View source for History of Minnesota

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{{Use American English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Fort Snelling Round Tower.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Fort Snelling]] played a pivotal role in Minnesota's history and in the development of nearby [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]]]
The history of the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]] is shaped by its original [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] residents, European exploration and [[European colonization of the Americas|settlement]], and the emergence of industries made possible by the state's natural resources. Early economic growth was based on fur trading, logging, milling and farming, and later through railroads and iron mining.

The earliest known settlers followed herds of large game to the region during the [[last glacial period]]. They preceded the [[Anishinaabe]], the [[Sioux|Dakota]], and other Native American inhabitants. [[Fur trade]]rs from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans moving west during the 19th century drove out most of the Native Americans. [[Fort Snelling]], built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the future state. They used [[Saint Anthony Falls]] to power sawmills in the area that became [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], while others settled downriver in the area that became [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]].

Minnesota's legal identity was created as the [[Minnesota Territory]] in 1849, and it became [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|the 32nd U.S. state]] on May 11, 1858. After the chaos of the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Dakota War of 1862]] ended, the state's economy grew when its timber and agriculture resources were developed. Railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by St. Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, and the innovative milling methods gave it the title of the "milling capital of the world".

New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from [[open-pit mining|open pits]], and shipped to [[Great Lakes]] steel mills from the ports at [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] and [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]]. Economic development and social changes led to an expanded role for state government and a population shift from rural areas to cities. The [[Great Depression]] brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations, but [[New Deal]] programs helped the state. After World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies [[Sperry Rand]], [[Control Data]], and [[Cray]]. The [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] also became a regional center for the arts, with cultural institutions such as the [[Guthrie Theater]], [[Minnesota Orchestra]], and [[Walker Art Center]].

==Native American inhabitation==
[[File:SchumannCache.JPG|thumb|right|Some of the oldest stone tools found in Minnesota]]

=== Prehistory ===
The oldest known human remains in Minnesota, dating back about 9,000 years ago,{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 15}} were discovered near [[Browns Valley, Minnesota|Browns Valley]] in 1933. "Browns Valley Man" was found with tools of the [[Clovis Point|Clovis]] and [[Folsom point|Folsom]] types.{{sfn|Anfinson|1997|pp=30–32}} Some of the earliest evidence of a sustained presence in the area comes from a site known as [[Bradbury Brook]] near [[Mille Lacs Lake]] which was used around 7500 BC.{{failed verification|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces | title= 9,200 years ago: Work site| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=577 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221115122/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=577|archive-date=February 21, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, extensive trading networks developed in the region. The body of an early resident known as "[[Minnesota Woman]]" was discovered in 1931 in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]. [[Radiocarbon dating]] places the age of the bones approximately 8000 years ago, approximately 7890 ±70 [[Before Present|BP]]{{failed verification|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web | publisher=University of Minnesota Department of Anthropology | url=http://anthropology.umn.edu/labs/wlnaa/history/academic.html |title=Academics Archaeology, 1932 to the 1970s}}</ref> or near the end of the Eastern [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]]. She had a conch shell from a snail species known as ''[[Busycon|Busycon perversa]]'', which had previously only been known to exist in Florida.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= By 8,600 years ago: Trade | url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=533 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106001141/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=533|archive-date=November 6, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several hundred years later, the climate of Minnesota warmed significantly. As large animals such as [[mammoths]] became extinct, native people changed their diet. They gathered nuts, berries, and vegetables, and they hunted smaller animals such as deer, bison, and birds. The stone tools found from this era became smaller and more specialized to use these new food sources. They also devised new techniques for catching fish, such as fish hooks, nets, and harpoons.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 8,000 years ago: Warmth| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=559 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=March 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107160502/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=559|archive-date=November 7, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Around 5000 BC, people on the shores of [[Lake Superior]] (in Minnesota and portions of what is now Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada) were the first on the continent to begin making metal tools. Pieces of ore with high concentrations of copper were initially pounded into a rough shape, heated to reduce brittleness, pounded again to refine the shape, and reheated. Edges could be made sharp enough to be useful as knives or spear points.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 7,000 years ago: Copper| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=554 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105225516/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=554|archive-date=January 5, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ancient history ===
[[File:Pf026012.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ojibwa]] women in a canoe at  Leech Lake Minnesota in 1909]]
Archaeological evidence of Native American presence dates between 2,500 and 5,000 years ago at the [[Jeffers Petroglyphs]] site in southwest Minnesota.{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 17}} The exposed [[Sioux Quartzite]] rock is dotted with several thousand [[petroglyphs]] thought to date to the [[Archaic period in the Americas#Late Archaic period (3000 BC to 1000 BC)|Late Archaic Period (3000 BC to 1000 BC)]].<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 5,000 years ago: Symbols in stone| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=541 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111122500/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=541|archive-date=November 11, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Around 700 BC, [[burial mound]]s were first created, and the practice continued until the arrival of Europeans, when 10,000<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 2,700 years ago: Mounds| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=527 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109225202/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=527|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> to 11,000{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 16}} such mounds dotted the state. The [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] burial [[Indian Mounds Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|mounds in Saint Paul]] are protected from invasive modern tourism.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is known about the Indian mounds?|url=https://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/184|author=Trimble, Steve|publisher=Historic Saint Paul|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref>

