Love, "Toronto commuter strike averted", ''Canadian Press'', April 10, 2005, 22:03 report; James Cowan, "Shouting match broke impasse in TTC talks", ''National Post'', April 11, 2005, A10.</ref>

Moscoe oversaw TTC fare increases in both 2005 and 2006. The 2005 increase saw adult fares rise by 25 cents and the price of tickets and tokens rise by ten cents; the TTC attempted to mitigate the inconvenience by simultaneously introducing a $30 weekly transferable pass that could be shared among friends, family and co-workers. Moscoe was quoted as saying, "I don't like having to raise fares. We haven't had a fare hike in two years and it barely covers inflation. We've tried to make it as painless as possible." Critics nevertheless argued that the hike would hurt the city's working poor.<ref>Kevin McGran, "TTC passengers face fare increase", ''Toronto Star'', February 10, 2005, A01.</ref> A separate ten-cent fare increase in 2006 was justified as a necessary consequence of soaring gas prices in North America. Moscoe argued that the alternative of cutting back services was not a viable option.<ref>Jeff Gray, "Fares to rise a dime or two a ride, TTC warns", ''The Globe and Mail'', February 7, 2006, A11; Royson James, "10 cents", ''Toronto Star'', February 9, 2006, B01.</ref>

Moscoe was a prominent supporter of the rebuild of the streetcar right-of-way on St. Clair Avenue.<ref>Katherine Harding, "Battle lanes drawn over St. Clair streetcar", ''The Globe and Mail'', April 12, 2004, A7.</ref> He argued that if the project was cancelled, as some Toronto politicians had suggested, it would be costly and would worsen gridlock in the city.<ref>Donovan Vincent, "Contender targets St. Clair project", ''Toronto Star'', October 11, 2006, C7.</ref> He also called for the province to re-assume responsibility for the western section of the [[Gardiner Expressway]], which was formerly part of the [[Queen Elizabeth Way]] (QEW) until it was downloaded to the city in 1998. He suggested that it be renamed the "[[Dalton McGuinty]] Expressway" if the province refused.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060411172033/http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/story/ot-gardiner20060410.html "Gardiner in desperate need of repair: engineer", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 10 April 2006, 10:10 report.]</ref>

In March 2006, Moscoe announced that he would support provincial funding for a united transit system covering the [[Greater Toronto Area]] from [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]] to [[Oshawa]].<ref>Pierre Lachaine, "TTC chairman in favour of united Toronto-area transit system", ''National Post'', March 23, 2006, A12.</ref> He later criticized federal [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Finance Minister]] [[Jim Flaherty]]'s plans for a transit tax credit, arguing that it would be difficult to administer and would only benefit the most affluent transit users.<ref>Kevin McGran, "Tax break for commuters", ''Toronto Star'', May 2, 2006, A07.</ref> Moscoe has also criticized the provincial government's plan to introduce "smart card" transit passes for the Greater Toronto Area, arguing that the city could buy 400 buses with the money being spent on the program.<ref>Peter Kuitenbrouwer, "City Hall unhappy with region's transit plans", ''National Post'', October 13, 2006, A12.</ref>

====Summer 2006====
In May 2006, the Amalgamated Transit Union placed ads in local newspapers suggesting that the TTC was callously denying benefit coverage to injured transit operator Bobby Lowe. Moscoe called the union's allegations false, noting that a different agency was responsible for the payment of employee benefits. Moscoe also said that TTC workers were treated consistently with other injured workers in the province, and noted that injury pay issue was not mentioned during the last bargaining session in April 2005. ATU President [[Bob Kinnear]] responded saying that Moscoe was attacking Lowe's honesty. Moscoe apologized to Lowe during a meeting at City Hall, and promised to "sort out our procedures" to ensure that coverage would not be delayed to injured workers in the future.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110522123905/http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/plocal/CTVNews/20060531/ttc_dispute_060531/20060601/?hub=TorontoHome CTV Toronto - Transit union ads inaccurate, says TTC chair - CTV News, Shows and Sports - Canadian Television<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1149198612921&call_pageid=968350130169&col=969483202845 Kevin McGran, "Moscoe apologizes to TTC driver"], ''Toronto Star'', June 2, 2006.</ref>

