View source for Homosexuality and Quakerism

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Christianity and sexual orientation}}

The '''views of Quakers around the world towards homosexuality''' encompass a range from complete celebration and the practice of [[same-sex marriage]], to the view that [[homosexuality]] is [[sin]]fully deviant and contrary to God's intentions for sexual expression. The [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) is a historically [[Christianity|Christian]] [[religious movement]] founded in 17th-century England; it has around 350,000 members.<ref>For Quaker numbers by continent, see [http://fwccamericas.org/publications/images/fwcc_map_2007.gif FWCC Section of the Americas – Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013637/http://fwccamericas.org/publications/images/fwcc_map_2007.gif |date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> In [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]], many Quakers are supportive of homosexual relationships, while views are divided among U.S. meetings. Many [[Conservative Friends]] and [[Central Yearly Meeting of Friends|Holiness Friends]], both of which have retained traditional Quaker practices such as plain dress, along with [[Evangelical Friends Church International|Evangelical Friends]], view homosexual acts as sinful.<ref name="CYMF2018">{{cite book |title=Manual of Faith and Practice of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends |date=2018 |publisher=[[Central Yearly Meeting of Friends]] |page=125 |language=en}}</ref> 49% of Quakers live in Africa,<ref name="FWCC2017">{{Cite web |url=http://fwcc.world/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/fwccworldmap2017.pdf |title=Finding Quakers Around the World |publisher=Friends World Committee for Consultation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135145/http://fwcc.world/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/fwccworldmap2017.pdf |access-date=14 March 2019|archive-date=10 October 2021 }}</ref> and though views may differ, the Kenyan Church of Friends does not support homosexual relationships.<ref name="FCK">{{cite web|url=http://quakertheology.org/QT-23-Friends-Church-Kenya-vs-Homosexuals-Text-and-Responses-Quaker-Theology-Number-23.html|title=Quakers & Homosexuality Press Statement, from Friends Church Kenya|website=Quakertheology.org|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628153158/http://quakertheology.org/QT-23-Friends-Church-Kenya-vs-Homosexuals-Text-and-Responses-Quaker-Theology-Number-23.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Friends' policy and decision-making ==
Since [[Religious Society of Friends#Decision Making Among Friends|Quaker decision making]] is generally based on seeking "unity" at the level of a [[Monthly meeting]] (convened periodically for business, and more often for worship, and is the basic unit of Quakerism – a meeting is equivalent to a single congregation, sometimes to a parish or group of churches in an area), determining a particular Quaker attitude is difficult on this or any topic. Monthly meetings are organized into larger groups such as [[Yearly meeting]]s or other "umbrella" groups, but often these larger groups have conflicting stances on particular issues. Some groups, for example the [[57th Street Meeting]] in [[Chicago]], may have joint membership in umbrella groups that have mutually contradictory stances on the issues. In the end, the true "Quaker view" on homosexuality is probably best analysed meeting by meeting (or, better, Friend by Friend). However, there are some general patterns, and for reasons of space and completeness this article deals mainly with the largest organizations on a country-by-country basis.  Until the 1960s the topic of homosexuality was untouched among Quakers.  London Yearly Meeting's publication of ''Towards a Quaker View of Sex'', including norms for sexual relations that were inclusive of equitable same-sex relations, provoked on-going questioning.  By the time the first same-sex relationship was taken under the care of a Friends meeting in 1982 (University MM, North Pacific Yearly Meeting, Seattle, Washington)<ref>Minutes of UFM, 1982</ref> the scene was set for ongoing discernment and disagreement.

Quakers as a whole do not have a specific, set [[creed]]. The [[Richmond Declaration]] is a confession of faith that expresses the experience of two branches of American Quakerism, but does not reflect the views of others.

