View source for Home Front Command

{{Short description|Regional command of the Israel Defense Forces}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = Home Front Command
| native_name                   = פיקוד העורף
| image                         = Pakar.svg
| dates                         = 1992–present
| country                       = {{Flagcountry|Israel}}
| size                          = ~65,000 reserve soldiers
| garrison                      = [[Ramla]], on the site of [[RAF Ramleh|a former RAF Airbase]] 
| command_structure             = {{armed forces|Israel}}
| colors                        = Orange - recognized around the world as a color associated with search and rescue
| commander1                    = ''[[Aluf]]'' [[Rafi Milo]]
| commander1_label              = 
| notable_commanders            = *[[Yair Golan]] - later became [[Deputy Chief of General Staff (IDF)|deputy Chief of Staff]] and deputy [[Ministry of Economy (Israel)|minister of economy]]
| identification_symbol         = [[File:Flag of IDF Home Front Command.svg|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label   = Flag
}}
[[Image:flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Rescue of a Haitian Man from Government Building.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Search and Rescue Unit of the Home Front Command rescue a victim of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]]]
The '''Home Front Command''' ('''HFC'''; {{langx|he|פיקוד העורף}}, ''Pikud HaOref'', also referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym ''Pakar'') is an [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[military district]] [[Command (military formation)|command]] responsible for [[civil protection]].

It was created in February 1992 in response to the lessons of the [[Gulf War]],<ref name=about>[https://www.idf.il/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/ אודות] ["About"], an IDF webpage</ref> which was the first war since the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] in which centers of civilian population faced significant threat. The command is responsible for preparing the civilian population of Israel for conflict or disaster, assisting the population during crisis and contributing to post-crisis reconstruction.

== Mission ==
The mission of the Home Front Command is to protect civilian lives. It prepares the civilian space before a conflict, supports it during a conflict, carries out [[search and rescue]] operations and assists in the rapid restoration of the civilian space after a conflict has ended. The Home Front Command publishes regular instructions for civil defense, especially in times of emergency, and operates a telephone emergency center numbered 104.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IDF homefront command mission |url=https://www.oref.org.il/12409-16156-he/pakar.aspx }}</ref>

This district command should not be confused with [[Unit 669]]. The Home Front Command's search and rescue unit operates within Israel and is intended to rescue civilians, primarily operating in times of natural disasters, while Unit 669 is the [[Israeli Air Force]]'s Tactical [[Combat Search and Rescue]] (CSAR) unit that rescues combatants behind enemy lines.

== Fields of responsibility ==
As per the Home Front Command's website, its fields responsibilities are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Homefront Command |url=https://www.oref.org.il/12409-16156-en/pakar.aspx }}</ref>

* To draft and publish the rulebook of civil defense.
* To prepare and execute plans for civil defense for the entire country and all its territory.
* To train, guide, and operate [[Magen David Adom]] in Israel (MDA), the firefighting and rescue services, and the other assistant organizations regarding the fulfillment of their duties in the field of civil defense.
* To guide the population on the home front as well as all officials in the home front theater during attacks or unique situations on the home front as well as issue appropriate instructions.
* To guide local authorities regarding the fulfillment of their duties in the field of civil defense.
* To coordinate the activities of government ministries, private factories, national infrastructure, and emergency organizations on issues related to civil defense.
* To draft policies for civil defense for all areas and in coordination with area commands.
* To serve as the competent authority, as defined by law, for the issue of shelter and to serve as an authority, as defined by the Civil Defense Regulations for the matter of dangerous materials.
* To determine the way citizens are alerted, including specifying sirens and all-clear signals, their distribution, and their operation through various methods.
* To construct a system to detect, identify, and decontaminate areas affected by chemical or biological warfare on the home front and to operate that system during incidents of civil defense.
* To store and distribute personal defensive kits to the population in accordance with the regulations in the Civil Defense Regulations (defense kits) 5741-1990 and in accordance with government decisions.
* To operate the necessary powers to execute rescue and lifesaving activities as determined by law.

==History==
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
[[File:IDF Home Front Command Colored Tag.svg|thumb|150x150px|Older coloured variant of the logo]]
Until the establishment of the Command, responsibility for the Home Front fell under the Civilian Defense's Chief Officer Corps Command and under Regional Defense. During that time, the three regional commands had their own home front commands. After the first [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], these organizations were unified and the Home Front Command was created. It is currently headed by [[Aluf]] Rafi Milo.

