View source for History of Monaco

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[[File:Monacoc1890.jpg|thumb|260px|The Rock in 1890]]
[[File:Panorama von Monaco-La Turbie.jpg|thumb|Monaco in 2011]]
[[File:Mentan Ròcabruna e Mónegue.png|thumb|Monaco in 1848, before it gave up areas to France]]

The early '''history of [[Monaco]]''' is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the [[Rock of Monaco]], the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. Part of [[Liguria]]'s history since the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], from the 14th to the early 15th century the area was contested for primarily political reasons. Since that point, excepting a brief period of [[France|French]] occupation, it has remained steadily under the control of the [[House of Grimaldi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/monaco.htm|title=Monaco|website=www.heraldica.org}}</ref>

The early history of Monaco as a state has its origins in the [[Republic of Genoa]]. The [[Holy Roman Empire]] granted Monaco to the Genoese. Later, the Genoese family of Grimaldi held it throughout the 13th century and later purchased it to rule as a principality. Over its history, it has enjoyed differing levels of autonomy from a [[Controlling state|parent state]], which at times included the Republic of Genoa, the [[Crown of Aragon]], Spain, and France. It was incorporated into France after the [[French Revolution]], but later regained some autonomy as a [[protectorate]] of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in the 19th Century. In 1848, the two cities of [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune|Menton and Roquebrune]] (Mentone and Roccabruna) seceded and were later lost to France, but Monaco remained independent. France bought Mentone and Roccabruna, and agreed to respect Monaco's sovereignty. Despite the loss of the two towns, from the 1860s onward its economy was focused on tourism and the country enjoyed stability until its territory was occupied by the [[Axis powers]] during [[World War II]]. After liberation, Monaco worked to secure further independence from France, and was recognized by the [[United Nations|UN]] in 1993. It is not part of the [[European Union]] but uses the [[euro]] currency.

==Early history and Ligurian settlement==
[[File:Palais de Monaco.jpg|thumb|left|The Rock in modern times]]
[[Grimaldi man]] lived here about 30,000 years ago.

According to the accounts of historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] and geographer [[Strabo]], the area's first permanent settlers were the mountain-dwelling [[Ligures]], who emigrated from their native city of [[Genoa]], in what is now northern [[Italy]]. However, the ancient [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian language]] is not directly connected to the [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] [[Ligurian language|language]] spoken by the modern inhabitants of Liguria, of which [[Monégasque dialect|Monegasque]] is a dialect.

==Phoenician colonization and Melqart==

"According to some authorities, the Egyptians of the Eighteenth Dynasty, according to others, the early [[Phoenicia]]ns were the first commercial navigators," who found refuge in the Port of Monaco from the mistral of the sea. The Port and Rock of Monaco were consecrated by the Phoenicians in the name of their deity [[Melqart]]. The colony was called ''Monoike''. After the Phoenicians, the Greeks wrote about the progress and conquests of the journeys and labors of [[Heracles]]. The native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7tVAAAAYAAJ&q=phoenicians+monaco&pg=PA121 |title = Monaco: The Beauty Spot of the Riviera|last1 = Pickering|first1 = Thomas Henry|year = 1882}}</ref>

==Greek colonization and Herculean legend==
During the 6th-century BC, [[Phocaea]]ns from Massalia (modern day [[Marseille]]) founded the colony of Monoikos.<ref name="Klieger2012">{{cite book|author=P. Christiaan Klieger|title=The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrfwGa4aCwYC&pg=PA165|date=29 November 2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7427-2|pages=165–}}</ref> The name of the colony derives from the local veneration of the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[demigod]] [[Heracles]], also later adopted by the Romans, who was said to have constructed the ancient path that passed through the region from Spain to Italy.<ref name="Klieger2012"/> The [[Roman emperor]] [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] also wrote of Hercules's construction of Monaco's port and a coastal road.<ref name="Rike1987">{{cite book|author=R. L. Rike|title=Apex Omnium: Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0LbfTAT--gC&pg=PA24|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05858-3|pages=24–}}</ref> The road was dotted with altars to Heracles, and a temple dedicated to him was established on the Rock of Monaco. The name [[Port Hercules]] was subsequently used for the ancient port.<ref name="Klieger2012"/> ''Monoeci'' meaning "Single One" or ''Monoikos'' meaning "Single House" could be a reference to Hercules or his temple, or the isolated community inhabiting the area around the rock.<ref name="Klieger2012"/>

According to the "travels of Heracles" theme, also documented by [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Strabo]], both Greeks and native [[Ligures|Ligurian]] people asserted that [[Heracles]] passed through the area.

