View source for Hoagy Carmichael

{{short description|American composer, pianist, singer, actor and bandleader (1899–1981)}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
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{{Infobox person <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->
| name               =
| image              = Hoagy Carmichael - 1947.jpg
| caption            = Hoagland Howard ("Hoagy") Carmichael (1899-1981), in 1947, at age 48.
| birth_name         = Hoagland Howard Carmichael<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?page=1&blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&fromrow=1&torow=25&affiliation=ASCAP&cae=5261720&keyID=54165&keyname=CARMICHAEL+HOWARD+HOAGLAND&querytype=WriterID |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713211050/http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?page=1&blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&fromrow=1&torow=25&affiliation=ASCAP&cae=5261720&keyID=54165&keyname=CARMICHAEL+HOWARD+HOAGLAND&querytype=WriterID |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |title=Songwriter/Composer: CARMICHAEL HOWARD HOAGLAND |work=BMI Repertoire |publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated]] |access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref>
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1899|11|22}}
| birth_place        = [[Bloomington, Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1981|12|27|1899|11|22}}
| death_place        = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S.
| occupation         = {{hlist|Musician|composer|songwriter|actor|lawyer}}
| spouse             = {{ubl|{{Marriage|Ruth Meinardi|1936|1955|end=div}}|{{Marriage|[[Wanda McKay]]|1977}}}}
| children           = 2
| years_active       = 1918–1981
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| website            = {{URL|hoagy.com}}
| module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| instrument       = {{hlist|Piano|vocals}}
| genre            = [[Musical film]]s,<br>[[Popular music|popular songs]],<br>[[Country-western music]]
}}
}}

'''Hoagland Howard "Hoagy" Carmichael''' (November 22, 1899 – December 27, 1981) was an American [[musician]], [[composer]], [[songwriter]], [[actor]], [[author]] and [[lawyer]]. Carmichael was one of the most successful [[Tin Pan Alley]] songwriters of the [[1930s]] and [[1940s]], and was among the first singer-songwriters in the age of mass media to utilize new communication technologies such as [[Golden Age of Radio|old-time radio]] broadcasts, [[television broadcasting|television]], [[microphones]], and [[sound recordings]] (musical records).

Carmichael composed several hundred songs, including 50 that achieved hit record status. He is best known for composing four of the most-recorded American songs of all time: "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Stardust]]" (1927), with lyrics by [[Mitchell Parish]], "[[Georgia on My Mind]]" (1930), with lyrics by [[Stuart Gorrell]], "[[The Nearness of You]]" (1937), with lyrics by [[Ned Washington]], and "[[Heart and Soul (1938 song)|Heart and Soul]]" (1938), with lyrics by [[Frank Loesser]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stardust.shtml |title=Sold on Song – Song Library – Stardust |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

He also collaborated with famed lyricist-songwriter [[Johnny Mercer]] (1909-1976), on "[[Lazybones (song)|Lazybones]]" (1933), and later  "[[Skylark (song)|Skylark]]" (1941). Carmichael's "[[Ole Buttermilk Sky]]" of 1946, was an [[Academy Award]] nominee for an "Oscar" in the following year of March 1947, with the eponymous theme song from the [[Western film]] ''[[Canyon Passage]]'' (1946), starring [[Dana Andrews]], [[Brian Donlevy]], [[Susan Hayward]] and [[Ward Bond]], in which he co-starred as a ukulele and guitar-playing balladeer musician and prospector-miner riding a [[mule]].

Four years later, "[[In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening]]," with lyrics by [[Johnny Mercer]], won the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 1951. Carmichael also appeared as a character actor and musical performer in 14 other films, hosted three musical-variety [[radio programs]], performed on television, and wrote two autobiographies/memoirs.

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Dunn Street North 214, Hoagy Carmichael House, North Indiana Avenue HD.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carmichael's family house on North Indiana Avenue in [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], ([[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe County]]), [[Indiana]] (pictured in 2011).]]

Hoagland Howard ("Hoagy") Carmichael was born in [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] ([[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe County]]), in central [[Indiana]], on November 22, 1899. He was the first child and only son of Howard Clyde and Lida Mary (Robison) Carmichael. His parents named him after a [[circus]] troupe called the "Hoaglands" that had stayed at the Carmichael house during his mother's pregnancy.<ref name="Sudhalter7">{{Harvnb|Sudhalter|2002|p=7}}</ref>{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=47}} Howard worked as a [[Horse-drawn vehicle|horse-drawn]] taxi driver and later as an [[electrician]], while Lida, a versatile [[piano|pianist]], played musical accompaniment at local [[Nickelodeon (movie theater)|nickelodeons]] and [[Silent film|silent movie]] theaters and private parties to earn extra income.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|pp=47–48}} Hoagy had two younger sisters, Georgia and Joanne.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=5}}

Because of Howard's unstable job history, the family moved frequently. Hoagy lived most of his early years in [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], the [[county seat]] of surrounding [[Monroe County, Indiana]]. Bloomington was also a [[college town]] (for the main campus of [[Indiana University]]) and the nearby 
[[state capital]] town of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|pp=47–48}} In 1910, the Carmichaels moved far northwest to [[Missoula, Montana]], when young Hoagland was about 11 years old.<ref>1910 United States Federal Census</ref>

Carmichael's mother taught him to sing and play the [[piano]] at an early age. With the exception of some [[piano lessons]] in nearby Indianapolis with [[Reginald DuValle]] (1893-1953), a bandleader, pianist and [[accordion]]-player, known later  as "the elder statesman of Indiana [[jazz]]" and billed as "the Rhythm King", Carmichael had no other academic or professional musical training.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=48}}

The family moved back east to Indianapolis when Carmichael was age 17 in 1916, but Carmichael only followed and returned to Bloomington three years later in 1919 when he was age 20 to complete [[high school]].{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=5}} For musical inspiration, Carmichael would listen to prominent [[ragtime]] music pianists [[Hank Wells]] and [[Hube Hanna]]. At 18, Carmichael helped supplement his family's meager income by doing manual jobs in building construction, or at a [[bicycle chain]] factory, and in a meat [[slaughterhouse]]. This bleak time was partially relieved by [[piano duet]]s with his mother and by his long friendship with local musician-bandleader DuValle, who taught him piano-[[jazz improvisation]].<ref name="Sudhalter25">{{Harvnb|Sudhalter|2002|p=25}}</ref> Carmichael earned $5 playing at a college [[fraternity]] dance at nearby Indiana University in 1918, marking the beginning of his professional musical career.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=31}}

The death of Carmichael's three-year-old younger sister in 1918 (possibly from the world-wide infamous [[Spanish flu pandemic]] of 1918-1923) affected him deeply. He later wrote "My sister Joanne—the victim of poverty. We couldn't afford a good doctor or good attention, and that's when I vowed I would never be broke again in my lifetime."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=28}}

Carmichael attended the nearby campus of the [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University at Bloomington]], where he earned a [[bachelor of arts]] academic degree in 1925 and a subsequent [[law degree]] in 1926. He was a member of [[Kappa Sigma]] fraternity, and played the piano around Indiana and [[Ohio]] with his recently organized band, "Carmichael's Collegians".{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=48}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=49}}