== By region ==

===Oceania===

====Australia====
Quakers in [[Australia]] are overwhelmingly accepting of homosexuality and will celebrate same sex marriages as they would an opposite sex marriage. In 1975 [[Australia Yearly Meeting]] officially stated:

<blockquote>The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia calls for a change in the laws ... to eliminate discrimination against homosexuals. This statement is made in the light of the Society's desire to remove discrimination and persecution in the community. The Society also calls on all people to seek more knowledge and understanding of the diversity of human relationships and to affirm the worth of love in all of them.</blockquote>

Australian Quakers have supported the celebration of same sex and different sex commitment ceremonies since 1994 and recognize them on an equal basis with other committed and loving relationships.  In January 2010, Quakers meeting in Australia Yearly Meeting in [[Adelaide]] agreed to treat all requests for marriages in accordance with Quaker traditions, regardless of the sexual orientation or gender of the partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmaker.com.au/news/2189|title=Quakers call for legal recognition of same sex marriages|website=Newsmaker.com.au|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113103628/http://www.newsmaker.com.au/news/2189|url-status=live}}</ref> Before this Australia-wide decision, Canberra Regional Meeting celebrated the first same sex marriage among Australian Quakers on 15 April 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1937145.htm|title=First Quaker gay marriage in Australia|date=18 April 2006|website=Abc.net.au|access-date=5 August 2007|archive-date=16 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016051601/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1937145.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
In [[New Zealand]], the yearly meeting [[Te Hāhi Tūhauwiri]], in 1992, resolved "to seek formal ways of recognizing a variety of commitments, including gay and lesbian partnerships".<ref>[http://www.quaker.org.nz/publications/statement-of-affirmation-of-same-sex-relationships ''Statement of Affirmation of Same Sex Relationships: This Statement was made by 1992 Yearly Meeting, under the title Affirmation and Reconciliation'' on the NZ YM website (accessed 15 July 2008).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201224/http://www.quaker.org.nz/publications/statement-of-affirmation-of-same-sex-relationships |date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Europe===
====Ireland====
[[Ireland Yearly Meeting]], which includes meetings in Northern Ireland, permits same-sex marriages to take place within their meetings.  However, no individual Friend or Meeting is required to take part in these marriages if it offends their conscience.<ref>Quakers in Ireland agree to same sex marriages in their Meetings for Worship https://quakers-in-ireland.ie/2018/07/01/quakers-in-ireland-agree-to-same-sex-marriages-in-their-meetings-for-worship/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114131349/https://quakers-in-ireland.ie/2018/07/01/quakers-in-ireland-agree-to-same-sex-marriages-in-their-meetings-for-worship/ |date=14 January 2020 }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Pride London 2011 Quakers banner.jpg|thumb|Quakers supporting gay marriage at Pride London 2011]]
{{quotation|Quakers were one of the first churches to talk openly about sexuality ... We feel that the quality and depth of feeling between two people is the most important part of a loving relationship, not their gender or sexual orientation.|Quakers in Britain|FAQ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quaker.org.uk/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=89744#Homosexuality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234426/http://www.quaker.org.uk/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=89744|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-03|title=Frequently Asked Questions – What do Quakers think about homosexuality?|publisher=Quakers in Britain|access-date=2008-04-16}}</ref>}}

[[Britain Yearly Meeting]] formally minuted support for [[same-sex marriage]] in 2009 and began to centrally lobby the government for the necessary legal changes.<ref name="pressrel">{{cite press release
| title = Quakers consider committed relationships
| publisher = Britain Yearly Meeting
| date = 2009-07-31
| url = http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Press-Release-310709-ymg-decision_0%20(1)_0.doc
| access-date = 2009-08-17
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234453/http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Press-Release-310709-ymg-decision_0%20%281%29_0.doc
| archive-date = 3 March 2016
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The decision was taken 22 years after being first raised at [[Meeting for Sufferings]], and 46 years after the publication of "Towards a Quaker View of Sex".<ref group="note" name="towards">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpolicy.newschool.edu/globalrights/sexorient/1964-quaker.html |title=Selections from 'Towards a Quaker View of Sex' |access-date=2011-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224024625/http://www.worldpolicy.newschool.edu/globalrights/sexorient/1964-quaker.html |archive-date=24 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Controversial in its day, the book forms one of the first Quaker statements regarding sexuality, and includes affirmation that gender or sexual orientation are unimportant in a judgement of an intimate relationship and that the true criterion is the presence of "selfless love";<ref>''Towards a Quaker View of Sex: an essay by a group of Friends''/ edited by [[Alastair Heron]]. – London: Society of Friends. London Yearly Meeting. Home Service Committee, 1963.</ref> further consideration arose from Harvey Gillman's [[Swarthmore Lecture]], in 1988.<ref>''A minority of one: a journey with Friends'' / by Harvey Gillman.  London: Society of Friends. London Yearly Meeting. Quaker Home Service, 1988. (Swarthmore lectures ; 1988) {{ISBN|0-85242-307-1}}</ref>