==Roman rule==
[[File:Theodosius I's empire.png|right|thumb|The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I, c. 395 AD, superimposed on modern borders: {{legend|#AF2424|Western Roman Empire}} {{legend|#8A24B6|Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)}}]]
After the [[Gallic Wars]], ''Monoecus'', which served as a stopping-point for [[Julius Caesar]] on his way to campaign in [[Greece]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://monacodc.org/monhistory.html | title=History of Monaco }}</ref>  fell under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] control as part of the Maritime [[Alps]] province ([[Gallia Transalpina]]).

The Roman poet [[Virgil]] called it "that castled cliff, Monoecus by the sea".<ref>''[[Aeneid]]'', VI.830</ref> The commentator [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]]'s use of the passage<ref>R. Maltby, ''Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies''</ref> asserts, under the entry ''portus'', that the epithet was derived:
{{Blockquote|either because Hercules drove off everyone else and lived there alone, or because in his temple no other of the gods is worshipped at the same time.}}

No temple to Hercules has been found at Monaco.<ref>[[Lucan (poet)|Lucan]] 1.405.</ref>

The port is mentioned in [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]''<ref>Pliny the Eldner, III.v</ref> and in [[Tacitus]]'s ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'',<ref>''Histories'', III.42</ref> when [[Fabius Valens]] was forced to put into the port.

==Dark ages to the Genoese==
[[File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1190.svg|thumb|left|The Holy Roman Empire granted Monaco to Genoa.]]
Monaco remained under Roman control until the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476. The city was then under the domain of [[Odoacer]] until his fall at the hands of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogoths]] in the late 5th century. Monaco was recaptured by the Romans during the reign of [[Justinian]] in the mid-6th century and was held until its capture by the [[Lombards]] in the 7th century. Monaco then passed hands between the Lombards and [[Franks]]. After having been damaged by the [[Saracen]]s in the 8th century, it was rebuilt by the monks of Saint-Pons in [[Nice]], who held it territorially starting from 1075. The city was further damaged and nearly abandoned as Saracen raids continued after they had put under their control a part of [[Provence]] with a base at [[Fraxinetum]]. Monaco is again mentioned in the 11th century, when the church of St. Mary was built and a borough rose around it.

In 1191, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] granted [[suzerainty]] over the area to the city of [[Genoa]]. On 10 June 1215, a detachment of Genoese [[Ghibellines]] led by Fulco del Cassello began the construction of a fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. This date is often cited as the beginning of Monaco's modern history.

As the Ghibellines intended their fortress to be a strategic military stronghold and center of control for the area, they set about creating a settlement around the base of the Rock to support the garrison; in an attempt to lure residents from Genoa and the surrounding cities, they offered land grants and [[tax]] exemption to new settlers.

== Middle Ages: Rise of the Grimaldis ==
[[File:Repubblica di Genova.png|thumb|right|Overview of the Genovese trading empire]]
[[File:Corona aragonum 1441.svg|thumb|right|Overview of [[Crown of Aragon]] ]]
The [[House of Grimaldi|Grimaldis]], descended from [[Otto Canella]] and taking their name from his son [[Grimaldo Canella|Grimaldo]], were an ancient and prominent [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelphic]] Genoese family.
Members of this family, in the course of the civil strife in Genoa between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, took refuge in Monaco, accompanied by various other Guelphic families, most notably the [[Fieschi]]s.

[[François Grimaldi|Francesco Grimaldi]] seized the Rock of Monaco in 1297, starting the Grimaldi dynasty, under the sovereignty of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. The Grimaldis acquired [[Menton]] in 1346 and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]] in 1355, enlarging their possessions. In 1338 Monegasque ships under the command of [[Charles I, Lord of Monaco|Carlo Grimaldi]] participated, along with those of France and Genoa, in the [[English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339|English Channel naval campaign]]. Plunder from the sack of [[Southampton]] was brought back to Monaco, contributing to the principality's prosperity.<ref name="internetarchive">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/monacomontecarlo00smit/monacomontecarlo00smit_djvu.txt
|access-date=19 October 2009
|author=Internet Archive
|title= Monaco and Monte Carlo
}}</ref>

The [[Treaty of Tordesillas (1524)|Treaty of Burgos]] in 1524 (or the treaty of Tordesilla of 1524), saw Monaco under the authority of Spain as an autonomous state for about a century, and there was a Spanish garrison at the fortress.