Around 1922, Carmichael first met [[Bix Beiderbecke|Leon ("Bix") Beiderbecke]] (1903-1931), a [[cornetist]] and sometime pianist from [[Iowa]]. The two became friends and played music together. Around 1923, during a visit to [[Chicago]], Beiderbecke introduced Carmichael to fellow musician [[trumpet]]er [[Louis Armstrong]] (1901-1971), with whom Carmichael would later collaborate, while Armstrong was playing with Chicago-based [[King Oliver]] (1881-1938)'s Creole Jazz Band.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=48}}{{sfn|Kennedy|1994a|p=7}}{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=6}} Armstrong would continue to influence Carmichael's compositions; Carmichael reflected in a letter to his wife in the early [[1930s]] that he was going to see Armstrong to learn about the "purty notes."<ref>{{cite book |last=Brothers |first=Thomas |title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York, NY |year=2014 |pages=268 |isbn=978-0-393-06582-4}}</ref> Under Beiderbecke's influence, Carmichael began playing the cornet but found his lips unsuited to the [[Mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]] and soon stopped.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=79}} He was also inspired by Beiderbecke's [[Impressionistic music|impressionistic]] and [[classical music]] ideas and influences from the master composers of previous centuries.

Carmichael's first recorded song, initially titled "Free Wheeling," was written for Beiderbecke, whose band, [[The Wolverines (jazz band)|The Wolverines]], recorded it as "[[Riverboat Shuffle]]" in 1924 for [[Gennett Records]] in [[Richmond, Indiana]]. The song became a jazz staple. ([[Mitchell Parish]]'s lyrics were added in 1939.){{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=19}} Carmichael's other early musical compositions included "[[Washboard Blues]]" and "Boneyard Shuffle," which [[Curtis Hitch]] and his band, "Hitch's Happy Harmonists", recorded at the [[Gennett Records]] studio in Richmond.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994a|p=7}} The band's instrumental rendition of "Washboard Blues," recorded on May 19, 1925, was the earliest recording in which Carmichael performed his own songs, including an improvised piano solo.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=22}}{{sfn|Kennedy|1994b|p=125}}

After graduating from IU's law school in 1926, Carmichael moved to Florida, where he worked as a [[legal clerk]] in a [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] legal firm, but he returned to Indiana in 1927 after failing the Florida [[bar exam]].{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=99–100}} He joined an Indianapolis law firm (Bingham, Mendenhall and Bingham) and passed the Indiana bar, but devoted most of his energies to music.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=104}}{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=7}} Carmichael had discovered his method of songwriting, which he described later: "You don't write melodies, you find them…If you find the beginning of a good song, and if your fingers do not stray, the melody should come out of hiding in a short time."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=84}}

== Career ==
Carmichael composed several hundred songs, including fifty that achieved hit-record status during his long career.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=47}} In his early days as a songwriter in [[Indiana]] (1924–1929), he wrote and performed in the [[Hot Jazz|hot jazz]] improvisational style, popular with jazz dance bands. While he was living in New York City (1929–1936), he wrote songs that were intended to stand alone, independent of any other production, such as a theatrical performance or a motion picture. Carmichael's songs from this period continued to include jazz influences. During his later years in California (1936–1981), his songs were predominately [[Instrumental (song)|instrumentals]]. Nearly four dozen were written expressly for, or were incorporated into, motion pictures.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=13}}

Carmichael made hundreds of recordings between 1925 and his death in 1981. He also appeared on radio and television and in motion pictures and live performances, where he demonstrated his versatility. Because Carmichael lacked the vocal strength to sing without amplification on stage, as well as the unusual tone of his voice, which he described as "flatsy through the nose," he took advantage of new electrical technologies, especially the microphone, sound amplification, and advances in recording. As a singer-pianist, Carmichael was adept at selling his songs to lyricists, [[music publisher]]s, film producers, and promoting them to the public via microphones on stage and in mass media.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=17}}

=== Early years ===
On October 31, 1927, Carmichael recorded "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Star Dust]]," one of his most famous songs, at the [[Gennett Records]] studio in [[Richmond, Indiana]], playing the piano solo himself.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994a|pp=8–9}} Carmichael recruited [[Frankie Trumbauer|Frank Trumbauer]] and Bix Beiderbecke, along with members of the [[Paul Whiteman]] Orchestra that included the Dorsey brothers, to play at the late October recording session with him; it is not known which of the orchestra's musicians were at the October 31 session when "Star Dust" was initially recorded.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=106–8}}<ref>Carmichael's "One Night in Havana" was released back-to-back with the "Star Dust" recording on Gennett's "Electrobeam" series. See {{harvnb|Kennedy|1994a|p=9}}</ref> New York's [[Mills Music]] published the song as an upbeat piano solo in January 1929 and renamed it "Stardust." (Mills Music republished the song with the addition of Mitchell Parish's lyrics in May 1929.){{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=23}} "Stardust" attracted little attention until 1930, when [[Isham Jones]] and his orchestra recorded it as a sentimental ballad with a slower tempo, the re-timing often credited to the band's arranger, [[Victor Young]]. It became a hit song, the first of many for Carmichael.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994a|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=139–40}} Its idiosyncratic melody in medium tempo–a song about a song–later became a standard of the [[Great American Songbook]], recorded by hundreds of artists, including [[Artie Shaw]], [[Nat King Cole]], [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Willie Nelson]], and [[Wynton Marsalis]].{{sfn|Kennedy|1994b|p=138}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=123}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stardust.shtml|title=Stardust|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref>

Carmichael received more recognition after Paul Whiteman and his orchestra recorded "[[Washboard Blues]]" on [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor Records]] in Chicago in November 1927, with Carmichael singing and playing the piano.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994a|p=8}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=113–114}} Carmichael's "March of the Hoodlums" and Sheldon Brooks's "Walkin' the Dog" were produced from Carmichael's last recording session at the Gennett Records studio on May 2, 1928, with a band he had hand-selected.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994b|pp=132–134}}

In 1929, after realizing that he preferred making music and had no aptitude for or interest in becoming a lawyer (he was sacked from his job at the law firm), Carmichael moved to New York City, where he worked for a brokerage firm during the weekdays and spent his evenings composing music, including some songs for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] musicals.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=129}} In New York, Carmichael met [[Duke Ellington]]'s agent and [[sheet music]] publisher, [[Irving Mills]], and hired him to set up recording dates. Carmichael's first major song with his own lyrics was "[[Rockin' Chair (1929 song)|Rockin' Chair]]," recorded by [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Mildred Bailey]], and eventually with his own hand-picked studio band (featuring Beiderbecke, [[Bubber Miley]], [[Benny Goodman]], [[Tommy Dorsey]], [[Bud Freeman]], [[Eddie Lang]], [[Joe Venuti]], and [[Gene Krupa]]) on May 21, 1930.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sudhalter|2002|pp=129, 131, 143}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
After the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|October 1929 stock market crash]], Carmichael's hard-earned savings declined substantially. Fortunately, Louis Armstrong had recorded "[[Rockin' Chair (1929 song)|Rockin' Chair]]" at [[Okeh Records|Okeh]] studios in 1929, giving Carmichael a badly needed financial and career boost. The song became one of Carmichael's jazz standards.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=26}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=136}} Carmichael composed and recorded "[[Georgia on My Mind]]" (lyrics by [[Stuart Gorrell]]) in 1930. The song became another jazz staple, as well as a pop standard, especially after [[World War II]].{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=35}} Carmichael also arranged and recorded "[[Up a Lazy River]]" in 1930, a tune by [[Sidney Arodin]]. Although Carmichael and the band he assembled had first recorded "Stardust" as an instrumental in 1927, [[Bing Crosby]] recorded the tune with Mitchell Parish's lyrics in 1931.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=27}}