TTC General Manager [[Rick Ducharme]] announced his resignation on June 7, 2006, following a one-day [[2006 TTC wildcat strike|wildcat strike]] by transit workers. He blamed political interference for his decision, saying that Moscoe had conducted direct negotiations with the union without consulting him. The ''Toronto Star'' speculated that the illegal strike might have resulted from Moscoe's negotiations, while [[David Shiner (politician)|David Shiner]] and other councilors said that Moscoe had a history of interfering in management affairs.<ref>Royson James, "Why does everyone leave except politicians?", ''Toronto Star'', June 7, 2006, B05.</ref> John Barber, a columnist for the rival ''The Globe and Mail'', argued that Ducharme's resignation was not a reasonable response to Moscoe's alleged interference.<ref>John Barber, "Manager ends great career with juvenile temper tantrum", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 7, 2006, A13; Susan Ruttan, "New transportation boss keen to take transit down 'right road'", ''Edmonton Journal'', October 31, 2006, B2.</ref> Moscoe defended his actions, arguing that he had an obligation to take part in the discussions and was attempting to ensure that a second strike did not take place.<ref>"Will Mayor rise to the challenge?", ''Toronto Star'', May 30, 2006, A07; Jeff Gray and Jennifer Lewington, "TTC head quits, cites political meddling", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 7, 2006, A13; Paul Moloney, "Moscoe refutes meddler claims", ''Toronto Star'', June 15, 2006, R11.</ref> He later said that management was to blame for the wildcat strike, and that he intervened in an attempt to stop it.<ref>David Bruser, "'He was always in opposition' A high-profile appointment effectively disengages this irascible meddler from the TTC", ''Toronto Star'', December 7, 2006, R4.</ref>

Ducharme also criticized Moscoe for granting a non-bid contract to [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] for the purchase of new subway cars, citing an estimate from rival company [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] suggesting that it would cost Toronto as much as $100 million. Ducharme and several councillors had advocated making the process open to competition, arguing that this would result in the best deal for the city. Moscoe defended his decision by noting that Bombardier plans to construct the cars in [[Thunder Bay]], [[Ontario]] with parts-supply work in Toronto, while Siemens would have exported construction to China. He also cited a Bombardier-initiated study asserting that the contract will generate $142 million in provincial and federal tax revenues.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060623.LETTERS23-4/TPStory/Comment Hélène V. Gagnon, "The Bombardier deal"], ''The Globe and Mail'', June 23, 2006, online edition; Jeff Gray, "Bombardier blasts key competitor's ‘wild claims'", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 23, 2006, A14. Siemens has acknowledged that it reached its figure without having access to the TTC's specifications.</ref> Moscoe has also defended the contracting process, arguing that non-competitive contracts are standard practice for such purchases in other jurisdictions. He later added that he initially considered an open-bid contract, but reconsidered after discovering that Siemens constructs its cars in China.<ref>John Spears, "TTC cars for subway get the nod", ''Toronto Star'', September 26, 2006, B1.</ref>

