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{{Short description|1932–1933 human-made famine in Soviet Ukraine}}
{{Redirect|Famine in Ukraine||Famine in Ukraine (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox famine
| famine_name     = <!-----Overrides {{PAGENAME}}, do not use without careful consideration)----->
| image           = GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
| caption         = Starved peasants on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1933, Ukraine's capital at the time
| country         = [[Soviet Union]]
| location        = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine SSR]], northern [[Kuban]],{{sfn|Naimark|2010|p=70}} [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh ASSR]]
| coordinates     = <!-----(use {{coord}})----->
| period          = 1932–1933
| excess_mortality= <!-----Deaths directly due to famine starvation----->
| from_disease    = <!-----Indirect famine deaths from subsequent diseases----->
| total_deaths    = 
* Around 3.5 to 5 million in Ukraine; see [[#Death toll|death toll]]
* 62,000 to "hundreds of thousands" in the Kuban{{sfn|Osadchenko|Rudneva|2012}}<ref name="boeckbrian">{{cite journal |last1=Boeck |first1=Brian J. |title=Complicating the National Interpretation of the Famine: Reexamining the Case of Kuban |journal=Harvard Ukraine Studies |date=30 October 2023 |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |page=48 |jstor=23611465}}</ref>
* Over 300,000 [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan]] dead or migrated{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}}
| death_rate      = <!-----Death rate---->
| theory          =
| relief          = Foreign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=479–484}}
| food_situation  = Deliberate macro-economic food extraction from affected region
| demographics    = 
| causes          = * Industrialization policy during the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First Five Year Plan]] 
*Whether it was intentional is debated by scholars 
| memorial        = <!-- links to website? -->
| preceded        =
| succeeded       =
| footnotes       = <!-----Test footnote----->
|native_name      = {{nobold|Голодомор}}
| consequences    = 
* Heavy population loss in Ukraine
* Kuban Ukrainian population declined from 915,000 to 150,000 between 1926 and 1939 from various causes{{sfn|Ellman|2007}}
* Over 35% of [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan]] lost in the famine{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}}
}}
{{Communism|sidebar}}

The '''Holodomor''',{{Efn|{{langx|uk|Голодомо́р|Holodomor}}, {{IPA|uk|ɦolodoˈmɔr|IPA}};{{sfn|Jones|2017|page=90}} derived from {{langx|uk|морити голодом|lit=to kill by starvation|translit=moryty holodom|label=none}}); Also literally known as "Extermination by Hunger" or "Hunger-extermination"}} also known as the '''Ukrainian Famine''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=How Joseph Stalin Starved Millions in the Ukrainian Famine |url=https://www.history.com/news/ukrainian-famine-stalin |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416165351/https://www.history.com/news/ukrainian-famine-stalin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Renate |first1=Stark |title=Holodomor, Famine in Ukraine 1932-1933: A Crime against Humanity or Genocide? |journal=Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijass/vol10/iss1/2/ |publisher=Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies: Vol. 10: Iss. 1, Article 2 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |doi=10.21427/D7PQ8P}}</ref>{{Efn|{{langx|uk|великий український голод|translit=velykyi ukrainskyi holod}}}} was a mass [[famine]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of [[Ukrainians]]. The Holodomor was part of the wider [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]] which affected the major [[Agriculture|grain-producing]] areas of the [[Soviet Union]].

While most scholars are in consensus that the main [[Causes of the Holodomor|cause of the famine]] was largely man-made, [[Holodomor genocide question|it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was intentional]], whether it was directed at Ukrainians, and whether it constitutes a [[genocide]], the point of contention being the absence of attested documents explicitly ordering the starvation of any area in the Soviet Union. Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by [[Joseph Stalin]] to eliminate a [[Ukrainian independence]] movement. Others suggest that the famine was primarily the consequence of rapid [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|Soviet industrialisation]] and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] of agriculture. A middle position is that the initial causes of the famine were an unintentional byproduct of the process of collectivization but once it set in, starvation was selectively weaponized and the famine was "instrumentalized" and amplified against Ukrainians as a means to punish Ukrainians for resisting Soviet policies and to suppress their [[Ukrainian nationalism|nationalist sentiments]].

Ukraine was one of the largest grain-producing states in the USSR and was subject to unreasonably high grain quotas compared to the rest of the USSR in 1930.<ref name="Kulchytskystalinslave" />{{efn|name=Marples 2009.}} This caused Ukraine to be hit particularly hard by the famine. Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials vary greatly. A joint statement to the [[United Nations]] signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7 to 10 million people died.{{efn|name= UN signatory nations, 2003}} More recent scholarship has estimated a lower range of between 3.5 and 5 million victims.<ref>{{harvnb|Gorbunova|Klymchuk|2020}}; {{harvnb|Kravchenko|2020}}; {{harvnb|Marples|2007|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Mendel|2018}}; {{harvnb|Yefimenko|2021}}</ref>

Public discussion of the famine was banned in the Soviet Union until the ''[[glasnost]]'' period initiated by [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in the 1980s.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}} Since 2006, the Holodomor has [[Holodomor genocide question|been recognized as a genocide]] by [[Ukraine]] and 33 other UN member states, the [[European Parliament]], and 35 of the 50 [[U.S. state|states]] of the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/wyoming-s-historic-acknowledgment-holodomor-recognized-as-genocide-50367847.html | title=Wyoming becomes 32nd US state to recognize the Holodomor as genocide | publisher=The New Voice of Ukraine | access-date=November 13, 2023}}</ref> as a genocide against the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government. In 2008, the Russian [[State Duma]] condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".{{sfn|National Museum of the Holodomor|2019}}
<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->

== Etymology ==
The [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] word ''Holodomor'' means "death by hunger", "killing by hunger, killing by starvation",{{sfn|Werth|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA396 396]}}{{sfn|Werth|2007|p=132}}{{sfn|Graziosi|2005|p=464, 457}} or sometimes "murder by hunger or starvation."{{sfn|Fawkes|2006}} It is a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the Ukrainian {{langx|uk|holod|lit=[[hunger]]|label=none|italic=yes}} and {{langx|uk|mor|lit=[[plague (disease)|plague]]|label=none|italic=yes}}. The Ukrainian verb {{langx|uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} ({{langx|uk|морити|lit=|label=none|italic=}}) means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment", and the expression {{langx|uk|holodom moryty |lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} means "to inflict death by hunger."  The [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] form of {{langx|uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} is {{langx|uk|zamoryty|lit=kill or drive to death|label=none|italic=yes}}.{{sfn|SumInUa Dictionary|2010}} In English, the Holodomor has also been referred to as the ''artificial famine'', ''terror-genocide'' and the ''great famine''.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}}{{sfn|Davies|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC&pg=PA145 145]}}{{sfn|Boriak|von Hagen|2009}}

The word was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in [[Czechoslovakia]] as ''Haladamor'',{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|p=363}} and by Ukrainian immigrant organisations in the United States and Canada by 1978;{{sfn|Hryshko|1983}}{{sfn|Dolot|1985}}{{sfn|Hadzewycz|Zarycky|Kolomayets|1983}} in the [[Soviet Union]], of which Ukraine was a [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]], any references to the famine were dismissed as [[anti-Soviet propaganda]], even after [[de-Stalinization]] in 1956, until the declassification and publication of historical documents in the late 1980s made continued denial of the catastrophe unsustainable.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}}

Discussion of the Holodomor became possible as part of the Soviet ''[[glasnost]]'' ("openness") policy in the 1980s. In Ukraine, the first official use of ''famine'' was in a December 1987 speech by [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]]i, [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine|First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine]], on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary.{{sfn|Graziosi|2004}} Another early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a February 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the party organisation of the Kyiv branch of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]] in Ukraine.{{sfn|Musiienko|1988}}{{sfn|US Commission Report vol.1|p=67}}

The term ''holodomor'' may have first appeared in print in the Soviet Union on 18 July 1988, when Musiyenko's article on the topic was published.{{sfn|Mace|2008|p=132}} ''Holodomor'' is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004, described as "artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal [[regime]] against a country's population."{{sfn|Busel 2001}}

According to Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, the Holodomor has been described as a "Ukrainian Holocaust". They assert that since the 1990s the term ''Holodomor'' has been widely adopted by [[anti-communists]] in order to draw parallels to [[the Holocaust]]. However this term has been criticized by some academics, as the Holocaust was a heavily documented, coordinated effort by [[Nazi Germany]] and its collaborators to eliminate certain ethnic groups such as Jews. By contrast, there is no definitive documentation that Stalin directly ordered the mass murder of Ukrainians.{{sfn|Getty|2018}}{{sfn|Engerman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA196 196]}} Barkan et al. state that the term ''Holodomor'' was "introduced and popularized by the Ukrainian diaspora in North America before Ukraine became independent" and that the term 'Holocaust' in reference to the famine "is not explained at all."{{sfn|Barkan|Cole|Struve|2007}}

== History ==
=== Scope and duration ===
The famine affected the Ukrainian SSR as well as the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (a part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] at the time) in spring 1932,{{sfn|Pyrih, 1990; No. 1-132.}} and from February to July 1933,{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=204}} with the most victims recorded in spring 1933. The consequences are evident in demographic statistics: between 1926 and 1939, the [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukrainian population]] increased by only 6.6%, whereas Russia and Belarus grew by 16.9% and 11.7% respectively.{{sfn|USSR Census|1939}}{{sfn|Demoscope Weekly| 2012}} The number of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainians as ethnicity]] decreased by 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php |access-date=2024-08-15 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229113741/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php |access-date=2024-08-15 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520171244/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

From the 1932 harvest, Soviet authorities were able to procure only 4.3 million tons of grain, as compared with 7.2 million tons obtained from the 1931 harvest.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=470, 476}} Rations in towns were drastically cut back, and in winter 1932–1933 and spring 1933, people in many urban areas starved.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=xviii}} Urban workers were supplied by a [[rationing]] system and therefore could occasionally assist their starving relatives in the countryside, but rations were gradually cut. By spring 1933, urban residents also faced starvation. It is estimated 70% to 80% of all famine deaths during the Holodomor in eight analyzed Oblasts in the Soviet Union occurred in the first seven months of 1933.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

The first reports of mass [[malnutrition]] and deaths from starvation emerged from two urban areas of the city of [[Uman]], reported in January 1933 by [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]] and [[Kyiv Oblast|Kyiv]] [[oblast]]s. By mid-January 1933, there were reports about mass "difficulties" with food in urban areas, which had been undersupplied through the rationing system, and deaths from starvation among people who were refused rations, according to the December 1932 decree of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. By the beginning of February 1933, according to reports from local authorities and Ukrainian [[State Political Directorate|GPU]] (secret police), the most affected area was [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], which also suffered from epidemics of [[typhus]] and [[malaria]]. [[Odesa Oblast|Odesa]] and Kyiv oblasts were second and third respectively. By mid-March, most of the reports of starvation originated from Kyiv Oblast.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

By mid-April 1933, [[Kharkiv Oblast]] reached the top of the most affected list, while Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Vinnytsia, and [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] oblasts, and Moldavian SSR were next on the list. Reports about mass deaths from starvation, dated mid-May through the beginning of June 1933, originated from [[raion]]s in Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts. The "less affected" list noted [[Chernihiv Oblast]] and northern parts of Kyiv and Vinnytsia oblasts. The Central Committee of the CP(b) of Ukraine Decree of 8 February 1933 said no hunger cases should have remained untreated.{{sfn|Pyrih, 1990; No. 343-403.}} ''[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]'', which was tracking the situation in 1933, reported the difficulties in communications and the appalling situation in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reisenauer |first1=Troy Philip |title=The Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine: Toward New Avenues of Inquiry into the Holodomor |url=https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/bitstream/handle/10365/27445/The%20Great%20Famine%20in%20Soviet%20Ukraine%20Toward%20New%20Avenues%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20Holodomor.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |pages=26–28 |publisher=North Dakota State University |access-date=October 9, 2024 |date=2014}}</ref>

Local authorities had to submit reports about the numbers suffering from hunger, the reasons for hunger, number of deaths from hunger, food aid provided from local sources, and centrally provided food aid required. The GPU managed parallel reporting and food assistance in the Ukrainian SSR. Many regional reports and most of the central summary reports are available from present-day central and regional Ukrainian archives.{{sfn|Pyrih, 1990; No. 343-403.}}

=== Causes ===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:1em auto 1em 2em; text-align:right;"
 |+ Soviet grain collections and exports<br />''(in thousand tons)''{{sfn|Davies|Tauger|Wheatcroft|1995|p=645}}
!Year ending
!Collections
!Exports
|-
!June 1930
|16081
|1343
|-
!June 1931
|22139
|5832
|-
!June 1932
|22839
|4786
|-
!June 1933
|18513
|1607
|}
{{main|Causes of the Holodomor}}

Olga Andriewsky writes that scholars are in consensus that the [[Causes of the Holodomor|cause of the famine]] was man-made.<ref>{{harvnb|Andriewsky|2015|p=37}}: "Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such."</ref> The term "man-made" is, however, questioned by historians such as [[R. W. Davies]] and [[Stephen Wheatcroft]], according to whom those who use this term "underestimate the role of{{nbsp}}... natural causes",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies |first1=Robert |author1-link=R. W. Davies |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Stephen |author2-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |date=2016|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9780230273979|quote=Western commentators and historians long debated whether the famine was man-made{{nbsp}}... Russian historians sometimes call the famine "rukotvornyi" – man-made {{nbsp}}... But in our opinion they and Conquest underestimate the role of climate and other natural causes.|page=xvi, xvii}}</ref> though they agree that the Holodomor was largely a result of Stalin's economic policies. Among contemporary historians it is debated whether the famine was an intended result of such policies,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Political Science Review|doi=10.1017/S0003055419000066|page=571 |title=Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger' |date=2019 |last1=Rozenas |first1=Arturas |last2=Zhukov |first2=Yuri M. |volume=113 |issue=2 |s2cid=143428346 |quote=Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001).}}</ref> whether the Holodomor was directed at Ukrainians, and whether it constitutes a [[genocide]], the point of contention being the absence of attested documents explicitly ordering the starvation of any area in the Soviet Union.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ellman|1y=2005|1p=824|2a1=Davies|2a2=Wheatcroft|2y=2006|2pp=628, 631}} Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by [[Joseph Stalin]] to eliminate a [[Ukrainian independence]] movement.{{efn|name=Britannica "Holodomor"}} Others suggest that the famine was primarily the consequence of rapid [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|Soviet industrialisation]] and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] of agriculture. A middle position, held for example by historian Andrea Graziosi, is that the initial causes of the famine were an unintentional byproduct of the process of collectivization but once it set in, starvation was selectively weaponized and the famine was "instrumentalized" and amplified against Ukrainians as a means to punish Ukrainians for resisting Soviet policies and to suppress their [[Ukrainian nationalism|nationalist sentiments]].{{sfn|Werth|2008}}

Some scholars suggest that the famine was a consequence of human-made and natural factors.{{sfn|Graziosi|2004}} The most prevalent man-made factor was changes made to agriculture because of rapid [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|industrialisation]] during the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First Five Year Plan]].{{sfn|Kulchytsky2007- Evidential Gaps}}{{sfn|Fawkes|2006}}{{sfn| Marples|2005}} There are also those who blame a systematic set of policies perpetrated by the Soviet government under [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] designed to exterminate the Ukrainians.{{efn|name=Britannica "Holodomor"}}{{sfn|Ellman|2005}}{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2002|p=77|loc= "[T]he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932"}}{{sfn|Engerman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA194 194]}}

==== Low harvest ====
According to historian [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]], the grain yield for the Soviet Union preceding the famine was a low harvest of between 55 and 60 million tons,{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=xix–xxi}} likely in part caused by damp weather and low traction power,{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2018}} yet official statistics mistakenly reported a yield of 68.9 million tons.{{sfn| Marples|2002}} (A single ton of grain is enough to provide a good bread ration containing {{circa|2350}} kCal per person for three people for one year.){{sfn|Davies|Tauger|Wheatcroft|1995|p=643}} Historian Mark Tauger has suggested that drought and damp weather were causes of the low harvest.{{sfn|Tauger|2001|p=45}} Mark Tauger suggested that heavy rains would help the harvest while Stephen Wheatcroft suggested it would hurt it, which Natalya Naumenko notes as a disagreement in scholarship.{{sfn|Naumenko|2021}} Another factor which reduced the harvest suggested by Tauger included endemic plant rust.{{sfn|Tauger|2001|p=39}} However, in regard to plant disease, Stephen Wheatcroft notes that the Soviet extension of sown area combined with lack of crop rotation may have exacerbated the problem,{{efn|name=Davies 2004, p. 437}} which Tauger also acknowledges in regard to the latter.<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" />

==== Collectivization, procurements, and the export of grain ====
{{see also|Collectivization in the Soviet Union|Five-year plans of the Soviet Union#First plan, 1928–1932|Causes of the Holodomor#Consequence of collectivization}}
[[File:15th anniversary of Holodomor - postcard.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Postcard commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Holodomor, which shows Stalin looking at his kolkhoz built on a pile of starved Ukrainians. Published in 1948 by the [[Ukrainian Youth Association]].]]

Due to factional struggles with the [[Bukharin]] wing of the party, peasant resistance to the [[New Economic Policy|NEP]] under [[Lenin]], and the need for industrialization, [[Joseph Stalin]] declared a need to extract a "tribute" or "tax" from the peasantry.<ref name="collectivizationstruggle">{{cite book |last1=Viola |first1=Lynne |title=The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe:Comparison and Entanglements |date=2014 |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |isbn=978-963-386-048-9 |chapter=Collectivization in the Soviet Union: Specificities and Modalities |pages=49–69}}</ref> This idea was supported by most of the party in the 1920s.<ref name="collectivizationstruggle" /> The tribute collected by the party took on the form of a virtual war against the peasantry that would lead to its [[cultural genocide|cultural destruction]] and the relegating of the countryside to essentially a [[colony]] homogenized to the urban culture of the Soviet elite.<ref name="collectivizationstruggle" /> [[Leon Trotsky]], however, opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and would have favoured a [[volunteering|voluntary]], gradual approach towards [[collective farming]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beilharz |first1=Peter |title=Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism |date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-70651-2 |pages=1–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lfe-DwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+widely+acknowledged+collectivisation&pg=PT196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life |date=2011 |location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-13724-8 |page=161 |url=https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization}}</ref> with greater tolerance for the rights of Soviet Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |author1-link=Isaac Deutscher |title=The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=978-1-78168-721-5 |page=637 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Leon |last=Trotsky |author-link=Leon Trotsky |title=Problem of the Ukraine |date=April 1939 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/04/ukraine.html |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> This campaign of "colonizing" the peasantry had its roots both in old [[Russian Imperialism]] and modern [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] of the [[nation state]] yet with key differences to the latter such as Soviet repression reflecting more the weakness of said state rather than its strength.<ref name="collectivizationstruggle" />

In this vein, by the summer of 1930, the government instituted a program of food requisitioning, ostensibly to increase grain exports. According to Natalya Naumenko, [[collectivization in the Soviet Union]] and lack of favored industries were primary contributors to famine mortality (52% of excess deaths), and some evidence shows there was discrimination against ethnic Ukrainians and Germans. In Ukraine [[Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|collectivisation policy]] was enforced, entailing extreme crisis and contributing to the famine. In 1929–1930, peasants were induced to transfer land and livestock to state-owned farms, on which they would work as day-labourers for payment in kind.{{sfn|Reid|2017}}

Food exports continued during the famine, albeit at a reduced rate.{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|pp=189–220; 221ff}} [[Michael Ellman]] states that the 1932–1933 grain exports amounted to 1.8 million tonnes, which would have been enough to feed 5 million people for one year.{{sfn|Ellman|2007}} The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is somewhat called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses were [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]], which produced far smaller amounts of grain than other parts of the country.{{sfn|Selden|1982}}{{sfn|Chamberlin|1933}} Historian [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]] lists four problems Soviet authorities ignored during collectivization that would hinder the advancement of agricultural technology and ultimately contributed to the famine:{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=436–441}}

* "Over-extension of the sown area" — Crops yields were reduced and likely some plant disease caused by the planting of future harvests across a wider area of land without rejuvenating soil leading to the reduction of fallow land.
* "Decline in draught power" — the overextraction of grain led to the loss of food for farm animals, which in turn reduced the effectiveness of agricultural operations.
* "Quality of cultivation" — the planting and extracting of the harvest, along with ploughing, was done in a poor manner due to inexperienced and demoralized workers and the aforementioned lack of draught power.
* "The poor weather" — drought and other poor weather conditions were largely ignored by Soviet authorities, who gambled on good weather and believed agricultural difficulties would be overcome.

Mark Tauger notes that Soviet and Western specialists at the time noted draught power shortages and lack of crop rotation contributed to intense weed infestations,<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" /> with these both being also factors Stephen Wheatcroft lists as contributing to the famine. Natalya Naumenko calculated that reduced agriculture production in "collectivized" collective farms is responsible for up to 52% of Holodomor [[Excess mortality|excess deaths]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909192849/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Discrimination and persecution of Ukrainians ====
{{see also|Causes of the Holodomor#Soviet state policies that contributed to the Holodomor|Russification of Ukraine#Mid-1920s to early 1930s}}
{{quote box
| width = 30em
| author = — [[Arthur Koestler]], [[Hungarians in the United Kingdom|Hungarian-British]] journalist
| quote = At every [train] station there was a crowd of peasants in rags, offering icons and linen in exchange for a loaf of bread. The women were lifting up their infants to the compartment windows—infants pitiful and terrifying with limbs like sticks, puffed bellies, big cadaverous heads lolling on thin necks.
}}
It has been proposed that the Soviet leadership used the human-made famine to attack [[Ukrainian nationalism]], and thus it could fall under the legal definition of genocide.<ref>{{bulleted list|
| {{harvnb|Margolis|2003}}
| {{harvnb|Kulchytsky2007- Evidential Gaps}}
| {{harvnb|Finn|2008}}
| {{harvnb|Marples|2005}}
| {{harvnb|Bilinsky|1999}}
| {{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2006}}
}}</ref> For example, special and particularly lethal policies were adopted in and largely limited to Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1932 and 1933. According to [[Timothy D. Snyder|Timothy Snyder]], "each of them may seem like an [[anodyne]] administrative measure, and each of them was certainly presented as such at the time, and yet each had to kill."{{efn|name=note-anodyne}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=42–46}} Other sources discuss the famine in relation to a project of imperialism or colonialism of Ukraine by the Soviet state.<ref>{{bulleted list|
| {{cite journal |last1=Irvin-Erickson |first1=Douglas |title=Raphaël Lemkin, Genocide, Colonialism, Famine, and Ukraine |journal=Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=12 May 2021 |volume=8 |pages=193–215 |doi=10.21226/ewjus645 |s2cid=235586856 |doi-access=free}}
| {{cite journal |last1=Hechter |first1=Michael |title=Internal Colonialism, Alien Rule, and Famine in Ireland and Ukraine |journal=Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=12 May 2021 |volume=8 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.21226/ewjus642 |s2cid=235579661 |doi-access=free}}
| {{cite journal |last1=Hrynevych |first1=Liudmyla |title=Stalin's Faminogenic Policies in Ukraine: The Imperial Discourse |journal=Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=12 May 2021 |volume=8 |pages=99–143 |doi=10.21226/ewjus641 |s2cid=235570495 |doi-access=free}}
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klid |first1=Bohdan |title=Empire-Building, Imperial Policies, and Famine in Occupied Territories and Colonies |journal=Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=12 May 2021 |volume=8 |pages=11–32 |doi=10.21226/ewjus634 |s2cid=235578437 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Famine en URSS 1933.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A map of the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]] with the areas of most disastrous famine shaded black]]
According to a [[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] paper published in 2021 by Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian, regions with higher Ukrainian population shares were struck harder with centrally planned policies corresponding to famine such as increased procurement rate,{{sfn|Qian|2021}} and Ukrainian populated areas were given lower numbers of tractors which the paper argues demonstrates that ethnic discrimination across the board was centrally planned, ultimately concluding that 92% of famine deaths in Ukraine alone along with 77% of famine deaths in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus combined can be explained by systematic bias against Ukrainians.{{sfn|Markevich|Naumenko|Qian|2021|loc=Abstract}} The paper found from its analysis that "the regime intended to take more grain from Ukrainian areas after conditioning for factors such as production capacity"{{sfn|Markevich|Naumenko|Qian|2021|p=27}} and noting that "in areas that the Bolshevik regime marked as important for grain production, ethnic Russians replaced ethnic Ukrainians as the largest ethnic group".{{sfn|Markevich|Naumenko|Qian|2021|p=31}}