Carmichael joined [[ASCAP]] in 1931. The following year he began working as a songwriter for [[Ralph Peer]]'s Southern Music Company, the first music firm to occupy the new [[Brill Building]], which became a famous New York songwriting mecca. The [[Great Depression]] rapidly put an end to the jazz scene of the [[Roaring Twenties]]. People were no longer attending clubs or buying music, forcing many musicians out of work. Carmichael was fortunate to retain his low-paying but stable job as a songwriter with Southern Music. Beiderbecke's early death in 1931 also darkened Carmichael's mood.<ref name=Timeline>{{cite web| title =The Hoagy Carmichael Collection: Timeline of Hoagy Carmichael's Life | publisher=Indiana University | date =November 18, 2002 | url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/research/timeline/index.html| access-date =December 6, 2016}}</ref> Of that time, he wrote later: "I was tiring of jazz and I could see that other musicians were tiring as well. The boys were losing their enthusiasm for the hot stuff…. No more hot licks, no more thrills."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=147}}

Carmichael's eulogy for "hot" jazz, however, was premature. [[Big band]] [[Swing music|swing]] was just around the corner, and jazz soon turned in another direction with new bandleaders, such as [[Benny Goodman]], [[Jimmy Dorsey|Jimmy]] and [[Tommy Dorsey]], and new singers, such as [[Bing Crosby]], leading the way. Carmichael's output followed the changing trend. In 1933 he began a long-lasting collaboration with lyricist [[Johnny Mercer]], newly arrived in New York, on "[[Lazybones (song)|Lazybones]]," which became a hit. [[Southern Music]] published the sheet music in 1933; more than 350,000 copies were sold in three months.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=27}}{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=157}} Carmichael collaborated with Mercer on nearly three dozen songs,{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=7}} including "Thanksgiving," "Moon Country," and the 1951 [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winner for best song, "In the Cool, Cool, Cool, of the Evening."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=151, 153}}

Carmichael also began to emerge as a solo singer-performer, first at parties, then professionally. He described his unique, laconic voice as sounding "the way a shaggy dog looks... I have Wabash fog and sycamore twigs in my throat."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=173}} Some fans were dismayed as he steadily veered away from "hot" jazz, but Armstrong's recordings continued to "jazz up" Carmichael's popular songs. In 1935 Carmichael left Southern Music Company and began composing songs for a division of [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]], establishing his connection with [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. "Moonburn," the first song Carmichael wrote for a motion picture, was sung by Bing Crosby in Paramount Pictures’ film ''[[Anything Goes (1936 film)|Anything Goes]]'' in 1936.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=27}}

Following his marriage to Ruth Mary Meinardi, the daughter of a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] minister, on March 14, 1936, the couple moved to California, where Carmichael hoped to find more work in the film industry.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=168–72}} In 1937, the year before the birth of the couple's first son, Hoaglund Jr. (Hoagy Bix), Carmichael accepted a contract with [[Paramount Pictures]] for $1,000 a week, joining other songwriters working for the Hollywood studios, including [[Harry Warren]] at Warner Brothers, [[E. Y. Harburg]] at [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], and [[Ralph Rainger]] and [[Leo Robin]] at Paramount.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=185}}{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=9}}

Carmichael found work as a character actor in Hollywood. His on-screen debut occurred in 1937 in ''[[Topper (film)|Topper]]'', with [[Cary Grant]] and [[Constance Bennett]]. Carmichael portrayed a piano player and performed his song "Old Man Moon" in the film.<ref name=Timeline /> The effort led to other character actor roles in the 1940s.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=49}}

Carmichael also continued to write individual songs. His song "Chimes of Indiana" was presented to Indiana University, Carmichael's alma mater, in 1937 as a gift from the class of 1935.<ref>In 1978 the IU Alumni Association adopted "Chimes of Indiana" as one of IU's official fight songs. See {{cite web |title=Indiana, Our Indiana Hail to Old IU Indiana Fight Chimes of Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Athletics |url=http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/iuhoosiers.com/documents/2015/4/6/iusongs.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235459/http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/iuhoosiers.com/documents/2015/4/6/iusongs.pdf |url-status=dead }} See also {{cite web |title=Audio |publisher=Indiana University Marching Hundred |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~bands/sound.php |access-date=December 12, 2016 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=255}} In 1938, Carmichael collaborated with Paramount lyricist [[Frank Loesser]] on "[[Heart and Soul (1938 song)|Heart and Soul]]," "[[Two Sleepy People]]," and "[[Small Fry (song)|Small Fry.]]" "Heart and Soul" was included in Paramount's motion picture ''A Song Is Born'' (1938), performed by Larry Clinton and his orchestra. (After 1950, a simpler version became a popular piano duet among American children.) [[Dick Powell]] premiered Carmichael's "[[I Get Along Without You Very Well (Except Sometimes)]]" in a national radio broadcast in 1938.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|pp=43–44}}

"Little Old Lady," included in ''The Show Is On'' (1936), was Carmichael's first song to appear in a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical and became a hit,{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=9}} but Carmichael's score for the Broadway production ''Walk with Music'', which he did with Mercer, was unsuccessful. The musical opened in 1940 and ran for only three weeks,<ref name=Timeline /> producing no hit songs. Carmichael never attempted another musical, resuming his career as a singer-songwriter and character actor in Hollywood.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}

=== 1940s ===
[[File:Best Years of Our Lives.jpg|thumb|Carmichael, [[Fredric March]], [[Myrna Loy]], [[Dana Andrews]] and [[Theresa Wright]] in ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' (1946)]]
The growing Carmichael family, which included Hoagy, Ruth, and their sons, Hoagy Bix (born in 1938) and Randy Bob (born in 1940), moved into the former mansion of chewing-gum heir [[William Wrigley Jr.|William P. Wrigley Jr.]] in Los Angeles in 1942, when the United States entered World War II after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=226}} His contribution to the war effort was similar to other patriotic efforts by [[Irving Berlin]] ("[[This Is the Army]], Mr. Jones"), Johnny Mercer ("[[G.I. Jive]]"), and [[Frank Loesser]] ("[[Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition]]"). Carmichael's wartime songs (most with lyrics by [[Paul Francis Webster]]) included "My Christmas Song for You," "Don't Forget to Say 'No' Baby," "Billy-a-Dick," "The Army of Hippocrates," "Cranky Old Yank," "Eager Beaver," "No More Toujours l'Amour," "Morning Glory," and the never-completed "Hitler Blues."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=244}}

Throughout the 1940s Carmichael maintained a strong personal and professional relationship with Mercer. In later 1941 their continuing collaboration led to "[[Skylark (song)|Skylark]]," considered one of Carmichael's greatest songs. Bing Crosby recorded it almost immediately in January 1942. Since then many others have recorded the song, including [[Glenn Miller]], [[Dinah Shore]], [[Helen Forrest]] (with [[Harry James]]),{{sfn|Hasse|1988|pp=13, 46}} Aretha Franklin and [[Bette Midler]].