Some councillors accused Moscoe of having an improper relationship with Bombardier, which had donated to Moscoe's campaign and sent out invitations to a political fundraiser for TTC Vice-chair [[Adam Giambrone]], an ally of Moscoe, although he turned down the assistance. Moscoe had also taken part in a Bombardier-organized trip to [[Tel Aviv]] in 1998, to promote subway construction in Israel. Moscoe responded to the accusation by saying that he was the target of a smear campaign, noting that there had been "nothing secret" about his 1998 trip, which was funded by the Israeli government. He added that he had also received campaign contributions from Siemens. Moscoe said that his opponents were "trying to get to the mayor" by attacking him, and argued that the controversy was being fomented by Siemens and its lobbyists, who were in contact with a number of councillors critical of the non-bid contract.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060623.LETTERS23-4/TPStory/Comment Hélène V. Gagnon, "The Bombardier deal"], ''The Globe and Mail'', June 23, 2006, online edition; Jeff Gray, "Bombardier blasts key competitor's ‘wild claims'", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 23, 2006, A14 ; Kelly Louiseize, "Trainmaker in intense talks with TTC", ''Northern Ontario Business'', May 1, 2006, p. 31; Jeff Gray, "Subway-car deal a ‘fiasco,' Ducharme says", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 8, 2006, A14; Jeff Gray, "Is this an offer TTC can't refuse?", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 16, 2006, A17; Jeff Gray, "Fundraiser invite spurs storm over subway deal", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 16, 2006, A1; Jeff Gray, "Moscoe says he is victim of smear campaign", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 21, 2006, A13; Jeff Gray, "Bombardier blasts key competitor's ‘wild claims'; Siemens defends assertion that it could build 234 new subway cars at lower cost", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 23, 2006, A14; Sean Silcoff, "Bombardier to face Alstom court challenge", ''National Post'', June 29, 2006. Four of six right-leaning councillors who held a press conference to criticize the Bombardier deal later acknowledged meeting with Siemens or its lobbyists.</ref>

In the aftermath of Ducharme's resignation, the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' newspaper and some city councillors called for Moscoe to stand down as TTC chair. He initially dismissed these calls as politically motivated, but later said that he was thinking about resigning after the [[2006 Toronto municipal election|2006 municipal election]].<ref name=TSJun06>Jeff Gray, "Under fire, Moscoe looks at resigning as TTC chair", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 9, 2006, A18. (Indicates age 66 at that point)</ref><ref>[https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1149717018374&call_pageid=968256290204&col=968350116795 "TTC in turmoil, Moscoe must go" (editorial)], ''Toronto Star'', June 8, 2006, 7:17 report;</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311041607/http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20060607/ducharme_gone_060607/20060607?hub=TorontoHome "TTC tells Ducharme to leave his job on Thursday"], CTV News, June 7, 2006, 8:58 report;</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311090651/http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20060607/moscoe_going_060608/20060608/?hub=TorontoHome "Moscoe thinking about quitting as TTC chair], CTV News, June 8, 2006, 13:53 report;</ref> There was another attempt to remove Moscoe as TTC chair in July 2006, but he defeated the challenge by a vote of 5 to 3.<ref>James Cowan, "TTC keeps Moscoe, Grimes resigns", ''National Post'', July 20, 2006, A15.</ref>

In late August 2006, an outside panel of experts judged that Bombardier's offer was a good deal for city, with one consultant saying that the proposed bid "is below most of the recent comparable North American procurements." In the aftermath of the report, councillor [[Glenn De Baeremaeker]] was quoted as saying, "if what you have told me [about the price] is true, somebody owes Howard Moscoe an apology". The TTC staff have also recommended finalizing a deal with Bombardier. Some councillors, such as Karen Stintz, have continued to oppose the contract on procedural grounds. Stintz has said, "it's not about Bombardier. It's about a process we didn't follow", noting that other city departments require competitive bids on contracts of this size.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060822.wtransit0822/BNStory/National/home Jennifer Lewington, "Experts give thumbs up to TTC's Bombardier deal"], ''The Globe and Mail'' (Breaking News), August 24, 2006; Kevin McGran, "TTC backs $710 million subway deal", ''Toronto Star'', August 24, 2006, A12.</ref>

The TTC unanimously endorsed purchase of the subway cars on August 30, 2006. After the vote, Moscoe told reporters, "We got a fair deal. We got a good deal. And we've got a first-class set of subway cars. [...] I have no apologies to make".<ref>Jeff Gray, "Bombardier subway deal clears hurdle", ''The Globe and Mail'', August 31, 2006, A1.</ref> The purchase was subsequently approved by council in late September 2006, by a vote of 25 to 18.