Mark Tauger criticized Natalya Naumenko's work as being based on: "major historical inaccuracies and falsehoods, omissions of essential evidence contained in her sources or easily available, and substantial misunderstandings of certain key topics".<ref name="TaugerQianCritique">{{cite journal |last1=Tauger |first1=Mark B. |title=The Environmental Economy of the Soviet Famine in Ukraine in 1933: A Critique of Several Papers by Natalya Naumenko |journal=Econ Journal Watch |url=https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1286/TaugerSept2023.pdf?mimetype=pdf |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075413/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1286/TaugerSept2023.pdf?mimetype=pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> For example, Naumenko ignored Tauger's findings of 8.94 million tons of the harvest that had been lost to crop "rust and smut",<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" /> four reductions in grain procurement to Ukraine including a 39.5 million puds reduction in grain procurements ordered by Stalin,<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" /> and that from Tauger's findings which are contrary to Naumenko's paper's claims the "per-capita grain procurements in Ukraine were less, often significantly less, than the per-capita procurements from the five other main grain-producing regions in the USSR in 1932".<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" />

Other scholars argue that in other years preceding the famine this was not the case. For example, Stanislav Kulchytsky claims Ukraine produced more grain in 1930 than the [[Central Black Earth Oblast]], [[Middle Volga|Middle]] and [[Lower Volga]] and [[North Caucasus]] regions all together, which had never been done before, and on average gave 4.7 quintals of grain from every sown hectare to the state{{emdash}}a record-breaking index of marketability{{emdash}}but was unable to fulfill the grain quota for 1930 until May 1931. Ukraine produced a similar amount of grain in 1931; however, by the late spring of 1932 "many districts were left with no reserves of produce or fodder at all".<ref name="Kulchytskystalinslave" /> Despite this, according to statistics gathered by Nataliia Levchuk, Ukraine and North Caucasus Krai delivered almost 100% of their grain procurement in 1931 versus 67% in two Russian Oblasts during the same period versus 1932 where three Russian regions delivered almost all of their procurements and Ukraine and North Caucasus did not.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} This can partially be explained by Ukrainian regions losing a third of their harvests and Russian regions losing by comparison only 15% of their harvest.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

Ultimately, Tauger states: "if the regime had not taken even that smaller amount grain from Ukrainian villages, the famine could have been greatly reduced or even eliminated" however (in his words) "if the regime had left that grain in Ukraine, then other parts of the USSR would have been even more deprived of food than they were, including Ukrainian cities and industrial sites, and the overall effect would still have been a major famine, even worse in "non-Ukrainian" regions."<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" /> In fact in contrast to Naumenko's paper's claims the higher Ukrainian collectivization rates in Tauger's opinion actually indicate a pro-Ukrainian bias in Soviet policies rather than an anti-Ukrainian one: "[Soviet authorities] did not see collectivization as "discrimination" against Ukrainians; they saw it as a reflection of—in the leaders' view—Ukraine's relatively more advanced farming skills that made Ukraine better prepared for collectivization (Davies 1980a, 166, 187–188; Tauger 2006a)."<ref name="TaugerQianCritique" />

Naumenko responded to some of Tauger's criticisms in another paper.<ref name="naumenkoresponse">{{cite journal |last1=Naumenko |first1=Natalya |title=Response to Professor Tauger's Comments |journal=Econ Journal Watch |date=September 2023 |page=313}}</ref> Naumenko criticizes Tauger's view of the efficacy of collective farms arguing Tauger's view goes against the consensus,<ref name="naumenkoresponse" /> she also states that the tenfold difference in death toll between the 1932-1933 Soviet famine and the [[Russian famine of 1891–1892]] can only be explained by government policies,<ref name="naumenkoresponse" /> and that the infestations of pests and plant disease suggested by Tauger as a cause of the famine must also correspond such infestations to rates of collectivization due to deaths by area corresponding to this<ref name="naumenkoresponse" /> due Naumenko's findings that: "on average, if you compare two regions with similar pre-famine characteristics, one with zero collectivization rate and another with a 100 percent collectivization rate, the more collectivized region's 1933 mortality rate increases by 58 per thousand relative to its 1927–1928 mortality rate".<ref name="naumenkoresponse" /> Naumenko believes the disagreement between her and Tauger is due to a "gulf in training and methods between quantitative fields like political science and economics and qualitative fields like history" noting that Tauger makes no comments on one of her paper's results section.<ref name="naumenkoresponse" />

Tauger made a counter-reply to this reply by Naumenko.<ref name="taugerresponseresponse">{{cite journal |title=Counter-Reply to Naumenko on the Soviet Famine in Ukraine in 1933 |first=Mark B. |last=Tauger |journal=Econ Journal Watch |date=March 2024 |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=79–91 |url=https://econjwatch.org/articles/counter-reply-to-naumenko-on-the-soviet-famine-in-ukraine-in-1933}}</ref> Tauger argues in his counter reply that Naumenko's attempt to correspond collectivization rates to famine mortality fails because "there was no single level of collectivization anywhere in the USSR in 1930, especially in the Ukrainian Republic" and that "since collectivization changed significantly by 1932–1933, any connection between 1930 and 1933 omits those changes and is therefore invalid".<ref name="taugerresponseresponse" /> Tauger also criticizes Naumenko's ignoring of statistics Tauger's presented where "in her reply she completely ignored the quantitative data [Tauger] presented in [his] article" in which she against the evidence "denied that any famines took place in the later 1920s".<ref name="taugerresponseresponse" /> To counter Naumenko's claim that collectivization explains the famine Tauger argues ( in his words) how agro-environmental disasters better explain the regional discrepancies: "[Naumenko's] calculations again omit any consideration of the agro-environmental disasters that harmed farm production in 1932. In her appendices, Table C3, she does the same calculation with collectivization data from 1932, which she argues shows a closer correlation between collectivization and famine mortality (Naumenko 2021b, 33). Yet, as I showed, those agroenvironmental disasters were much worse in the regions with higher collectivization—especially Ukraine, the North Caucasus, and the Volga River basin (and also in Kazakhstan)—than elsewhere in the USSR. As I documented in my article and other publications, these were regions that had a history of environmental disasters that caused crop failures and famines repeatedly in Russian history."<ref name="taugerresponseresponse" /> Tauger notes: "[Naumenko's] assumption that collectivization subjected peasants to higher procurements, but in 1932 in Ukraine this was clearly not the case" as "grain procurements both total and per-capita were much lower in Ukraine than anywhere else in the USSR in 1932".<ref name="taugerresponseresponse" />

==== Peasant resistance ====
{{Holodomor}}{{genocide}}
{{history of Ukraine}}
[[Collectivization in the Soviet Union]], including the Ukrainian SSR, was not popular among the peasantry, and forced collectivisation led to numerous [[List of peasant revolts|peasant revolts]]. The [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]] recorded 932 disturbances in Ukraine, 173 in the North Caucasus, and only 43 in the Central Black Earth Oblast (out of 1,630 total). Reports two years prior recorded over 4,000 unrests in Ukraine, while in other agricultural regions - Central Black Earth, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, and North Caucasus - the numbers were sightly above 1,000. OGPU's summaries also cited public proclamations of Ukrainian insurgents to restore the [[Ukrainian People's Republic|independence of Ukraine]], while reports by the Ukrainian officials included information about the declining popularity and authority of the party among peasants.<ref name="Kulchytskystalinslave">{{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2017}}; {{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2020}}; {{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2008}}</ref> Oleh Wolowyna comments that peasant resistance and the ensuing repression of said resistance was a critical factor for the famine in Ukraine and parts of Russia populated by national minorities like Germans and Ukrainians allegedly tainted by "fascism and bourgeois nationalism" according to Soviet authorities.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

=== Regional variation ===
The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses were [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]], which produced far lower amounts of grain than other sections of the country.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} A potential explanation for this was that Kharkiv and Kyiv fulfilled and over fulfilled their grain procurements in 1930 which led to [[raion]]s in these oblasts having their procurement quotas doubled in 1931 compared to the national average increase in procurement rate of 9%. While Kharkiv and Kyiv had their quotas increased, the Odesa oblast and some raions of Dnipropetrovsk oblast had their procurement quotas decreased.{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2022}}

According to Nataliia Levchuk of the Ptoukha Institute of Demography and Social Studies, "the distribution of the largely increased 1931 grain quotas in Kharkiv and Kyiv oblasts by raion was very uneven and unjustified because it was done disproportionally to the percentage of wheat sown area and their potential grain capacity."{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Famine losses by region{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2018}}
|-
! Oblast !! Total Deaths (1932–1934 in thousands) !! Deaths per 1000 (1932) !! Deaths per 1000 (1933) !! Deaths per 1000 (1934)
|-
| [[Kyiv Oblast]] || 1,110.8 || 13.7 || 178.7 || 7
|-
| [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || 1,037.6 || 7.8 || 178.9 || 4.2
|-
| [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || 545.5 || 5.9 || 114.6 || 5.2
|-
| [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || 368.4 || 5.4 || 91.6 || 4.7
|-
| [[Odesa Oblast]] || 326.9 || 6.1 || 98.8 || 2.4
|-
| [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || 254.2 || 6 || 75.7 || 11.9
|-
| [[Stalino Oblast]] || 230.8 || 7 || 41.1 || 6.4
|-
| [[Tyraspol]] || 68.3 || 9.6 || 102.4 || 8.1
|}

=== Repressive policies ===
[[File:Blackboard - punishment of kolhoz during Holodomor in Ukraine.png|thumb|A "black board" published in the newspaper "Under the Flag of Lenin" in January 1933—a "blacklist" identifying specific [[kolhoz]]es and their punishment in the [[Bashtanka Raion]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast]], Ukraine.]]
Several repressive policies were implemented in Ukraine immediately preceding, during, and proceeding the famine, including but not limited to cultural-religious persecution the [[Law of Spikelets]], [[Blacklisting (Soviet policy)|Blacklisting]], [[Passport system in the Soviet Union#1932–1991|the internal passport system]], and harsh grain requisitions.

==== Preceding the famine ====
{{see also|Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process}}
Coiner of the term [[genocide]], [[Raphael Lemkin]] considered the repression of the Orthodox Church to be a prong of [[genocide]] against Ukrainians when seen in correlation to the Holodomor famine.{{sfn|Serbyn|2015}} Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches, burning of icons, and the arrests of priests.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|1994|p=6}} Associating the church with the tsarist regime,{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|1994|p=33}} the Soviet state continued to undermine the church through expropriations and repression.{{sfn|Viola|1999}} They cut off state financial support to the church and secularized church schools.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|1994|p=33}}

By early 1930 75% of the Autocephalist [[parishes]] in Ukraine were persecuted by Soviet authorities.{{sfn|Bociurkiw|1982}} The GPU instigated a show trial which denounced the Orthodox Church in Ukraine as a "nationalist, political, counter-revolutionary organization" and instigated a staged "self-dissolution."{{sfn|Bociurkiw|1982}} However the Church was later allowed to reorganize in December 1930 under a pro-Soviet cosmopolitan leader of [[Ivan Pavlovsky]] yet purges of the Church reignited during the [[Great Purge]].{{sfn |Bociurkiw|1982}} Changes in cultural politics also occurred.

First soviet [[show trial]] in Ukraine in connection to the member of the [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party]] has taken place as early as 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Процес цк української партії соціалістів-революціонерів 1921 |trans-title=The trial of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries in 1921 |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Protses_TsK_1921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602095135/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Protses_TsK_1921 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=resource.history.org.ua}}</ref> Yet, the first show trial related to Ukraine in the period of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First five-year plan]] was a trial in 1928 in [[North Caucasus Krai]], known as [[Shakhty Trial]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ukrainian Institute of National Memory |author-link=Ukrainian Institute of National Memory |script-title=uk:1928 - почався суд по "шахтинській справі" |title=1928 - pochavsya sud po "shakhtynsʹkiy spravi" |trans-title=1928 - the trial of the "Shakhtyn case" began |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/traven/18/1928-pochavsya-sud-po-shahtynskiy-spravi |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=УІНП |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060857/https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/traven/18/1928-pochavsya-sud-po-shahtynskiy-spravi |archive-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> Prior to this in October 1925 Shakhty [[Okrug]] (previously part of [[Donets Governorate]]) was transferred from [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] to [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]]<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Постановление Президиума ЦИК СССР от 16.10.1925 «Об урегулировании границ Украинской Социалистической Советской Республики с Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республикой и Белорусской Социалистической Советской Республикой». |title=Postanovleniye Prezidiuma TSIK SSSR ot 16.10.1925 «Ob uregulirovanii granits Ukrainskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Sovetskoy Respubliki s Rossiyskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Federativnoy Sovetskoy Respublikoy i Belorusskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Sovetskoy Respublikoy». |language=ru |trans-title=Resolution of the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR of 16.10.1925 "On the settlement of the borders of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic with the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic and the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic". |url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=16497#OR9hWEUG66RY930K1 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> and thus the trial was held in Moscow.Yet, one of the central ones, was the [[Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process|"Union for the Freedom of Ukraine" Trial]] in which 45 intellectuals, higher education professors, writers, a theologian and a priest were publicly prosecuted in [[Kharkiv]], then capital of Soviet Ukraine. Fifteen of the accused were executed, and 248 with links to the defendants were sent to the camps. [[Ukrainian Youth Association]] was also considered a "sub-division" of the "Union for Freedom of Ukraine" and thus its members were also trialed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2017 |script-title=uk:"Монстр-процес": харківська справа "Спілки Визволення України" 1930 р. у громадсько-політичній думці Галичини |title="Monstr-protses": kharkivsʹka sprava "Spilky Vyzvolennya Ukrayiny" 1930 r. u hromadsʹko-politychniy dumtsi Halychyny |trans-title=The "Monster Trial": The Kharkiv Case of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine" in 1930 in the Public and Political Thought of Galicia |url=https://uamoderna.com/md/kravets-kharkiv-svu-1930/ |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Україна Модерна |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602141027/https://uamoderna.com/md/kravets-kharkiv-svu-1930/ |archive-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Other notable Ukrainian processes included "People's Revolutionary Socialist Party" trial in 1930 (it was claimed that this was an illegal armed insurgent organisation created in December 1929, which existed in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]] and [[Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union|Chechnya]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapoval |first=Yurii |script-title=uk:Народної революційної соціалістичної партії Справа |title=Narodnoyi revolyutsiynoyi sotsialistychnoyi partiyi Sprava |trans-title=Case of "People's Revolutionary Socialist Party" |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-71165 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Енциклопедія Сучасної України |date=12 December 2020 |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602075134/https://esu.com.ua/article-71165 |archive-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> and "Ukrainian National Center" trial in 1931 (another non-existent counter-revolutionary organisation).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prystajko |first1=Volodymyr I. |title=Mychajlo Hruševs'kyj: sprava "UNC" i ostanni roky (1931-1934) = Paralleltit. Mykhailo Hrushevsky |last2=Šapoval |first2=Jurij I. |date=1999 |publisher=Krytyka |isbn=978-966-7679-08-8 |location=Kyïv}}</ref> In [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]] at that time some other [[show trial]]s such as Industrial Party Trial (1930) and the [[1931 Menshevik Trial]] were held. The total number is not known,{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2001}}{{sfn|Leonavičius|Ozolinčiūtė|2019}} but tens of thousands{{efn|name=Werth, 2008.}} of people are estimated to have been arrested, exiled, and/or executed during and after the trial including 30,000{{sfn|Malko|2021|p=191}} intellectuals, writers, teachers, and scientists.

==== During the famine ====
The "Decree About the Protection of Socialist Property", nicknamed by the farmers the [[Law of Spikelets]], was enacted on 7 August 1932. The purpose of the law was to protect the property of the [[kolkhoz]] collective farms. It was nicknamed the Law of Spikelets because it allowed people to be prosecuted for [[gleaning]] leftover grain from the fields. There were more than 200,000 people sentenced under this law.{{sfn|Ellman|2007}}

[[Stalin]] wrote a letter to [[Lazar Kaganovich]] on 11 September 1932, shortly before Kaganovich and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] were appointed heads of special commissions to oversee the grain procurements in Ukraine and Kuban (a region populated primarily by ethnic Ukrainians at the time), in which Stalin urged Kaganovich to force Ukraine into absolute compliance:

{{Blockquote|The main thing is now Ukraine. Matters in Ukraine are now extremely bad. Bad from the standpoint of the Party line. They say that there are two oblasts of Ukraine (Kyiv and Dnipropetrovs'k, it seems) where almost 50 raikomy [district Party committees] have come out against the plan of grain procurements, considering them unrealistic. In other [[raikom]]y, they confirm, the matter is no better. What does this look like? This is no party, but a parliament, a caricature of a parliament. Instead of directing the districts, [[Stanislav Kosior|Kosior]] is always waffling between the directives of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CC VKP(b)]] and the demands of the district Party committees and waffled to the end. Lenin was right, when he said that a person who lacks the courage at the necessary moment to go against the current cannot be a real Bolshevik leader. Bad from the standpoint of the Soviet [state] line. [[Vlas Chubar|Chubar]] is no leader. Bad from the standpoint of the [[State Political Directorate|GPU]]. [[Stanislav Redens|Redens]] lacks the energy to direct the struggle with the counterrevolution in such a big and unique republic as Ukraine. If we do not now correct the situation in Ukraine, we could lose Ukraine. Consider that [[Józef Piłsudski|Piłsudski]] is not daydreaming, and his agents in Ukraine are much stronger than Redens or Kosior imagine. Also consider that within the Ukrainian Communist Party (500,000 members, ha, ha) there are not a few (yes, not a few!) rotten elements that are conscious or unconscious [[Symon Petliura|Petliura]] adherents and in the final analysis agents of Pilsudski. If the situation gets any worse, these elements won't hesitate to open a front within (and outside) the Party, against the Party. Worst of all, the Ukrainian leadership doesn't see these dangers.... Set yourself the task of turning Ukraine in the shortest possible time into a fortress of the USSR, into the most inalienable republic. Don't worry about money for this purpose.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7 |title=Is the Ukrainian Genocide a Myth? |first=James E. |last=Mace |author-link=James E. Mace |journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies |volume=376 |number=3 |date=Fall 2003 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1163/221023903X00378 |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325182725/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the 20 November decree "The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms";{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015}} blacklisting, synonymous with a board of infamy, was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the [[Soviet Union]], and especially Ukraine and the ethnically Ukrainian [[Kuban]] region in the 1930s. A blacklisted collective farm, village, or [[raion]] (district) had its monetary loans and grain advances called in, stores closed, grain supplies, livestock, and food confiscated as a penalty, and was cut off from trade. Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest, and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]] secret police.{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015}}

Although nominally targeting collective farms failing to meet grain quotas and independent farmers with outstanding tax-in-kind, in practice the punishment was applied to all residents of affected villages and raions, including teachers, tradespeople, and children.{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015}} In the end 37 out of 392 districts{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2013}} along with at least 400 collective farms where put on the "black board" in Ukraine, more than half of the blacklisted farms being in [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] alone.{{sfn|Papakin|2010}} Every single raion in Dnipropetrovsk had at least one blacklisted village, and in Vinnytsia oblast five entire raions were blacklisted.{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015}} This oblast is situated right in the middle of traditional lands of the [[Zaporizhian Cossacks]]. Cossack villages were also blacklisted in the Volga and Kuban regions of Russia.{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015}} Some blacklisted areas{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2013}} in [[Kharkiv]] could have death rates exceeding 40%{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2018}} while in other areas such as [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]] blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality.{{sfn|Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|2018}}

The [[passport system in the Soviet Union]] (identity cards) was introduced on 27 December 1932 to deal with the exodus of peasants from the countryside. Individuals not having such a document could not leave their homes on pain of administrative penalties, such as internment in [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]). On 22 January 1933, [[Joseph Stalin]] signed a secret decree restricting travel by peasants after requests for bread began in the Kuban and Ukraine. Soviet authorities blamed the exodus of peasants during the famine on anti-Soviet elements, saying that "like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power."{{efn|name=Martin 2001, pp. 306-307.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyrih |first=Ruslan I͡a. |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-518-419-5/978-966-518-419-5.pdf |script-title=uk:1932–1933 років в Ukraïni: Документи і матеріали |title=1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Dokumenty i materialy |publisher=[[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-966-518-419-5 |editor-last= |editor-first= |location=Kyiv |pages=609–10 |trans-title=Holodomor of 1932–33 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101194242/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-518-419-5/978-966-518-419-5.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

There was a wave of migration due to starvation and authorities responded by introducing a requirement that passports be used to go between republics and banning travel by rail.{{sfn|Tauger|1991}} During March 1933 [[State Political Directorate|GPU]] reported that 219,460 people were either intercepted and escorted back or arrested at its checkpoints meant to prevent movement of peasants between districts.{{sfn|Werth|1999|p=164}} It has been estimated that there were some 150,000 excess deaths as a result of this policy, and one historian asserts that these deaths constitute a [[crime against humanity]].{{sfn|Ellman|2007}} In contrast, historian [[Stephen Kotkin]] argues that the sealing of the Ukrainian borders caused by the internal passport system was in order to prevent the spread of famine-related diseases.{{sfn|Kotkin|2017}}

[[File:HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg|thumb|A "Red Train" of carts from the "Wave of Proletarian Revolution" collective farm in the village of Oleksiyivka, Kharkiv oblast in 1932. "Red Trains" took the first harvest of the season's crop to the government depots. During the Holodomor, these brigades were part of the Soviet Government's policy of taking away food from the peasants.]]

Between January and mid-April 1933, a factor contributing to a surge of deaths within certain regions of Ukraine during the period was the relentless search for alleged hidden grain by the confiscation of all food stuffs from certain households, which Stalin implicitly approved of through a telegram he sent on 1 January 1933 to the Ukrainian government reminding Ukrainian farmers of the severe penalties for not surrendering grain they may be hiding.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

On the other hand, considerable grain reserves were held back by the Soviet government. By 1 July 1933, around 1,141,000 tons of grain were kept in partially secret reserves which the government did not want to touch. Stephen Wheatcroft, Mark Tauger, and R.W. Davies conclude: "it seems certain that, if Stalin had risked lower levels of these reserves in spring and summer 1933, hundreds of thousands – perhaps millions – of lives could have been saved".{{sfn|Davies|Tauger|Wheatcroft|1995|pp=656–657}}

In order to make up for unfulfilled grain procurement quotas in Ukraine, reserves of grain were confiscated from three sources including, according to Oleh Wolowyna, "(a) grain set side for seed for the next harvest; (b) a grain fund for emergencies; (c) grain issued to collective farmers for previously completed work, which had to be returned if the collective farm did not fulfill its quota."{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

==== Near the end of and after the famine ====
In Ukraine, there was a widespread purge of Communist party officials at all levels. According to Oleh Wolowyna, 390 "anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary insurgent and chauvinist" groups were eliminated resulting in 37,797 arrests, that led to 719 executions, 8,003 people being sent to [[Gulag]] camps, and 2,728 being put into internal exile.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} 120,000 individuals in Ukraine were reviewed in the first 10 months of 1933 in a top-to-bottom purge of the Communist party resulting in 23% being eliminated as perceived class hostile elements.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} [[Pavel Postyshev]] was set in charge of placing people at the head of Machine-Tractor Stations in Ukraine which were responsible for purging elements deemed to be class hostile.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} The secretary of the Kharkiv Oblast referred to "bourgeois-nationalistic rabble" as "class enemies" even near the end of the famine.{{sfn|Kharkiv Oblast secretary |1933}} By the end of 1933, 60% of the heads of village councils and raion committees in Ukraine were replaced with an additional 40,000 lower-tier workers being purged.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}}

[[Bandura]] is a traditional Ukrainian musical instrument, whereas [[bandurist]]s were the carriers of traditional songs and folklore. One of the communist newspapers in 1930 already stated that "being in love with nationalist romance is not a communist thing" and in December 1933 during the All-Ukrainian Union of Art Workers, the [[bandura]] and [[kobza]] were declared class-enemy instruments,<ref>{{Cite web |title="Класово ворожа" бандура: пам'яті розстріляних кобзарів |trans-title=The "Class-Hostile" Bandura: In Memory of Executed Kobzars |url=https://umoloda.kyiv.ua/number/3248/196/118497/fb |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=umoloda.kyiv.ua |language=uk}}</ref> which lead to the beginning of the repressions against the musicians playing them.