Carmichael's 1942 song "I'm a Cranky Old Yank" was listed in the 1967 edition of the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' under the title "I'm a Cranky Old Yank in a Clanky Old Tank on the Streets of Yokohama with My Honolulu Mama Doin' Those Beat-o, Beat-o Flat-On-My-Seat-o, Hirohito Blues" as the longest song title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dmdb.org/cgi-bin/plinfo_view.pl?SYN053324 |title=Details for I'm A Cranky Old Yank In A Clanky Old Tank – Bing Crosby}}</ref>

Carmichael appeared as an actor in 14 motion pictures, performing at least one of his songs in each. He described his on-screen persona as the "hound-dog-faced old musical philosopher noodling on the honky-tonk piano, saying to a tart with a heart of gold: 'He'll be back, honey. He's all man.'"{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=249}} In 1944 Carmichael played Cricket in the screen adaptation of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[To Have and Have Not (film)|To Have and Have Not]]'', opposite [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Lauren Bacall]]. He sang "[[Hong Kong Blues]]" and "The Rhumba Jumps," and played piano as Bacall sang "How Little We Know." In the multi-Academy Award-winning film ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' (1946) with [[Dana Andrews]], [[Myrna Loy]] and [[Fredric March]], Carmichael's character teaches a disabled veteran with metal prostheses to play "[[Chopsticks (music)|Chopsticks]]," and also performs "Lazy River."{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=37}} Carmichael played Hi Linnett in ''[[Canyon Passage]]'' (1946), a [[Universal Pictures]] western that starred [[Dana Andrews]] (his costar in ''The Best Years of Our Lives'' and ''[[Night Song (1948 film)|Night Song]]''), [[Susan Hayward]], and [[Brian Donlevy]]. He also composed several songs for the film, including "Ole Buttermilk Sky," an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominee.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=40}}

Carmichael's career as a recording artist peaked in the mid-1940s when he recorded exclusively for [[Decca Records]] and [[V-Disc]] (the Armed Forces label for service personnel overseas), acted and performed in motion pictures, and hosted variety shows on the radio. He also sang in live shows across the United States, and debuted in the United Kingdom at the [[Prince Edward Theatre|London Casino]] in 1948.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}} According to his son Randy, Carmichael was an incessant composer, working on a song for days or even weeks until it was perfect. His perfectionism extended to his clothes, grooming, and eating. Once the work was done, however, Carmichael would cut loose—relax, play golf, drink, and indulge in the Hollywood high life.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=259}} Carmichael also found time to write his first autobiography, ''The Stardust Road'', published in 1946.<ref name=StardustRoad>{{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy |title=The Stardust Road |publisher=Rinehart and Company |location=New York |year=1946 }}</ref> In addition, Carmichael composed an orchestral work, ''Brown County in Autumn'', in 1948, but it was not well received by critics.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}

Between 1944 and 1948, Carmichael became a well-known radio personality and hosted three musical-variety programs. In 1944–45, the 30-minute ''Tonight at Hoagy's'' aired on [[Mutual Broadcasting System|Mutual]] radio on Sunday nights at 8:30&nbsp;p.m. (Pacific time), sponsored by Safeway supermarkets. Produced by Walter Snow, the show featured Carmichael as host and vocalist. Musicians included [[Pee Wee Hunt]] and [[Joe Venuti]]. Fans were rather blunt about Carmichael's singing, providing comments such as "you cannot sing for your soul" and "your singing is so delightfully awful that it is really funny."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=246}}

=== 1950s ===
During the 1950s, the public's musical preferences shifted toward rhythm and blues and rock and roll, ending the careers of most older artists. Carmichael's songwriting career also slowed down, but he continued to perform.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=49}}

[[File:Hoagy Carmichael George Gobel 1954.JPG|thumb|Carmichael sharing the ''Saturday Night Revue'' duties with [[George Gobel]], 1953]]

In the early 1950s, variety shows were particularly popular on television. Carmichael's most notable appearance was as the host of ''Saturday Night Review'' in June 1953, a summer replacement series for ''[[Your Show of Shows]]''.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Television in Review |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 1953}}</ref> He was also a regular cast member in the first season of NBC's western TV series ''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'' (1959–63), playing the character role of Jonesy the ranch hand.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}

As his songwriting career started to fade, Carmichael's marriage also dissolved. He and his wife Ruth divorced in 1955.<ref>Ruth Carmichael later married [[Verne Mason]], a Los Angeles physician. See {{harvnb|Sudhalter|2002|pp=285–87, 318–19, 322}}.</ref>

The ''Johnny Appleseed Suite'', Carmichael's second classical work for orchestra, suffered the same ill fate as his earlier attempt, ''Brown County Autumn''. The suite received little notice and only limited success,{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}} but Carmichael remained financially secure due to the royalties from his past hits. During the 1940s and 1950s Carmichael also wrote more than a dozen songs for children, including "The Whale Song," "Merry-Go-Round," and "Rocket Ship."<ref>{{cite book |author=Hoagy Carmichael and J.P. Miller |title=Hoagy Carmichael's Songs for Children |publisher=Golden Press |location=New York |year=1957 |pages=9–11, 25–29 |oclc=15369706}}</ref>

=== Later years ===
[[Ray Charles]]'s classic rendition of "[[Georgia on My Mind]]," released on August 19, 1960, was a major hit. (Charles received [[Grammy Award|Grammys]] both for Best Male Vocal and Best Popular Single that year.){{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=46}} In 1961, Carmichael was featured in an episode of ''[[The Flintstones]]'' titled "The Hit Songwriters."<ref>[[MeTV]] website, [https://www.metv.com/lists/5-things-you-never-knew-about-the-flintstones-episode-the-hit-song-writers/ "5 things you never knew about The Flintstones episode "The Hit Song Writers"], retrieved September 2, 2023.</ref> [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] recorded "Hong Kong Blues" during his final [[Sun Records|Sun]] sessions in 1963, but it was never released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hong Kong Blues |publisher=Rockabilly.nl |url=http://www.rockabilly.nl/lyrics2/h0057.htm |access-date=February 12, 2008}}</ref> In 1964, while [[the Beatles]] were exploding on the scene, Carmichael lamented, "I'll betcha I have 25 songs lying in my trunk" and no one was calling to say "have you got a real good song for such-and such an artist."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=306}} (Beatles guitarist [[George Harrison]] released covers of "Baltimore Oriole" and "Hong Kong Blues" in early 1981.)<ref>Ginell, Richard S. "Somewhere in England–George Harrison: Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2012.</ref> Royalties on his standards were earning Carmichael over $300,000 a year.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=311}}