====Late 2006====
Moscoe announced in late October 2006 that the TTC was considering the installment of electronic signs, to show bus and streetcar riders how long they would have to wait for the next vehicle.<ref>David Bruser, "TTC seeking way to ease riders' wait", ''Toronto Star'', October 26, 2003, A19.</ref> The following month, he announced that the TTC would introduce new tokens to combat counterfeiting.<ref>Glynnis Mapp, "New TTC tokens are designed to fight fraud", ''National Post'', November 17, 2006, A13; Hayley Mick, "TTC hopes new token will thwart fraudsters", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 21, 2006, A2.</ref> He has also proposed shifting Toronto to an automatic train system to increase service capacity, and introducing a station master at each stop to handle upgrades and customer complaints.<ref>David Bruser, "Cost may stall automated train plan", ''Toronto Star'', November 18, 2006, A25; David Bruser, "Station master, at your service", ''Toronto Star'', November 20, 2006, B2.</ref>

One day after the 2006 municipal election, the federal government of [[Stephen Harper]] announced that it would provide the TTC with $1.4 million for anti-terrorism measures. Moscoe described the announcement as a "slap in the face", far below the $35 million the TTC had requested for security upgrades. He declined to participate in a photo opportunity with federal officials, and asked the Harper government to reconsider its proposal.<ref>David Bruser, "Federal transit security funds 'slap in the face'", ''Toronto Star'', November 15, 2006, V1.</ref> Moscoe has also rejected the Conservative government's suggestion that Toronto consider [[public-private partnership]]s for transit services, saying "In transit we call them public-[[pirate]] partnerships. All the experience has been bad."<ref>Jacqueline Thorpe, "TTC should look to private partners, Flaherty suggests", ''National Post'', November 25, 2006, A19.</ref>

In a surprise move, Moscoe declined to seek renomination as TTC chair after the 2006 election.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1165014634364&call_pageid=968350130169&col=969483202845 "Building TTC team 'a whole new ball game': Moscoe", ''Toronto Star'', 2 December 2006].</ref> He is currently seeking appointment to the Greater Toronto Transit Authority, a new regional body.<ref>James Cowan, "Miller appoints committee heads", ''National Post'', December 6, 2006, A10.</ref><ref>"A bumpy ride", ''Toronto Star'', December 7, 2006, R4.</ref>

===Taxis===
Moscoe has long promoted safety concerns in the [[Taxicab|taxi]] industry, and has often championed the interests of taxi drivers against perceived exploitation from owners.<ref>Paul Moloney, "Licence battle stalls new cabbies", ''Toronto Star'', December 18, 2001, B03; Paul Moloney, "Fares rising, more taxis coming", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2003, B02.</ref> He himself trained as a cab driver in 1990, in an effort to learn more about the industry.<ref>Royson James, "'Bandit cabbies' common, rivals say", ''Toronto Star'', July 26, 1990, A6.</ref> He once described taxi drivers as "the most vulnerable people in town" due to threats from belligerent passengers,<ref>Jack Lakey, "Cabbies may seek $10 deposit", ''Toronto Star'', February 13, 1998.</ref> and called for a Metro taskforce on driver safety after attending the funeral service of a cab driver killed by a customer in 1998.<ref>Lynn Ainsworth, "Crowd overflows funeral home as hundreds of drivers turn out", ''Toronto Star'', October 11, 1998, A1.</ref> He later encouraged the installment of cameras in taxi cabs. The council adopted his suggestion and mandated security cameras in taxi cabs. As a result, the crime rate against cab drivers dropped by 70%.