Despite the crisis, the Soviet government refused to ask for foreign aid for the famine and persistently denied the famine's existence.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=441}} What aid was given was selectively distributed to preserve the collective farm system. Grain producing oblasts in Ukraine such as [[Dnipropetrovsk]] were given more aid at an earlier time than more severely affected regions like [[Kharkiv]] which produced less grain.{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} [[Joseph Stalin]] had quoted [[Vladimir Lenin]] during the famine declaring: "[[He who does not work, neither shall he eat]]."{{sfn|Ellman|2007}}

This perspective is argued by [[Michael Ellman]] to have influenced official policy during the famine, with those deemed to be idlers being disfavored in aid distribution as compared to those deemed "conscientiously working collective farmers".{{sfn|Ellman|2007}} In this vein, Olga Andriewsky states that Soviet archives indicate that the most productive workers were prioritized for receiving food aid.{{efn|name=Andriewsky 2015, p. 17}}

Food rationing in Ukraine was determined by city categories (where one lived, with capitals and industrial centers being given preferential distribution), occupational categories (with industrial and railroad workers being prioritized over blue collar workers and intelligentsia), status in the family unit (with employed persons being entitled to higher rations than dependents and the elderly), and type of workplace in relation to industrialization (with those who worked in industrial endeavors near steel mills being preferred in distribution over those who worked in rural areas or in food).{{sfn|Malko|2021|pp=152–153}}  According to  [[James Abbe]], who visited Ukraine at that time, while the Soviet government insisted on him as well as other foreigners to sign an affidavit stating that "they had seen no forced labor in the Ukraine",<ref>{{Cite book |last=James E. Abbe |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89358 |title=I Photograph Russia |date=1934 |pages=304}}</ref> "only the actual industrial workers had received enough to eat and even their families had suffered".<ref>{{Cite book |last=James E. Abbe |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89358 |title=I Photograph Russia |date=1934 |pages=106}}</ref> Describing the coal mines he visited in Donetsk region, [[James Abbe]] mentions: "The next day we went into the question of forced labor. Of course, the armed soldiers situated in the mine shafts, power houses and tipples had bayonets fastened to their rifles and revolvers strapped to their belts; but they were doubtless guarding the property — though the superintendent failed to tell us what they were guarding the mines against. Anyhow, the system of issuing and revoking food cards is far more sinister and effective than bayonets".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbe |first=James E. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89358 |title=I Photograph Russia |date=1934 |pages=314}}</ref>

There was also migration in to Ukraine as a response to the famine: in response to the demographic collapse, the Soviet authorities ordered large-scale resettlements, with over 117,000 peasants from remote regions of the Soviet Union taking over the deserted farms.{{sfn|Kuśnierz|2013}}{{sfn|Kuśnierz|2018}} Areas depopulated by the famine were resettled by Russians in the [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], Donetsk and [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] oblasts, but not as much so in central Ukraine. In some areas where depopulation was due to migration rather than mortality, Ukrainians returned to their places of residence to find their homes occupied by Russians, leading to widespread fights between Ukrainian farmers and Russian settlers. Such clashes caused around one million Russian settlers to be returned home.{{sfn|Nalyvayko|Bulanenko|2016}}

=== Torgsin system ===
[[Torgsin]] networks appeared in 1931.They were selling goods for foreign currency or exchanging them for precious metals. Originally only exclusively for foreigners, but later soviet citizens were also allowed to exchange the goods. During Holodomor people brought family heritage - crosses, earrings, wedding rings to Torgsins and exchanged it for special stamps, for which they could obtain basic goods - mostly flour, cereals or sugar. Torgsins operated at highly speculative prices and were known for long queues. With that mechanism authorities were able to extort from the population whatever could have been hidden during the confiscations. Many families survived, in particular thanks to Torgsin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The book "Gold - the state! Torgsin in Soviet Ukraine, 1931–1936» – Чернігівський історичний музей ім. VV. Tarnovsky |url=https://choim.org/%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b3%d0%b0-%d0%b7%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%82%d0%be-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b6%d0%b0%d0%b2%d1%96-%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b3%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd-%d1%83-%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b4/?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the network was also a cause of a psychological trauma,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Holodomor and Torgsin System. Totally Secret |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/film/holodomor-ta-systema-torhsin-tsilkom-taiemno-2/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |language=en}}</ref> since people had to give up on family valuables and relics that had not only material, but also spiritual value. During the Holodomor, the network of torgsins expanded considerably—by the end of 1933, there were already about 300 such shops in Soviet Ukraine.<ref name=":0" /> In 1933, the population brought 45 tons of pure gold to torgsins. The network existed until 1936.

=== Cannibalism ===
Evidence of widespread [[human cannibalism|cannibalism]] was documented during the Holodomor:{{sfn|Margolis|2003}}{{sfn|Sokur|2008}}
<blockquote>Survival was a moral as well as a physical struggle. A woman doctor wrote to a friend in June 1933 that she had not yet become a cannibal, but was "not sure that I shall not be one by the time my letter reaches you." The good people died first. Those who refused to steal or to [[Prostitution|prostitute]] themselves died. Those who gave food to others died. Those who refused to eat [[cadaver|corpses]] died. Those who refused to kill their fellow man died. Parents who resisted cannibalism died before their children did.... At least 2,505 people were sentenced for cannibalism in the years 1932 and 1933 in Ukraine, though the actual number of cases was certainly much higher.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=50–51}}</blockquote>

Most cases of cannibalism were "necrophagy, the consumption of corpses of people who had died of starvation". But the murder of children for food was common as well. Many survivors told of neighbors who had killed and eaten their own children. One woman, asked why she had done this, "answered that her children would not survive anyway, but this way she would". She was arrested by the police. The police also documented cases of children being kidnapped, killed, and eaten, and "stories of children being hunted down as food" circulated in many areas.{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|loc=chapter 11}} When nearly all grain and all kinds of animal meat had been exhausted, "a black market arose in human flesh" and it "may even have entered the official economy." The police kept a close eye on butcher shops and slaughterhouses, trying to prevent them from bringing human flesh into circulation.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=51}} The Italian consul, Sergio Gradenigo, nevertheless reported from Kharkiv that the "trade of human meat becomes more active."<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Applebaum|2017|loc=chapter 11}}.</ref>

In March 1933, the [[Joint State Political Directorate|secret police]] in [[Kyiv Oblast|Kyiv province]] collected "ten or more reports of cannibalism every day" but concluded that "in reality there are many more such incidents", most of which went unreported. Those found guilty of cannibalism were often "imprisoned, executed, or lynched". But while the authorities were well informed about the extent of cannibalism, they also tried to suppress this information from becoming widely known, the chief of the secret police warning "that written notes on the subject do not circulate among the officials where they might cause rumours".{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|loc=chapter 11}}
And the information secretly collected failed to spur the Soviet government into action. Various reports of the horrors of the famine, including the cannibalism, were sent to Moscow, where they were apparently shelved and ignored.{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|loc=chapter 11}}

=== Ukrainians in other republics ===
Ukrainians in other parts of the Soviet Union also experienced famine and repressive policies. Rural districts with Ukrainian populations in parts of the Soviet Union outside of Ukraine had higher mortality rates in Russia and Belarus than other districts, this discrepancy did not however apply to urban Ukrainians in these areas.{{sfn|Meier|2022}} This is sometimes viewed as being connected to the Holodomor in Ukraine.<ref>Naimark, Norman M. (2010). Stalin's Genocides. Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity. Vol. 12. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14784-0 p. 70</ref>

==== Kuban and the North Caucasus of Russia ====
In 1932–1933, the policies of forced collectivization of the Ukrainian population of the Soviet Union, which caused a devastating famine that greatly affected the Ukrainian population of the Kuban. The number of documented victims of famine in Kuban was at least 62,000. According to other historians, the real death toll is many times higher.{{sfn|Osadchenko|Rudneva|2012}} Brain Boeck thinks the figure more in the "hundreds of thousands".<ref name="boeckbrian"/> One source estimate that during the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]] Krasnodar lost over 14% of its population.{{sfn|Leonavičius|Ozolinčiūtė|2019}}{{sfn|Wolowyna|2021}} Purges were also extensive in the region. 358 of 716 party secretaries in Kuban were removed, along with 43% of the 25,000 party members there; in total, 40% of the 115,000 to 120,000 rural party members in the North Caucasus were removed.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=178}} Party officials associated with [[Ukrainization]] were targeted, as the national policy was viewed to be connected with the failure of grain procurement by Soviet authorities.{{efn|name=Davies 2004, p. 190}} In this vein the Kuban corresponding to the famine had a reversal of the previously attempted policy of Ukrainisation. Prior to the reversal of Ukrainianization, the policy was failing in the Kuban with most local districts not completing it partially due to opposition by local Cossack nationalists and Russian chauvinists in the Kuban including by sabotage despite punitive threats from the state to complete the process made in May 1932.<ref name="boeckbrian"/>

The large Cossack stanitsa Poltavskaia sabotaged and resisted collectivization more than any other area in the Kuban which was perceived by [[Lazar Kaganovich]] to be connected to Ukrainian nationalist and Cossack conspiracy.<ref name="boeckbrian"/> Kaganovich relentlessly pursued the policy of requisition of grain in Poltavskaia and the rest of the Kuban and personally oversaw the purging of local leaders and Cossacks. Kaganovich viewed the resistance of Poltavskaia through Ukrainian lens delivering oration in a mixed Ukrainian language. To justify this Kaganovich cited a letter allegedly written by a stanitsa ataman named Grigorii Omel'chenko advocating Cossack separatism and local reports of resistance to collectivization in association with this figure to substantiate this suspicion of the area.<ref name="boeckbrian"/> However Kaganocvich did not reveal in speeches throughout the region that many of those targeted by persecution in Poltavskaia had their family members and friends deported or shot including in years before the supposed Omel'chenko crisis even started. Ultimately due to being perceived as the most rebellious area almost all (or 12,000) members of the Poltavskaia stantisa were deported to the north.<ref name="boeckbrian"/> This coincided with and was a part of a wider deportation of 46,000 [[cossacks]] from Kuban.<ref name="cossackspunished">{{cite magazine |title=Russia: Cossacks Punished |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,745027,00.html |access-date=22 October 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 January 1933|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528070739/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,745027,00.html |archive-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> According to the Holodomor Museum, 300,000 people were deported from the North Caucasus between 1930 and 1933, two thirds of them from the Kuban region.<ref>{{cite web |title=What was Stanytsia Poltavska punished for? |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news-museji/what-was-stanytsia-poltavska-punished-for/ |website=Holodomor Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104074837/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news-museji/what-was-stanytsia-poltavska-punished-for/ |archive-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

Likely in connection to the affairs in Poltavskaia, Ukrainization was officially reversed in a decree on 26 December 1932; as stated in this decree, there was a two-week deadline to transfer all publishing and paperwork in the region to Russian, and the Ukrainian language was effectively banned in Kuban until 1991.<ref name="boeckbrian"/> A representative of the Ukrainian state publishing house claimed 1,500 Ukrainian teachers in the Kuban were either deported or killed though this number has not been verified.<ref name="boeckbrian"/> The professional Ukrainian theatre in Krasnodar was closed. All Ukrainian toponyms in the Kuban, which reflected the areas from which the first Ukrainians settlers had moved, were changed.{{sfn|Ellman|2007}} The names of [[Stanytsia]]s such as the rural town of Kyiv, in Krasnodar, was changed to "Krasnoartilyevskaya", and Uman to "Leningrad", and [[Poltavskaya (rural locality)|Poltavskaia]] to "Krasnoarmieiskaya". Russification, the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and other tactics used by the Union government led to a catastrophic fall in the population that self-identified as being Ukrainian in the Kuban. Official Soviet Union statistics of 1959 state that Ukrainians made up 4% of the population, in 1989 – 3%. The self-identified Ukrainian population of Kuban decreased from 915,000 in 1926, to 150,000 in 1939.{{sfn|Ellman|2007}}

====Kazakhstan====
Ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan were significantly affected by the [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933]] in addition to the Kazakhs. Ukrainians in Kazakhstan had the second highest proportional death rate after the Kazakhs themselves. Between the 1926 and 1937 censuses, Ukrainian population in Kazakhstan decreased by 36% from 859,396 to 549,859&nbsp;– mainly from famine and epidemics but also including emigration&nbsp;– while Uzbeks, Uighurs, and other ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan each lost between 12% and 30% of their populations.{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}}

=== Aftermath and immediate reception ===
[[File:Famine in Ukraine.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A print from a postcard designed by Zofia Nalepińska-Bojczuk, referring to the Holodomor, 1935]]
Despite attempts by the Soviet authorities to hide the scale of the disaster, it became known abroad thanks to the publications of journalists [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]], [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], [[Ewald Ammende]], and [[Rhea Clyman]], and photographs made by engineer [[Alexander Wienerberger]] and others. To support their [[Denial of the Holodomor|denial of the famine]], the Soviets hosted prominent Westerners such as [[George Bernard Shaw]], French ex-prime minister [[Édouard Herriot]], and others at [[Potemkin village]]s, who then made statements that they had not seen hunger.{{sfn|Loroff|Vincent|Kuryliw|2015}}{{sfn|Shaw|Wells|Keynes|Stalin|1934}}{{sfn|Thevenin|2005|p=8}}

During the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|German occupation of Ukraine]], the occupation authorities allowed the publication of articles in local newspapers about Holodomor and other communist crimes, but they also did not want to pay too much attention to this issue in order to avoid stirring national sentiment.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In 1942, [[Stepan Sosnovy]], an [[Agronomy|agronomist]] in [[Kharkiv]], published a comprehensive statistical research on the number of Holodomor casualties, based on documents from Soviet archives.{{sfn|Sosnovy|1953|p=222}}

In the [[post-war]] period, the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] disseminated information about the Holodomor in Europe and North America. At first, the public attitude was rather cautious, as the information came from people who had lived in the occupied territories, but it gradually changed in the 1950s. Scientific study of the Holodomor, based on the growing number of memoirs published by survivors, began in the 1950s.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

=== Death toll ===
{{see also|Soviet Census (1937)}}
[[File:Ukraine famine map.png|thumb|350px|A map of the depopulation of Ukraine and southern Russia from 1929 to 1933, with territories that were not part of the Soviet state during the famine in white]]
The Soviet Union long denied that the famine had taken place. The [[NKVD]] (and later [[KGB]]) controlled the archives for the Holodomor period and made relevant records available very slowly. The exact number of the victims remains unknown and is probably impossible to estimate even within a margin of error of a hundred thousand.{{sfn|Soldatenko|2003}} However, by the end of 1933, millions of people had starved to death or otherwise died unnaturally in the Soviet republics. In 2001, based on a range of official demographic data, historian [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]] noted that official death statistics for this period were systematically repressed and showed that many deaths were un-registered.{{sfn|Uytkroft|2001|p=885}}

Estimates vary in their coverage, with some using the 1933 Ukraine borders, some of the current borders, and some counting ethnic Ukrainians. Some [[Extrapolation|extrapolate]] on the basis of deaths in a given area, while others use archival data. Some historians question the accuracy of Soviet censuses, as they may reflect [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]].{{sfn|Berezhkov|1993}}{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}}

Other estimates come from recorded discussions between world leaders. In an August 1942 conversation, Stalin gave [[Winston Churchill]] his estimates of the number of "[[kulak]]s" who were repressed for resisting [[collectivisation]] as 10 million, in all of the Soviet Union, rather than only in Ukraine. When using this number, Stalin implied that it included not only those who lost their lives but also those who were forcibly deported.{{sfn|Berezhkov|1993|p=317}}{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}}

There are variations in opinion as to whether deaths in [[Gulag|Gulag labour camps]] should be counted or only those who starved to death at home. Estimates before archival opening varied widely such as: 2.5&nbsp;million ([[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]);{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}} 4.8&nbsp;million (Vasyl Hryshko);{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}} and 5&nbsp;million ([[Robert Conquest]]).{{sfn|Conquest|2002}}

In the 1980s, dissident demographer and historian Alexander P. Babyonyshev (writing as Sergei Maksudov) estimated officially non-accounted [[child mortality]] in 1933 at 150,000,{{sfn|Maksudov|1981}} leading to a calculation that the number of births for 1933 should be increased from 471,000 to 621,000 (down from 1,184,000 in 1927).{{Verify source|date=April 2021}} Given the decreasing birth rates and assuming the natural mortality rates in 1933 to be equal to the average annual mortality rate in 1927–1930 (524,000 per year), a natural population growth for 1933 would have been 97,000 (as opposed to the recorded decrease of 1,379,000). This was five times less than the growth in the previous three years (1927–1930). Straight-line extrapolation of population (continuation of the previous net change) between census takings in 1927 and 1936 would have been +4.043 million, which compares to a recorded −538,000 change. Overall change in birth and death amounts to 4.581 million fewer people but whether through factors of choice, disease or starvation will never be fully known.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In the 2000s, there were debates among historians and in civil society about the number of deaths as Soviet files were released and tension built between Russia and the Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. Yushchenko and other Ukrainian politicians described fatalities as in the region of seven to ten million.{{sfn|Fawkes|2006}}{{sfn|Sheeter|2007}}{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2003}}{{sfn| Yushchenko|2007}} Yushchenko stated in a speech to the [[United States Congress]] that the Holodomor "took away 20 million lives of Ukrainians,".{{sfn|Yushchenko|2005}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Record House Articles |website=Congress.gov |date=6 April 2005 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2005/4/6/house-section/article/H1784-3 |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423151238/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2005/4/6/house-section/article/H1784-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]] issued a public statement giving the death toll at about 10 million.{{sfn|Kyiv Post|2010}}{{sfn|O'Neil|2010}}{{sfn|Snyder|2009}}

Some Ukrainian and Western historians use similar figures. [[David R. Marples]] gave a figure of 7.5 million in 2007.{{sfn|Marples|2007|p=50}} During an international conference held in Ukraine in 2016, ''Holodomor 1932–1933 loss of the Ukrainian nation'', at the National [[University of Kyiv]] [[Taras Shevchenko]], it was claimed that during the Holodomor 7 million Ukrainians were killed, and in total, 10 million people died of starvation across the USSR.{{sfn|Shevchenko University news|2016}}

However, the use of the 7 to 20 million figures has been criticized by historians [[Timothy D. Snyder]] and [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]]. Snyder wrote: "President Viktor Yushchenko does his country a grave disservice by claiming ten million deaths, thus exaggerating the number of Ukrainians killed by a factor of three; but it is true that the famine in Ukraine of 1932–1933 was a result of purposeful political decisions, and killed about three million people."{{sfn|Snyder|2009}} In an email to [[Postmedia News]], Wheatcroft wrote: "I find it regrettable that Stephen Harper and other leading Western politicians are continuing to use such exaggerated figures for Ukrainian famine mortality" and "[t]here is absolutely no basis for accepting a figure of 10 million Ukrainians dying as a result of the famine of 1932–1933."{{sfn|Kyiv Post|2010}}{{sfn|O'Neil|2010}}{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2000}} In 2001, Wheatcroft had calculated total population loss (including [[stillbirth]]) across the Union at 10 million and possibly up to 15 million between 1931 and 1934, including 2.8 million (and possibly up to 4.8 million excess deaths) and 3.7 million (up to 6.7 million) population losses including birth losses in Ukraine.{{sfn|Uytkroft|2001|p=885}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:1em auto 1em 2em; text-align:right;"
|+ Declassified Soviet statistics<br /> (in thousands){{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}}
!width=25%|Year || Births || Deaths || Natural<br /> change
|-
|align=center |1927 || 1,184 || 523 || 661
|-
|align=center |1928 || 1,139 || 496 || 643
|-
|align=center |1929 || 1,081 || 539 || 542
|-
|align=center |1930 || 1,023 || 536 || 487
|-
|align=center |1931 ||   975 || 515 || 460
|-
|align=center |1932 ||   782 || 668 || 114
|-
|align=center |'''1933''' || '''471''' || '''1,850''' || '''−1,379'''
|-
|align=center |1934 ||   571 || 483 || 88
|-
|align=center |1935 ||   759 || 342 || 417
|-
|align=center |1936 ||   895 || 361 || 534
|}

In 2002, Ukrainian historian {{Ill|Stanislav Kulchytsky|qid=Q4246777|short=y}}, using demographic data including those recently unclassified, narrowed the losses to about 3.2 million or, allowing for the lack of precise data, 3 million to 3.5 million.{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}}{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2004}}{{sfn|Kulchytsky|Yefimenko|2003|pp=42–63}} The number of recorded excess deaths extracted from the birth/death statistics from Soviet archives is contradictory. The data fail to add up to the differences between the results of the 1926 Census and the [[Soviet Census (1937)|1937 Census]].{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}} Kulchytsky summarized the declassified Soviet statistics as showing a decrease of 538,000 people in the population of Soviet Ukraine between 1926 census (28,926,000) and 1937 census (28,388,000).{{sfn|Kulchytsky|2002}}

Historians estimate a quarter of the death toll was from children and extrapolate a further 600,000 lost births.{{efn|Lost births are additional births that would hypothetically have taken place had there been no famine.}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rudnytskyi |first1=Omelian |last2=Levchuk |first2=Nataliia |last3=Wolowyna |first3=Oleh |last4=Shevchuk |first4=Pavlo |last5=Kovbasiuk (Savchuk) |first5=Alla |date=2 April 2015 |title=Demography of a man-made human catastrophe: The case of massive famine in Ukraine 1932-1933 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/csp/index.php/csp/article/view/21772 |journal=Canadian Studies in Population  |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1–2 |pages=53–80 |doi=10.25336/P6FC7G |issn=1927-629X |doi-access=free |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901073458/https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/csp/index.php/csp/article/view/21772 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Similarly, Wheatcroft's work from Soviet archives showed that excess deaths in Ukraine in 1932–1933 numbered a minimum of 1.8 million (2.7 including birth losses): "Depending upon the estimations made concerning unregistered mortality and natality, these figures could be increased to a level of 2.8 million to a maximum of 4.8 million excess deaths and to 3.7 million to a maximum of 6.7 million population losses (including birth losses)".{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2001}}

[[File:Alexander Wienerberger Holodomor18.jpg|thumb|Starvation during the Holodomor, [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkivshchyna]], 1933. Photo by [[Alexander Wienerberger]]]]
[[File:HolodomorUcrania9.jpg|thumb|Passers-by and the corpse of a starved man on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1932]]
A 2002 study by French demographer Jacques Vallin and colleagues{{Sfn|Vallin|Meslé|Adamets|Pyrozhkov|2002}}{{sfn|Meslé|Pison|Vallin|2005|loc="What is striking in the long-term picture of Ukrainian life expectancy is the devastating impact of the calamities of the 1930s and 1940s. In 1933, the famine which had occasioned unparalleled excess mortality of 2.2 million, cut the period life expectancy to a low of under 10 years"}}{{sfn|Meslé |Vallin|2003}} utilising some similar primary sources to Kulchytsky, and performing an analysis with more sophisticated demographic tools with forward projection of expected growth from the 1926 census and backward projection from the 1939 census estimates the number of direct deaths for 1933 as 2.582 million. This number of deaths does not reflect the total demographic loss for Ukraine from these events as the fall of the birth rate during the crisis and the out-migration contribute to the latter as well. The total population shortfall from the expected value between 1926 and 1939 estimated by Vallin amounted to 4.566 million.{{sfn|Vallin|Meslé|Adamets|Pyrozhkov|2002}}{{sfn|Rudnytskyi et al. 2015}}

Of this number, 1.057 million is attributed to the birth deficit, 930,000 to forced out-migration, and 2.582 million to the combination of excess mortality and voluntary out-migration. With the latter assumed to be negligible, this estimate gives the number of deaths as the result of the 1933 famine about 2.2 million. According to demographic studies, [[life expectancy]], which had been in the high forties to low fifties, fell sharply for those born in 1932 to 28 years, and for 1933 fell further to the extremely low 10.8 years for females and 7.3 years for males. It remained abnormally low for 1934 but, as commonly expected for the post-crisis period peaked in 1935–36.{{sfn|Vallin|Meslé|Adamets|Pyrozhkov|2002}}{{sfn|Rudnytskyi et al. 2015}}