Carmichael's second memoir, ''Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael'', was published in 1965.<ref name=Sometimes>{{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy, and Stephen Longstreet |title=Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael |url=https://archive.org/details/sometimesiwonder00carmi |url-access=registration |publisher=Farrar, Straus And Giroux |location=New York |year=1965 |oclc=1037498}}</ref> By 1967 he was spending time in New York, but his new songs were unsuccessful and his musical career came to a close. Carmichael took up other interests in retirement, including golf, coin collecting, and enjoying his two homes, one on [[Sunset Boulevard]] in Los Angeles and the other in [[Rancho Mirage, California]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=49}}
[[File:Fred Rogers, Hoagy, and Hoagy B. Carmichael.jpg|thumb|right|Carmichael, son Hoagy Bix Carmichael and [[Fred Rogers]] in 1978]]
As he passed his 70th birthday, Carmichael's star continued to wane and was nearly forgotten in a world dominated by rock music. With the help and encouragement of his son, Hoagy Bix Carmichael, Carmichael participated in the [[PBS]] television show ''Hoagy Carmichael's Music Shop'', which featured jazz-rock versions of his hits by [[Stark Reality]]. He appeared on [[Fred Rogers]]'s PBS show ''Old Friends, New Friends'' in 1978.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=336}} With more time on his hands, Carmichael resumed painting, and after a long courtship he married [[Dorothy Wanda McKay]], an actress, in 1977.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}

Carmichael received several honors from the music industry in his later years. He was inducted into the USA's [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 1971, along with [[Duke Ellington]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoagy Carmichael |publisher=Songwriters' Hall of Fame |url=http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C57 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000714/http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C57 |archive-date=January 4, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1972, Indiana University awarded Carmichael an honorary doctorate in music.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Doctorate in Music |publisher=Indiana University |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~ceremony/honors/honorarydegrees.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613201700/http://www.indiana.edu/~ceremony/honors/honorarydegrees.shtml |archive-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> On June 27, 1979, the [[Newport Jazz Festival]] honored Carmichael's 80th birthday with a concert titled "The Stardust Road: A Hoagy Carmichael Jubilee" in [[Carnegie Hall]].{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}} The tribute concert was hosted by former bandleader [[Bob Crosby]] and included performances by many major musical performers, such as singers [[Kay Starr]], [[Jackie Cain]], [[Dave Frishberg]], and [[Max Morath]], and musicians [[Billy Butterfield]], [[Bob Wilber]], [[Yank Lawson]], [[Vic Dickenson]], and [[Bob Haggart]]. [[NPR|National Public Radio]] broadcast the concert later that summer. "Piano Pedal Rag," a new Carmichael tune, was performed during the concert. Carmichael told host Crosby that he wrote it because he admired Beiderbecke's writing "so much that I didn't want to stop until I wrote something that was a little bit like something Bix might have liked."<ref>Recording of the NPR broadcast. The upcoming concert was mentioned in {{cite journal| author=Gary Giddins| title =Newport: Choices and More Choices |journal=New York |date=June 25, 1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOECAAAAMBAJ&q=hoagy+carmichael+at+carnegie+hall&pg=PA92 | access-date =December 6, 2016}}</ref>

On his 80th birthday, Carmichael was reflective, observing, "I'm a bit disappointed in myself. I know I could have accomplished a hell of a lot more... I could write anything any time I wanted to. But I let other things get in the way.... I've been floating around in the breeze."{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=338}} He spent his final years at home in [[Rancho Mirage, California|Rancho Mirage]], near [[Palm Springs, California]], where he continued to play golf and remained an avid coin collector.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}}

Shortly before his death in 1981, Carmichael appeared on a United Kingdom-recorded tribute album, ''In Hoagland'' (1981), with [[Annie Ross]] and [[Georgie Fame]]. Carmichael sang and played "Rockin' Chair" on the piano. His last public appearance occurred in early 1981, when he filmed ''Country Comes Home'' with country music performer [[Crystal Gayle]] for CBS.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|pp=341–342}}

===Political views===
According to his biographer, Carmichael had supported the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] since his youth, and did so throughout his life.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=242}} He voted for [[Wendell Willkie]] at the [[1940 United States presidential election|1940 presidential election]], and backed [[Barry Goldwater]], the party's candidate, at the [[1964 United States presidential election]].{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=242}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfHXAAAAQBAJ&q=Carmichael | title=When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics| isbn=9781107650282| last1=Critchlow| first1=Donald T.| date=October 21, 2013| publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Carmichael married [[Wanda McKay]] in 1977. He died of a heart attack at the Eisenhower Medical Center in [[Rancho Mirage, California]], on December 27, 1981, at age 82. His remains are buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in [[Bloomington, Indiana]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jasen|first=David A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7l-TAgAAQBAJ&q=%22December+27%2C+1981%22+hoagy+carmichael&pg=PA66|title=Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94901-3|pages=66|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GPM47o5xdKoC&dq=hoagy+carmichael+rose+hill&pg=PA199 ''Indiana Off the Beaten Path'']</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Josephson|first=Sanford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYHuUq6qbgC&q=hoagy+carmichael+%22heart+attack%22&pg=PA5|title=Jazz Notes: Interviews across the Generations: Interviews across the Generations|date=June 30, 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35701-5|pages=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ewen|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZsYAAAAIAAJ&q=hoagy+carmichael+%22Eisenhower+Medical+Center%22|title=American Songwriters: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary|date=1987|publisher=H.W. Wilson|isbn=978-0-8242-0744-1|pages=86|language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Hoagy Carmichael circa 1953.JPG|thumb|left|Carmichael ca. 1953 hosting ''Saturday Night Revue'', a summer replacement television show for ''[[Your Show of Shows]]'']]
Carmichael is considered to be among the most successful of the [[Tin Pan Alley]] songwriters of the 1930s, and he was among the first singer-songwriters in the age of mass media to exploit new communication technologies, such as television and the use of electronic microphones and sound recordings.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994b|p=91}} Carmichael was an industry trailblazer who recorded varied interpretations of his own songs and provided material for many other musicians to interpret. His creative work includes several hundred compositions, some of them enduring classics, as well as numerous sound recordings and appearances on radio and television and in motion pictures.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|pp=13–15}}

Music historian Ivan Raykoff described Carmichael as "one of America's most prolific songwriters" and an "iconic pianist" whose work appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, including his performances in classic films such as ''To Have and Have Not'' and ''The Best Years of Our Lives''. Among the hundreds of Carmichael's published songs, "Stardust" is one of the most frequently recorded.<ref>Ivan Raykoff, "Hoagy Carmichael (1899–1981) " in {{cite book | author=Pendergast, Tom, and Sara Pendergast | title =St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture | publisher = Gale | year =2000 | location =Detroit | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3409000418.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522210813/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3409000418.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = May 22, 2013 | isbn =978-1-55862-529-7}}</ref> Carmichael's greatest strength was as a melodist,{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=11}} but he also became known as an "experimental" and "innovative" songwriter, whose "catchy, often jazz-infused, melodies" and "nostalgic, down-home lyrics"{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=49}} were memorable and had wide public appeal, especially with mass media promotion and through the efforts of numerous entertainers who performed his songs.{{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=15}}