The role of the Homefront command as a civil defense service are embodied in the Israeli civil defense laws of 1951 as well as other government regulations and decisions. Civil defense is defined in law as follows: "The measures taken to defend against any attack, or the danger the attack poses to the civil population, or to minimize the outcome of such an attack to remove weaponry which is not for self-defense."<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, the Home Front Command released an application for iPhone and Android that provides localized alerts to missiles and other dangers. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idf.il/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3/%D7%9B%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA/2021/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%94-%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%94/ |website=www.idf.il}}</ref> Although it typically only works for emergencies within Israel and the Palestinian Territories, in its reach was expanded to cover the 2024 and 2025 host cities of [[Eurovision]], due to fears of anti-Israel violence targeting Israelis and local Jewish communities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shechnik |first1=Raz |last2=Boker |first2=Ran |title=IDF Home Front Command app adds live danger alerts for Israelis at Eurovision |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/bkas00cwgc |work=Ynetnews |date=7 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hilaie |first1=Sivan |title=Israeli officials ramp up security plans for Eurovision 2025 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/hycttfm11ee |work=Ynetnews |date=14 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Organization and units==
[[File:IDF Homefront Command.png|thumb|center|720px|Home Front Command organization 2024]]

The Command is divided into five districts (which are further divided into subdistricts):<ref name=about/>

* [[File:MahozZafon.png|25px]] [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]
* [[File:MahozHeifa.png|25px]] [[Haifa District]]
* [[File:MahozDan.png|25px]] [[Tel Aviv District|Dan District]]
* [[File:MahozJerusalemMerkazFrom2016.png|25px]] [[Jerusalem District|Jerusalem]] and [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]]
* [[File:MahozDarom.png|25px]] [[Southern District (Israel)|Southern District]]

Together the districts field 26 rescue battalions, 13 [[CBRN defense]] battalions, 26 military hospitals, and 6 logistic units, all of which are staffed by and composed of reservists. Additionally, there is an Intelligence unit which is subject to both [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Aman]] and the Home Front Command. The Home Front Command also includes the search-and-rescue training base [[Bahad 16]], and fields an active Rescue & Training Brigade, as well as two reserve infantry brigades:

* [[File:NefaSdira 60.png|25px]] '''Rescue & Training Brigade'''
** 489th [[Search and Rescue#Israel|Search & Rescue]] Battalion "Kedem/East"
** 498th Search & Rescue Battalion "Shahar/Dawn"
** 668th Search & Rescue Battalion "Ram"
** 894th Search & Rescue Battalion "Tavor"
* '''5692th Infantry Brigade "Ari"''', in the [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]
** 982nd Infantry Battalion
** 9214th Infantry Battalion
** 9239th Infantry Battalion
** 9311th Infantry Battalion
* [[File:לוגו חטיבת דניאל שקוף.png|25px]] '''6050th Infantry Brigade "Daniel"''', in the  [[Southern District (Israel)|Southern District]]
** 419th Infantry Battalion
** 5032nd Infantry Battalion
** 5704th Infantry Battalion
** 7109th Infantry Battalion

* [[File:Modiin pakar.png|25px]] '''Intelligence Unit''' (Unit 4070)