Before the legalisation of same-sex marriage, some Friends (both opposite-sex and same-sex) celebrated their relationships in a Meeting for Worship with a Celebration of Commitment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quaker marriage procedure {{!}} Quaker faith & practice |url=https://qfp.quaker.org.uk/chapter/16/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=qfp.quaker.org.uk |at=16.66-16.67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=22.44 {{!}} Quaker faith & practice |url=https://qfp.quaker.org.uk/passage/22-44/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=qfp.quaker.org.uk}}</ref> Britain Yearly Meeting supported the [[Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013]], which legalised secular and religious same-sex marriages in [[England and Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Marriage (Same Sex Couples) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmpublic/marriage/memo/m34.htm |website=Publications.parliament.uk |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=27 February 2013 |quote=Quakers support the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill as a way of extending Quaker marriage to Quaker same sex couples. |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211751/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmpublic/marriage/memo/m34.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===North America===

====United States ====
Quakers in the [[United States]] are divided on the issue of homosexuality, with some (mostly Friends affiliated with programmed meetings) not approving of either homosexuality or the legalization of same sex unions. Friends associated with [[Friends General Conference]] (FGC), the more liberal group of Friends encompassing a large number of yearly meetings and approximately a fifth of all Quakers in the country, are the most tolerant with many monthly meetings and some yearly meetings providing full equality for homosexuals including marriage. FGC itself in 2004 made a statement on including LGBT quakers as equals in worship and acknowledging their past contributions to the conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/fgc-news/lgbtq-minute.php |title=FGC Epistle on LGBTQ Friends |access-date=2016-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211425/http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/fgc-news/lgbtq-minute.php |archive-date=14 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The largely FGC-based FLGBTQC ([[Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Concerns]]) group holds meetings twice a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flgbtqc.quaker.org/ |title=Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Concerns |access-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317120331/http://flgbtqc.quaker.org/ |archive-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Similar positions from other unprogrammed Quaker meetings not affiliated with FGC include that taken by [[North Pacific Yearly Meeting]] and [[Pacific Yearly Meeting]], which support same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npym.org/archives/minute1997_bgmarriage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413212200/http://www.npym.org/archives/minute1997_bgmarriage.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-04-13 |title=North Pacific Yearly Meeting |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>

On the other hand, Friends associated with the [[Central Yearly Meeting of Friends]] (CYMF), [[Friends United Meeting]] (FUM) and [[Evangelical Friends Church International]] (EFCI), which represent mostly programmed Quaker meetings, have taken stands condemning gay marriage and homosexual relationships altogether.<ref name="CYMF2018"/> Indiana and Western Yearly Meetings (members of FUM) issued a statement of "core values" which includes both an insistence on abstinence outside of marriage, and a definition of marriage to heterosexual relationships only, as does the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends in its ''[[Book of Discipline (Quaker)|Manual of Faith and Practice]]''.<ref name="CYMF2018"/> [[Evangelical Friends Church - Southwest]], a yearly meeting and a member of EFI, states in its ''Faith and Practice'' that homosexuality is a sin and grounds for termination of employment in the church.