[[Archaeologists]] believe native peoples discovered the [[catlinite]] deposit at [[Pipestone National Monument|Pipestone]] over 3,000 years ago.<ref name="Pipestone"/> Word of its existence spread and a quarry developed that was sacred ground to the native peoples across a vast area. When the French Voyageurs arrived in the region in the 1600s they learned of the quarry in their bartering with the indigenous peoples.<ref name="Pipestone"/> In 1858, the same year Minnesota became a state, the [[Yankton Sioux Tribe]] signed the [[Yankton Treaty]] in which they gave up their lands in western Minnesota and [[South Dakota]]. However, section 8 of the treaty gave the Yankton nation a one-mile square reservation at the quarry site. In 1893 the site was sold to the US Government and in 1937 [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|FDR]] signed the bill creating the Pipestone National Monument.<ref name="Pipestone"/> Today the quarry remains active and is restricted exclusively to Native Americans by treaty with the [[National Park Service]]. At present there are 23 tribal nations affiliated by treaty to the Monument based upon their historic ties with Pipestone.<ref name="Pipestone">{{cite web |title= Pipestone National Monument Minnesota |publisher= National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |url= https://www.nps.gov/pipe/index.htm |access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref>

By AD 800, [[wild rice]] became a staple crop in the region, and corn farther to the south.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 1,200 years ago: Wild ricing| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=532 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117095717/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=532|archive-date=November 17, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a few hundred years, the [[Mississippian culture]] reached into the southeast portion of the state, and large villages were formed. The [[Dakota people|Dakota]] Native American culture may have descended from some of the peoples of the Mississippian culture.<ref>{{cite web | work=TimePieces |title= 1,000 years ago: Mississippian farmers| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=534 | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=February 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109230048/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=534|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== European colonization ===
When Europeans first started exploring Minnesota, the region was inhabited primarily by tribes of [[Sioux|Dakota]], with the [[Ojibwa]] (sometimes called Chippewa,{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=20}} or Anishinaabe{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}) beginning to migrate westward into the state around 1700. (Other sources suggest the Ojibwe reached Minnesota by 1620 or earlier.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}) {{citation needed span|There were also the [[Chiwere language|Chiwere]] [[Iowa people|Ioway]] in the southwest,{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} and possibly the [[Menominee]] in some parts of the southeast as well as other tribes which could have been either Algonquian or Chiwere to the northeast, alongside Lake Superior (possibilities include the [[Meskwaki|Fauk]], [[Sauk people|Sauk]], and [[Missouria]]).|date=March 2022}} The economy of these tribes was chiefly based on [[hunter-gatherer]] activities.{{failed verification|date=March 2022}}{{Sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=30–31}} There was also a small group of [[Ho-Chunk]] (Winnebago) Native Americans near [[Long Prairie, Minnesota|Long Prairie]], who later moved to a reservation in [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth County]] in 1855.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=113}}

