View source for Hopa

{{other uses}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Hopa
| other_name           = 
| image_skyline        = Hopa .jpg
| image_caption        = 
| image_shield         = 
| coordinates          = {{coord|41|23|25|N|41|25|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Artvin
| district             = Hopa
| leader_party         = [[Republican People's Party|CHP]]
| leader_name          = Utku Cihan
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 
| elevation_m          = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 23846
| population_as_of     = 2021
| postal_code          = 08600
| area_code            = 
| website              = {{URL|http://www.hopa.bel.tr/}}
| blank1_name              = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info              = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| image_flag               =
}}
'''Hopa''' ([[Laz language|Laz]] and {{Lang-ka|ხოფა|tr}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=აბაშიძე|first=ირ.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/9959451|title=ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია|pages=504|oclc=9959451}}</ref> [[Homshetsi dialect|Hamshen]] {{Langx|hy|Հոփա|translit=Hop'a}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Համշէնական ապրումներ {{!}} Ակօս|url=http://www.agos.com.tr/am/hvotvadzi/22697/hamshenagan-abrumnyer|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Agos|language=hy}}</ref> is a town in [[Artvin Province]] in northeast Turkey. It is located on the eastern Turkish [[Black Sea]] coast about {{convert|67|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the city of [[Artvin]] and 18 kilometres from the [[Georgia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. It is the seat of [[Hopa District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</ref> Its population is 23,846 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=12 January 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref>

==Geography==
Hopa is on the Black Sea Coast {{cvt|65|km}} from [[Artvin]] and {{cvt|18|km}} from the Sarp border crossing (into [[Sarpi, Georgia|Sarpi]]) on the Georgian border. The land climbs sharply from 10m above sea level in the coastal areas up into the Sultan Selim Mountains, the hillsides are well watered and green with alder, chestnuts, hornbeams and other deciduous trees. The highest point is Mt Yavuz Sultan Selim at 1513m. The climate is mild and wet, although only July and August are warm enough to be called summer. There is annual snowfall in winter.

The town consists of 7 quarters: Bucak, Merkez Kuledibi, Ortahopa, Sundura, [[Yukarı Kuledibi]], [[Cumhuriyet, Hopa|Cumhuriyet]] and [[Sugören]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</ref>

==History==
The area was part of the kingdom of [[Colchis]] but was always vulnerable to invasions, first the [[Scythian]]s from across the [[Caucasus]], then the Muslim armies led by Habib, son of [[Caliph Uthman]] who controlled the area from 853&nbsp;AD to 1023 when it was conquered by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] from the Sac Emirate allied to the [[Abbasids]]. The [[Seljuk Turks]] led by [[Alp Arslan]] conquered the area in 1064. With the collapse of the Seljuks, the Artvin area came under the control of the [[Ildeniz]], one of the [[Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian Turkish beyliks]]<ref>The Turks: Middle ages, Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, 2002</ref><ref>Les Origines de l'Empire ottoman, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser, 1992, page 82</ref><ref>European and Islamic trade in the early Ottoman state: the merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Kate Fleet, 1999, page 49</ref><ref>Turkey, Verity Campbell, 2007, page 35</ref><ref>Turkey, James Bainbridge, 2009, page 33</ref><ref>Eastern Turkey: The Bradt Travel Guide, Diana Darke, 2011, page 77</ref><ref>The Turks: Early ages, Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, 2002</ref>

Ottoman Sultan [[Selim I]] brought it into the Ottoman Empire during his campaign against the Crimea that took place in 1490–1512. [[Lala Mustafa Pasha]] [[Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign|made it part of]] the [[Childir Eyalet]] formed in 1578. The area was captured by Russia following the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)]] and many people of Hopa moved westwards away from the Russian-controlled zone. Hopa was returned as part of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk|Treaty of Brest Litovsk]] in 1918 and formally joined Turkey on 14 March 1921. The Sarp border gate was opened on 31 August 1988 with the "International Road Transport Agreement"  between Soviet Union and Turkey and gave a big boost to Hopa in trade and tourism.