Moscoe supported a pioneering unionization effort for Toronto cab drivers in 1993. He later spoke out against abuses in Toronto's taxi licensing system, drawing attention to cases in which wealthy owners purchased plates that were rented to drivers at exorbitant rates. In 1998, he collaborated with [[Denzil Minnan-Wong]] to pass reform legislation granting "Ambassador" plates for licence holders who drive their own cars.<ref>Peter Cheney, "Taxicab licences flagged for change", ''Toronto Star'', March 17, 1998, F1; Bruce DeMara, "Changes closer for Toronto taxis", ''Toronto Star'', October 28, 1998, B3; Andrew Duffy, "Cabbies' union bid 'in home stretch'", ''Toronto Star'', March 2, 1993, A7; Bob Brent, "Cabbies at 3 big firms opt for union", ''Toronto Star'', May 14, 1993, A6; James Rusk, "Council approves overhaul of city's taxi industry", ''The Globe and Mail'', November 27, 1998, A13.</ref>

Moscoe defended a taxi fare increase in 2003, arguing that it was first such increase in seven years and was necessary to cover rising insurance and gas prices.<ref>Philip Mascoll, "Keep an eye on that cab meter", ''Toronto Star'', September 2, 2003, B03.</ref> In 2005, he argued that drivers deserved a further fifty-cent increase per ride to cope with soaring fuel costs.<ref>Kevin McGran, "Surcharge for cab fuel on the way", ''Toronto Star'', September 13, 2005, B07.</ref> He has supported a motion to have all Toronto cabs painted the same colour, arguing that this measure will help crack down on illegal drivers.<ref>Kerry Gillespie, "Drive on for one-colour cabs", ''Toronto Star'', April 30, 2002, B03.</ref>

Following the murder of a taxi driver by a passenger, Moscoe commented that drivers "live a very dangerous existence", adding "I would venture to say their job is more dangerous than a police officer".<ref>Tracy Huffman, Betsy Powell and Leslie Feren, "Slain cabbie wanted to quit", ''Toronto Star'', May 3, 2006, B01.</ref> According to a ''Toronto Star'' report, some members of the police force found this comment offensive.<ref>"Moscoe's Mouth", ''Toronto Star'', April 1, 2006, A15.</ref>

His 2006 appointment as chair of the Licensing and Standards Committee gives Moscoe direct authority over the city's taxi industry. He has acknowledged that owners and brokers disapprove of some of his ideas, but says that most drivers support him.<ref>"Del Grande ducks out", ''Toronto Star'', December 7, 2006, R3.</ref>

===Police===
Moscoe has often called for reforms in the [[Toronto Police Service]], particularly as regards the force's relations with racial minority groups. Following the 1990 shooting of a black teenager by Toronto police, he introduced a motion at the Federation of Canadian Municipalities calling for police officers to be trained with "the information they need to deal sensitively with racial and ethnic minorities".<ref>"Police-minority relations programs urged", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 6, 1990, A9.</ref> He was a founding member of Metro Toronto's Council Action Committee to Combat Racism but resigned in January 1991, saying that it had rendered itself ineffectual by declining to make police issues a priority. [[Metro Chairman]] [[Alan Tonks]], who established the committee, argued that an emphasis on police issues would duplicate the work of the Metro Police Commission and reduce police morale.<ref>Jim Byers, "2 councillors quit Metro committee on racism", ''Toronto Star'', November 8, 1990, A6; Susan James, "Three resign from racism committee on first day", ''Toronto Star'', January 8, 1991, A6.</ref> Moscoe sought an appointment to the Police Commission in late 1990, but withdrew his name after failing to win Tonks's support.<ref>David Lewis Stein, "Maybe it's time to send in John Sewell", ''Toronto Star'', December 14, 1990, A29.</ref>