However, there is dissension within the Evangelical groups. The Friends of Jesus Community, some of whose members were affiliated with EFCI, took a public stance in favor of the equal worth of same-sex relationships.<ref>{{citation | title = Report and Questions from a Retreat on Same-Sex Issues 3/15-17/1996 | location = [[Wallingford, Pennsylvania]] | url = http://www.pendlehill.org/frames+lectures/same-sex-issues.html | access-date = 29 June 2009 | date = 6 October 2003 | orig-year = 1996 | publisher = [[Pendle Hill]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060404190624/http://www.pendlehill.org/frames%20lectures/same-sex-issues.html | archive-date = 4 April 2006 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In Northwest Yearly Meeting of Friends Church (NWYM), associated with EFCI, one Portland-area Monthly Meeting has minuted its support of same-sex unions, creating a discussion on their statement of human sexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwym.org/ |title=nwym.org is under construction |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050926133711/http://www.nwym.org/ |access-date=2021-11-24|archive-date=26 September 2005 }}</ref> This led to a number of other NWYM churches discussing this matter, leading some of them to form a new yearly meeting, and at least one of them to split.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quaker Church Splits Over Disputes on LGBT Issues |url=https://www.gfucrescent.com/news/2017/11/10/quaker-church-splits-over-disputes-on-lgbt-issues |website=The Crescent |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011001/https://www.gfucrescent.com/news/2017/11/10/quaker-church-splits-over-disputes-on-lgbt-issues |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most monthly meetings of [[Baltimore Yearly Meeting]] (BYM, a member of both FGC and FUM) have taken a similar position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bym-rsf.org/file_download/0059c89c-afbc-441f-8511-1a780ef84637|title=BYM Gender and Sexual Diversity Minutes Collection|website=Bym-rsf.org|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019014731/http://www.bym-rsf.org/file_download/0059c89c-afbc-441f-8511-1a780ef84637|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, although perhaps to a lesser extent, some meetings associated with groups on the other side of the issue have dissented. Swansea Monthly Meeting, under care of [[New England Yearly Meeting]], is one of two meetings in that group to publicly oppose same-sex marriage.

In 2002, FUM and BYM began a dialogue on homosexuality and same-sex relationships.  At the 2002 FUM Triennial, Clerk Lamar Matthew was excluded from leading a worship sharing group because he was in a relationship with another man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bym-rsf.org/quakers///pubs/minutes/YM%20Minutes%202002.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326002729/http://www.bym-rsf.org/quakers///pubs/minutes/YM%20Minutes%202002.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2009|title=Minutes of 2002 BYM Annual Sessions, p. 23|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> FUM has affirmed in a minute of its General Board that its policy that anyone in sexual relationships outside of marriage – "which is understood to be between one man and one woman" – cannot be in paid leadership positions (a minute approved in 1988) also applies to those in other leadership positions and to their overseas workers. Since that time, BYM has had a program of intervisitation with other Yearly Meetings on the issue of same-sex relationships. This policy of FUM has been in constant discussion in the FUM board ever since it was originally proposed. BYM is not the only dual-membership Yearly Meeting (membership in both FUM and FGC). Many members of the New England and New York Yearly Meetings have also been struggling with the FUM position.

==== Canada ====
In [[Canada]], the main "umbrella" Quaker body, [[Canadian Yearly Meeting]], shares a similar view to the more liberal American Quaker groups, and stated in 2003 that Canadian Quakers "support the right of same-sex couples to a civil marriage and the extension of the legal definition of marriage to include same-sex couples." Since then a number of same-sex marriages have been performed at Canadian Monthly Meetings. CYM is a member of both FUM and FGC. As a result of FUM's position on homosexuality, there is ongoing debate within Canadian Yearly Meeting about CYM's relationship with FUM. Canadian Yearly Meeting in 2007 approved a letter to be sent to FUM stating that CYM has appointed a committee "to review the involvement and participation of CYM in FUM". In the meantime, CYM's financial contribution was earmarked for a specific purpose.<ref>[http://www.quaker.ca/cfriend/cfriend-2007.html#20074 The Canadian Friend – 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208051112/http://www.quaker.ca/cfriend/cfriend-2007.html#20074 |date=8 February 2008 }}</ref>

=== In other countries===
The majority of Quakers live in countries not mentioned above. Kenya, for example, has a Quaker population larger than that of any other country.<ref name="FWCC2012">{{cite web|url=http://library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1100905870059-495/FINAL_map_123012.pdf|title=Finding Quakers Around the World|publisher=Friends World Committee for Consultation|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926225755/http://library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1100905870059-495/FINAL_map_123012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Friends Church in Kenya "condemns homosexuality".<ref name="FCK"/>

Generally in [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]], most meetings are programmed and under the care of either FUM or EFI although meetings in Central and Southern Africa are unprogrammed;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dosima.org/communities/quakers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706124511/http://www.dosima.org/communities/quakers|archive-date=2008-07-06|title=Quakers : Central and Southern Africa Yearly Meeting|date=6 July 2008}}</ref> in [[Asia]], many of the meetings are unprogrammed and have connections with more liberal groups elsewhere in the world.