At some early point, the Missouria moved south into what is now Missouri, the Menominee ceded much of their westernmost lands and withdrew closer to the region of Green Bay, Wisconsin,{{sfn|Boatman|1998|pp= 10–11, 38, 83–85}} and the A'ani were pushed north and west by the Dakota and split into the Gros Ventre and the [[Arapaho]].{{sfn|Fowler|1987|p=45}} Later tribes who would inhabit the region include the [[Assiniboine]], who split from the Dakota and returned to Minnesota, but later also moved west as American settlers came to populate the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parks |first=Douglas R. |first2=Raymond J. |last2=Demallie|title=Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney dialects: a classification |journal= Anthropological Linguistics |volume=34 |issue= 1 |date=1992 |pages=233–55}}</ref>

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota phrase ''Mni Sóta Makoce'', which is depicted on the [[Seal of Minnesota|state seal]].<ref name=SERCreport> {{cite web |title=Selection for the New Official Flag and Great Seal for the State of Minnesota |author=Minnesota State Emblems Redesign Commission |url=https://serc.mnhs.org/hubfs/SERC%20Report%20FINAL%20v01242024%20WOMR.pdf?hsLang=en |date=2024-01-01 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref>

==European exploration==

[[File:Old Trading Post on St. Louis River, Duluth, MN.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of old [[Fond du Lac (Duluth)|Fond du Lac]] trading post on the [[Saint Louis River (Lake Superior tributary)|Saint Louis River]] in 1907]]

=== 17th century ===
In the late 1650s, [[Pierre Esprit Radisson]] and [[Médard des Groseilliers]], while following the southern shore of Lake Superior (which would become northern Wisconsin), were probably the first Europeans to meet Dakota Native Americans .<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= Late 1650s: Dakota meet Europeans| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=494| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023502/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=494| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref> The north shore of the lake was explored in the 1660s. Among the first to do this was [[Claude Allouez]], a missionary on [[Madeline Island]]. He made an early map of the area in 1671.<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces|title= Late 1660s: Exploring the North Shore| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=493| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023506/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=493| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>

Around this time, the Ojibwa Native Americans reached Minnesota as part of a westward migration. Having come from a region around Maine, they had experience dealing with European traders. They sold furs and purchased guns. Tensions rose between the Ojibwa and Dakota in the ensuing years.<ref>{{cite web| work= TimePieces|title= Late 1600s: Ojibwe arrive| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=511| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023513/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=511| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>

In 1671, France signed a treaty with a number of tribes to allow trade. Shortly thereafter, French trader [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], arrived in the area and began trading with the local tribes. Du Lhut explored the western area of Lake Superior, near his namesake, the city of Duluth, and areas south of there. He helped to arrange a peace treaty between the Dakota and Ojibwa tribes in 1679.<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces|title= 1679: Dakota & Ojibwe Treaty| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=512| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023523/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=512| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Father Hennepin at the Falls of St. Anthony.jpg|thumb|left|A painting of Father Hennepin 'discovering' Saint Anthony Falls]]
Father [[Louis Hennepin]], with companions [[Michel Aco]] and [[Antoine Auguelle]] (a.k.a. Picard Du Gay), headed north from the area of modern [[Illinois]] after coming into that area with an exploration party headed by [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]]. They were captured by a Dakota tribe in 1680. While with the tribe, they came across and named the [[Saint Anthony Falls|Falls of Saint Anthony]]. Soon, Du Lhut was able to obtain through negotiation the release of Hennepin's party. Hennepin returned to Europe and wrote a book, ''Description of Louisiana'', published in 1683, about his travels; many portions, including the part about Saint Anthony Falls, were strongly embellished. As an example, he described the falls as having a drop of 50 to 60 feet (15–18 m), when they were really only about {{convert|16|ft}}.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=58–60}} [[Pierre-Charles Le Sueur]] explored the [[Minnesota River]] to the [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] area around 1700. He thought the blue earth was a source of copper, and he told stories about the possibility of mineral wealth, but there actually was no copper in it.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=60–61}}