==Notable operations==
===Albanian earthquake relief assistance===
{{see also|Albania–Israel relations}}
[[File:Ilir Meta visit to Homefront Command of Israel. iii.jpg|thumb|300px|Albanian President [[Ilir Meta]] thanking Home Front Command soldiers for their earthquake relief assistance (2020)]]
On 26 November 2019, [[2019 Albania earthquake|an earthquake struck]] the [[Durrës]] region of [[Albania]], killing 51 people, injuring 3,000 others, and damaging 11,000 buildings.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/albanian-president-thanks-israeli-soldiers-for-aid-after-deadly-earthquake/|title=Albanian president thanks Israeli soldiers for aid after deadly earthquake; Ilir Meta stopped at the Ramla military base, where he awarded the "Golden Eagle Decoration" to the IDF's National Rescue Unit.|date=24 January 2020|website=JNS}}</ref> Israel sent Home Front Command military engineer troops and a rescue and service team from the regional council of [[Mevo'ot HaHermon Regional Council|Mevo'ot HaHermon]] to Albania to search through the rubble for survivors and rescue them, assess whether buildings were structurally sound, and provide Albanians who had been evacuated from their homes with waterproof tents to shelter them.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.israel21c.org/israel-sends-expert-aid-to-albania-after-deadly-earthquake/|title=Israel sends expert aid to Albania after deadly earthquake|first=Abigail Klein|last=Leichman|date=4 December 2019|website=ISRAEL21c}}</ref><ref name="Eichner">{{Cite news|last=Eichner|first=Itamar|title=Israel Rescue and Service team assisting emergency operations in Albania |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/H11Eu433r|work=Ynet|date=27 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://www.idf.il/אתרים/פיקוד-העורף/2019/משלחת-סיוע-לאלבניה// "משלחת המומחים לסיוע באלבניה שבה לארץ"], 13 December 2019, IDF.il.</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="TheTimesofIsrael">{{cite news|title=IDF sends aid mission to earthquake-stricken Albania|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-sends-aid-mission-to-earthquake-stricken-albania/|work=The Times of Israel|date=3 December 2019|access-date=3 December 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Israeli Foreign Minister [[Israel Katz]] wrote: "We stand with our Albanian friends during this difficult time, and will continue to assist them in any way we can."<ref name="auto2"/> In January 2020, Albanian President [[Ilir Meta]] met with IDF soldiers during an official visit in Israel, embraced them, and thanked them for their assistance in earthquake relief efforts and "further consolidating the friendly and historical relations between our two nations and our countries."<ref name="JNSaward"/> At [[Ramla]] military base, Meta awarded the [[Golden Medal of the Eagle|Albanian Golden Medal of the Eagle]] to the National Rescue Unit of the IDF.<ref name="JNSaward">{{cite news|title=Albanian president thanks Israeli soldiers for aid after deadly earthquake|url=https://www.jns.org/albanian-president-thanks-israeli-soldiers-for-aid-after-deadly-earthquake/|agency=Jewish News Syndicate (JNS)|date=24 January 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Response to Surfside, Florida, condominium collapse===

On 24 June 2021, Israeli Consul-General Maor Elbaz-Starinsky conveyed an official offer from the Israeli government to send the Home Front Command search and rescue team to Florida to assist in rescue efforts associated with the [[Surfside condominium collapse]].<ref name="TOI 1">{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |date=25 June 2021 |title=Israel providing aid at scene of Florida building collapse, offers rescue team |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-providing-aid-at-scene-of-florida-building-collapse-offers-rescue-team/amp/ |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Florida responded the next day,<ref name="TOI 2">{{cite news |last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=26 June 2021 |title=Florida yet to answer Israeli offer to send rescue team to collapsed building |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/florida-yet-to-answer-israeli-offer-to-send-rescue-team-to-collapsed-building/amp/ |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> and Home Front Command joined the search for survivors.<ref name="Newsweek 1">{{cite news |last1=Villarreal |first1=Daniel |date=25 June 2021 |title=Mexican and Israeli Task Forces Join Search For Survivors in Surfside Building Collapse |work=[[Newsweek]] |publisher= |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mexican-israeli-task-forces-join-search-survivors-surfside-building-collapse-1604365 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> The members of the Home Front Command's National Rescue Unit who assisted with the rescue efforts ultimately recovered 81 of the 97 victims.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Wendy |date=2021-07-26 |title='Treat her gently': How an Israeli military search team helped recover Surfside victims |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2021/07/26/surfside-condo-collapse-how-israeli-team-found-majority-victims/8021350002/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]}}</ref>

=== 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes humanitarian aid ===
{{See also|2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes}}

After the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, on 6 February 2023, the IDF sent to Turkey a delegation of 150 active duty and reservist personnel of the Home Front Command, as well as members of the [[Israel Fire and Rescue Services]], IDF Medical Corps and more, led by Colonel (Aluf-Mishne) Golan Vach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Team |first=IDF |title="Olive Branches": Joint IDF, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense Humanitarian Aid Delegation Departs for Türkiye |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-sends-an-aid-delegation-to-turkiye/olive-branches-joint-idf-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-ministry-of-defense-humanitarian-aid-delegation-departs-for-turkiye/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.idf.il}}</ref> By 11 February, the delegation had rescued 19 living civilians, including a nine-year-old child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=כל הפרטים והעדכונים על משלחת הסיוע לטורקיה |url=https://www.idf.il/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D/2023/%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%9C-%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%90-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.idf.il}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* [[IDF Code of Ethics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.oref.org.il/en Home Front Command - Official National Emergency Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084345/https://www.oref.org.il/en |date=23 January 2021 }}

{{Israel Defense Forces}}
{{Emergency Services in Israel|state=expanded}}
{{Civil defence}}

[[Category:Emergency management in Israel]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1992]]
[[Category:Regional commands of Israel]]