Moscoe criticized the tactics of the Toronto Police Association during [[Craig Bromell]]'s tenure as union leader. In 1999, he argued that TTC advertisements by the union portrayed [[Hispanic]]s as criminals. Bromell said that the ads were not meant to be offensive.<ref>Peter Small, "Police stand firm on poster --- No apology for depiction of Hispanics", ''Toronto Star'', May 31, 1999, p. 1.</ref> The next year, Moscoe accused Bromell of having "crossed the line" by hiring private investigators to probe city councillors critical of the police force.<ref>"Analysis: Controversial fund-raising campaign by Canada's largest police force seen as offensive by Toronto city officials", ''Morning Edition'', February 2, 2000.</ref> Moscoe had his own office swept for bugs as a precautionary measure. Some councillors, including [[Tom Jakobek]], derided this as a publicity stunt.<ref>Paul Moloney, "Moscoe swatted for bug sweep", ''Toronto Star'', February 12, 2000, p. 1.</ref>

Moscoe described a 2004 proposal for police helicopters as "pure testosterone", and sarcastically suggested that the helicopters should be equipped with [[Sidewinder missile]]s to ensure maximum effectiveness. He said during a council debate, "Do we need a helicopter to track down drug dealers in [[Parkdale, Toronto|Parkdale]]? It's tough to land a helicopter on a doughnut shop." Rival councillor Rob Ford said that Moscoe's comments were insulting to the police force.<ref>Peter Kuitenbrouwer, "Council takes a copter ride to Disneyland", ''National Post'', April 21, 2004, A16.</ref> Some current and former members of the Toronto police, including [[Julian Fantino]], have criticized Moscoe's approach to police affairs.<ref>Jeff Gray, "Regrets? Not even a few", ''The Globe and Mail'', February 26, 2005, M1.</ref>

===Taxation===
Moscoe played a significant role in Metro Council's deliberations over market value tax reform in late 1992, working with three Progressive Conservative councillors to broker a last-minute compromise on the issue. Under the proposed plan, businesses and factories that paid rates below the market level would have had their rate increases capped at 25% over three years, while tenants and homeowners would have had increases capped at 10% over three years. Those paying more than the market rate would also have had their reductions capped. The compromise won the support of council, despite opposition from councillors representing wards in downtown Toronto.<ref>"Property tax reform", ''Toronto Star'', October 31, 1992, D2.</ref> The provincial government later rejected the proposal. Moscoe supported a similar five-year phase-in plan in 1998, which was accepted.<ref>Sara Jean Green, "Ratepayers to get city help fighting new assessments", ''The Globe and Mail'', July 25, 1998, A10.</ref>

==Trivia==
* Moscoe has dabbled in the visual arts. His sculpted wooden birds were featured at the 1990 Cabby Art Festival in Toronto.<ref>[[Rosemary Sexton]], "Cabbies take the stage for Harbourfront show", ''The Globe and Mail'', January 13, 1990, A13.</ref> He later created a "[[pop art]] haven" of tacky orange furniture in his council office, to the chagrin of other councillors.<ref>Andrew Duffy, "Moscoe's 'tacky' orange furniture ordered out", ''Toronto Star'', February 17, 1993, A7.</ref>
* Moscoe has weighed in excess of 300 pounds at different times in his career, and was nicknamed "Hungry Howard" by the Toronto media in the 1990s. He took steps to control his weight in 1991 after being told that he had [[diabetes]]. By June 1992, he had dropped to 285 pounds.<ref>Marlene Habib, "Diabetes scare forced politician to drop 55 pounds", ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'', June 8, 1992, D1.</ref> As of late 2005, he weighed 275 pounds.<ref>Jill Mahoney, "Canada's added girth a growing concern", ''The Globe and Mail'', December 10, 2005.</ref>
* When the restoration of [[capital punishment]] was discussed at a 1979 meeting of the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]], Moscoe introduced a facetious motion calling for the restoration of torture. He later clarified to reporters that he intended his proposal as a parody of the original motion, and said that he opposed both torture and the death penalty as irrational acts. He expressed concern that some constituents took his motion seriously, and approved of it.<ref>Marina Strauss, "Alderman suggests torture of criminals", ''The Globe and Mail'', June 5, 1979, P10; "Alderman is disturbed by calls backing lashing", June 7, 1979, P3.</ref>
* He organized a sarcastic "Howard Moscoe Re-Election Money Grub Banquet" to raise funds for his re-election bid in 2000.<ref>"Money-grubber Moscoe roots for funders", ''Toronto Star'', May 13, 2000, p. 1.</ref>