According to Snyder in 2010, the recorded figure of excess deaths was 2.4 million. However, Snyder claims that this figure is "substantially low" due to many deaths going unrecorded. Snyder states that demographic calculations carried out by the Ukrainian government provide a figure of 3.89 million dead, and opined that the actual figure is likely between these two figures, approximately 3.3 million deaths to starvation and disease related to the starvation in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. Snyder also estimates that of the million people who died in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] from famine at the same time, approximately 200,000 were ethnic Ukrainians due to Ukrainian-inhabited regions being particularly hard hit in Russia.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=42–46}}

Russian historian [[Aleksandr Shubin (historian)|Aleksandr Shubin]] and Kulchytsky believe that figures recorded by Soviet censuses are reliable, and that the figure of unrecorded deaths is not substantial. Shubin writes that for 10 years only around 300 000 deaths could go unrecorded in the whole Soviet Union, and estimates the number of direct deaths as between 1 and 2 millions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Шубин|first1= А. В.|author-link1=Aleksandr Shubin (historian)|chapter = Украина в XX веке (до 1945 г.)|title = История Украины|language  = ru|publisher  = Алетейя|year = 2018| isbn = 978-5-9906154-0-3}}</ref>

As a child, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], born into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family, experienced the famine in [[Stavropol Krai]], Russia. He recalled in a memoir that "In that terrible year [in 1933] nearly half the population of my native village, [[Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai|Privolnoye]], starved to death, including two sisters and one brother of my father."{{sfn|Gorbachev|2006}}

Wheatcroft and [[R. W. Davies]] concluded that disease was the cause of a large number of deaths: in 1932–1933, there were 1.2 million cases of typhus and 500,000 cases of [[typhoid fever]]. Malnourishment increases fatality rates from many diseases, and are not counted by some historians.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=429}} From 1932 to 1934, the largest rate of increase was recorded for typhus, commonly spread by [[louse|lice]]. In conditions of harvest failure and increased poverty, lice are likely to increase.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=512}}

Gathering numerous refugees at railway stations, on trains and elsewhere facilitates the spread. In 1933, the number of recorded cases was 20 times the 1929 level. The number of cases per head of population recorded in Ukraine in 1933 was already considerably higher than in the USSR as a whole. By June 1933, the incidence in Ukraine had increased to nearly 10 times the January level, and it was much higher than in the rest of the USSR.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|p=512}}

Estimates of the human losses due to famine must account for the numbers involved in migration (including [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced resettlement]]). According to Soviet statistics, the migration balance for the population in Ukraine for 1927–1936 period was a loss of 1.343 million people. Even when the data were collected, the Soviet statistical institutions acknowledged that the precision was less than for the data of the natural population change. The total number of deaths in Ukraine due to unnatural causes for the given ten years was 3.238 million. Accounting for the lack of precision, estimates of the human toll range from 2.2 million to 3.5 million deaths.{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2018|p=466}}

According to Babyonyshev's 1981 estimate,{{sfn|Maksudov|1981}} about 81.3% of the famine victims in the Ukrainian SSR were ethnic Ukrainians, 4.5% [[Russians]], 1.4% [[Jews]] and 1.1% were [[Polish people|Poles]]. Many [[Belarusians]], [[Volga Germans]] and other nationalities were victims as well. The Ukrainian rural population was the hardest hit by the Holodomor. Since the peasantry constituted a demographic backbone of the Ukrainian nation,{{sfn|Potocki|2003}} the tragedy deeply affected the Ukrainians for many years. In an October 2013 opinion poll (in Ukraine) 38.7% of those polled stated "my families had people affected by the famine", 39.2% stated they did not have such relatives, and 22.1% did not know.{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2013}}

== Genocide question ==
{{main|Holodomor genocide question}}
[[File:Holodomor-Chicago.jpg|thumb|''[[Chicago's American|Chicago American]]''{{'}}s front page]]
Scholars continue to debate whether the human-made Soviet famine was a central act in a campaign of [[genocide]],<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4s1lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 xiv]}}; {{harvnb|Tauger|2001|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Getty|2000}}; {{harvnb|Suny|2017|pages=94–95}}</ref> or a tragic byproduct of rapid [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|Soviet industrialization]] and the collectivization of agriculture.<ref>{{harvnb|Bilinsky|1999}};{{pn|date=June 2025}} {{harvnb|Kulchytsky2007- Evidential Gaps}};{{pn|date=June 2025}} {{harvnb|Fawkes|2006}};{{harvnb|Marples|2005}}</ref> Whether the Holodomor is a genocide is [[Holodomor in modern politics|a significant and contentious issue in modern politics]]. A number of governments, such as Canada, have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide. The decision was criticized by [[David R. Marples]], who claimed that states who recognize the Holodomor as a genocide are motivated by emotion, or on pressure by local and international groups rather than hard evidence.{{sfn|Marples|2009}} In contrast, some sources argue that Russian influence and unwillingness to worsen relations with Russia would prevent or stall the recognition of Holodomor as a genocide in certain regions (for example, Germany).{{sfn|Yanchenko|2022}}

Scholarly positions are diverse. [[Raphael Lemkin]] (a pioneer of genocide studies who coined the term ''genocide'', and an initiator of the [[Genocide Convention]]), called the famine an intentional genocide.{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015|p=35}} [[James Mace]] and [[Norman Naimark]] have written that the Holodomor was a genocide and the intentional result of Soviet policies under Stalin.<ref>{{harvnb|Lemkin|2008}}; {{harvnb|Mace|1986|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Naimark|2010|pp=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Naimark |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Naimark |date=2023 |chapter=Genocide in Stalinist Russia and Ukraine, 1930–1938 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLbHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |editor-last1=Kiernan |editor-first1=Ben |editor-link1=Ben Kiernan |editor-last2=Lower |editor-first2=Wendy |editor-link2=Wendy Lower |editor-last3=Naimark |editor-first3=Norman |editor-last4=Straus |editor-first4=Scott |editor-link4=Scott Straus |title=Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020 |series=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-48707-8 |doi=10.1017/9781108767118.008 |pages=183–184}}</ref> According to Lemkin, Ukraine was "perhaps the classic example of Soviet genocide, its longest and broadest experiment in [[Russification]]&nbsp;– the destruction of the Ukrainian nation". Lemkin stated that, because Ukrainians were very sensitive to the racial murder of its people and way too populous, the Soviet regime could not follow a pattern of total extermination (as in the [[Holocaust]]). Instead the genocidal effort consisted of four steps: 1) extermination of the Ukrainian national elite, 2) liquidation of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], 3) extermination of a significant part of the Ukrainian peasantry as "custodians of traditions, folklore and music, national language and literature", and 4) populating the territory with other nationalities with intent of mixing Ukrainians with them, which would eventually lead to the dissolution of the Ukrainian nation.{{sfn|Lemkin|2010}}{{sfn|Lemkin|2008}} 
Because of these four factors, Lemkin considered the Holodomor an attempt to destroy the whole Ukrainian nation, not just the Ukrainian peasantry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Serbyn |first1=Roman |title=Role of Lemkin |url=https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/ |website=HREC Education |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530164956/https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The "rediscovery" of his 1953 address about the Holodomor has influenced Holodomor scholars, especially his view of genocide as a complex process targeting institutions, culture, and economic existence of a group and not necessarily meaning its "immediate destruction".{{sfn|Andriewsky|2015|p=35}}

Stanislav Kulchytsky, who recognizes Holodomor as genocide, believes that historians should approach the study of the famine with realization that in the Soviet socialist construction "appearance belied reality", and that the real intentions of some ideas and policies would not be put on paper. He nevertheless believes that there is enough evidence that proves that Stalin felt hostility and distrust towards Ukrainians and wanted to suppress any potential disobedience from their side. Kulchytsky bases his claims among other things on Stalin's telegrams and letters sent to the highest-ranked officials shortly before and during the time when most lethal policies were applied and executed in Ukraine and Kuban. He believes that while the famine started rather as a result of collectivization, near the end of 1932 it was turned into an instrument of intentional starvation of millions of Ukrainians to death.<ref>{{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2008}}; {{harvnb|Kulchytsky|2017}}; {{harvp|Kulchytsky|2020}}; {{harvp|Zaxid|2020}}</ref>

[[Timothy Snyder]] states that, in his opinion, Holodomor meets the criteria of the [[Genocide convention]]. He does, however, refrain from using the term and prefers the term "mass killing" instead, arguing that the public misinterprets the term ''genocide'' as an intention to murder every member of the national or ethnic group, something that the [[Armenian genocide]] and [[Holocaust]] are closer to than any other cases, including the Holodomor.<ref name=proftim>{{cite speech |first1=Timothy |last1=Snyder |author-link1=Timothy D. Snyder |title=The Politics of Mass Killing: Past and Present |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0VBnTM61x0 |event=15th Annual Arsham and Charlotte Ohanessian Lecture and Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Symposium Keynote Address |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] College of Liberal Arts |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713001129/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0VBnTM61x0 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|1:30:50}}

Other historians such as [[Michael Ellman]] consider the Holodomor a [[crime against humanity]], but do not classify it as a genocide.{{sfn|Ellman|2007|pp=81–682, 686}} Economist [[Steven Rosefielde]] and historian [[Robert Conquest]] consider the death toll to be primarily due to state policy, and poor harvests.{{sfn|Rosefielde|1983}} Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Conquest was granted access to the Soviet state archives alongside other western academics.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2015}} In 2004, Wheatcroft published a private correspondence that he had with Conquest. In the exchange, Conquest wrote that he is now of the opinion that the Holodomor was not purposefully inflicted by Stalin but "''What I argue is that with resulting famine imminent, he could have prevented it, but put "Soviet interest" other than feeding the starving first – thus consciously abetting it''".{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004}} In an interview recorded in 2006 Conquest stated the Holodomor should be recognized as an attack on the Ukrainian people and discussed problems with the use of the term ''genocide''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalupa |first=Irena |date=8 December 2008 |title=On 'Genocide' And Famine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/RFERL_Interview_Robert_Conquest_Genocide_Famine/1357449.html |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193039/https://www.rferl.org/a/RFERL_Interview_Robert_Conquest_Genocide_Famine/1357449.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[R. W. Davies|Robert Davies]], [[Stephen Kotkin]], [[Stephen Wheatcroft]] and [[J. Arch Getty]] reject the notion that Stalin intentionally wanted to kill Ukrainians, but conclude that Stalinist policies and widespread incompetence among government officials set the stage for famine in Ukraine and other Soviet republics.{{sfn|Getty|2000}}{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2002|p=69 et seq.}}{{sfn|Kotkin|2017}} [[Anne Applebaum]] believes that the famine was planned to undermine Ukrainian identity but discusses how shifts in understanding of the term ''genocide'' mean that it is more difficult to apply now that it was when the term was initially conceived. Another argument she puts forward is that the question of genocide is not as important as it once was because it was a proxy debate about Ukraine and Ukrainians' right to exist, a right which no longer needs historic justification.{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|pp=347–356}}

== Soviet and Western denial and downplay ==
{{main|Denial of the Holodomor}}
[[File:6 aug top daily express Holodomor Genocide.jpg|thumb|''[[Daily Express]]'', 6 August 1934]]
Scholars consider Holodomor denial to be the assertion that the 1932–1933 famine in [[Soviet Ukraine]] did not occur.{{sfn|Radzinsky|1996|pp=256–59}}{{sfn|Conquest|2001|p=96}} Denying the existence of the famine was the Soviet state's position and reflected in both [[Soviet propaganda]] and the work of some Western journalists and intellectuals including [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Walter Duranty]], and [[Louis Fischer]].<ref>{{harvnb|Radzinsky|1996|pp=256–59}}; {{harvnb|Pipes|1995|pp=232–36}}; {{harvnb|Ukrainian Weekly|2002}}; {{harvnb|Mace|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&dq=%22after+over+half+a+century+of+denial%22&pg=PA93 93]}}; {{harvnb|Totten|Parsons|Charny|2004|p=93}}</ref> In Britain and the United States, eye-witness accounts by Welsh freelance journalist [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]]<ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |date=13 November 2009 |title=Welsh journalist who exposed a Soviet tragedy |work=Wales Online, Western Mail and the South Wales Echo |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992 |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418214816/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SovietArticles">{{cite web |title=Famine Exposure: Newspaper Articles relating to Gareth Jones' trips to The Soviet Union (1930–35) |url=http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm |access-date=7 April 2016 |work=garethjones.org |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114101134/https://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and by the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist]] [[Fred Beal]]{{sfn|Beal|2021}} were met with widespread disbelief.{{sfn|Brown|2009}}

In the Soviet Union, any discussion of the famine was banned entirely. Ukrainian historian Stanislav Kulchytsky stated the Soviet government ordered him to falsify his findings and depict the famine as an unavoidable natural disaster, to absolve the Communist Party and uphold the legacy of Stalin.{{sfn|Levy|2009}}

== In modern politics ==
{{main|Holodomor in modern politics}}

The event is considered a genocide by Ukraine{{sfn|InfoUkes Staff |2009}}<ref>{{harvnb|Gorbunova|Klymchuk|2020}}; {{harvnb|Kravchenko|2020|pp=30–34}}; {{harvnb|Marples|2007|p=246}}: "Still, the researchers have been unable to come up with a firm figure of the number of victims. Conquest cites 5 million deaths; Werth from 4 to 5 million; and Kul'chyts'kyi 3.5 million."; {{harvnb|Mendel|2018}}: "The data of V. Tsaplin indicates 2.9 million deaths in 1933 alone."; {{harvnb|Yefimenko|2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Yefimenko|2021}}{{sfn|Gorbunova|Klymchuk|2020}} and the [[European Parliament]],{{sfn|European Pravda|2022}} and the [[State Duma|lower house of parliament]] of Russia condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".{{sfn|National Museum of the Holodomor|2019}}

[[File:Dzhugashvili with Kaganovich.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lazar Kaganovich]] (left) played a role in enforcing Stalin's policies that led to the Holodomor.{{sfn|Serbyn|2008}}]]
On 10 November 2003 at the [[United Nations]],{{sfn|Rada, Nov. 2006.}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Dahm |first=Julia |date=15 December 2022 |title=EU parliament votes to recognise 'Holodomor' famine as genocide |work=[[Euractiv]] |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220081552/https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deutsche Welle, Dec 2022.}} 25 countries, including Russia, Ukraine, and United States signed a joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor with the following [[preamble]]:
<blockquote>In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the [[Government of Ukraine]]. Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, [[Kazakhs]] and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the [[Volga River region]], [[Northern Caucasus]], Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.{{sfn|Ukrainian Weekly|2003}}</blockquote>In 1984, the [[United States Congress]] established the [[U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine]], which compiled its 1988 ''Report to Congress.'' In the report, the US government concludes with anecdotal evidence, that the Soviets had purposely prevented Ukrainians from leaving famine-struck regions. This was corroborated following the discovery of Stalin's letter to Molotov titled, "Preventing the Mass Exodus of Peasants who are Starving", restricting travel by peasants after "in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun", that "like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power."<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2001|pp=306–307}}: "TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants "for bread" has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation "through the peasantry" . . . TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all "peasants" of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence. . . . Molotov, Stalin"</ref> The commission published the earlier-mentioned letter written by Stalin to [[Lazar Kaganovich]] on 11 September 1932.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is the Ukrainian Genocide a Myth? |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=James E. Marce |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325182725/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] first recognized the Holodomor as a genocide in 2003,{{sfn|Verkhovna Rada, 2003.}} and criminalized both [[Holodomor denial]] and [[Holocaust denial]] in 2006. In 2010, the Kyiv Court of Appeal ruled that the Holodomor was an act of genocide and held [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]], [[Stanislav Kosior]], [[Pavel Postyshev]], [[Mendel Khatayevich]], [[Vlas Chubar]] and other [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] leaders responsible.{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2010}}

The ''Holodomor'' has been compared to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Famine]] of 1845–1849 that took place in Ireland under British rule,{{sfn|Noack|Janssen|Cornerford|2014}}{{sfn|Bayer|2014}}{{sfn|Symposium: Starvation As A Political Tool, 2020.}} which has been the subject of [[Great Famine (Ireland)#Genocide question|similar controversy and debate]].

Russia's war strategy in [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|the war against Ukraine in 2022]] has drawn parallels with the Holodomor for the intentional impediment of relief supplies to civilians, the blockade of Ukrainian ports that threatened to cause famine in other countries, and the deliberate targeting of civilian infrastructure to deprive Ukrainians of the necessities of life.{{sfn|de Waal|Murdoch|2022}}{{sfn|Santora|Vinograd|2022}} {{As of|pre=early|2022|05|post=,}} Ukraine's Defense Ministry claims that Russian forces have plundered at least 500,000 tons of grain from farmers since the invasion started. This looting included the seizure of industrial farm equipment, such as tractors, and forcing farmers to surrender 70% of their grain yields.{{sfn|Lister|Fylyppov|2022}} Russia's use of starvation as a weapon of war in 2022 has been cited as part of a genocidal pattern in a major report by 35 legal and genocide experts.{{sfn|Diamond|2022}}

=== Government recognition of Holodomor ===
{{Government recognition of the Holodomor}}

== Remembrance ==
To honour those who perished in the Holodomor, monuments have been dedicated and public events held annually in Ukraine and worldwide.

=== Ukraine ===
[[File:Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in Lviv 18.JPG|thumb|Candles and wheat as a symbol of remembrance during the Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in [[Lviv]]]]
{{See also|Holodomor Memorial Day}}

[[File:Malevich — Sensation of danger.jpg|thumb|One of the interpretations of ''The Running Man'' painting by [[Kazimir Malevich]], also known as ''Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword'', is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine.{{sfn|Horbachov|1998}} "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933–34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."{{sfn|Wilson|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C&pg=PA144 144]}}]]

Since 1998, Ukraine has officially observed the [[Holodomor Memorial Day]] on the fourth Saturday of November,{{sfn|Verkhovna Rada, 2007.}}{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2013}}{{sfn|AnyDay Guide|2017}}{{sfn|Rud|2016}}{{sfn|Van Herpen|2013|p=40}} established by a presidential decree of [[Leonid Kuchma]]. In 2006, customs were established for a minute of silence at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, flags flown at half-mast, and restrictions on entertainment broadcasting.{{sfn| Yushchenko|2006}} In 2007, three days of commemorations on the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] included video testimonies of communist crimes in Ukraine and documentaries, scholarly lectures,{{sfn|Nat.RadioUkraine2007}} and the National Bank of Ukraine issued a set of commemorative coins.{{sfn|Nat.BankUkraine2007}}

{{As of|2009|post=,}} Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor.{{sfn|ZIK (information agency)|2009}}

The [[National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide]] was erected on the slopes of the Dnieper river, welcoming its first visitors on 22 November 2008.{{sfn|National Museum of the Holodomor|2018}} The ceremony of the memorial's opening was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor. The year 2008 was declared by president [[Viktor Yushchenko]] as the "Year of Remembrance" to commemorate victims of the famine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zadorozhnii |first=Oleksandr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 |title=International Law in the Relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation: Monograph |date=2016 |publisher=Yuri Marchenko |isbn=978-617-684-146-3 |language=en |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001230619/https://books.google.com/books?id=lMokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an October 2013 opinion poll, 33.7% of Ukrainians fully agreed and 30.4% rather agreed with the statement "The Holodomor was the result of actions committed by the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet authorities]], along with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, and was the result of human actions".{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2013}} In the same poll, 22.9% of those polled fully or partially agreed with the view that the famine was caused by natural circumstances, but 50.5% disagreed with that.{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2013}} Furthermore, 45.4% of respondents believed that the Holodomor was "a deliberate attempt to destroy the Ukrainian nation" and 26.2% rather or completely disagreed with this.{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2013}}
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Kyiv - 17 May 2010.jpeg|thumb|right|Ukrainian President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] (right) and Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (left) near Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv on 17 May 2010. Russia has since changed its policy and started downplaying or denying the Holodomor.]]
In a November 2021 poll, 85% agreed that the Holodomor was a genocide of Ukrainians.{{sfn|Rating Group Ukraine|2021}} A poll undertaken in Ukraine in 2022 recorded 93% agreeing that the Holodomor was a genocide with 3% disagreeing.{{sfn|Ukrinform|2022d}}
[[File:The Head of State, the First Lady commemorated the victims of the famines in Ukraine. (53354825468).jpg|thumb|Ukraine's Commander-in-Chief [[Valerii Zaluzhnyi]] at an event to mark the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor, 25 November 2023]]
On 19 October 2022, Russian occupation authorities dismantled a Holodomor monument in the destroyed city of Mariupol on the basis that it was not a monument but a symbol of "disinformation at the state level".{{sfn|Balachuk|2022}} Ukrainian culture minister [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (journalist)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]] said "such acts signifies that the current Russian regime is a true successor to the one guilty of crimes against humanity and the Ukrainian people".{{sfn|New Voice - UA|2022}}

=== Germany ===
Perhaps the first public commemoration of victims was a procession held by Ukrainians displaced in the Second World War in 1948 in Munich, the administrative centre of the [[American Zone of Occupation|American zone of occupation]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lypovetakyi |first=Sviatoslav |date=14 November 2020 |title=Vid the greatest generation do pokolinnia primarily dii |script-title=uk:Від The greatest generation до покоління прямої дії |url=https://tyzhden.ua/vid-the-greatest-generation-do-pokolinnia-priamoi-dii/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=[[Ukrainskyi Tyzhden]] |language=uk |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405160956/https://tyzhden.ua/vid-the-greatest-generation-do-pokolinnia-priamoi-dii/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent countries to recognize Holodomor as a genocide are Germany and Vatican City.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kończal |first1=Kornelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-m9EAAAQBAJ&dq=holodomor+vatican+germany&pg=PT5 |title=Patriotic History and the (Re)Nationalization of Memory |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk |author2-link=A. Dirk Moses |date=27 June 2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-89930-6 |language=en |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001230223/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-m9EAAAQBAJ&dq=holodomor+vatican+germany&pg=PT5 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
The first public monument to the Holodomor was erected and dedicated in 1983 outside City Hall in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], Canada, to mark the 50th anniversary of the famine-genocide. Since then, the fourth Saturday in November has in many jurisdictions been marked as the official day of remembrance for people who died as a result of the 1932–1933 Holodomor and political repression.{{sfn|Bradley|1999}}

On 22 November 2008, [[Ukrainian Canadians]] marked the beginning of National Holodomor Awareness Week and Holodomor Memorial Day (the fourth Friday of November in Schools and the fourth Saturday of November globally). The success of this initiative is attributed to [[Valentina Kuryliw]], as chair of the National Holodomor Education Committee{{sfn|Ukrainian Canadian Congress |2020}} of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress. Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism Minister [[Jason Kenney]] attended a vigil in [[Kyiv]].{{sfn|CTV news|2008}} In November 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, although Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych did not join him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Luciuk. |first=Lubomyr |title=How to honor victims of Holodomor |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/how-to-honor-victims-of-holodomor-90742.html |website=Kyiv Post |access-date=June 21, 2025 |date=November 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warrant for an Invasion: The Myth of the “American Coups” in Ukraine. 2. What Happened in 2014 |url=https://bitterwinter.org/myth-of-the-american-coups-in-ukraine-2-2014/ |access-date=June 21, 2025 |date=April 16, 2022}}</ref>

Saskatchewan became the first jurisdiction in North America and the first province in Canada to recognize the Holodomor as a genocide.{{sfn|Government of Saskatchewan|2013}} The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act was introduced in the Saskatchewan Legislature on 6 May 2008,{{sfn|Visnyk|2008|p=13}} and received royal assent on 14 May 2008.{{sfn|Ukrainian Canadian Congress|2008}}