There is currently a high rate of [[cancer]] in Hopa, attributed to fall-out from the [[Chernobyl disaster]], across the [[Black Sea]] from here.<ref>[http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/368929.asp Çernobil sonrası Türkiye’de kanser<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Between 2001 and 2004, cancer cases sharply increased in the Black Sea region, especially in Hopa, with 47.9% of all deaths during this time being due to cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=208417|title=SundaysZaman}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy is based on trade, fishing and agriculture, mostly tea, nuts (especially [[hazelnuts]]) and [[kiwifruit]]. There are two tea factories, the Black Sea Copper Works, a Thermal Power Plant, the Hopa port and the Hopa Vocational School. It has direct bus connections to [[Trabzon]], [[Rize]], Artvin, [[Ardahan]], [[Kars]], [[Erzurum]] and Sarp which go on to Georgia. The Sarp border gate was opened on 31 August 1988 with the "International Road Transport Agreement"  between [[Soviet Union]] and Turkey and gave a big boost to Hopa in trade and tourism.  The Hopa Port is managed by a privately owned company Hopa Limani and is active in international trade.<ref>[http://www.hopa.bel.tr/hopa-rehber/kueltuerue.html Hopa Ekonomisi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001223036/http://www.hopa.bel.tr/hopa-rehber/kueltuerue.html |date=2011-10-01 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Cemil Aksu]] (born 1977), [[Hemshin peoples|Hemshin]] political and social activist
* [[Özcan Alper]], Director
* [[Adem Büyük]] (born 1987), footballer
* [[Kazım Koyuncu]] (1971–2005), rock guitarist and singer
* [[Tolga Zengin]] (born 1983), footballer

==Climate==
This area is characterized by equable climates with few extremes of temperature and ample precipitation in all months. Hopa has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa).''

{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | collapsed   = yes
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Hopa (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 11.2
 | Feb high C = 11.7
 | Mar high C = 14.0
 | Apr high C = 17.2
 | May high C = 20.9
 | Jun high C = 25.2
 | Jul high C = 27.3
 | Aug high C = 28.0
 | Sep high C = 25.2
 | Oct high C = 21.5
 | Nov high C = 16.7
 | Dec high C = 13.2
 | year high C = 19.4
 | Jan mean C = 7.4
 | Feb mean C = 7.4
 | Mar mean C = 9.3
 | Apr mean C = 12.2
 | May mean C = 16.6
 | Jun mean C = 20.9
 | Jul mean C = 23.4
 | Aug mean C = 24.0
 | Sep mean C = 20.6
 | Oct mean C = 16.8
 | Nov mean C = 12.1
 | Dec mean C = 9.4
 | year mean C = 15.1
 | Jan low C = 3.8
 | Feb low C = 3.5
 | Mar low C = 5.1
 | Apr low C = 8.0
 | May low C = 12.5
 | Jun low C = 16.8
 | Jul low C = 19.8
 | Aug low C = 20.6
 | Sep low C = 16.8
 | Oct low C = 13.0
 | Nov low C = 8.1
 | Dec low C = 5.7
 | year low C = 11.2
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 199.06
 | Feb precipitation mm = 168.36
 | Mar precipitation mm = 155.66
 | Apr precipitation mm = 92.87
 | May precipitation mm = 97.66
 | Jun precipitation mm = 154.49
 | Jul precipitation mm = 154.43
 | Aug precipitation mm = 179.98
 | Sep precipitation mm = 316.78
 | Oct precipitation mm = 317.1
 | Nov precipitation mm = 264.93
 | Dec precipitation mm = 239.94
 | year precipitation mm = 2341.26

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 12.9
 | Feb precipitation days = 12.4
 | Mar precipitation days = 13.6
 | Apr precipitation days = 10.6
 | May precipitation days = 10.2
 | Jun precipitation days = 10.9
 | Jul precipitation days = 10.8
 | Aug precipitation days = 10.9
 | Sep precipitation days = 11.6
 | Oct precipitation days = 12.2
 | Nov precipitation days = 11.2
 | Dec precipitation days = 12.5
 | year precipitation days = 139.8

 | Jan humidity = 66.7
 | Feb humidity = 69.9
 | Mar humidity = 73.0
 | Apr humidity = 76.7
 | May humidity = 79.6
 | Jun humidity = 79.1
 | Jul humidity = 79.8
 | Aug humidity = 80.3
 | Sep humidity = 79.4
 | Oct humidity = 79.0
 | Nov humidity = 70.9
 | Dec humidity = 64.1
 | year humidity = 74.9
 | source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Hopa_17042.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hopa
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 15, 2024}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[Selimiye Tunnel]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.hopa.bel.tr/ the Municipality]
*{{in lang|tr}} [http://www.hopa.gen.tr/ Photo and Art website]
*{{in lang|tr}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091031134808/http://www.oykusila.com/ Photo and mountaineering]}}
*{{in lang|tr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070402035151/http://www.hopam.com/fotogaleri.asp photos of Hopa in local news website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100507094345/http://www.hopaport.com/ Hopa Port's web site]
*[http://www.otelcenneti.com/oteller/artvin/hopa Hopa Otelleri]

{{Hopa District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Artvin Province]]
[[Category:Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Turkey]]
[[Category:Hopa District]]
[[Category:District municipalities in Turkey]]