In 1986, Carmichael's family donated his archives, piano, and memorabilia to his alma mater, Indiana University, which established a Hoagy Carmichael Collection in its Archives of Traditional Music and the Hoagy Carmichael Room to permanently display selections from the collection.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=49}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Hoagy Carmichael Collection: Virtual Tour of the Hoagy Carmichael Room|publisher=Indiana University (IU Digital Library) |url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/intro/room/index.html| access-date =December 6, 2016}}</ref>

== Honors and tributes ==
Carmichael and lyricist Johnny Mercer received an Academy Award for Best Music, Song, for "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening," which was featured in the 1951 film ''Here Comes the Groom''. "Ole Buttermilk Sky" received an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination for Best Music, Song, of 1946, but it was not the winner.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=275}}<ref>{{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael: Awards | publisher =Songwriters Hall of Fame | url =http://songwritershalloffame.org/songs/awards/C57 | access-date =December 13, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000711/http://songwritershalloffame.org/songs/awards/C57 | archive-date =January 4, 2017 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Carmichael's recording of "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Star Dust]]" in 1927 at the Gennett Records studio that includes him playing the piano solo was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]]. In addition, it was selected for inclusion in the [[National Recording Registry]] at the [[Library of Congress]] in 2004.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=48}}<ref>{{cite web| title =Registry Titles with Descriptions and Expanded Essays | publisher =Library of Congress | url = https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/descriptions-and-essays/ | access-date =December 13, 2016}}</ref>

Carmichael was inducted into the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] on February 8, 1960. (His sidewalk star tribute is located at 1720 Vine Street in Hollywood.)<ref>{{cite web| title =Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Hollywood Chamber of Commerce | url = http://www.walkoffame.com/hoagy-carmichael | access-date =December 13, 2016}}</ref> In 1971 Carmichael was inducted into the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] as one of its initial ten inductees.<ref name=Timeline /> In 2007 Carmichael was inducted into the Gennett Records [[Gennett Records#Gennett Walk of Fame|Walk of Fame]] in Richmond, Indiana. Bronze and ceramic medallions, one for each of the inductees, have been placed near the location of the Starr Piano Company's manufacturing complex.<ref>{{cite web | title =Walk of Fame | date =March 28, 2014 | publisher =Starr Gennett Foundation | url =http://www.starrgennett.org/walk-of-fame/ | access-date =December 13, 2016 | archive-date =March 22, 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190322205743/http://www.starrgennett.org/walk-of-fame/ | url-status =dead }}</ref>

Carmichael is memorialized with an Indiana state [[historical marker]], installed in 2007 in front of the former Book Nook (one of Carmichael's favorite local hangouts) on South Indiana Avenue, near the corner of Kirkwood and Indiana Streets in Bloomington. The marker is located across the street from the heart of the Indiana University campus.<ref>{{cite web| title =Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau | url = http://www.in.gov/history/markers/529.htm | access-date =December 13, 2016}}</ref> In 2008, the bronze Hoagy Carmichael Landmark Sculpture by artist Michael McAuley was installed at the northeast corner of the IU Auditorium on IU's Bloomington campus.<ref>{{cite web| title =Hoagy Carmichael Landmark Sculpture | publisher =Visit Bloomington | url = https://www.visitbloomington.com/listing/hoagy-carmichael-landmark-sculpture/1126/ | access-date =December 13, 2016}}</ref>

On June 27, 1979, the Newport Jazz Festival honored Carmichael with a tribute concert, "The Star Dust Road: A Hoagy Carmichael Jubilee," at New York City's Carnegie Hall.<ref name=Timeline />

"Georgia On My Mind," composed by Carmichael with lyrics by [[Stuart Gorrell]], is the U.S. state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s official song.<ref>{{cite web| title =Georgia Facts and Symbols| publisher =Georgia.gov| url =http://georgia.gov/georgia-facts-and-symbols| access-date =December 13, 2016| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140524123552/http://georgia.gov/georgia-facts-and-symbols| archive-date =May 24, 2014}}</ref>

Carmichael also appeared as a Stone Age version of himself in ''[[The Flintstones]]'', in which he sings "The Yabba Dabba Doo Song," written by Barney, and based on an idea from Fred.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/F7VM3SqyDFA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191109041529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7VM3SqyDFA&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7VM3SqyDFA|title=The Flintstones - Yabba Dabba Doo|date=June 18, 2014 |via=YouTube|access-date=October 15, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dptMRtOg__Y Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130721171525/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dptMRtOg__Y&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dptMRtOg__Y|title=Flintstones The Original Yabba Dabba Doo Song|date=August 19, 2011 |via=YouTube|access-date=October 15, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Fred, Barney, Wilma, and Betty also contribute to the lyrics.

=== In popular culture ===
In [[Ian Fleming]]'s first [[James Bond]] novel, ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'', both Bond's fellow secret agent [[René Mathis]] and his love interest [[Vesper Lynd]] remark that Bond looks like Hoagy Carmichael. Later in the novel, after looking at his reflection in a mirror, Bond disagrees.{{sfn|Sudhalter|2002|p=275}}<ref>{{cite book | first=Ben|last=Macintyre | title=For Your Eyes Only|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2008 |location=London, England|page=67|isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4| author-link=Ben Macintyre}}</ref> Ian Fleming repeated the comparison to Carmichael in his third James Bond novel, ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Topper (film)|Topper]]'' || Piano Player || Uncredited
|-
| 1944 || ''[[To Have and Have Not (film)|To Have and Have Not]]'' || Cricket ||
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Johnny Angel]]'' || Celestial O'Brien ||
|-
| 1946 || ''[[Canyon Passage]]'' || Hi Linnet ||
|-
| 1946 || ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' || Uncle Butch Engle ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Night Song (1948 film)|Night Song]]'' || Chick Morgan ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Johnny Holiday (film)|Johnny Holiday]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Young Man with a Horn (film)|Young Man with a Horn]]'' || Smoke Willoughby ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[The Las Vegas Story (film)|The Las Vegas Story]]'' || Happy ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Belles on Their Toes (film)|Belles on Their Toes]]'' || Thomas George Bracken ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Timberjack (film)|Timberjack]]'' || Jingles ||
|-
| 1959-1960 || ''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'' || Jonesy || 31 episodes
|-
| 1961 || ''[[The Flintstones]]'' || Himself (voice) || "The Hit Songwriters"
|-
| 1965 || ''The Man Who Bought Paradise'' || Mr Leoni || TV movie
|}