[[Honoré II, Prince of Monaco]] secured recognition of his independent [[sovereignty]] from [[Spain]] in 1633, and then from [[Louis XIII]] of France by the [[Treaty of Péronne (1641)]]. Since then the area has remained under the control of the Grimaldi family to the present day, except when under French control during the [[French Revolution]] from 1793 to May 17, 1814, as part of the ''département'' of [[Alpes-Maritimes]].

It was a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815 to 1860. However, the towns of Mentone and Roccabruna ceded in 1848, and these were annexed by France in 1861. Monaco managed to avoid incorporation into France or Italy, but at the cost of most its territory at that time.

==Fall and rise, 1789–1815==
From 1793 to 1814 Monaco was taken over by France.<ref name="Monaco History">[https://monacodc.org/monhistory.html Monaco History]</ref>

In 1789, the French seized all the Princely financial assets. The French Revolution progressed, and in 1793 Monaco was seized by the French. The Princely family was put in prison (later freed), the art collections and assets were seized and sold off, and the palace was used as hospital and poor house. In 1814 Napoleon abdicated, and Honore IV was restored to power. However, in the Final Act of the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Monaco was made a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]].<ref name="Monaco History"/>

==Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia==
[[File:Kingdom of Sardinia 1815.svg|thumb|left|Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815. Monaco was annexed as protectorate this year.]]

The principality was re-established in 1814, only to be designated a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 and the [[Treaty of Stupinigi]] in 1817. Monaco remained in this position until 1860, when by the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], Sardinia ceded to France the surrounding county of [[Nice]] (as well as [[Savoy]]).
[[Image:Frontiere Monaco.gif|thumb|right|Map of the territory of the "Free cities of Mentone and Roccabruna" (light blue) and the territory of Monaco (orange) in 1848. Those territories were the Principality of Monaco from the Renaissance until that year.<ref>Ermanno Amicucci. ''Nizza e l'Italia''. Mondadori editore. Milano, 1939.</ref>]]
In 1848 the towns of Mentone and Roccabruna ceded from Monaco, and in 1849 became a separate protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. (see also [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]])

With the protectorate, that lasted nearly half a century, [[Italian language|Italian]] was the official language of Monaco. The [[Monégasque dialect]] is closer to [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] than French, but influenced by both.

During this time there was unrest in the towns of [[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]], which declared independence, hoping for annexation by Sardinia and participation in the Italian [[Risorgimento]]. The unrest continued until the ruling prince gave up his claim to the two towns (some 95% of the country), and they were ceded to France in return for four million francs. This transfer and Monaco's sovereignty was recognised by the [[Franco-Monegasque Treaty|Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861]].

==After 1860==
{{further|France–Monaco relations}}

[[File:Italia 1843-en.svg|thumb|left|This graphic illustrates how the Kingdom of Sardina ceded Nice County, the region around Monaco, to France.]]
Designated as a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] in 1815 by the [[Congress of Vienna]] after [[Napoleon]]'s defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the [[Franco-Monegasque Treaty]] of 1861. France accepted the existence of the Principality of Monaco, but annexed 95% of its former territory (the areas of Menton and Roquebrune). Monaco's military defense since then has been the responsibility of France.

In 1848 the towns of Menton and Roquebrune ceded from Monaco and became protectorates of the Kingdom of Sardinia; this was to the [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]]. However, when Nice County was ceded to France, they were annexed from Monaco, which still had ownership.

Monaco became surrounded by France, when the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded the County of Nice to France in the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)]]. The next year, in 1861 The Kingdom of Sardinia became a part of the Kingdom of Italy. Monaco had been a Protectorate of Sardinia, and managed to survive these changes, avoiding integration with France or Italy. By the early 1860s it had secured its independence but was now surrounded by France and without Menton or Roquebrune. To make ends meet Monaco would focus on tourism, and built the now famous Monte Carlo casino.

The [[Monte Carlo Casino|Casino of Monte Carlo]] opened in 1863, organized by the [[Société des bains de mer de Monaco]], which also ran the [[Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo|Hotel de Paris]]. Taxes paid by the S.B.M. have been plowed into Monaco's infrastructure. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railway link to France.