=== 18th century ===
Explorers searching for the fabled [[Northwest Passage]] and large inland seas in North America continued to pass through the state. In 1721, the French built [[Fort Beauharnois]] on [[Lake Pepin]]. In 1731, the [[Grand Portage]] trail was first traversed by a European, [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye|Pierre La Vérendrye]]. He used a map written down on a piece of birch bark by Ochagach, an [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]] guide.<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces|title= 1731: The Grand Portage Trail| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=500| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023528/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=500| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref> The [[North West Company]], which traded in fur and competed with the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], was established along the Grand Portage in 1783–1784.<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= 1784: North West Fur Co.| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=490| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023541/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=490| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>

[[Jonathan Carver]], a shoemaker from Massachusetts, visited the area in 1767 as part of another expedition. He and the rest of the exploration party were only able to stay for a relatively short period, due to a lack of supplies. They headed back east to [[Fort Michilimackinac]], where Carver wrote journals about the trip, though others would later claim the stories were largely [[plagiarize]]d. The stories were published in 1778, but Carver died before the book earned him much money. [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver County]] and [[Carver's Cave]] ([[Wakan Tipi]]) are named for him.<ref>{{cite web | last=Browne | first=Leanne | url=http://www.carvercountyhistoricalsociety.org/about_us/historypages/JonathanCarver.htm | title=History – Who was Jonathan Carver? | publisher=Carver County Historical Society | access-date=September 19, 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190242/http://www.carvercountyhistoricalsociety.org/about_us/historypages/JonathanCarver.htm | archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
In 1817, Major [[Stephen Harriman Long]] headed a military excursion up the Mississippi River to the [[Falls of St. Anthony]] near the confluence with the [[Minnesota River]]. As a result of his recommendations, the Army established [[Fort Snelling]] to guard against Indian incursions against settlers in the [[Upper Mississippi Valley]]. Long recorded his experiences of the expedition in a journal, which was first published as ''Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff to the Falls of St. Anthony'', by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1860.<ref name=ColumbEE>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Stephen_Harriman_Long.aspx |title=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, sixth edition |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |year=2008 |access-date=2011-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Stephen Harriman |author-link=Stephen Harriman Long |title=Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff to the Falls of Saint Anthony In 1817 |year=1889 |url=https://archive.org/details/voyageinsixoared00longrich/ |location= |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

In 1822 the [[Earl of Selkirk]] acquired a controlling interest in the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. Through the Company he acquired {{convert|116,000|sqmi}} of land that today (2021) make up [[Manitoba]] and the northern portions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Until 1818 the [[Red River Valley]] was considered part of [[British North America]], and several colonization plans were mounted to the region, such as the [[Red River Colony]]. The boundary where the Red River crossed the 49th parallel was not marked until 1823, when Long returned to the region to conduct another survey expedition.<ref name=CorpsHist1>{{cite web |url         = http://www.topogs.org/History.htm |title       = A History of...(1818-1863) part 1 (Reestablishment) |publisher   = U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers website, quoting from Beers, Henry P. "A History of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, 1813-1863." 2 pts. The Military Engineer 34 (Jun 1942): pp.287-91 & (Jul 1942): pp.348-52. |access-date  = 2011-08-06 |url-status     = dead |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140926122419/http://www.topogs.org/History.htm |archive-date = 2014-09-26}}</ref> When several hundred settlers abandoned the Red River Colony in the 1820s, they entered United States territory along the Red River Valley, going south to Fort Snelling.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=114–15}} The region had been occupied by [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis people]], the children of voyageurs and Native Americans, since the middle of the 17th century.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=41}}

Several efforts were made to find the source of the [[Mississippi River]]. The true source was found in 1832 when [[Henry Schoolcraft]] was guided by a group of Ojibwa headed by ''[[Ozaawindib]]'' ("Yellow Head") to a lake in northern Minnesota. Schoolcraft named it [[Lake Itasca]], combining the [[Latin]] words ''ver'''itas''''' ("truth") and '''''ca'''put'' ("head"). The native name for the lake was ''Omashkooz'', meaning [[elk]].<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= 1832: Mississippi source| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=453| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023553/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=453| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Radzilowski|2006|p= 55}} Other explorers of the area include [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1806,{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=82–83}} [[Stephen Harriman Long|Major Stephen Long]] in 1817, and [[George William Featherstonhaugh]] in 1835.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=91}} Featherstonhaugh conducted a geological survey of the [[Minnesota River Valley]] and wrote an account, entitled ''A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor''.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=91–92}}