== Songs (selection) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Song<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoagy.com/catalogue.htm|title=The Official Hoagy Carmichael Web Site|access-date=March 14, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212143941/http://www.hoagy.com/catalogue.htm|archive-date=December 12, 2005}}</ref>
! Lyrics by
|-
| 1924 || "[[Riverboat Shuffle]]" || Carmichael, Dick Voynow, [[Irving Mills]], [[Mitchell Parish]]
|-
| 1925 || "[[Washboard Blues]]" || Carmichael, Fred B. Callahan, Irving Mills
|-
| 1928 || "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Stardust]]" || Mitchell Parish
|-
| 1929 || "[[Rockin' Chair (1929 song)|Rockin' Chair]]" || Carmichael
|-
| 1930 || "[[Georgia on My Mind]]" || [[Stuart Gorrell]]
|-
| 1931 || "Come Easy Go Easy Love" || Sunny Clapp
|-
| 1931 || "[[(Up a) Lazy River]]" || Carmichael and Sidney Arodin
|-
| 1932 || "[[New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song)|New Orleans]]" || Carmichael
|-
| 1932 || "Daybreak" || Carmichael
|-
| 1932 || "In the Still of the Night" || Jo Trent
|-
| 1933 || "[[Lazybones (song)|Lazybones]]" || Carmichael and [[Johnny Mercer]]
|-
| 1933 || "[[One Morning in May (1933 song)|One Morning in May]]" || Mitchell Parish
|-
| 1936 || "Little Old Lady" || Carmichael and [[Stanley Adams (singer)|Stanley Adams]]
|-
| 1936 || "Lyin' to Myself" || Stanley Adams
|-
| 1936 || "[[Moonburn]]" || [[Edward Heyman]]
|-
|1937 || "Old Man Moon" || Unknown
|-
| 1937 || "[[The Nearness of You]]" || [[Ned Washington]]
|-
| 1938 || "[[Heart and Soul (1938 song)|Heart and Soul]]" || [[Frank Loesser]]
|-
| 1938 || "[[Small Fry (song)|Small Fry]]" || Frank Loesser
|-
| 1938 || "[[Two Sleepy People]]" || Frank Loesser
|-
| 1938 || "[[I Get Along Without You Very Well (Except Sometimes)]]" || Jane Brown Thompson
|-
| 1939 || "[[Hong Kong Blues]]" || Carmichael
|-
| 1940 || "Can't Get Indiana Off My Mind" || Robert DeLeon
|-
| 1940 || "I Walk with Music" || Johnny Mercer
|-
| 1940 || "Way Back in 1939 A.D." || Johnny Mercer
|-
| 1941 || "[[Skylark (song)|Skylark]]" || Johnny Mercer
|-
| 1941 || "We're The Couple In The Castle" || Frank Loesser
|-
| 1942 || "[[Baltimore Oriole (song)|Baltimore Oriole]]" || [[Paul Francis Webster]]
|-
| 1942 || "[[The Lamplighter's Serenade]]" || Paul Francis Webster
|-
| 1943 || "Old Music Master" || Johnny Mercer
|-
| 1945 || "Billy-a-Dick" || Paul Francis Webster
|-
| 1945 || "[[Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief]]" || Paul Francis Webster
|-
| 1945 || "Memphis in June" || Paul Francis Webster
|-
| 1946 || "[[Ole Buttermilk Sky]]" || Carmichael and [[Jack Brooks (lyricist)|Jack Brooks]]
|-
| 1951 || "Who Killed the Black Widder" || Hoagy Carmichael, [[Janice Torre]] & [[Fritz Spielmann (composer)|Fred Spielman]]
|-
| 1951 || "[[In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening]]" || Johnny Mercer
|-
| 1951 || "My Resistance Is Low" || [[Harold Adamson]]
|-
| 1952 || "Watermelon Weather" || Paul Francis Webster
|-
| 1953 || "Ain't There Anyone Here for Love?" || Harold Adamson
|-
| 1953 || "When Love Goes Wrong (Nothin' Goes Right)" || Harold Adamson
|}

== Discography ==
* ''1944–45 V-Disc Sessions'' (Totem, 1985){{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=62}}
* ''At Home with Hoagy'' (Take Two, 1982)<ref>Recordings of Carmichael's radio performances. See {{harvnb|Hasse|1988|p=62}}</ref>
* ''Hoagy Carmichael'' (RCA International, 1981)<ref>Selections of Carmichael's early records, 1927–34. See {{harvnb|Hasse|1988|p=62}}</ref>
* ''Hoagy Carmichael: Old Buttermilk Sky'' (Collector's Choice, 1999)<ref name=Recordings>{{cite web |title=Hoagy Carmichael Recordings |website=Songwriters Hall of Fame |url=http://songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C57 |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090503/http://songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C57 |archive-date=January 4, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Hoagy Sings Carmichael]]'' (Pacific Jazz, 1957)<ref name=PacificJazzDisc>{{cite web |title=Pacific Jazz Records Catalog: 1200 Series: PJ-1223 |website=Jazzdisco.org |url=http://www.jazzdisco.org/pacific-jazz-records/catalog-1200-series/#pj-1223 |access-date=December 12, 2016}}</ref>
* ''Star Dust, 1927–32'' (Historical, 1982){{sfn|Hasse|1988|p=62}}
* ''The Stardust Road'' (MCA, 1982)<ref>Carmichael's recordings for Decca Records, 1931–51; previously issued as Decca DL-8588. See {{harvnb|Hasse|1988|p=62}}.</ref>
* ''Stardust and Much More'' (Bluebird, 1989)
* ''Stardust Melody: Carmichael and Friends'' (RCA, 2002)<ref name=Recordings />
* ''The Classic Hoagy Carmichael'' ([[Indiana Historical Society]] and the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s Collection of Recordings, 1988)<ref>The two-time, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences-nominated collection includes fifty-seven recordings of Carmichael's best-known songs performed by well-known American musicians. See Hasse, p. 21.</ref>
* ''The Hoagy Carmichael Songbook'' (RCA Bluebird, 1990)<ref name=Recordings />
* ''Stardust: The Jazz Giants Play Hoagy Carmichael'' (Prestige, 1997)<ref name=Recordings />
* ''Mr. Music Master'' (Naxos, 2002)
* ''Hoagy Carmichael in Person 1925–1955'' (Avid, 2006)
* ''The First of the Singer Songwriters'' (JSP, 2008)

=== Tributes ===
* [[Stark Reality]]: ''The Stark Reality Discovers Hoagy Carmichael's Music Shop'' (1970)

== Other published works ==
Carmichael wrote two autobiographies that [[Da Capo Press]] combined into a single volume for a paperback, published in 1999:<ref>{{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy, and [[Stephen Longstreet]] |title=The Stardust Road & Sometimes I Wonder: The Autobiography of Hoagy Carmichael |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=1999 |isbn=0-306-80899-4}}</ref>
* ''The Stardust Road'' (1946)<ref name=StardustRoad />
* ''Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael'' (1965)<ref name=Sometimes />