On 9 April 2009, the province of [[Ontario]] unanimously passed bill 147, "The Holodomor Memorial Day Act", which calls for the fourth Saturday in November to be a day of remembrance. This was the first piece of legislation in the Province's history to be introduced with Tri-Partisan sponsorship: the joint initiators of the bill were [[Dave Levac]], MPP for Brant (Liberal Party); [[Cheri DiNovo]], MPP for Parkdale–High Park (NDP); and [[Frank Klees]], MPP for Newmarket–Aurora (PC). MPP Levac was made a chevalier of [[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Ukraine's Order of Merit]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Ontario MPP gets Ukrainian knighthood for bill honouring victims of famine |url= http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2181600-ontario-mpp-gets-ukrainian-knighthood-for-bill-honouring-victims-of-famine/ |agency= [[The Canadian Press]] |date= 20 November 2010 |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150519051222/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2181600-ontario-mpp-gets-ukrainian-knighthood-for-bill-honouring-victims-of-famine/ |archive-date= 19 May 2015}}</ref>

On 2 June 2010, the province of [[Quebec]] unanimously passed bill 390, "Memorial Day Act on the great Ukrainian famine and genocide (the Holodomor)".{{sfn|Ukrainian Canadian Congress |2010}}

On 25 September 2010, a new Holodomor monument was unveiled at St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Mississauga]], Ontario, Canada, bearing the inscription "Holodomor: Genocide By Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933" and a section in Ukrainian bearing mention of the 10 million victims.<ref>{{cite web |title= Holodomor Monument – Пам'ятник Голодомору 1932–33 |url= http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php |publisher= St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130106234945/http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php |archive-date= 6 January 2013}}</ref>

On 21 September 2014, a statue entitled "Bitter Memories of Childhood" was unveiled outside the [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] in [[Winnipeg]] to memorialize the Holodomor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/holodomor-monument-unveiling/ |title=Unveiling of the Holodomor monument "Bitter Memories of Childhood" |publisher=UkrainianWinnipeg.ca |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=22 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108061605/http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/holodomor-monument-unveiling/ |archive-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

A monument to the Holodomor has been erected on Calgary's [[Memorial Drive (Calgary)|Memorial Drive]], itself originally designated to honour Canadian servicemen of the First World War. The monument is located in the district of [[Renfrew, Calgary|Renfrew]] near Ukrainian Pioneer Park, which pays tribute to the contributions of Ukrainian immigrants to Canada.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

On 21 October 2018, a memorial statue was unveiled on Canada Boulevard in [[Exhibition Place]] of Toronto. The site provides a place for an annual memorial on the fourth Saturday of November.<ref>{{cite web |website=www.explace.on.ca |publisher=Canadian National Exhibition Association |url=https://www.explace.on.ca/about/blog/the-holodomor-memorial-project |title=The Holodomor Memorial Project |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231204105/https://www.explace.on.ca/about/blog/the-holodomor-memorial-project}}</ref>

=== Poland ===
On 16 March 2006, the [[Senate of Poland|Senate of the Republic of Poland]] paid tribute to the victims of the ''Great Famine'' and declared it an act of genocide, expressing solidarity with the Ukrainian nation and its efforts to commemorate this crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 16 marca 2006 r. w sprawie rocznicy Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie |language=pl |trans-title=Resolution of the Senate of the Republic of Poland of 16 March 2006 on the anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine |url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20060210234 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=isap.sejm.gov.pl |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210539/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20060210234 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 January 2015, a Holodomor monument was erected in the city of [[Lublin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wpolityce.pl/historia/230797-odslonieto-pomnik-ofiar-wielkiego-glodu-na-ukrainie|title=Odsłonięto pomnik ofiar Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie|trans-title=Monument unveiled to victims of the Great Famine in Ukraine|language=pl|newspaper=wPolityce.pl|date=22 January 2015|access-date=22 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122045429/http://wpolityce.pl/historia/230797-odslonieto-pomnik-ofiar-wielkiego-glodu-na-ukrainie|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

=== United States ===
''The Ukrainian Weekly'' reported a meeting taking place on 27 February 1982 in the parish center of the [[Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family]] in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Great Famine caused by the Soviet authorities. On 20 March 1982, the ''Ukrainian Weekly'' also reported a multi-ethnic community meeting that was held on 15 February on the North Shore Drive at the [[Ukrainian Village, Chicago|Ukrainian Village]] in Chicago to commemorate the famine which took the lives of seven million Ukrainians. Other events in commemoration were held in other places around the United States as well.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

On 29 May 2008, the city of [[History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore|Baltimore]] held a candlelight commemoration for the Holodomor at the War Memorial Plaza in front of City Hall. This ceremony was part of the larger international journey of the "International Holodomor Remembrance Torch", which began in Kyiv and made its way through thirty-three countries. Twenty-two other US cities were also visited during the tour. Then-Mayor [[Sheila Dixon]] presided over the ceremony and declared 29 May to be "Ukrainian Genocide Remembrance Day in Baltimore". She referred to the Holodomor "among the worst cases of man's inhumanity towards man".{{sfn|Berg|2008}}

On 2 December 2008, a ceremony was held in [[Washington, D.C.]], for the Holodomor Memorial.{{sfn|Bihun|2008}} On 13 November 2009, [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] released a statement on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day. In this, he said that "remembering the victims of the man-made catastrophe of Holodomor provides us an opportunity to reflect upon the plight of all those who have suffered the consequences of extremism and tyranny around the world".{{sfn|Interfax Ukraine|2009}}{{sfn|Obama|2009}} NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer released a similar statement on 20 November 2010.{{sfn|Obama2010}}

In 2011, the American day of remembrance of Holodomor was held on 19 November. The statement released by the White House Press Secretary reflects on the significance of this date, stating that "in the wake of this brutal and deliberate attempt to break the will of the people of Ukraine, Ukrainians showed great courage and resilience. The establishment of a proud and independent Ukraine twenty years ago shows the remarkable depth of the Ukrainian people's love of freedom and independence".{{sfn|Obama2011}}

On 7 November 2015, the [[Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC|Holodomor Genocide Memorial]] was opened in Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.info/world/1108244-holodomor-memorial-presented-in-washington.html |title=Holodomor Memorial presented in Washington |work=[[UNIAN]] |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=7 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023032/http://www.unian.info/world/1108244-holodomor-memorial-presented-in-washington.html |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|McDaniels|2015}}

In the [[115th Congress]], both the [[United States Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]] adopted resolutions commemorating the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor, "the Soviet Union's manmade famine that it committed against the people of Ukraine in 1932 and 1933."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/74/text |title=Text – S.Res.74 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): A resolution marking the fifth anniversary of Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity by honoring the bravery, determination, and sacrifice of the people of Ukraine during and since the Revolution, and condemning continued Russian aggression against Ukraine |website=www.congress.gov |date=16 July 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829114337/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/74/text |url-status=live}}</ref> The Senate Resolution, S. Res. 435 (115th Congress)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-resolution/435/text |title=Text – S.Res.435 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine |website=www.congress.gov |date=3 October 2018 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511000527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-resolution/435/text |url-status=live}}</ref> was adopted on 3 October 2018 and stated that the U.S. Senate "solemnly remembers the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and extends its deepest sympathies to the victims, survivors, and families of this tragedy."

On 11 December 2018, the United States House of Representatives adopted H. Res. 931 (115th Congress),<ref name=holodomor-us-senate/> a resolution extending the House's "deepest sympathies to the victims and survivors of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, and their families" and condemned "the systematic violations of human rights, including the freedom of self-determination and freedom of speech, of the Ukrainian people by the Soviet Government."{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} On 12 May 2022, and at the 117th United States congress, a new H. Res. 1109 was adopted, recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide and the resolution to serve as a reminder of the repressive Soviet policies including the blockade policy that prevented the delivery of humanitarian aid and people from escaping.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=H.Res.1109 – Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, is recognized as a genocide and should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1109/text?r=1&s=1 |access-date=20 August 2022 |publisher=United States House of Representatives |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820213957/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1109/text?r=1&s=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== On film ===
The 2019 feature film ''[[Mr Jones (2019 film)|Mr Jones]]'', starring [[James Norton (actor)|James Norton]] and directed by [[Agnieszka Holland]], focuses on Jones and his investigation of and reporting on the Ukrainian famine in the face of political and journalistic opposition. In January 2019, it was selected to compete for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[69th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_48917.html |title=Selection for Competition and Berlinale Special Completed |work=Berlinale |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326173855/https://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_48917.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film won Grand Prix Golden Lions at the 44th [[Gdynia Film Festival]] in September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/378608 |title=Mr. Jones tames the Golden Lions at the Polish Film Festival in Gdynia |work=Cineuropa |date=23 September 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924184737/https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/378608/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vatican City ===
On 23 November 2022, [[Pope Francis]] held a ceremony to remember the victims of the famine. He referred to the Holodomor as a genocide. "Let us remember long-suffering Ukraine. This Saturday marks the anniversary of the terrible genocide of the Holodomor in 1932–1933 artificially caused by Stalin. Let us pray for the victims of this genocide and pray for the all Ukrainians, the children, the women and the elderly, the babies, who are today suffering the martyrdom of aggression."{{sfn|Ukrinform|2022a}}

=== Holodomor memorials ===
{{main|List of Holodomor memorials and monuments}}
<gallery>
File:Edmonton Holodomor Memorial 2020.jpg|First in the world: 1983 Holodomor Monument in [[Edmonton]], Canada
File:Holodomor education van.jpg|Touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2017
File:HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg|"Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv
File:Holodomor Plaque Los Angeles.jpg|Plaque in [[Grand Park]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
File:Holomor Art Denysenko 1.jpg|Poster by Australian artist [[Leonid Denysenko]]
File:Golodomor Stamps of Ukraine.JPG|Stamp of Ukraine, 1993
File:Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932-33 famine.jpg|Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932–1933 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are [[Boris Krylov]] and Oles Sydoruk
File:Field of Wheat (memorial).jpg|Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933, Washington DC.
</gallery>

== In culture and the arts==
=== Cinema ===
* ''Harvest of Despair'' (1984), directed by [[Slavko Nowytski]] ([[documentary film]]) – {{YouTube|IHm_1uN80s0}}{{sfn|Klady|1985}}{{sfn|Blow|1985}}
* ''[[Famine-33]]'' (1991), directed by Oles Yanchuk
* ''[[The Guide (film)|The Guide]]'' (2014), directed by [[Oles Sanin]]
* ''[[Child 44 (film)|Child 44]]'' (2015), directed by [[Daniel Espinosa]], based on the book by [[Tom Rob Smith]] – briefly describes the Holodomor
* ''[[Bitter Harvest (2017 film)|Bitter Harvest]]'' (2017), directed by [[George Mendeluk]]
* ''[[Mr. Jones (2019 film)|Mr. Jones]]'' (2019), directed by [[Agnieszka Holland]]
* ''Seeds of Hunger'' (2023), directed by Guillaume Ribot (documentary film)<ref>{{cite web |title=Events to Mark 90 Years Since the Holodomor |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/17001 |date=13 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517185542/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/17001 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Capital of Despair: Holodomor Chroniclers'' (2023), a documentary series directed by Roman Barabash – {{YouTube|jhvCfggrV3Q|Episode 1}} (in Ukrainian, English subtitles)

=== Literature ===
[[Ulas Samchuk]]'s novel ''[[Maria (Ukrainian novel)|Maria]]'' (1934) is dedicated to the Holodomor (English translation published 1952).{{sfn|Samchuk|1952}}

[[Katherine Marsh]]'s book ''The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine'' (2023)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marsh |first1=Katherine |title=The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine |date=2023 |publisher=Roaring Brook Press |isbn=978-1-250-31361-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-diEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> was a finalist in the 2023 [[National Book Award for Young People's Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the-lost-year-a-survival-story-of-the-ukrainian-famine/ |website=National Book Foundation |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615024113/https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the-lost-year-a-survival-story-of-the-ukrainian-famine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
The play ''Holodomor'' premiered in Tehran, Iran in February 2021.{{sfn|Tehran Times|2021}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ukraine|Soviet Union}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|Joint Statement on Holodomor}}
* [[1921–1923 famine in Ukraine]]
* [[Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[Double genocide theory]]
* [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union]]
* [[Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin]]
* [[Great Chinese Famine]]
* ''[[Holodomor: The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932–1933)]]''
* [[Hunger Plan]]
* [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933]]
* [[Khmer Rouge]]
* [[List of massacres in Ukraine]]
* [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]
* [[National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide]]
* [[Outline of genocide studies]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=note-anodyne|The term ''anodyne administrative measure'' in the quote means a measure that was not meant to solve the problem but to calm the hungry crowds, or a measure which, in of itself, would not create opposition (See [[wikt:anodyne]]). The term '[[Anodyne]]' refers to pain relieving methods, drugs or remedies, used prior to the 20th century.}}
{{efn|name=Andriewsky 2015, p. 17|[[#CITEREFAndriewsky2015|Andriewsky 2015, (page 17)]]. "Finally, new studies have revealed the very selective — indeed, highly politicized — nature of state assistance in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Soviet authorities, as we know, took great pains to guarantee the supply of food to the industrial workforce and to certain other categories of the population — Red Army personnel and their families, for example. As the latest research has shown, however, in the spring of 1933, famine relief itself became an ideological instrument. The aid that was provided in rural Ukraine at the height of the Famine, when much of the population was starving, was directed, first and foremost, to 'conscientious' collective farm workers — those who had worked the highest number of workdays. Rations, as the sources attest, were allocated in connection with spring sowing). The bulk of assistance was delivered in the form of grain seed that was 'lent' to collective farms (from reserves that had been seized in Ukraine) with the stipulation that it would be repaid with interest. State aid, it seems clear, was aimed at trying to salvage the collective farm system and a workforce necessary to maintain it. At the very same time, Party officials announced a campaign to root out 'enemy elements of all kinds who sought to exploit the food problems for their own counter-revolutionary purposes, spreading rumours about the famine and various 'horrors'. Famine-relief, in this way, became yet another way to determine who lived and who died."}}
{{efn|name=Britannica "Holodomor"|[[#CITEREFBritannica Holodomor|Britannica "Holodomor"]]. "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 – a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians&nbsp;... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine&nbsp;... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated&nbsp;... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.}}
{{efn|name=Davies 2004, p. 190|[[#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004|Davies, Wheatcroft 2004, (page 109)]]. "In a considerable number of districts in Ukraine and the North Caucasus counter-revolutionary elements – kulaks, former officers, Petlyurians, supporters of the Kuban' Rada and others – were able to penetrate into the kolkhozy as chairmen or influential members of the board, or as bookkeepers and storekeepers, and as brigade leaders at the threshers, and were able to penetrate into the village soviets, land agencies and cooperatives. They attempt to direct the work of these organisations against the interests of the proletarian state and the policy of the party; they try to organise a counter-revolutionary movement, the sabotage of the grain collections, and the sabotage of the village."}}
{{efn|name=Davies 2004, p. 437|[[#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004|Davies, Wheatcroft 2004, (page 437)]]. "It was not until the autumn of 1932 that the restoration of proper crop rotation received the strong support of the authorities (see pp. 231–4). Meanwhile, much damage had been done. Such a dramatic expansion of sown area and reduction of fallow, without improved crop rotation and the careful introduction of alternative means for rejuvenating the soil with fertilisers or manure, was bound to lead to the reduction of yields and an increased likelihood of crop diseases. By 1932, in many regions, and particularly in Ukraine, soil exhaustion and crop diseases were widespread."}}
{{efn|name= UN signatory nations, 2003|[[#CITEREFUN signatory nations2003|UN signatory nations, 2003]]. "In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), which took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. ... [A]s a result of civil war and forced collectivization, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations. ... [W]e deplore the acts and policies that brought about mass starvation and death of millions of people. We do not want to settle scores with the past, it could not be changed, but we are convinced that exposing violations of human rights, preserving historical records and restoring the dignity of victims through acknowledgement of their suffering, will guide future societies and help to avoid similar catastrophes in the future. ...}}
{{efn|name=Marples 2009.|[[#CITEREFMarples2009|Marples 2009.]] "Ukrainian scholars who write most regularly on the famine, such as Yurii Shapoval ([35]), Stanislav Kul'chyts'kyi ([15], [16], [17], [18]), Vasyl Marochko ([22], [23]) and Petro Panchenko et al. ([28]), place emphasis on several factors that appear to elucidate the true causes of the famine: the rapid introduction of collectivisation in Ukraine compared to other regions; the unreasonable grain quotas placed upon Ukraine; the closure of the borders of Ukraine and the North Caucasus according to Stalin's directive of 22 January 1933 to prevent the migration of starving peasants; the fact that Ukrainian officials informed Moscow of the situation in Ukraine and the imminence of famine as early as 1932 but without any results; Stalin's letter to Kaganovich of 11 August 1932 that outlined his suspicions of the Ukrainian peasantry and his fear of 'losing Ukraine' (Davies et al.[ 4]); the fact that the Extraordinary Commission in Ukraine led by Molotov took draconian measures, with its decree of 18 November 1932, confiscating not only grain, but also meat and vegetables, ensuring the inevitability of the peasants starving; the lack of such starvation in other republics, and most specifically Russia and Byelorussia; the link between the famine and the assault on the Ukrainian nation, as manifested by terror and deportations; the purge of cultural and national leaders; and the cessation of the earlier policy of Ukrainisation.}}
{{efn|name=Martin 2001, pp. 306-307.|[[#CITEREFMartin2001|Martin 2001, pp. 306-307]]. "TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation 'through the peasantry' ... TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all 'peasants' of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence.' ... Molotov, Stalin}}
{{efn|name=Werth, 2008.|[[#CITEREFWerth2008|Werth, 2008.]] "And while hunger hit the peasants harder than any other group, resulting in the death of millions in atrocious conditions, another form of repression, of a police nature, struck others in Ukraine at the same moment — the political and intellectual elites, from village teachers to national leaders, via the intelligentsia. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians were arrested and punished with camp sentences"}}
}}
<!-- Dead note "SovietDoc": [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/famine.html U.S. Congress Library Exhibit on Ukrainian Famine], ''"Resolution of the Council Of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic And of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) Of Ukraine On Blacklisting Villages That Maliciously Sabotage The Collection Of Grain"'', 6 December 1932. -->
<!-- Dead note "Dalrymple": Dana G. Dalrymple, ''"The Soviet famine of 1932–1934"'' [http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1983/158321.shtml] in ''Soviet Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3 (January 1964). Pages 250–284. -->
<!-- Dead note "Serczyk": {{in lang|pl}} Władysław A. Serczyk, ''"Historia Ukrainy"'', 3rd ed., Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław 2001, {{ISBN|83-04-04530-3}} -->
<!-- Dead note "Schiller": Dr. Otto Schiller, ''"Famine's Return to Russia, Death and Depopulation in Wide Areas of the Grain Country"'' [http://www.colley.co.uk/garethjones/otto_schiller_daily_telegraph_1.htm], The Daily Telegraph, 25 August 1933, as well as [http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/british.html British Diplomatic Reports on the Ukrainian Famine]. -->
<!-- Dead note "Rajca": Czesław Rajca, ''"Głód na Ukrainie"'', Werset, Lublin/Toronto 2005, {{ISBN|83-60133-04-2}} -->
<!-- Dead note "Hrycak": Ярослав Грицак (Jarosław Hrycak), ''"Historia Ukrainy 1772–1999. Narodziny nowoczesnego narodu"'', Lublin 2000, {{ISBN|83-85854-50-9}}, [http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/grytsakj/formuv/ available online in Ukrainian language] -->
<!-- Dead note "Shapoval": Yuri Shapoval, ''"The famine-genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine"'', Kashtan Press, Ontario 2005, {{ISBN|1-896354-38-6}} (a collection of source documents) -->
<!-- Dead note O.M. Asatkin National Economy of Ukrainian SRR
statistical compendium, Kyiv 1935-->