==20th century==
{{Main|Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II}}
[[File:Affiche PLM Exposition Monaco.jpg|thumb|Poster for 1920 exposition]]
The Prince of Monaco was an [[absolute monarchy|absolute]] ruler until the [[Monegasque Revolution]] of 1910 forced him to proclaim a constitution in 1911.

In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, written into the [[Treaty of Versailles]], established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. One of the motivations for the treaty was the upcoming [[Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918]].
[[File:Achille Varzi at the 1931 Monaco Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|left|A scene from the 1931 Grand Prix. In the 20th century racing would become a popular event.]]While Prince [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]]'s sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep Monaco neutral during [[World War II]] but supported the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] government of his old army colleague, Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]].

Nonetheless, his tiny principality was tormented by domestic conflict partly as a result of Louis's indecisiveness, and also because the majority of the population was of Italian descent; many of them supported the [[Fascism|fascist]] regime of Italy's [[Benito Mussolini]].

On 11 November 1942, the [[Italian Army]] [[The invasion and Occupation of Monaco during World War II|invaded and occupied]] Monaco.<ref name="en.gouv.mc">{{cite web |url=https://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/History-and-Heritage/Periods/Crisis-and-renewal-20-sup-th-sup-century/Occupation-by-Italy-then-Germany |title=Occupation by Italy then Germany |publisher=Government of Monaco |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> 
Soon after in September 1943, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] occupied Monaco and began the [[The Holocaust|deportation of the Jewish population]].
[[File:Pursuit to the West Wall 1944.jpg|thumb|[[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] in 1944]]
Among them was [[René Blum (ballet)|René Blum]], the French Jew who founded the Ballet de l'Opera in Monte Carlo. He was arrested in his [[Paris]] home and held in the [[Drancy internment camp|Drancy]] deportation camp outside the French capital before being transported to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], where he was later killed.<ref>Abramovici P. ''[https://www.amazon.com/rocher-bien-occupé-pendant-1939-1945/dp/2020372118 Un rocher bien occupé : Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945]'' Editions Seuil, Paris 2001, {{ISBN|2-02-037211-8}}</ref> Blum's colleague [[Raoul Gunsbourg]], the director of the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]], helped by the [[French Resistance]], escaped arrest and fled to [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmeheust.free.fr/monacohistoire2.html |title=Monaco histoire |publisher=Tmeheust.free.fr |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> In August 1944, the Germans executed [[René Borghini]], [[Joseph-Henri Lajoux]] and [[Esther Poggio]], who were Resistance leaders.
The country was liberated on 3 September 1944 by Allied forces.<ref>[https://actualnewsmagazine.com/english/in-saint-cezaire-sur-siagne-the-inhabitants-relive-the-arrival-of-the-allies/ In Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne, the inhabitants relive the arrival of the allies], August 24, 20244</ref>

[[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]] ascended to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]], in 1949.<ref>"Obituary: Prince Rainier III of Monaco.", ''[[The Times]]'', London, 7 April 2005, pg. 58</ref>

The revised [[Constitution of Monaco]], proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for female suffrage, established a [[Supreme Court of Monaco|Supreme Court]] to guarantee fundamental liberties and made it difficult for a French national to transfer his or her residence there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco's Constitution of 1962 with Amendments through 2002 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Monaco_2002.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

In 1993, Monaco became a member of the [[United Nations]] with full voting rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Admission of the Principality of Monaco to membership in the United Nations. |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/171186?ln=en |website=digitallibrary.un.org | date=16 July 1993 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

==21st century==
[[File:Vista de Mónaco, 2016-06-23, DD 13.jpg|thumb|left|View of Monaco in 2016]]

In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarified that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the Principality will remain an independent nation, rather than be annexed by France. Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grinda |first=Georges |title=The Principality of Monaco: State, International Status, Institutions. |publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-9067043328 |edition=2nd |translator-last=Duursma |translator-first=Jorri C.}}</ref>

[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert II]] succeeded his father Prince Rainier III in 2005.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7347372 Son of ailing Prince Rainier takes over duties], ''MSNBC'', 31 March 2005. Accessed 31 May 2008.</ref>