== See also ==
* [[John Bell Clayton and Martha Clayton#Martha Carmichael Clayton|Martha Carmichael Clayton]], his sister
* [[Archives of Traditional Music|The Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite web |title=Audio |publisher=Indiana University Marching Hundred |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~bands/sound.php |access-date=December 12, 2016}}
* {{cite web |last=Calkin |first=Graham |url=http://www.jpgr.co.uk/k56870.html |title=Somewhere In England |publisher=Jpgr.co.uk |access-date=September 29, 2012}}
* {{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy |title=The Stardust Road |publisher=Rinehart and Company |location=New York |year=1946 }}
* {{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy, and J.P. Miller |title=Hoagy Carmichael's Songs for Children |publisher=Golden Press |location=New York |year=1957 |oclc=15369706}}
* {{cite book |author=Carmichael, Hoagy, and [[Stephen Longstreet]] |title=The Stardust Road & Sometimes I Wonder: The Autobiography of Hoagy Carmichael |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=1999 |isbn=0-306-80899-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Crystal Gayle Sings The Heart & Soul of Hoagy Carmichael |publisher=worldcat.org |oclc=43114717}}
* {{cite web |url=http://dmdb.org/cgi-bin/plinfo_view.pl?SYN053324 |title=Details for I'm A Cranky Old Yank In A Clanky Old Tank – Bing Crosby}}
* {{cite web |title =Georgia Facts and Symbols| publisher =Georgia.gov| url =http://georgia.gov/georgia-facts-and-symbols| access-date =December 13, 2016| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140524123552/http://georgia.gov/georgia-facts-and-symbols| archive-date =May 24, 2014}}
* {{cite journal | author=Giddins, Gary | title =Newport: Choices and More Choices | journal =New York | date =June 25, 1979| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lOECAAAAMBAJ&q=hoagy+carmichael+at+carnegie+hall&pg=PA92| access-date =December 6, 2016}}
* {{cite web |last=Ginell |first=Richard S. |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/somewhere-in-england-bonus-tracks-mw0000264103 |title=Somewhere in England–George Harrison : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=September 29, 2012}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Gugin |editor-first1=Linda C. |editor-last2=St. Clair |editor-first2=James E. | title =Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Hasse |first=John Edward | title =The Classic Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Indiana Historical Society and Smithsonian Collection Recordings | year =1988 | location =Indianapolis, Ind., and Washington, D.C. | page=5 | isbn = 978-0-87195-013-0 }} (Booklet issued with sound recordings of the same title.)
* {{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Hollywood Chamber of Commerce | url = http://www.walkoffame.com/hoagy-carmichael | access-date =December 13, 2016}}
* {{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau | url = http://www.in.gov/history/markers/529.htm | access-date =December 13, 2016}}
* {{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael | publisher =Songwriters' Hall of Fame | url =http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C57 | access-date =December 6, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000714/http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C57 | archive-date =January 4, 2017 | url-status =dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Hoagy Carmichael Collection|publisher=Indiana University (IU Digital Library)|url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/| access-date =December 6, 2016}}
* {{cite web | title = Hoagy Carmichael Collection: Timeline of Hoagy Carmichael's Life | publisher =Indiana University | date =November 18, 2002 | url =http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/research/timeline/index.html| access-date =December 6, 2016}}
* {{cite web |title=Hoagy Carmichael Collection: Virtual Tour of the Hoagy Carmichael Room |publisher=Indiana University (IU Digital Library) |url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/intro/room/index.html| access-date =December 6, 2016}}
* {{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael Landmark Sculpture | publisher =Visit Bloomington | url = https://www.visitbloomington.com/listing/hoagy-carmichael-landmark-sculpture/1126/ | access-date =December 13, 2016}}
* {{cite web | title =Hoagy Carmichael Recordings | publisher =Songwriters Hall of Fame | url =http://songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C57 | access-date =December 12, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090503/http://songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C57 | archive-date =January 4, 2017 | url-status =dead }}
* {{cite web | title =Hong Kong Blues | publisher =Rockabilly.nl | url =http://www.rockabilly.nl/lyrics2/h0057.htm | access-date =February 12, 2008}}
* {{cite web | title =Indiana, Our Indiana Hail to Old IU Indiana Fight Chimes of Indiana | publisher =Indiana University Athletics | url =http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/iuhoosiers.com/documents/2015/4/6/iusongs.pdf | access-date =December 12, 2016 | archive-date =March 4, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235459/http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/iuhoosiers.com/documents/2015/4/6/iusongs.pdf | url-status =dead }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Rick | title =Star Dust Memories: Hoagy Carmichael and Indiana's Gennett Records | journal = Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =6 | issue =3 | pages=4–9 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date=Summer 1994a}}
* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Rick |title=Jelly Roll, Bix, and Hoagy: Gennett Studios and the Birth of Recorded Jazz |url=https://archive.org/details/jellyrollbixhoag0000kenn |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, IN |year=1994b |isbn=978-0-253-33136-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=For Your Eyes Only |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}}
* {{cite web |title=Pacific Jazz Records Catalog: 1200 Series: PJ-1223 |publisher=Jazzdisco.org |url=http://www.jazzdisco.org/pacific-jazz-records/catalog-1200-series/#pj-1223 |access-date=December 12, 2016}}
* Raykoff, Ivan, "Carmichael, Hoagy (1899–1981)" in {{cite book |author=Pendergast, Tom, and Sara Pendergast |title=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3409000418.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522210813/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3409000418.html |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |publisher=Gale |location=Detroit |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55862-529-7}}
* {{cite web | title =Registry Titles with Descriptions and Expanded Essays | publisher =Library of Congress | url = https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/descriptions-and-essays/ | access-date =December 13, 2016}}
* {{cite web |title=Songwriter/Composer: Carmichael Howard Hoagland |work=BMI Repertoire |publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated]] |url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?page=1&blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&fromrow=1&torow=25&affiliation=ASCAP&cae=5261720&keyID=54165&keyname=CARMICHAEL+HOWARD+HOAGLAND&querytype=WriterID |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713211050/http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?page=1&blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&fromrow=1&torow=25&affiliation=ASCAP&cae=5261720&keyID=54165&keyname=CARMICHAEL+HOWARD+HOAGLAND&querytype=WriterID |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=October 3, 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Stardust |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stardust.shtml |access-date=December 15, 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Sudhalter |first=Richard M. |author-link=Dick Sudhalter |title=Stardust Melody: The Life and Music of Hoagy Carmichael |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] in association with the [[Indiana Historical Society]] |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-513120-7}}
* {{cite news |title=Television in Review |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 1953}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hoagy.com/catalogue.htm |title=The Official Hoagy Carmichael Web Site |access-date=March 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212143941/http://www.hoagy.com/catalogue.htm |archive-date=December 12, 2005}}
* {{cite web |title=Walk of Fame |date=March 28, 2014 |publisher=Starr Gennett Foundation |url=http://www.starrgennett.org/walk-of-fame/ |access-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322205743/http://www.starrgennett.org/walk-of-fame/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Wilder |first=Alec |title=American Popular Song: The Great Innovators 1900–1950 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanpopulars00alec/page/371 |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York / Oxford |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanpopulars00alec/page/371 371–388] |isbn=0-19-501445-6}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.hoagy.com}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0005994|name=Hoagy Carmichael}}
* [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/29125%7C70821/Hoagy-Carmichael#overview Hoagy Carmichael] at [[Turner Classic Movies]]
* {{IBDB name}}
* [https://syncopatedtimes.com/hoagy-carmichael-1899-1981/ Hoagy Carmichael] at the Red Hot Jazz Archive
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/hoagy/ The Hoagy Carmichael Collection] at [[Indiana University Bloomington]]
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102001 Hoagy Carmichael recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].
* {{Discogs artist}}
* {{Find a Grave|1143|Hoagy Carmichael}}

{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1951–1960}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carmichael, Hoagy}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
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[[Category:Traditional pop music singers]]
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