== References ==
{{reflist|22em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{See also|Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union#Terror, famine and the Gulag}}
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!-- AAAA -->
* {{cite journal |last=Andriewsky |first=Olga |date=January 2015 |title=Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography |journal=[[East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.21226/T2301N |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |author=AnyDay Guide |date=25 November 2017 |url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463 |title=Remembrance Day for the Victims of Holodomors in Ukraine / November 25, 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035922/https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463 |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Applebaum |first1=Anne |author1-link=Anne Applebaum |title=Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine |title-link=Red Famine |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-385-53886-2}}
<!-- BBBB -->
* {{Cite news |last=Balachuk |first=Iryna |date=19 October 2022 |title=Occupiers dismantle monument to victims of Holodomor in Mariupol |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/19/7372573/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |newspaper=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117025954/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/19/7372573/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Barkan |first1=Elazar |last2=Cole |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Struve |first3=Kai |date=2007 |title=Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941 |publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag |pages=120–121 |isbn=978-3-86583-240-5}}
* {{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Alexei |title=Ukraine and Ireland: Overcoming Mighty Neighbors |url=https://www.theglobalist.com/ukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors/ |work=[[The Globalist]] |date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505090304/https://www.theglobalist.com/ukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors/ |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Beal |first1=Fred Erwin |title= Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow |author-link1= Fred Beal |date=2021|orig-date=originally published in 1937, New York: Hillman-Curl. |publisher=Hassell Street Press |isbn=978-1-01-433038-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Berezhkov |first1=Valentin M. |script-title=ru:Как я стал переводчиком Сталина |title=Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina |isbn=5-85207-044-0 |date=1993 |publisher="ДЭМ" (DEM) |location=Moscow |language=ru |trans-title=How I became Stalin's translator |page=317}}
* {{cite web |last=Berg |first=Tabitha |date=6 June 2008 |title=International Holodomor Remembrance Torch in Baltimore Commemorates Ukrainian Genocide |url=http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105031558/http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php |archive-date=5 January 2010 |publisher=eNewsChannels |access-date=22 July 2012 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bihun |first=Yaro |date=7 December 2008 |title=Site of Ukrainian Genocide Memorial in D.C. is dedicated |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=76 |issue=49 |pages=1, 8 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003959/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bilinsky |first=Yaroslav |year=1999 |title=Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide? |url=http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1080/14623529908413948 |access-date=5 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615023457/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm |archive-date=15 June 2008 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite web |last1=Blow |first1=Peter |others=[[Slavko Nowytski|Nowytski, Slavko (director)]]; Luhovy, Yuri and Novytski, S. (producers) |date=15 April 1985 |title=Film: Harvest of Despair: The 1932-33 Famine in Ukraine |language=en |url=http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |location=Toronto |publisher=[[Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre]] |quote=[[#Nowytski1985|Documentary on Youtube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217224042/http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html |archive-date=17 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bociurkiw |first1=Bohdan R. |date=1982 |title=Soviet Religious Policy in the Ukraine in Historical Perspective |journal=Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe |volume=2 |number=3 |url=https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1012&context=ree |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235156/https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1012&context=ree |archive-date=6 March 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Boriak |first1=Hennadii |last2=von Hagen|first2=Mark |date=2009 |title=Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine |publisher=Ukrainian Studies Fund |location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-940465-06-0 |series=The Holodomor Series}}
* {{cite news |last1=Bradley |first1=Lara |date=3 January 1999 |title=Ukraine's 'Forced Famine' Officially Recognized |newspaper=The Sudbury Star |location=Sudbury, Ontario, Canada |via=reprint at ArtUkraine.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308034620/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url=http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm }}
* {{cite news |first=Mark |last=Brown |date=13 November 2009 |title=1930s journalist Gareth Jones to have story retold |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/nov/13/gareth-jones-story-retold-documentary |access-date=2 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211110421/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/nov/13/gareth-jones-story-retold-documentary |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Busel |editor-first=Vyacheslav T. |ref={{sfnref|Busel 2001}} |orig-date=2001 |url=http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |publisher=Perun |year=2004 |isbn=978-966-569-013-9 |location=Kyiv |language=uk |script-title=uk:Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови |title=Velykyy tlumachnyy slovnyk suchasnoyi ukrayinsʹkoyi movy |trans-title=Great Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian |chapter=holodomor |script-chapter=uk:голодомор |script-quote=uk:Штучний голод, організований у величезних масштабах злочинною владою проти населення власної країни. |quote=Shtuchnyy holod, orhanizovanyy u velycheznykh masshtabakh zlochynnoyu vladoyu proty naselennya vlasnoyi krayiny. |trans-quote=An artificial famine organized on a huge scale by a criminal government against the population of its own country. |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603010902/http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |archive-date=3 June 2016 }}
<!-- CCCC -->
* {{Cite journal |last=Chamberlin |first=William Henry |date=1933 |title=The Balance Sheet of the Five Year Plan |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=458–469 |doi=10.2307/20030526 |jstor=20030526 |issn=0015-7120}}
* {{cite book |last=Conquest |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Conquest |year=2001 |title=Reflections on a Ravaged Century |edition=New |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-32086-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Conquest |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Conquest |year=2002 |orig-date=1986 |title=The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine |location=London |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-9750-7}}
* {{cite web |author=[[CTV news]] |date=22 November 2008 |title=Ukrainian-Canadians mark famine's 75th anniversary |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010 |publisher=[[CTV.ca]] |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018082438/http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010 |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}
<!-- DDDD -->
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |year=2006 |title=Europe East and West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC |location=London |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |isbn=978-0-224-06924-3 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Robert W. |author1-link=R. W. Davies |last2=Tauger |first2=Mark B. |last3=Wheatcroft |first3=Stephen G. |author3-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |url=https://www.academia.edu/3169517 |title=Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=54 |date=1995 |issue=3 |pages=642–57 |doi=10.2307/2501740 |jstor=2501740 |s2cid=163790684 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225000154/https://www.academia.edu/3169517 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Robert W. |author1-link=R. W. Davies |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Stephen G. |author2-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year=2002 |chapter=The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture |chapter-url=http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf |editor-first=Stephen G. |editor-last=Wheatcroft |editor-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |title=Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History |location=Houndmills |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-333-75461-0 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113320/https://melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Davies |first1=Robert |author1-link=R. W. Davies |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Stephen |author2-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |date=2004 |title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933 |series=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia |volume=5 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-27397-9 |oclc=1075104809}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Robert |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Stephen |year=2006 |title=Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman |url=https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=58 |pages=625–633 |doi=10.1080/09668130600652217 |jstor=20451229 |s2cid=145729808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630071851/https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=7 October 2018 |number=4 }}
* {{cite web |author=Demoscope Weekly |publisher=Institute of Demography, National Research University Higher School of Economics |language=ru |number=493–494 |date=January 2012 |trans-title=All-Union census of the population of 1939: Ukrainian SSR |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года: Украинская ССР |title=Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 goda: Ukrainskaya SSR |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190805/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2 |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}
* {{cite news |author=Deutsche Welle (DW) staff |title=European Parliament recognizes Ukraine Holodomor as genocide |url=https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-recognizes-ukraine-holodomor-as-genocide/a-64107714 |access-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle|DW broadcasting]] |date=15 December 2022 |ref={{sfnref|Deutsche Welle, Dec 2022.}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217025837/https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-recognizes-ukraine-holodomor-as-genocide/a-64107714 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=de Waal |first1=Alex |last2=Murdoch |first2=Catriona |date=29 March 2022 |title=Russia could be guilty of starvation crimes in Ukraine. We must act |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/29/russia-could-be-guilty-of-starvation-crimes-in-ukraine-we-must-act |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230118/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/29/russia-could-be-guilty-of-starvation-crimes-in-ukraine-we-must-act |archive-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |first=Yonah |last=Diamond |others=Prof. John Packer, Erin Farrell Rosenberg (Principal Advisors) with 35 additional contributing experts. Yonah Diamond was the Principal Author. |date=27 May 2022 |title=Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent |url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616080955/https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |publisher=[[Fairfax University of America#New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy|New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy]]; [[Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Dolot |first=Miron |year=1985 |title=Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/executionbyhunge00dolo_0 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-30416-9 }}
<!-- EEEE -->
* {{cite journal |last1=Ellman |first1=Michael |title=The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931 – 1934 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |date=September 2005 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=823–841 |doi=10.1080/09668130500199392 |s2cid=13880089}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ellman |first1=Michael |title=Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932 – 33 Revisited |publisher=[[Routledge]] |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |date=June 2007 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=663–693 |doi=10.1080/09668130701291899 |s2cid=53655536 |author-link=Michael Ellman}}
* {{cite book |last1=Engerman |first1=David C. |title=Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development |date=2009 |orig-date=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-03652-9 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7 |via=[[Google Books]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite web |author=European Pravda |author-link=European Pravda |date=15 December 2022 |title=European Parliament Recognises Holodomor as Genocide of Ukrainian People |url=https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/12/15/7152550/ |website=www.eurointegration.com.ua |access-date=24 November 2022 |language=en,ru,uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215140342/https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/12/15/7152550/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
<!-- FFFF -->
* {{cite news |last=Fawkes |first=Helen |date=24 November 2006 |title=Legacy of famine divides Ukraine |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328063049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm |archive-date=28 March 2012}}
* {{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Peter |title=Aftermath of a Soviet Famine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=27 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103337/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Sheila |year=1994 |title=Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Sheila |date=2015 |title=Impact of the Opening of Soviet Archives on Western Scholarship on Soviet Social History |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1111/russ.12021 |jstor=43662294 |issn=0036-0341}}
<!-- GGGG-->
* {{cite magazine |last=Getty |first=J. Arch |author-link=J. Arch Getty |date=2000 |title=The Future Did Not Work |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-future-did-not-work/378081/ |access-date=18 July 2020 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |quote="Similarly, the overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars working in the new archives (including Courtois's co-editor Werth) is that the terrible famine of the 1930s was the result of Stalinist bungling and rigidity rather than some genocidal plan." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017084650/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-future-did-not-work/378081/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Getty |first=J. Arch |author-link=J. Arch Getty |date=August 2018 |title=New Sources and Old Narratives |journal=[[Contemporary European History]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=450–455 |doi=10.1017/S0960777318000322 |s2cid=149507259 |issn=0960-7773|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |last=Gorbachev |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLQ2RZRtOFkC |title=Manifesto for the Earth: action now for peace, global justice and a sustainable future |publisher=Clairview Books |page=10 |isbn=1-905570-02-3 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorbunova |first1=Viktoriia |last2=Klymchuk |first2=Vitalii |title=The Psychological Consequences of the Holodomor in Ukraine |journal=[[East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies]] |volume=7 |number=2 |date=2020 |pages=33–68 |doi=10.21226/ewjus609 |s2cid=228999786 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |author=Government of Saskatchewan |date=14 November 2013 |title=Saskatchewan recognises genocide during Holodomor Remembrance Week &#124; News and Media &#124; Government of Saskatchewan |publisher=Saskatchewan.ca |url=http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2013/november/14/saskatchewan-recognizes-genocide-during-holodomor-remembrance-week |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506034809/http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2013/november/14/saskatchewan-recognizes-genocide-during-holodomor-remembrance-week |archive-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Graziosi |first=Andrea |year=2004 |title=The Soviet 1931–1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be? |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=1/4 |pages=97–115 |jstor=41036863 |issn=0363-5570 |format=pdf |url=https://www.iris.unina.it/retrieve/handle/11588/335138/3891/GraziosiFaminesP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207052257/https://www.iris.unina.it/retrieve/handle/11588/335138/3891/GraziosiFaminesP |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Graziosi |first=Andrea |date=2005 |title=Les Famines Soviétiques de 1931–1933 et le Holodomor Ukrainien |language=fr |trans-title=The Soviet Famines of 1931–1933 and the Ukrainian Holodomor |journal=Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique |volume=46 |number=3 |pages=453–472 |doi=10.4000/monderusse.8817 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |date=14 April 2020 |last1=Graziosi |first1=Andrea |last2=McGowan |first2=Mark G. |last3=Totten |first3=Samuel |last4=Shirinian |first4=George |last5=Apsel |first5=Joyce |title=Symposium: Starvation As A Political Tool From The Nineteenth To The Twenty-First Century: The Irish Famine, The Armenian Genocide, The Ukrainian Holodomor And Genocide By Attrition In The Nuba Mountains Of Sudan |url=https://holodomor.ca/starvation-as-a-political-tool-from-the-nineteenth-to-the-twenty-first-century/ |website=HREC Education [Holodomor Research and Education Consortium] |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |ref={{sfnref|Symposium: Starvation As A Political Tool, 2020.}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822185037/https://holodomor.ca/starvation-as-a-political-tool-from-the-nineteenth-to-the-twenty-first-century/ |archive-date=22 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url-status=live }}
<!-- HHHH -->
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hadzewycz |editor1-first=Roma |editor2-last=Zarycky |editor2-first=George B. |editor3-last=Kolomayets |editor3-first=Martha |year=1983 |title=The Great Famine in Ukraine: The Unknown Holocaust |location=Jersey City,&nbsp;NJ |publisher=[[Ukrainian National Association]]}}
* {{cite web |author=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |date=2013 |title=The Great Famine Project: Blacklisted Localities (Gallery) |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/blacklisted-localities |website=gis.huri.harvard.edu |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105110539/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/blacklisted-localities |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |date=2018 |title=The Great Famine Project: Total Direct Famine Losses of Population per 1,000 by Raion in Ukraine for 1933 |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/population-losses |website=gis.huri.harvard.edu |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105110527/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/population-losses |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |date=2022 |title=The Great Famine Project: New Insights |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116194731/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |archive-date=16 January 2022 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Dmytro |last=Horbachov |url=http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_98/kazimir.htm |title=Fullest Expression of Pure Feeling |journal=Welcome to Ukraine |issue=1 |date=1998 |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224106/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_98/kazimir.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hryshko |first1=Vasyl |title=The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933 |editor1-last=Carynnyk |editor1-first=Marco |isbn=978-0-9691830-1-3 |date=1983 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=Bahrianyi Foundation |location=Toronto}}
<!-- IIII-->
* {{cite web |author=InfoUkes Staff |url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/ |title=The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932–33 |publisher=InfoUkes |orig-date=28 November 2006 |date=26 April 2009 |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124193048/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/ |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Institute of History of Ukraine |ref={{sfnref|Pyrih, 1990; No. 1-132.}} |editor1-last=Pyrih |editor1-first=Ruslan Y. |editor2-last=Kentii |editor2-first=Anatoly V. |editor3-last=Komarova |editor3-first=Irina L. |editor4-last=Lozytskyi |editor4-first=V. S. |editor5-last=Solovyova |editor5-first=A. A. |date=1990 |publisher=Kyiv-Mohyla Academy |location=Kyiv |title=Documents 1-132 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія" |language=uk |trans-title=Documents 1-132 extracted from "The famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents" |quote=[[#Pyrih1990|See also full book]] |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104813/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |archive-date=15 August 2012 }}
* {{cite book |author=Institute of History of Ukraine |ref={{sfnref|Pyrih, 1990; No. 343-403.}} |editor1-last=Pyrih |editor1-first=Ruslan Y. |editor2-last=Kentii |editor2-first=Anatoly V. |editor3-last=Komarova |editor3-first=Irina L. |editor4-last=Lozytskyi |editor4-first=V. S. |editor5-last=Solovyova |editor5-first=A. A. |date=1990 |publisher=Kyiv-Mohyla Academy |location=Kyiv |title=Documents 343-403 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія" |language=uk |trans-title=Documents 343-403 extracted from "The famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents" |quote=[[#Pyrih1990|See also full book]] |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125317/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |archive-date=15 August 2012 }}
* {{cite news |author=Interfax Ukraine |date=14 November 2009 |author-link=Interfax-Ukraine |title=Remembrance of Holodomor in Ukraine will help prevent such tragedy in future, says Obama |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301234647/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}
* {{cite news |author=Interfax Ukraine |author-link=Interfax-Ukraine |date=21 January 2010 |title=Sentence to Stalin, his comrades for organizing Holodomor takes effect in Ukraine |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231855/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html |archive-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=[[Kyiv Post]] }}
* {{cite news |author=Interfax Ukraine |date=20 November 2013 |author-link1=Interfax-Ukraine |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html |title=Poll: Almost two-thirds of Ukrainians believe famine of 1932–1933 was organized by Stalinist regime |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |access-date=28 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021312/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}
<!-- JJJJ -->
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |date=2017 |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-138-82384-6 |quote=Holodomor{{snd}}the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root ''holod'' 'hunger' with the verbal root ''mor'' 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).}}
<!-- KKKK -->
* {{cite web |author=Kharkiv Oblast secretary |date=9 April 1933 |title=Kharkiv Oblast State Archive Ф. П - 58, catalogue 1, file 59, lists 146-147, 152. |url=http://www.golodomor.kharkov.ua/docs.php?pagep=20&doc=334 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901160840/http://www.golodomor.kharkov.ua/docs.php?pagep=20&doc=334 |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Klady |first1=Leonard |date=1985 |orig-date=originally published by Winnipeg Free Press, 26 October 1984 |title=Famine Film ''Harvest of Despair'' |journal=Forum: A Ukrainian Review |publisher=Ukrainian Fraternal Association |location=Scranton |number=61 |access-date=17 December 2022 |via=InfoUkes |url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/harvest_of_despair/ |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104181945/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/harvest_of_despair/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite interview |last=Kotkin |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Kotkin |date=8 November 2017 |url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/ |title=Terrible Talent: Studying Stalin |magazine=[[The American Interest]] |interviewer=Richard Aldous |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108025813/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/ |archive-date=8 November 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kravchenko |first=Ye |date=1 July 2020 |title=The Concept of Demographic Losses in the Holodomor Studies |url=https://visnyk.history.knu.ua/eng/archive/2020/144-eng/144-6-kravchenko-eng |journal=Vìsnik - Kiïvsʹkij nacìonalʹnij unìversitet ìmenì Tarasa Ševčenka: Ìstorìâ |language=en |issue=144 |pages=30–34 |doi=10.17721/1728-2640.2020.144.6 |s2cid=226687490 |issn=1728-2640 |doi-access=free |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001230456/https://visnyk.history.knu.ua/eng/archive/2020/144-eng/144-6-kravchenko-eng |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stalislav |trans-title=How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933 |date=22 November 2002 |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |script-title=uk:Скільки нас загинуло від Голодомору 1933 року? |title=Skilʹky nas zahynulo vid Holodomoru 1933 roku? |language=uk |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/skilki_nas_zaginulo_pid_golodomoru_1933_roku.html |access-date=20 January 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulchytsky |first1=Stanislav |last2=Yefimenko |first2=Hennadiy |year=2003 |pages=42–63 |script-title=uk:Демографічні наслідки голодомору 1933 р. в Україні. Всесоюзний перепис 1937 р. в Україні: документи та матеріали |title=Demohrafichni naslidky holodomoru 1933 r. v Ukrayini. Vsesoyuznyy perepys 1937 r. v Ukrayini: dokumenty ta materialy |language=uk |trans-title=Demographic consequences of the 1933 Holodomor in Ukraine. The all-Union census of 1937 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523184052/http://histans.com/LiberUA/Book/Ki/4.pdf |chapter=Kulchytsky pages 42-64 |chapter-url=http://histans.com/LiberUA/Book/Ki/4.pdf |url=http://www.history.org.ua/index.php?litera&id=2027 |location=Kyiv |publisher=Institute of History |isbn=978-966-02-3014-9 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |date=22 August 2003 |script-title=uk:Причини голоду 1933 року в Україні по сторінках однієї підзабутої книги |title=Prychyny holodu 1933 roku v Ukrayini po storinkakh odniyeyi pidzabutoyi knyhy |trans-title=Reasons for the 1933 famine in Ukraine according to the pages of one all but forgotten book |language=uk |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |issue=16 |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/prichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini_po_storinkah_odnieyi_prizabutoyi_knigi.html |access-date=20 January 2021 |quote=During the hearings, the Ukrainian politician [[Stefan Khmara]] said, 'I would like to address the scientists, particularly, Stanislav Kulchytsky, who attempts to mark down the number of victims and counts them as 3–3.5 million. I studied these questions analysing the demographic statistics as early as in 1970s and concluded that the number of victims was no less than 7 million'. }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stalislav |trans-title=Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century |date=1 October 2004 |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/demografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html |title=Demohrafichni vtraty Ukrayiny v khkh stolitti |script-title=uk:Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті |language=uk |access-date=20 January 2021 |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
<!---- Duplicate content to part 1 of series "Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians?" [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609061545/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/10/25/1321907.html ''Italian Research on the Holodomor''], October 2005. ------>
* {{cite news |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |date=25 October 2005 |issue=33–39 |ref=Kulchytsky2005 |title=Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians{{spaced ndash}}Six-part series |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |language=en |via=Orange Revolution website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190108/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url=http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html }}