Monaco's mild climate<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Monaco |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/55246/Average-Weather-in-Monaco-Year-Round |website=weatherspark.com |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> with historical sites and modern gambling [[casino]]s,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Lisa |title=17 Top Tourist Attractions in Monaco & Easy Day Trips |url=https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/monaco-mc-mc-mon.htm |website=planetware.com |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> make Monaco a popular [[tourism]] and recreation centre in the 21st century, with 4.1 tourists per resident as of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism in Principality of Monaco |url=https://www.worlddata.info/europe/monaco/tourism.php#:~:text=Tourism%20in%20Principality%20of%20Monaco,number%20of%20guests%2C%20is%20obvious. |website=worlddata.info |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Le Portier in 2023.jpg|thumb|In the 2020s completion was nearing on a small apartment building and a few houses on the coast.]]
On 29 February 2020, Monaco announced its first case of [[COVID-19]], a man who was admitted to the [[Princess Grace Hospital Centre]] then transferred to [[Nice University]] Hospital in France.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=GvtMonaco|author=Gouvernement Monaco|number=1233513588884676611|title=[#Coronavirus] Les autorités sanitaires de la Principauté ont été informées qu'une personne prise en charge dans la matinée et conduite au Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace était positive au COVID 19.Son état de santé n'inspire pas d'inquiétude.|date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/sante/coronavirus-un-premier-cas-de-contamination-detecte-a-monaco-et-transfere-au-chu-de-nice-1866392.html|title=Coronavirus: un premier cas de contamination détecté à Monaco et transféré au CHU de Nice|language=fr|website=BFMTV|agency=Agence France-Presse|first=Jeanne|last=Bulant|date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> The virus was confirmed to have reached [[Monaco]] on 29 February 2020.

In the early 2020s there was international news about concerns over government financial accountability in Monaco.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-03-01/monaco-royal-nephews-business-deals-bring-more-scrutiny-on-prince-albert Bloomberg - The Monaco Royals Whose Deals Have Brought Peril to the Palace Doors By Gaspard Sebag and Anthony Cormier], February 29, 2024</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Europe]]
*[[History of France]]
*[[History of Italy]]
*[[List of rulers of Monaco]]
*[[Politics of Monaco]]
*[[Monaco at the Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia| title=Principality and Diocese of Monaco | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10447a.htm | access-date = May 6, 2005 }}
* {{cite web| title=History of Monaco | work=Gale Force of Monaco | url=http://www.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history1.html | access-date=May 6, 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050418000745/http://www.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history1.html |archive-date = April 18, 2005}}
* {{cite web| author=Velde, François | title=Monaco | work=Heraldica | url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/monaco.htm | access-date=March 25, 2005 }}

==Further reading==
;Published in the 19th century
* {{Citation|author = C. B. Black |publisher = Adam & Charles Black |location = London |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/rivieraorcoastfr00blac#page/86/mode/2up |title=The Riviera : or, The coast from Marseilles to Leghorn, including the interior towns of Carrara, Lucca, Pisa, and Pistoia |chapter=Monaco Station |pages=86–87 |year=1896 }}
* {{Citation|author = Gustave Saige |publisher = Imprimerie de Monaco |location = Monaco |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/monaco00saiggoog/page/n15 
|title=Monaco |chapter=Ses Origines et Son Histoire |year=1897 |author-link = Gustave Saige }} {{in lang|fr}}
* {{Citation|author = H. Pemberton |publisher = [[Tinsley Brothers]] |location = London |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/historyofmonacop00pemb |title=The History of Monaco, Past and Present |chapter=History of Monaco |year=1867 |author-link = H. Pemberton }}

;Published in the 20th century
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Monaco |volume= 18 || pages = 684&ndash;685 |short= 1}}
* {{Citation |publisher = Baedeker |location = Leipzig |title = Southern France, including Corsica |date = 1914 |edition=6th |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/southernfrancein00karl#page/584/mode/2up |chapter=Monaco |ol = 24364670M }}
* ''Histoire de la principauté de Monaco'' (1934) by [[Léon-Honoré Labande]] {{in lang|fr}}

;Contemporary publications
*{{Cite book|last=Kundahl|first=George G.|title=The Riviera at War: World War II on the Cote d'Azur|year=2017|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781784538712|location=London}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Monaco:_Primary_Documents History of Monaco: Primary Documents]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monaco/@43.7378666,7.4170977,3465m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x12cdc26f7b3f8531:0x74f7784c3ac49cfc!8m2!3d43.7384176!4d7.4246158?hl=en Google Earth air view of Monaco]
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17615784 BBC - Monaco Country Profile]

{{Monaco topics}}
{{History of Europe}}
{{European history by country}}
{{Nazi Germany occupations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Monaco}}
[[Category:History of Monaco| ]]