[[Joseph Nicollet]] scouted the area in the late 1830s, exploring and mapping the [[Upper Mississippi River]] basin, the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)|St. Croix River]], and the land between the Mississippi and [[Missouri River]]s. He and [[John C. Frémont]] left their mark in the southwest part of the state, carving their names in the [[catlinite|pipestone]] quarries near [[Winnewissa Falls]] (an area now part of [[Pipestone National Monument]], in [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone County]]).<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= 1830s: Upper Mississippi maps| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=457| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023611/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=457| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mnhs.org/places/historycenter/programs/players/joseph.html | title=Joseph Nicollet | access-date=July 6, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906113723/http://www.mnhs.org/places/historycenter/programs/players/joseph.html |archive-date = September 6, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] never explored the state, but he did help to make it popular. In 1855 he published ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'', which contains references to many places in Minnesota. The story is based on Ojibwa legends carried back east by other explorers and traders (particularly those collected by [[Henry Rowe Schoolcraft]]).<ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= 1855: The Song of Hiawatha| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=438| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023020/http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=438| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref>

==Territorial foundation and settlement==
{{further|Northwest Ordinance|Louisiana Purchase|Territorial era of Minnesota}}

===Land acquisition===
[[File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg|thumb|right|Map of [[Minnesota Territory]]<br />(1849–1858)]]
All of the land east of the Mississippi River was granted to the United States by the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Second Treaty of Paris]], which in 1783 ended the [[American Revolution]]. This included what would become modern-day Saint Paul but only part of Minneapolis, along with the northeast, north-central, and east-central portions of the future state. The western portion of the state was part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]] since the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase|author=Lass, William E.|volume=35|issue=1|date=Winter 2015|page=40|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24465560|journal=Great Plains Quarterly|doi=10.1353/gpq.2015.0006 |jstor=24465560 |s2cid=161440918 |access-date=February 17, 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The wording of the treaty in the Minnesota area depended on landmarks reported by fur traders, who erroneously reported an "Isle Phelipeaux" in Lake Superior, a "Long Lake" west of the island, and the belief that the Mississippi River ran well into modern Canada.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=78–79}} Most of the state—the area west of the Mississippi—was purchased in 1803 from France as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. Parts of northern Minnesota were considered to be in [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name=Narratives>{{cite book|title=The Red Road and Other Narratives of the Dakota Sioux|via=Google Books|access-date=February 19, 2022|first1=Samuel I.|last1=Mniyo|first2=Robert|last2=Goodvoice|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1496219367|page=Appendix 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YODEDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The exact definition of the boundary between Minnesota and [[British North America]] was not addressed until the [[Anglo-American Convention of 1818]],{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=80}} which set the U.S.–Canada border at the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] west of the [[Lake of the Woods]] (except for a small chunk of land now dubbed the [[Northwest Angle]]). Border disputes east of Lake of the Woods continued until the [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] of 1842.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=81}}

During the first half of the 19th century, the northeastern portion of the state was a part of the [[Northwest Territory]], then the [[Illinois Territory]], then the [[Michigan Territory]], and finally the [[Wisconsin Territory]]. The western and southern areas of the state, although theoretically part of the Wisconsin Territory from its creation in 1836, were not formally organized until 1838, when they became part of the [[Iowa Territory]].{{page needed|date=March 2022}}{{Sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=}}

===Establishment of Fort Snelling, Minneapolis and Saint Paul===
{{See also|History of Saint Paul, Minnesota|History of Minneapolis, Minnesota}}

[[File:Fortsnellinggrounds.jpg|thumb|Fort Snelling]]