Original online issues for series:
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin1}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 1 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=25 October 2005 |issue=33 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627212021/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4 |archive-date=27 June 2022 }}
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin2}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 2 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=1 November 2005 |issue=34 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820211035/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3 |archive-date=20 August 2022 }}
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin3}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 3 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=8 November 2005 |issue=35 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2 |archive-date=31 October 2022 }}
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin4}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 4 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=22 November 2005 |issue=37 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1 |archive-date=31 October 2022 }}
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin5}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 5 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=29 November 2005 |issue=38 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210051/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0 |archive-date=27 June 2022 }}
::: {{cite news |ref={{sfnref| Kulchytsky Stalin6}} |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |title=Part 6 |quote=[[#Kulchytsky2005|(Kulchytsky 2005)]] |date=6 December 2005 |issue=39 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210009/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians |archive-date=27 June 2022 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |script-title=uk:Голодомор-33: чому і як? |title=Holodomor-33: chomu i yak? |trans-title=Holodomor-33: Why and how? |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |language=uk |issue=25 |date=24 November 2006 |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodomor-33_chomu_i_yak.html |access-date=1 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite news |ref={{sfnref|Kulchytsky2007- Evidential Gaps}} |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |date=13 February 2007 |issue=5 |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 1 of 4 |quote=[[#Kulch2005.2|Part 2]], [[#Kulch2005.3|Part 3]], [[#Kulch2005.4|Part 4]]. |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302083339/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |archive-date=2 March 2022 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |date=27 February 2007 |issue=7 |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 2 |ref=Kulch2005.2 |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302081200/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis |archive-date=2 March 2022 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |date=6 March 2007 |issue=8 |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 3 |ref=Kulch2005.3 |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501113747/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0 |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0 |archive-date=1 May 2022 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |date=20 March 2007 |issue=9 |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 4 |ref=Kulch2005.4 |newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627201933/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis |archive-date=27 June 2022 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kulchytsky |first=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |date=17 February 2007 |title=Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. yak henotsyd: prohalyny u dokazovii bazi |script-title=uk:Голодомор 1932 — 1933 рр. як геноцид: прогалини у доказовій базі |language=uk |trans-title=Holodomor 1932–1933 as genocide: gaps in the evidence |work=[[The Day (Kyiv)|Den]] |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobici/golodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202145734/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobici/golodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live }} ([https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0 English article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501113747/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0 |date=1 May 2022 }})
* {{cite book |last1=Kulchytsky |first1=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |script-title=uk:гoлoд 1932-1933 pp. в Україні як геноцид: мовою документів, очима свідків |title=Holod 1932-1933 pp. v Ukrayini yak henotsyd: movoyu dokumentiv, ochyma svidkiv |trans-title=Famine 1932-1933 pp. in Ukraine as genocide: in the language of documents, through the eyes of witnesses |url=https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Stanislav_Kulchytskyi/Holod_1932-1933_pp_v_Ukpaini_iak_henotsyd_movoiu_dokumentiv_ochyma_svidkiv.pdf?PHPSESSID=dq1od2p7iq2j66s39rbk283pr4 |date=2008 |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521114821/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Stanislav_Kulchytskyi/Holod_1932-1933_pp_v_Ukpaini_iak_henotsyd_movoiu_dokumentiv_ochyma_svidkiv.pdf?PHPSESSID=dq1od2p7iq2j66s39rbk283pr4 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kulchytsky |first1=Stanislav |author1-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |title=The Ukrainian Holodomor against the Background of the Communist Onslaught, 1929–1938 |url=https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Kulchytsky-Holodomor-and-Communist-Onslaught.pdf |date=September 2017 |journal=Holodomor Research and Education Consortium |translator1-first=Ali |translator1-last=Kinsella |translator2-first=Marta D. |translator2-last=Olynyk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015422/https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Kulchytsky-Holodomor-and-Communist-Onslaught.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Kulchytsky |first1=Stanislav |author-link=:uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович |url=https://localhistory.org.ua/videos/bez-bromu/golodomor-stanislav-kulchitskii/ |script-title=uk:Чому відбувся Голодомор - Станіслав Кульчицький |title=Chomu vidbuvsya Holodomor - Stanislav Kulʹchytsʹkyy |trans-title=Why did the Holodomor happen - Stanislav Kulchytsky |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 April 2022 |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202162453/https://localhistory.org.ua/videos/bez-bromu/golodomor-stanislav-kulchitskii/ |archive-date=2 December 2021 }}
* {{cite conference |last1=Kuśnierz |first1=Robert|authorlink=Robert Kuśnierz|date=21 November 2013 |title=Post-holodomor Population Resettlements to Ukraine (1933–1934) |conference=45th Annual Convention of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies |location=Boston |url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000523/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html |archive-date=9 January 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kuśnierz |first1=Robert |title=Przesiedlenia ludności na Ukrainie w latach 1933–1934 |trans-title=Resettlement of population in Ukraine in the years 1933–1934 |language=pl |journal={{ill|Dzieje Najnowsze|pl}} |date=10 April 2018 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=51–68 |doi=10.12775/DN.2018.1.03 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |author=Kyiv Post |author-link=Kyiv Post |title=Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll |work=KyivPost |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/montreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html |language=en |publisher=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|MontrealGazette.com]], [[Kyiv Post]] |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210648/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/montreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live }}
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* Liber, George. ''Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914–1954'' ( U of Toronto Press, 2016).
* {{cite book |last1=Lemkin |first1=Raphael |year=2008 |orig-date=1953 |author1-link=Raphael Lemkin |chapter-url=http://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf |chapter=Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine |editor1-first=Lubomyr |editor1-last=Luciuk |editor2-first=Lisa |editor2-last=Grekul |title=Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine |isbn=978-1-896354-33-0 |publisher=[[Kashtan Press]] |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302234607/http://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Lemkin |first1=Raphael |date=26 November 2010 |author1-link=Raphael Lemkin |url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/26/6400/ |trans-title=Holodomor was a genocide, according to the author of the term |language=uk |script-title=uk:Голодомор був геноцидом. Так вважав автор терміну "геноцид" |title=Holodomor buv henotsydom. Tak vvazhav avtor terminu "henotsyd" |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124194825/https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/26/6400/ |archive-date=24 January 2011 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Leonavičius |first1=Vylius |last2=Ozolinčiūtė |first2=Eglė |date=1 December 2019 |title=The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture |journal={{ill|Sociologija: Mintis Ir Veiksmas|lt}} |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=93–131 |doi=10.15388/SocMintVei.2019.1.10 |s2cid=213399789 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite news |last1=Levy |first1=Clifford J. |title=A New View of a Famine That Killed Millions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804005058/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=24 February 2017 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Fylyppov |first2=Sanyo |date=5 May 2022 |title=Russians steal vast amounts of Ukrainian grain and equipment, threatening this year's harvest |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/europe/russia-ukraine-grain-theft-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618081808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/europe/russia-ukraine-grain-theft-cmd-intl/index.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Loroff |first1=Nicole |last2=Vincent |first2=Jordan |last3=Kuryliw |first3=Valentina |date=2015 |title=Holodomor – Denial and Silences: The Cover-Up: Denials, Dismissals and Silences |url=https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/ |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=HREC Education [Holodomor Research and Education Consortium] |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214040645/https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/ |archive-date=14 February 2022 |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Mace |first1=James |author1-link=James Mace |year=1986 |chapter=The man-made famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine |editor1-last=Serbyn |editor1-first=Roman |editor2-last=Krawchenko |editor2-first=Bohdan |title=Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/famineinukraine100serb |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |isbn=978-0-09-286243-4 |location=Canada |language=en-CA |editor2-link=Bohdan Krawchenko }}
* {{cite book |last=Mace |first=James E. |author-link=James Mace |chapter=Soviet Man-Made Famine in Ukraine |pages=93–126 |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor2-last=Parsons |editor2-first=William S. |editor3-last=Charny |editor3-first=Israel W. |year=2004 |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA93 |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-94430-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mace |first=James E. |year=2008 |title=Ваші мертві вибрали мене&nbsp;... |trans-title=Your dead chose me&nbsp;... |location=Kyiv |publisher=Vyd-vo ZAT "Ukraïns'ka pres-hrupa" |isbn=978-966-8152-13-9}} (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in ''[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]'' from 1993 to 2004).
* {{cite book |last1=Maksudov|first1= Sergei |title= The Samizdat Register II |date=1981 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |chapter=Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958 |editor1-last=Medvedev |editor1-first=Roy A. |isbn=978-0-393-01419-8 |location=London–New York}}
* {{cite web |last=Margolis |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Margolis (journalist) |title=Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust |date=16 November 2003 |quote=First appeared in Toronto Sun, 16Nov2003 |website=ukemonde.com |url=http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html |access-date=8 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909103902/http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref={{sfnref|Britannica Holodomor}} |last1=Makuch |first1=Andrij |title=The famine of 1932–1933 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123082312/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Malko |first1=Victoria A. |title=The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s |date=2021 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=978-1-4985-9679-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqhGEAAAQBAJ |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135739/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqhGEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |last1=Markevich |first1=Andrei |last2=Naumenko |first2=Natalya |last3=Qian |first3=Nancy |title=The Causes of Ukrainian Famine Mortality, 1932–33 |date=July 2021 |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w29089 |doi=10.3386/w29089 |type=CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16408 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite news |last=Marples |first=David R. |author-link=David R. Marples |date=14 July 2002 |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml |title=Analysis: Debating the undebatable? Ukraine Famine of 1932–1933 |work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=LXX |issue=28 |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024742/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml}}
* {{cite web |last=Marples |first=David |author-link=David R. Marples |date=30 November 2005 |url=http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176 |title=The great famine debate goes on&nbsp;... |publisher=ExpressNews, [[University of Alberta]] |via=originally published in the [[Edmonton Journal]] |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015541/http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176}}
* {{cite book |last=Marples |first=David R. |author-link=David R. Marples |date=1 January 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PP1 |title=Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |isbn=978-963-7326-98-1 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135653/https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Marples |first=David R. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1080/09668130902753325 |s2cid=67783643 |issn=0966-8136}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Terry |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A90ZDgAAQBAJ |title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 |edition=paperback |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |pages=306–307 |isbn=978-0-8014-8677-7 |access-date=2 December 2021 |via=Google Books |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424003241/https://books.google.com/books?id=A90ZDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |first=Andrea K. |last=McDaniels |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html |title=Organizers, including Timonium man, hope to educate with Ukrainian memorial in D.C. |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=7 November 2015 |access-date=7 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031940/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Meier |first1=Michael |title=Why Did So Many Ukrainians Die in the Soviet Great Famine? |url=https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ukraine-famine-holodomor-causes |access-date=14 December 2022 |agency=Kellogg Insight |date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130111013/https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ukraine-famine-holodomor-causes |archive-date=30 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Mendel |first1=Iuliia |title=85 Years Later, Ukraine Marks Famine That Killed Millions |id={{Gale|A563244157}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/europe/ukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702072611/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/europe/ukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meslé |first1=France |last2=Pison |first2=Gilles |last3=Vallin |first3=Jacques |title=France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History |journal=[[Population & Societies]] |issue=413 |date=June 2005 |pages=1–4 |id={{ProQuest|198225762}} |citeseerx=10.1.1.738.7259 |url=https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/editions/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713200829/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/editions/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/ |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Meslé |first1=France |last2=Vallin |first2=Jacques |chapter= |title=Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle |trans-title=Mortality and causes of death in Ukraine in the 20th century |isbn= |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institut national d'études démographiques]]: Centre de démographie et d'écologie humaine de Moscou : Institut national des problèmes de sécurité internationale |location=Paris |edition=CDROM |url=https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000524/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=1 December 2022 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Musiienko |first=Oleksa H. |date=18 February 1988 |script-title=uk:Громадянська позиція літературі і перебудова |title=Hromadians'ka pozytsiia literatury i perebudova |language=uk |trans-title=The Civic Position of Literature and Perestroika |journal=Literaturna Ukraïna |pages=7–8}}
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* {{cite book |last=Naimark |first=Norman M. |author-link=Norman Naimark |year=2010 |title=Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC |location=Princeton,&nbsp;NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14784-0 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140205/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Nalyvayko |first1=Severyn |last2=Bulanenko |first2=Iryna |date=27 November 2016 |title=Historian Martyniuk: Ukrainian homes were massively occupied by Russian settlers |url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |website=Euromaidan Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091224/http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=live |translator1-last=Chraibi |translator1-first=Christine }}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of the Holodomor |date=26 November 2018 |author1-link=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |website=Memorial Ukraine [to the Victims of the Holodomor] |location=Kyiv |url=http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history |title=Museum History |access-date=20 December 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217013832/http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history |archive-date=17 February 2013 }}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of the Holodomor |date=18 October 2019 |author-link=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |title=Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329195700/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |author=New Voice - UA |date=20 October 2022 |title=Russia removes Holodomor memorial in Mariupol |url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/russia-removes-holodomor-memorial-in-mariupol-ukraine-news-50277917.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |newspaper=The New Voice of Ukraine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021015613/https://english.nv.ua/nation/russia-removes-holodomor-memorial-in-mariupol-ukraine-news-50277917.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Naumenko |first=Natalya |date=March 2021 |title=The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933 |journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=156–197 |doi=10.1017/S0022050720000625 |issn=0022-0507 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|Noack|Janssen|Cornerford|2014}} |editor1-last=Noack |editor1-first= Christian |editor2-last=Janssen |editor2-first=Lindsay |editor3-last=Comerford |editor3-first=Vincent |date=October 2014 |title=Holodomor and Gorta Mór: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland |publisher=[[Anthem Press]] |isbn=978-1-78308-319-0}}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}
<!-- OOOO -->
* {{cite web |last1=Obama |first1=Barack |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |title=Statement by the President on the Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day |date=13 November 2009 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216173640/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}
* {{cite web |author=Obama administration- NSC Spokesman |ref={{sfnref|Obama2010}} |title=Statement by the National Security Council Spokesman Mike Hammer on Ukraine's Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170823/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}
* {{cite web |author=Obama administration- Office of the Press Secretary |ref={{sfnref|Obama2011}} |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216163838/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}
* {{cite web |last=Ohayon |first=Isabelle |title=The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization |date=13 January 2016 |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529051309/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=O'Neil |first1=Peter |title=Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20101030/287835824386057 |publisher=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |via=Pressreader.com |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210519/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20101030/287835824386057 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Osadchenko |first1=E. V. |last2=Rudneva |first2=S. E. |year=2012 |number=1 |script-title=ru:Голод на кубани 1932-1933 ГГ |title=Golod na kubani 1932-1933 GG |trans-title=Famine in the Kuban 1932-1933 |language=ru |issn=1681-7494 |pages=96–98 |journal=Успехи современного естествознания [Advances in current natural sciences] |quote=На Кубани только за период с ноября 1932 г. по весну 1933 г. число задокументированных жертв голода составило 62 тысячи человек. По мнению большинства историков, реальная цифра погибших в разы больше. |trans-quote=In the Kuban, only for the period from November 1932 to the spring of 1933, the number of documented victims of famine amounted to 62 thousand people. According to most historians, the real death toll is many times higher. |url=http://www.natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=29574 |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210537/https://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=29574 |archive-date=14 March 2022 }}
<!-- PPPP -->
* {{cite web |last1=Papakin |first1=Heorhii |date=27 November 2010 |script-title=uk:"Чорні дошки" Голодомору - економічний метод знищення громадян УРСР (СПИСОК) |title="Chorni doshky" Holodomoru – ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR (SPYSOK) |trans-title="Black boards" of the Holodomor: An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR (list) |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103054050/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/ |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Istorychna Pravda |language=uk }}
* {{Cite news |last=Pianigiani |first=Gaia |date=23 November 2022 |title=Pope Francis compares Russia's war against Ukraine to a devastating Stalin-era famine. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/europe/pope-francis-russia-ukraine-stalin-famine.html |access-date=25 November 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125003433/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/europe/pope-francis-russia-ukraine-stalin-famine.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Pipes |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Pipes |year=1995 |title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime |location=New York |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |isbn=978-0-679-76184-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Potocki |first=Robert |year=2003 |title=Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939 |trans-title=The policy of the Polish state towards the Ukrainian question in the years 1930–1939 |language=pl, en |location=Lublin |publisher=Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej |isbn=978-83-917615-4-0}}
<!-- QQQQ-->
* {{cite web |last=Qian |first=Nancy |date=2021 |title=The Political Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932-1933 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95xMd_sz9rA |type=Webinar |website=CEPR & VideoVox Economics |publisher=[[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] |series=Political Economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214014101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95xMd_sz9rA |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] }}
<!-- RRRR-->
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Verkhovna Rada, 2003.}} |author=[[Verkhovna Rada|Rada]] |script-title=uk:Про Звернення до Українського народу учасників спеціального засідання Верховної Ради України 14 травня 2003 року щодо вшанування пам'яті жертв голодомору 1932–1933 |title=Pro Zvernennya do Ukrayinsʹkoho narodu uchasnykiv spetsialʹnoho zasidannya Verkhovnoyi Rady Ukrayiny 14 travnya 2003 roku shchodo vshanuvannya pam'yati zhertv holodomoru 1932–1933 |trans-title=Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 |language=uk |date=14 May 2003 |publisher=Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032220/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15#top |archive-date=10 July 2022 |url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15 }}
* {{cite web |author=[[Verkhovna Rada|Rada]] |ref={{sfnref|Rada, Nov. 2006.}} |language=uk |publisher=[[Verkhovna Rada]] (Parliament of Ukraine) |date=28 November 2006 |url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16 |script-title=uk:ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні |title=ZAKON UKRAYINY: Pro Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukrayini |trans-title=Law of Ukraine: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083223/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16 |archive-date=3 May 2015 }} 
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Verkhovna Rada, 2007.}} |author=[[Verkhovna Rada|Rada]] |date=4 June 2007 |script-title=uk:Про встановлення Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів |title=Pro vstanovlennya Dnya pam'yati zhertv holodomoriv |trans-title=On the establishment of the Holodomor Remembrance Day |publisher=Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1310/98 |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=uk |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140208/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1310/98#Text |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Radzinsky |first=Edvard |author-link=Edvard Radzinsky |year=1996 |title=Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives |location=London |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |isbn=978-0-340-60619-3 |title-link=Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives}}
* {{cite web |author=Rating Group Ukraine |date=26 November 2021 |trans-title=Dynamics of the attitude of Ukrainians to the Holodomor of 1932–1933 |title=Dynamika stavlennya ukrayintsiv do holodomoru 1932–33 |script-title=uk:Динаміка ставлення українців до голодомору 1932–33 |language=uk |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235225/https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html |archive-date=26 November 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Reid |first=Anna |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629 |title=Rule by Starvation |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=7 October 2017 |access-date=8 October 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629 |archive-date=8 October 2017 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Rosefielde |year=1983 |title=Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949 |journal=[[Soviet Studies]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=385–409 |jstor=151363 |doi=10.1080/09668138308411488 |pmid=11636006}}
* {{cite web |last=Rud |first=Victor |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future |title=Holodomor Remembrance Day: Why the Past Matters for the Future |access-date=24 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044714/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rudnytskyi |first1=Omelian P. |last2=Levchuk |first2=Nataliia M. |last3=Wolowyna |first3=Oleh |last4=Shevchuk |first4=Pavlo E. |last5=Kovbasiuk |first5=Alla B. |title=Demography оf a Man-Made Human Catastrophe: the Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 |journal=[[Demography and Social Economy]] |date=24 December 2015 |issue=3 |pages=43–63 |doi=10.15407/dse2015.03.003 |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/relocation-1933-1936.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Rudnytskyi et al. 2015}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813124857/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/relocation-1933-1936.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Rusanivsʹkyĭ |editor1-first=Vitaliĭ M. |encyclopedia=Academic explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language |url=http://sum.in.ua/s/zamorjuvaty |script-title=uk:Заморювати |title=Zamoryuvaty |trans-title=To Freeze |language=uk |isbn=978-966-02-7402-0 |publisher=Наукова думка and Sum.in.ua |date=2010 |access-date=30 August 2022 |ref={{sfnref|SumInUa Dictionary|2010}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829141154/http://sum.in.ua/s/zamorjuvaty |archive-date=29 August 2022 |url-status=live }}
<!-- SSSS -->
* {{cite book |last=Samchuk |first=U. |year=1952 |url=http://www.languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm |title=Maria. A Chronicle of a Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325045524/http://languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm |archive-date=25 March 2017 |language=en |publisher=Language Lantern Publications |location=Toronto }}
* {{Cite news |last1=Santora |first1=Marc |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=26 November 2022 |title=On the Anniversary of Ukraine's Famine, Parallels to Russia's Strikes |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/26/world/europe/ukraine-war-holodomor-strikes.html |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222035841/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/26/world/europe/ukraine-war-holodomor-strikes.html |archive-date=22 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |date=September 1982 |title=The Crisis of Collectivisation: Socialist Development and the Peasantry |journal=The IDS Bulletin |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-5436.1982.mp13004002.x |url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/10676 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Serbyn |first=Roman |title=Ukraine (Famine) |pages=1055–1061 |editor-first=Dinah L. |editor-last=Shelton |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity |volume=3 |year=2005 |publisher=Thomson Gale |isbn=0-02-865847-7 |location=Detroit, MI |oclc=470301730 |author-link=Roman Serbyn}}
* {{cite news |last1=Serbyn |first1=Roman |title=The Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 and the UN Convention on Genocide |url=https://khpg.org/en/1204069771 |work=Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group |date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713172813/https://khpg.org/en/1204069771 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Serbyn |first=Roman |date=9 May 2015 |author-link=Roman Serbyn |url=https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/ |title=Role of Lemkin |website=HREC Education [Holodomor Research and Education Consortium] |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530164956/https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw|first1=George Bernard|last2=Wells |first2=H. G. |last3=Keynes |first3=John Maynard |last4=Stalin |first4=Joseph |date=1934 |title=Stalin-Wells-talk: The Verbatim Record and a Discussion |publisher=The New Statesman and Nation |location=London |author1-link=George Bernard Shaw |author2-link=H. G. Wells |author3-link=John Maynard Keynes |author4-link=Joseph Stalin |oclc=1185552369}}
* {{cite news |last=Sheeter |first=Laura |date=24 November 2007 |title=Ukraine remembers famine horror |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731094354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm }}
* {{cite news |author=Shevchenko University news |script-title=uk:Міжнародна конференція "Голодомор 1932–1933 років: втрати української нації" |title=Mizhnarodna konferentsiya "Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv: vtraty ukrayinsʹkoyi natsiyi" |language=uk |trans-title=International Conference "The Holodomor of 1932–1933: the losses of the Ukrainian nation" |date=2016 |publisher=[[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]] |url=https://knu.ua/news/8063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703050623/https://knu.ua/news/8063 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Snyder |first1=Timothy |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |url=https://www.eurozine.com/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/ |publisher=[[Eurozine]] |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=22 November 2010 |title=Holocaust: The ignored reality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728105241/http://www.eurozine.com/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |year=2010 |title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-00239-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite news |last=Sokur |first=Vasily |date=21 November 2008 |title=Vyyavlennym vo vremya golodomora lyudoyedam khodivshiye po selam meditsinskiye rabotniki davali otravlennyye "primanki" – kusok myasa ili khleba |script-title=ru:Выявленным во время голодомора людоедам ходившие по селам медицинские работники давали отравленные "приманки" – кусок мяса или хлеба |trans-title=Cannibals identified during the Holodomor were given poisoned "baits" by medical workers walking around the villages – a piece of meat or bread |quote=The author suggests that never in the history of mankind was cannibalism so widespread as during the Holodomor. |url=http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba |newspaper=[[Fakty i Kommentarii|Facts and Commentaries]] |access-date=27 July 2012 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104443/http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba }}
* {{cite journal |last=Soldatenko |first=Valerii |year=2003 |trans-title=The starvation of '33: subjective thoughts about objective processes |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |location=Kyiv |issue=24, 28 June – 4 July |language=uk, ru |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodniy_tridtsyat_tretiy_subektivni_dumki_pro_obektivni_protsesi.html |script-title=uk:Голодний тридцять третій суб'єктивні думки про об'єктивні процеси |title=Holodnyy trydtsyatʹ tretiy sub'yektyvni dumky pro ob'yektyvni protsesy }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sosnovy |first1=Stepan |editor1-last=Pidhainy |editor1-first=Semen O. |chapter=The Truth about the Famine |title=The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Volume 1: Testimonials. |date=1953 |publisher=The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. |location=Toronto |author1-link=Stepan Sosnovy |format=pdf |asin=B000EGMA4O |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf#page=234 |volume=1 |translator1-last=Oreletsky |translator1-first=Alexander |translator2-last=Prychodko |translator2-first=Olga |access-date=1 December 2022 |page=222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128070224/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf#page=234 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Stephens |first1=Katharine |title=11 million, not 6 million, died in the Holocaust |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/11-million-not-6-million-died-in-the-holocaust/2017/05/26/6fdcc270-3f1c-11e7-b29f-f40ffced2ddb_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202134430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/11-million-not-6-million-died-in-the-holocaust/2017/05/26/6fdcc270-3f1c-11e7-b29f-f40ffced2ddb_story.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Daniel |date=24 November 2022 |title=Irish Senate recognizes Ukrainian genocide in the 1930s |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/irish-senate-recognizes-ukrainian-genocide-in-the-1930s/ar-AA14wfiY |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=News 360 |language=en-US |agency=[[MSN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125155243/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/irish-senate-recognizes-ukrainian-genocide-in-the-1930s/ar-AA14wfiY |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Suny |first=Ronald Grigor |author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny |title=Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2017 |pages=94–95 |isbn=978-1-78478-564-2 |quote=Most scholars rejected this claim, seeing the famine as following from a badly conceived and miscalculated policy of excessive requisitioning of grain, but not as directed specifically against ethnic Ukrainians.}}
<!-- TTTT -->
* {{cite journal |last=Tauger |first=Mark B. |title=The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1991 |pages=70–89 |doi=10.2307/2500600 |jstor=2500600 |s2cid=163767073}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tauger |first=Mark B. |date=January 2001 |title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933 |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Center for International Studies]] |editor1-last=Chase |editor1-first=William |editor2-last=Donnorummo |editor2-first=Bob |editor3-last=Linden |editor3-first=Ronald H. |issue=1506 |page=67 |doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89 |doi-access=free |issn=0889-275X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824073308/http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger%2C%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2012 |url=http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf }}
::: {{cite web |title=ResearchGate copy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310522491 |access-date=19 December 2022 |via=ResearchGate }}
* {{cite web |author=Tehran Times |author-link=Tehran Times |date=20 February 2021 |title="Holodomor" reveals how Stalin starved millions in Ukrainian famine |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458345/Holodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian |access-date=22 February 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222065203/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458345/Holodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian |archive-date=22 February 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite conference |last=Thevenin |first=Etienne |date=29 June 2005 |title=France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine |url=http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf |conference=James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210530/http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2022 }}
* {{cite book |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |page=93 |isbn= 978-0-415-94429-8 |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |last3=Charny |first3=Israel W. |year=2004|publisher=Routledge}}
<!-- UUUU -->
* {{cite web |author=Ucrainica Research |date=2009 |title=International Recognition of the Holodomor |url=http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4 |website=Holodomor Education |access-date=26 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231045936/http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4 |archive-date=31 December 2015 }}
* {{cite web |author=Ukraine National Bank |ref={{sfnref|Nat.BankUkraine2007}} |title=Commemorative Coins "Holodomor – Genocide of the Ukrainian People |date=17 December 2007 |url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108111037/http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm |archive-date=8 January 2008 }}
* {{cite web |author=Ukraine National Radio |ref={{sfnref|Nat.RadioUkraine2007}} |title=Ceremonial events to commemorate Holodomor victims to be held in Kyiv for three days |date=23 November 2007 |url=http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216070228/http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808 |archive-date=16 February 2011 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Ukrainian Weekly |date=14 July 2002 |title=Editorial: Famine denial |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=70 |issue=28 |page=6 |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022545/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |date=16 November 2003 |author=Ukrainian Weekly |title=30 U.N. member-states sign joint declaration on Great Famine |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=71 |issue=46 |pages=1, 20 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303221638/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2014 }}
* {{cite web |author=UN signatory nations |title=Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the 70th anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) |date=7 November 2003 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/505743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113548/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/505743 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |author-link=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |title=Holodomor |url=http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm |publisher=Ucc.sk.ca |date=2008 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115506/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm }}
* {{cite web |author=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |date=3 June 2010 |author-link=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |title=Quebec Passes Bill Recognizing Holodomor as a Genocide |url=http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/ |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212134207/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/ |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}
* {{cite web |author=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |author-link=Ukrainian Canadian Congress |date=26 June 2020 |title=National Holodomor Education Committee |url=https://www.ucc.ca/about-ucc/committees/national-holodomor-education-committee/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316120225/https://www.ucc.ca/about-ucc/committees/national-holodomor-education-committee/ |archive-date=16 March 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |author=Ukrainska Pravda |date=4 October 2018 |author-link=Ukrainska Pravda |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/10/4/7194127/ |script-title=uk:Сенат США визнав Голодомор геноцидом українського народу |title=Senat SSHA vyznav Holodomor henotsydom ukrayinsʹkoho narodu |trans-title=The US Senate recognized the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people |language=uk |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004173557/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/10/4/7194127/ }}
* {{cite news |author=Ukrinform |date=23 November 2022a |author-link=Ukrinform |title=Pope honors victims of Holodomor, aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3620257-pope-honors-victims-of-holodomor-aggression-against-ukraine.html |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123120058/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3620257-pope-honors-victims-of-holodomor-aggression-against-ukraine.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |author=Ukrinform |date=24 November 2022c |author-link=Ukrinform |title=Romania recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124135059/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html |archive-date=24 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |author=Ukrinform |date=25 November 2022d |author-link=Ukrinform |title=Poll: 93% of Ukrainians see Holodomor as genocide |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3622104-poll-93-of-ukrainians-see-holodomor-as-genocide.html |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125202547/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3622104-poll-93-of-ukrainians-see-holodomor-as-genocide.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |author=Ukrinform |date=15 December 2022e |author-link=Ukrinform |title=European Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3634804-european-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215125012/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3634804-european-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html |archive-date=15 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|US Commission Report vol.1}} |author=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |year=1988 |title=Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932–1933 Vol.1:Report to Congress |access-date=27 July 2012 |url=http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194737/http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-date=7 January 2007 |location=Washington,&nbsp;D.C. |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |author-link=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |page=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112182613/http://genocidecurriculum.org/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/page-67/ 67] |editor1-last=Mace |editor1-first=James Earnest |editor1-link=James Mace |editor2-last=Samilenko |editor2-first=Olga |editor3-last=Pechenuk |editor3-first=Walter |volume=1 of 3 }}
* {{cite book |ref=US Commission OralHist |author=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |volume=1-3 |title=Investigation of the Ukrainian famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine |date=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |editor1-last=Mace |editor1-first=James Earnest |editor2-last=Heretz |editor2-first=Leonid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ |author-link=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |editor1-link=James Mace |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
::: {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|US Commission OralHist. vol.1}} |title=Volume 1 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=[[#US Commission OralHist|(US Commission- Oral History)]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
::: {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|US Commission OralHist. vol.1}} |title=Volume 2 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=[[#US Commission OralHist|(US Commission- Oral History)]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-9FAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-9FAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
::: {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|US Commission OralHist. vol.1}} |title=Volume 3 |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |quote=[[#US Commission OralHist|(US Commission- Oral History)]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPBFAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424003243/https://books.google.com/books?id=bPBFAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=USSR Census |date=1939 |website=[[University of Toronto]] Data Library Service |title=USSR Census of 1939 |url=http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211443/http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}
* {{cite book |last=Uytkroft |first=S. |year=2001 |script-chapter=ru:О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931–1933 гг. |chapter=O demograficheskikh svidetel'stvakh tragedii sovetskoy derevni v 1931–1933 gg. |trans-chapter=On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931–1933 |editor=V.P. Danilov |display-editors=etal |script-title=ru:Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927–1939 гг.: Документы и материалы |title=Tragediya sovetskoy derevni: Kollektivizatsiya i raskulachivaniye 1927–1939 gg.: Dokumenty i materialy |trans-title=The Tragedy of the Soviet Village: Collectivization and Dekulakization 1927–39: Documents and Materials |volume=3 |location=Moscow |publisher=[[ROSSPEN]] |isbn=978-5-8243-0225-7 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010655/http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html |archive-date=20 March 2008 |url=http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html }}
<!-- VVVV -->
* {{cite journal |last1=Vallin |first1=Jacques |last2=Meslé |first2=France |last3=Adamets |first3=Serguei |last4=Pyrozhkov |first4=Serhii |title=A new estimate of Ukrainian population losses during the crises of the 1930s and 1940s |journal=[[Population Studies]] |date=January 2002 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=249–264 |doi=10.1080/00324720215934 |pmid=12553326 |s2cid=21128795}}
* {{cite book |last=Van Herpen |first=Marcel |year=2013 |title=Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr8Gu1yWMrUC&pg=PT40 |access-date=29 February 2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-28282-8 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140208/https://books.google.com/books?id=dr8Gu1yWMrUC&pg=PT40#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Viola |first=Lynne |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZAKmWBNXV8C |title=Peasant Rebels Under Stalin |edition=E-book |location=Oxford, England |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=49 |isbn=978-0-19-535132-3 |access-date=19 December 2021 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422191917/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZAKmWBNXV8C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |author=Visnyk |date=Summer 2008 |title=Saskatchewan first province to recognize Holodomor as genocide |url=http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf |newspaper=Visnyk (Весник) |volume=XXII |issue=2 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203819/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}
<!-- WWWW -->
* {{cite book |last=Werth |first=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Werth |year=1999 |chapter=A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union |editor-last=Courtois |editor-first=Stéphane |title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression |translator1-first=Mark |translator1-last=Kraemer |translator2-first=Jonathan |translator2-last=Murphy |edition=illustrated hardcover |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-07608-2}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Nicolas Werth |last=Werth |first=Nicolas |date=2007 |chapter=La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933 |language=fr |trans-chapter=The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 |title=La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système |trans-title=Terror and disarray: Stalin and his system edited |editor-first=Nicolas |editor-last=Werth |editor-link=Nicolas Werth |location=Paris |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-02462-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Werth |first1=Nicolas |title=The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 |journal=[[Sciences Po]] |date=18 April 2008 |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/great-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103063806/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/great-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=13 December 2022 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Werth |first1=Nicolas |date=2012 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0020 |editor-last1=Bloxham |editor-last2=Moses |editor-first1=Donald |editor-first2=A. Dirk |chapter=Mass Deportations, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Later Russian Empire and the USSR |title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |pages=386–406 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA386 |isbn=978-0-19-161361-6 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713123507/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA386 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen G. |author-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |date=7 December 2000 |title=A Note on Demographic Data as an Indicator of the Tragedy of the Soviet Village, 1931–33 (draft) |url=http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702185709/http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2013 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen G. |author-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year=2001 |chapter=Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3 |chapter-url=https://melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW-%7B%7BTypo%7CUkra%7Cnian%7D%7DFamine_mortality.pdf |editor1-first=V. |editor1-last=Vasil'ev |editor2-first=Y. |editor2-last=Shapovala |title=Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. |location=Kyiv |publisher=Geneza |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712050441/https://melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW-%7B%7BTypo%7CUkra%7Cnian%7D%7DFamine_mortality.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wheatcroft |first1=Stephen G. |author1-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year=2018 |title=The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines |journal=[[Contemporary European History]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=465–469 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326562364 |doi=10.1017/S0960777318000358 |doi-access=free |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30116832 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wilson (historian) |year=2002 |title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C |edition=2nd |location=New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-09309-4 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140218/https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wolowyna |first1=Oleh |title=A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=2 October 2021 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=501–526 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741 |s2cid=226316468}}
<!-- YYYY -->
* {{Cite web |last1=Yanchenko |first1=Halyna |date=2 December 2022 |author1-link=Halyna Yanchenko |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/12/2/7378948/ |script-title=uk:Бундестаг визнав Голодомор геноцидом українців. Чому сталися ці зміни у німецькій політиці? |title=Bundestah vyznav Holodomor henotsydom ukrayintsiv. Chomu stalysya tsi zminy u nimetsʹkiy politytsi? |trans-title=The Bundestag recognized the Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians. Why did these changes in German politics happen? |access-date=23 December 2022 |language=uk |newspaper=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223151736/https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/12/2/7378948/ |archive-date=23 December 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Yefimenko |first=Hennadiy |date=5 November 2021 |title=More is not better. The deleterious effects of artificially inflated Holodomor death tolls |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/11/05/more-is-not-better-the-deleterious-effects-of-artificially-inflated-holodomor-death-tolls/ |work=[[Euromaidan Press]] |translator1-last=Chraibi |translator1-first=Christine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501095158/https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/11/05/more-is-not-better-the-deleterious-effects-of-artificially-inflated-holodomor-death-tolls/ |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=28 March 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Yushchenko |first1=Viktor |author-link1=Viktor Yushchenko |title=Ukrainian President Yushchenko: Yushchenko's Address before Joint Session of U.S. Congress |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/print/173.html |work=Official Website of President of Ukraine |date=6 April 2005 |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-date=6 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006021607/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/print/173.html }}
* {{cite web |last=Yushchenko |first=Viktor |trans-title=DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 868/2006: On the commemoration of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Famine and Political Repression in 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204155/http://www.prezident.gov.ua/documents/5087.html |date=12 October 2006 |publisher=[[Office of the President of Ukraine]] |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url=http://www.prezident.gov.ua/documents/5087.html |language=uk |script-title=uk:УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 868/2006: Про відзначення у 2006 році Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів та політичних репресій |title=UKAZ PREZYDENTA UKRAYINY № 868/2006: Pro vidznachennya u 2006 rotsi Dnya pam'yati zhertv holodomoriv ta politychnykh represiy }}
* {{cite news |last=Yushchenko |first=Viktor |author-link=Viktor Yushchenko |date=27 November 2007 |title=Holodomor |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908084945/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] }}
<!-- ZZZZ -->
* {{Cite web |author=Zaxid |url=https://zaxid.net/vihovannya_golodom_n1511218 |script-title=uk:Виховання голодом |title=Vykhovannya holodom |trans-title=Education by hunger |website=Zaxid.net |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 April 2022 |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209021402/https://zaxid.net/vihovannya_golodom_n1511218 |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}
* {{cite web |author=ZIK (information agency) |title=Schoolchildren to study in detail about Holodomor and OUN-UPA |url=http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422023215/http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |publisher=ZIK–Western Information Agency |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=22 July 2012 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{See also|Bibliography of Ukrainian history|Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union|Bibliography of Genocide studies}}