==Table of offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Chair of the [[Toronto Transit Commission]]
|before=[[Betty Disero]]
|after=[[Adam Giambrone]]
|years=2003-2006}}
{{succession box|title=Chair of the [[Toronto Transit Commission]]
|before=[[Paul Christie (politician)|Paul Christie]]
|after=[[Brian Ashton (politician)|Brian Ashton]]
|years=1998-2000}}
{{s-end}}

==Electoral record==

===Municipal politics===
{{2006 Toronto municipal election/Councillor, Ward Fifteen}}

{{2003 Toronto municipal election/Councillor, Ward Fifteen}}

{{2000 Toronto municipal election/Councillor, Ward Fifteen}}

{{1997 Toronto municipal election/Councillor, Ward Eight (two members elected)}}

Electors could vote for two candidates.
<br />The percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.

{{1994 Toronto municipal election/Metro Toronto Councillor, North York Spadina}}

{{1991 Toronto municipal election/Metro Toronto Councillor, North York Spadina}}

Results taken from the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', November 13, 1991.
<br />The final official results were not significantly different.

{{1988 Toronto municipal election/Metro Toronto Councillor, North York Spadina}}

{{1985 Toronto municipal election/North York Board of Control (four members elected)}}

Results taken from ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 14, 1985.
<br />Electors could vote for four candidates.
<br />The percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.
<br />The final official results were not significantly different.

{{1982 Toronto municipal election/North York Councillor, Ward Four}}

Results taken from ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', November 9, 1982.
<br />The final results confirmed Moscoe's victory.

{{1980 Toronto municipal election/North York Councillor, Ward Four}}

Results taken from the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', November 11, 1980.
<br />The final results were not significantly different.

{{1978 Toronto municipal election/North York Councillor, Ward Four}}

Results taken from the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', November 14, 1978.
<br />The final results confirmed Moscoe's victory.

{{1974 Toronto municipal election/North York Hydro Commission (two members elected)}}

Results taken from the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', December 3, 1974.
<br /> Electors could vote for two candidates.
<br /> The percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.
<br /> There may be a transcription error in the result for Carl Anderson (the last two numbers were partly obscured).
<br /> The final official results were not significantly different.

All municipal election information is from the City of Toronto, unless otherwise noted.

===Provincial politics===
{{1985 Ontario general election/Wilson Heights}}

{{1977 Ontario general election/Wilson Heights}}

{{1975 Ontario general election/Wilson Heights}}

All provincial election information is from [[Elections Ontario]].

==Honours==

A small street in North York at [[York University]] Keele Campus leading to the new Pioneer Village subway station has been named '''Howard Moscoe Way'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sunshine|first=Fannie|date=2017-09-11|title='Howard Moscoe Way' coming to York University campus|url=https://www.toronto.com/news-story/7544906--howard-moscoe-way-coming-to-york-university-campus/|access-date=2021-01-10|website=Toronto.com|language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Archival records|title=Howard Moscoe fonds|location=|inventory_number=Fonds 301|description_URL=http://gencat.eloquent-systems.com/torontodetail.html?key=315373|dates=|access_conditions=}}
* [http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_history/councillors/2006-2010/moscoe1.htm Former City Councillor]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moscoe, Howard}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Jewish Canadian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Toronto councillors]]
[[Category:Toronto city councillors]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Toronto Transit Commission]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian municipal councillors]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian municipal councillors]]