African Friends in general are supportive of the position taken by FUM. In 2007, at the first meeting of FUM held in Africa, the clerk of Uganda Yearly Meeting delivered a devotional in which he quoted Romans 1:8–32, saying that "homosexuals and even those who support them are worthy of death." Although in a later letter of apology he said that he was referring to spiritual death, many more liberal Quakers found his comments hateful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quakerinfo.com/fum.shtml|title=Friends United Meeting and the Dually-affiliated Yearly Meetings|first=Bill|last=Samuel|website=Quakerinfo.com|access-date=14 November 2009|archive-date=13 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213013437/http://www.quakerinfo.com/fum.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|LGBTQ}}
*[[Bayard Rustin]], gay rights activist
*[[Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Concerns]]

==Notes==
<references group="note" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*  [[Keith Hartman|Hartman, Keith]].  ''Congregations in Conflict: The Battle over Homosexuality''.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.

==External links==

===Australia and New Zealand===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130801053321/http://www.quakers.org.au/associations/7464/files/G%26L3.pdf Gay and Lesbian People in the Society of Friends (Quakers) (pdf)]
* {{citation
| title = Statement of Affirmation of Same Sex Relationships | series = Yearly Meeting Statements
| url = http://quaker.org.nz/whoweare/affirmation.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060604064908/http://quaker.org.nz/whoweare/affirmation.htm
| archive-date = 4 June 2006 | access-date = 29 June 2009 | date = 11 August 2004 | orig-year = 1992 | publisher = The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Aotearoa/New Zealand }}

===Ireland and the United Kingdom===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012112400/http://www.quakers-in-ireland.ie/principles/believe.htm Ireland Yearly Meeting's statement of principles]
* [http://www.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp/qfpdownloads.html Quaker Faith & Practice]: The book of Christian discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain.  Chapter 22 "Close Relationships" downloadable as a pdf file.
* [http://www.qlgf.org.uk/ Quaker Lesbian and Gay Fellowship]

===North America===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025203540/http://www.samesexmarriage.ca/equality/quakers.htm Canadian Yearly Meeting's 2003 statement]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820041340/http://www.efcmaym.org/faith_and_practice/position_papers.htm#HOMOSEXUALITY Evangelical Friends Church – Mid America "Position Paper on Homosexuality"  Published in current Faith and practice]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151106085540/http://www.fum.org/QL/issues/9811/values.htm FUM "core values for Indiana and Western Yearly Meetings" statement]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717010037/http://www.efcsw.org/faithpractice_1d5d.html EFCSW statement on homosexuality]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204135524/http://www.newberggraphic.com/religion/archive/8-7-04/ Newspaper article on a split between Friends in the Northwest]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003133600/http://www.neym.org/ministryandcounsel/NEYMsame-genderunionminutes05_6.pdf NEYM minutes on same-sex marriage]
* [http://www.patuxentfriends.org/minutes.htm#FUM Patuxent Friends on their membership in FUM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306235851/http://www.patuxentfriends.org/minutes.htm#FUM |date=6 March 2005 }}
* [http://www.qis.net/~daruma/ Quaker Electronic Archive] Contains some historical materials on same-sex relationships including minutes from Monthly and Yearly Meetings regarding same-sex unions
* {{citation
| title = Report and Questions from a Retreat on Same-Sex Issues 3/15-17/1996
| url = http://www.pendlehill.org/frames+lectures/same-sex-issues.html | location = [[Wallingford, Pennsylvania]]
| access-date = 29 June 2009 | date = 6 October 2003 | orig-year = 1996 | publisher = [[Pendle Hill]] }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

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{{Religious Society of Friends}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Homosexuality And Quakerism}}
[[Category:LGBTQ and Christianity|Quakerism]]
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