=== Declarations and legal acts ===
* [[U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine]]. 19 April 1988. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055926/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine]" (Report to Congress).
* [[United Nations]]. 2003. [[s:Joint Statement on Holodomor|Joint Statement on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor)]]

=== Books and articles ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ammende |first1=Ewald |title=Human life in Russia |date=2006 |publisher=Hesperides Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-4067-3769-1 |author-link1=Ewald Ammende |orig-date=Originally published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1936}}
* {{cite book |last=Bruski |first=Jan Jacek |title=Hołodomor 1932–1933. Wielki Głód na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu |trans-title=Holodomor 1932–1933. The Great Famine in Ukraine in the documents of Polish diplomacy and intelligence |publisher=Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych |location=Warsaw |year=2008 |language=pl |isbn=978-83-89607-56-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Boriak |first1=Hennadii |title=The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |date=2001 |pages=167–186 |jstor=41036832 |pmid=20030020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200046/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/USF/3.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/USF/3.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boriak |first=Hennadii |title=Holodomor Archives and Sources: The State of the Art |journal=The Harriman Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=November 2008 |page=30 |doi=10.7916/d8-ba18-wc92 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Conquest |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Conquest |year=1999 |title=Comment on Wheatcroft |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=1479–1483 |jstor=153839 |doi=10.1080/09668139998426}}
* {{cite book |title=Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered |editor1-last=Curran |editor1-first=Declan |editor2-last=Luciuk |editor2-first=Lubomyr |editor3-last=Newby |editor3-first=Andrew |isbn=978-0-415-65681-8 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location= |series=Routledge Explorations in Economic History}}
* {{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Robert |author1-link=R. W. Davies |title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, Volume 1: The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–1930|isbn=978-0-674-81480-6 |date=1980 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA}}
* {{cite book |last=Dolot |first=Miron |title= Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine |isbn=978-0-9609822-1-9 |date=1984 |series=Ukrainian Studies Series |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
* {{cite book |last=Dolot |first=Miron |year=1985 |title=Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/executionbyhunge00dolo_0 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |ref=Dolot1985 |isbn=978-0-393-30416-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dushnyk |first1=Walter |title=50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine: Terror and Human Misery as Instruments of Soviet Russian Imperialism |isbn= |date=1983 |publisher=World Congress of Free Ukrainians |location=Toronto |editor1-link= |url=https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Dushnyk_Volodymyr/50_years_ago_the_famine_holocaust_in_Ukraine_Terror_and_human_misery_as_instruments_of_Soviet_Russia.pdf |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217052632/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Dushnyk_Volodymyr/50_years_ago_the_famine_holocaust_in_Ukraine_Terror_and_human_misery_as_instruments_of_Soviet_Russia.pdf?PHPSESSID=3ads1phtg6n7ifaa9t74gfkj35 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Barbara |trans-title=Soviet cities in the famine of 1932/33. State food policy and everyday urban life |title=Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben |series=Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas |volume=38 |language=de |isbn=978-3-412-10105-3 |date=2005 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |location=Cologne}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fürst |first1=Juliane |title=Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-161450-7}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Graziosi |editor1-first=Andrea |date=1991|trans-title=Letters from Kharkiv: The famine in the Ukraine and in the North Caucasus in the reports of Italian diplomats, 1932-33 |title=Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33 |isbn=978-88-06-12182-2 |language=it |publisher=Einaudi |location=Torino}} 
* {{cite book |author=Great Britain Foreign Office |title=The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933 |editor1-last=Carynnyk |editor1-first=Marco |editor2-last=Luciuk |editor2-first=Lubomyr Y. |editor3-last=Kordan |editor3-first=Bohdan S. |others=foreword by [[Michael Marrus]] |isbn=978-0-919642-31-7 |date=1988 |publisher=Limestone Press |location=Kingston, Ontario |url=https://archive.org/details/Britain-and-Holodomor-Docs}} 
* {{cite journal |last1=Gregorovich |first1=Andrew |title=Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence |journal=Forum: A Ukrainian Review |location=Scranton |issue=24 |date=1974 |url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/gregorovich/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |via=InfoUkes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926024733/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/gregorovich/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Halii |first1=Mykola |title=Organized Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933 |date=1963 |publisher=Ukrainian Research and Information Institute |location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hlushanytsia |first1=Pavlo |trans-title=The Third World War by Pavlo Hlushanitsa |script-title=uk:Глушаниця П. Третя світова війна Павла Глушаниці |title=Hlushanytsya P. Tretya svitova viyna Pavla Hlushanytsi |publisher=Anabasis Magazine |location=Toronto |date=1986 |translator1-last=Moroz |translator1-first=Vera |language=en, uk |pages=91–187 |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/4493/file.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310073433/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/4493/file.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2022}}
* {{cite book |script-title=uk:Холод на Україні, 1932–1933: вибрані статї |title=Kholod na Ukrayini, 1932–1933: vybrani statyi |trans-title=Holodomor in Ukraine, 1932–1933: selected articles |language=uk |editor1-last=Karatnytska |editor1-first=Nadia |date=1985 |publisher=Suchasnist |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hryshko |first1=Vasyl |title=The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933 |editor1-last=Carynnyk |editor1-first=Marco |isbn=978-0-9691830-1-3 |date=1983 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=Bahrianyi Foundation |location=Toronto |ref=Hryshko1983}}
* {{cite book |author=Institute of National Remembrance |author-link1=Institute of National Remembrance |title=Holodomor. The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 |editor1-last=Bednarek |editor1-first=Jerzy |editor2-last=Bohunov |editor2-first=Serhiy |editor3-last=Kokin |editor3-first=Serhiy |others=additional editors: Petro Kulakovsky, Marcin Majewski, Piotr Mierecki, Zbigniew Nawrocki, Yuriy Shapoval, Jędrzej Tucholski, Victor Tykhomyrov |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-83-7629-077-5/978-83-7629-077-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405220650/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-83-7629-077-5/978-83-7629-077-5.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2022 |language=en |publisher=Ministry of Interior and Administration, Republic of Poland |location=Warsaw |isbn=978-83-7629-077-5 |date=2009 |translator1-last=Serówka |translator1-first=Dariusz}}
* {{cite book |date=1990 |title=International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine |publisher= World Congress of Free Ukrainians |location=Toronto}}
** {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|1988IntCommissionFinalRep}} |title=Final report |date=1990 |publisher=World Congress of Free Ukrainians |location=Toronto |quote=[[#1988IntCommission|(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine, 1988.)]] |url=http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001225745/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008}}
** {{cite book|title=Brussels, Belgium Proceedings [transcript], 23–27 May 1988 |quote=[[#1988IntCommission|(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine)]]}}
** {{cite book |title=New York City Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988.|quote=[[#1988IntCommission|(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine)]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kalynyk |first1=Oleksa |date=1955 |title=Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine |oclc=5170037 |asin=B0007J7SR2 |publisher=Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kostiuk |first1=Hryhory |date=1960 |title= Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939 |series=Series I, No. 47 |asin=B005FGNR9K |publisher=Institute for the Study of the USSR |location=Munich}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kotkin |first1=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Kotkin |title=Stalin (volume 2): Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 |date=2017b |publisher=Penguin Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59420-380-0}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kovalenko |editor1-first=Liudmyla. B. |editor2-last=Maniak |editor2-first=Volodymyr A. |date=1991 |language=uk |trans-title=33rd [The Year 33] Famine. People's book-memorial |title=33-y-Holod. Narodna knyha-memorial |script-title=uk:33-й-Голод. Народна книга-меморіал |isbn=978-966-7891-95-4 |publisher=Radians'kyj pys'mennyk [Радянський письменник] |location=Kyiv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121024508/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-333-00875-2/5-333-00875-2.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022 |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-333-00875-2/5-333-00875-2.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Kowalski |first=Ludwik |title=Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime |publisher=Wasteland Press |year=2011 |url=http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/father2/introduction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004115025/http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/father2/introduction.html |isbn=978-1-60047-232-9 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |orig-date=2008 |author1-link=Ludwik Kowalski}}
* {{cite book |last1=Krawchenko |first1=Bohdan |title=Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-312-73160-1|location= [[Basingstoke]], UK |language=en |author-link=Bohdan Krawchenko |series=St Antony's/Macmillan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Krawchenko |first1=Bohdan |title=Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 |last2=Serbyn |first2=Roman |publisher=[[Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-920862-43-8 |location=Canada |page=208 |language=en |author-link=Bohdan Krawchenko}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kuśnierz |first1=Robert |date=2005 |language=pl |trans-title=Ukraine in the years of collectivization and the Great Famine (1929–1933) |title=Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933) |editor1-last=Marszałek |editor1-first=Adam |isbn=978-83-89588-35-7 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe Grado |location=[[Toruń ]]}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Leshuk |editor1-first= Leonard |date=1995 |title= Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934 |isbn=978-0-9706464-0-8 |oclc=35304980 |publisher=Kashtan Press|location=Kingston, Washington |translator-last1=Rueger |translator-first1=Raimund}} 
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Luciuk |editor1-first=Lubomyr |editor2-first=Lisa |editor2-last=Grekul |year=2008 |orig-date=1953 |title=Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine |isbn=978-1-896354-33-0 |publisher=Kashtan Press}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Luciuk |editor1-first=Lubomyr |title= Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times |isbn=978-1-896354-34-7 |date=2004 |publisher=Kashtan Press |location=Kingston}} 
* {{cite book |last=Mace |first=James E. |author-link=James Mace |date=29 December 1983 |title= Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933 |isbn= 978-0-916458-09-6 |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts}} 
* {{cite book |last1=Makohon |first1=Pavlo |date=1983 |trans-title=Witness: memoirs of the Famine of 1933 in Ukraine |title=Witness: memoirs of the Famine of 1933 in Ukraine |isbn= |publisher=Anabasis Magazine |location=Toronto |translator1-last=Moroz |translator1-first=Vera |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/1912/file.pdf |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220085624/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/1912/file.pdf |url-status=live}}
* Martchenko, Borys, ''La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933'', (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983).
* {{cite book |last=Marton |first=Kati |year=2007 |title=Great Escape |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-7432-6115-9 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98 98] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98}}
* {{cite book |last1=Montefiore |first1=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar |date=2003 |publisher=Alfre |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-29144-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marunchak |first1=Mykhaĭlo H. |date=1985 |trans-title=The nation in the struggle for its existence: 1932–1933 in Ukraine and the diaspora |title=Нація в боротьбі за своє існування: 1932–1933 в Україні і діяспорі |language=uk |oclc=13135619 |publisher=Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences |location=Winnipeg}}
* ''Memorial'', compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].
* Mishchenko, Oleksandr, ''Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen''', (Kyiv: Molod', 1991).
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Mykhailychenko |editor1-first=H. M. |editor2-last=Shatalina |editor2-first=E. P. |date=1992 |script-title=uk:Колективізація і голод на Україні 1929–1933 : збірник документів і матеріалів |title=Kolektyvizatsiya i holod na Ukrayini 1929–1933: zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv |trans-title=Collectivization and famine in Ukraine 1929–1933: a collection of documents and materials |isbn=978-5-12-003210-0 |publisher=Naukova Dumka |location=Kyiv |language=uk, ru |ref={{sfnref|Mykhailychenko|1992}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222182252/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf}}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of the Holodomor |author-link=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |date=6 April 2022a |title=The Czech Republic recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide in Ukraine |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125170057/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of the Holodomor |author-link=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |date=27 April 2022b |title=The upper house of the Brazilian parliament has recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide. |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125170055/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/ |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live}}
* Oleksiw, Stephen, ''The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).
* ''Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934'', [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation)
* {{cite journal |last1=Pianciola |first1= Niccolò |date= August 2020 |title=Review: Environment, Empire, and the Great Famine in Stalin's Kazakhstan: The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, by Sarah Cameron |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=23 |number=4 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1807140 |s2cid=225294912}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Pidhainy |editor1-first=Semen O. |title=The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Volume 1: Testimonials. |date=1953 |publisher=The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror |location=Toronto |asin=B000EGMA4O |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf |volume=1 |translator1-last=Oreletsky |translator1-first=Alexander |translator2-last=Prychodko |translator2-first=Olga |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117035831/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Pidhainy |editor1-first=Semen O. |title=The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Vol. 2: The Greate Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933 |date=1953 |publisher=The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. |location=Toronto |asin=B000EGICL4 |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12607/file.pdf |volume=2 |translator1-last=Oreletsky |translator1-first=Alexander |translator2-last=Prychodko |translator2-first=Olga |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128063834/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12607/file.pdf |url-status=live}}
* Pidnayny, Alexandra, ''A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).
* Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, ''8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini'', (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).
* {{cite book |first=Czesław |last=Rajca |title=Głód na Ukrainie |publisher=Werset |location=Lublin/Toronto |year=2005 |isbn=978-83-60133-04-0}}
* Senyshyn, Halyna, ''Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933'', (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983).
* Solovei, Dmytro, ''The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine'', compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).
* Stradnyk, Petro, ''Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini'', (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972).
* Taylor, S.J., ''Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
* ''The man-made famine in Ukraine'' (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].
* United States, ''Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988).
* United States, ''Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).
* ''Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33'', [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
* Verbyts'kyi, M., ''Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv'', (London: Dobrus, 1952).
* Voropai, Oleksa, ''V deviatim kruzi'', (London, England: Sum, 1953).
* Voropai, Oleksa, '' The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933'', Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).
* {{cite journal |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen G. |author1-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year=2004 |title=Towards Explaining the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective |journal=Food and Foodways |volume=12 |issue=2–3 |pages=107–136 |doi=10.1080/07409710490491447 |s2cid=155003439}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wheatcroft |first1=S. G.|title=The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |date=September 2000b |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1143–1159 |doi=10.1080/09668130050143860 |pmid=19326595 |s2cid=205667754}}
* {{cite book |author=West Germany Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)#Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present) |title=Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes |language=de |trans-title=The Ukrainian hunger holocaust: Stalin's concealed genocide of 1932/33 against 7 million Ukrainian peasants as reflected in secret files of the German Foreign Office: a documentation |editor1-last= Zlepko |editor1-first=Dmytro |isbn=978-3-925848-03-2 |date=1988 |publisher=Helmut Wild Verlag |location=[[Sonnenbühl]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
<!-- Please consult the following guidelines before placing any external links: [[Wikipedia:External links#Links normally to be avoided]] -->
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of the Holodomor |author-link1=National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide |title=Website of the National Museum of the Holodomor |date=10 September 2019 |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124205436/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Holodomor survivors share their stories |url=http://www.sharethestory.ca/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525105036/http://www.sharethestory.ca/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite AV media |people=[[Slavko Nowytski|Nowytski, Slavko (director)]]; Luhovy, Yuri and Novytski, S. (producers); Peter Blow (Scriptwriter) |date=15 April 1985 |title=Film: Harvest of Despair: The 1932-33 Famine in Ukraine |type=Documentary- 55 minutes (on YouTube) |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHm_1uN80s0 |access-date=17 December 2022 |location=Toronto |publisher=[[Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre]] |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHm_1uN80s0 |url-status=live}} [http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html (Script text.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217224042/http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html |date=17 December 2022}}
* {{cite web |title=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute's MAPA Digital Atlas of Ukraine focus on the history of the Holodomor |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081505/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Gareth Jones' international exposure of the Holodomor, plus many related background articles |url=http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/ |access-date=5 July 2006 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629145402/https://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/ |url-status=live}}
* {{in lang|uk}} [https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207075342/https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php |date=7 February 2020}} at the Central State Archive of Ukraine ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170701220910/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/photos.php photos], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170702013703/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Resources.php links])
* [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html Ukraine Famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221095044/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html |date=21 February 2021}} Revelations from the Russian Archives at the [[Library of Congress]]
* Sergei Melnikoff, [http://gulag.ipvnews.org/article20061131.php Photos of Holodomor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616003527/http://gulag.ipvnews.org/article20061131.php |date=16 June 2022}} ''gulag.ipvnews.org''
* [https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10727.doc.htm The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 in Ukraine.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330053227/https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10727.doc.htm |date=30 March 2022}} ''www.un.org''
* Nicolas Werth [http://www.massviolence.org/The-1932-1933-Great-Famine-in-Ukraine?artpage=1-5 Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070345/http://massviolence.org/the-1932-1933-great-famine-in-ukraine?artpage=1-5 |date=5 March 2016}} / CNRS{{spaced ndash}}France
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081209085548/http://kiev.usembassy.gov/files/famine.pdf Holodomor{{spaced ndash}}Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933] archived from ''U.S. Embassy in Ukraine''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703070434/http://rusarchives.ru/publication/famine/famine-ussr.pdf Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934]{{spaced ndash}}collection of archive materials ''rusarchives.ru''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200811/http://www.sbu.gov.ua/sbu/control/en/publish/article?art_id=84758&cat_id=83648 Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraine]{{spaced ndash}}official site of the [[Security Service of Ukraine]], ''www.sbu.gov.ua''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725021110/http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2010/04/08/the-great-hunger-part-1-2/ CBC program about the Great Hunger] archived from ''www.cbc.ca''
* {{cite news |first=Caryle |last=Murphy |title=Ukrainian Americans Commemorate Famine in Homeland 50 Years Ago |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 October 1983 |url=http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315235640/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"] archived from ''www.narodnaviyna.org.ua''
* Oksana Kis, [https://www.academia.edu/3720178/Defying_Death_Women_s_Experience_of_the_Holodomor_1932_1933 Defying Death Women's Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330051722/https://www.academia.edu/3720178/Defying_Death_Women_s_Experience_of_the_Holodomor_1932_1933 |date=30 March 2022}} ''www.academia.edu''
{{refend}}

{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Joseph Stalin}}
{{genocide topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Holodomor| ]]
[[Category:Genocides in Europe]]
[[Category:1932 disasters in Europe]]
[[Category:1932 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1932 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1933 disasters in Europe]]
[[Category:1932 disasters in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1933 disasters in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1933 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1930s famines]]
[[Category:Agriculture in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment]]
[[Category:Crimes of the communist regime in Ukraine against Ukrainians]]
[[Category:Famines in Europe]]
[[Category:Famines in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]]
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Stalinism in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Famines in Ukraine]]