[[Fort Snelling]] was the first [[Military history of the United States|U.S. military]] post in the state. The land for the fort encompassed the [[Confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers and was acquired in 1805 by Lt. [[Zebulon Pike]]. When concerns mounted about the fur trade in the area, construction of the fort began in 1819,{{sfn|Gilman|1991|pp=81–82}} and was completed in 1825, named after Colonel [[Josiah Snelling]].{{sfn|Gilman|1991|pp=82–84}}<ref name="hfs">{{cite web | url=http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | title=Historic Fort Snelling | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | access-date=July 6, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102015331/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | archive-date=November 2, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Slaves Dred Scott and his wife were taken to the fort by their master, John Emerson. They lived at the fort and elsewhere in territories where slavery was prohibited. After Emerson's death, the Scotts argued that since they had lived in free territory, they were no longer slaves. The U.S. Supreme Court sided against the Scotts in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]''. Dred Scott Field, located just a short distance away in [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]], is named in memory of Fort Snelling's significance in one of the most important legal decisions in U.S. history.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|p=110}}{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=78–79}}

[[File:Oil on Canvas Portrait of Dred Scott (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Dred Scott]]]]

By 1851, treaties between Native American tribes and the U.S. government had opened much of Minnesota to settlement, so Fort Snelling no longer was a frontier outpost. It served as a training center for soldiers during the [[American Civil War]] and later as the headquarters for the Department of Dakota. A portion has been designated as [[Fort Snelling National Cemetery]] where over 160,000 are interred. During World War II, the fort served as a training center for nearly 300,000 inductees. Fort Snelling is now a historic site operated by the [[Minnesota Historical Society]].<ref name="hfs"/>

Fort Snelling was largely responsible for the establishment of the city of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]. The fort garrison built roads, planted crops, and built a [[grist mill]] and a sawmill at [[Saint Anthony Falls]].<ref name="hfs"/> Later, [[Franklin Steele]] came to Fort Snelling as the post [[sutler]]. He established interests in lumbering and operated the ferries serving the fort from St. Paul and Mendota. When the Ojibwe signed a treaty ceding lands in 1837, Steele staked a claim to land on the east side of the Mississippi River adjacent to Saint Anthony Falls. In 1848, he built a sawmill at the falls, and the community of Saint Anthony developed along the east side of the falls. Steele told one of his employees, [[John H. Stevens]], that land on the west side of the falls would make a good site for future mills. Since the land on the west side was still part of the military reservation, Stevens made a deal with Fort Snelling's commander. Stevens would provide free ferry service across the river in exchange for a tract of {{convert|160|acre|km2}} at the head of the falls. Stevens received the claim and built a house, the first house in Minneapolis, in 1850. In 1854, Stevens platted the city of Minneapolis on the west bank.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=70–71}} Later, in 1872, Minneapolis absorbed the city of Saint Anthony.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=73}}

The city of [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] is also a Fort Snelling development. [[Squatter]]s, mostly from the ill-fated [[Red River Colony]] in what is now [[Manitoba]], established a camp near the fort. The commandant of Fort Snelling, Major [[Joseph Plympton]], found their presence problematic because they were using resources that the fort required; timber, firewood and grazing lands around the fort. Plympton banned lumbering and evicted the squatters from the military reservation. As a result, they moved four miles downstream on the Mississippi River to Fountain cave.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=99}} This location was not quite far enough for Plympton, so the squatters were forced out again. [[Pierre Parrant|Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant]], established a [[moonshine]] trade there with both the soldiers and Sioux. The settlement got the name "Pig's Eye" when a customer at Parrant's tavern wrote a letter with "Pig's Eye" as the return address.  The reply to that letter was delivered directly to the settlement.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=99}}  In 1840, the Roman Catholic [[Diocese of Dubuque]] sent Father [[Lucien Galtier]] as a missionary to the settlement.  Galtier built a small log church and dedicated it to [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]].  The nearby steamboat landing took on the name "St. Paul's Landing", and by 1846, when a post office was opened, the area was known as St. Paul.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=100}}  Before white settlement, the Mdewakanton Sioux knew the area as ''Im-in-i-ja Ska'', meaning "White Rock", which describes the sandstone bluffs adjacent to Carver's Cave.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W58UAAAAYAAJ|title=A History of the City of Saint Paul, and of the County of Ramsey, Minnesota|last=Williams|first=John Fletcher|date=1876|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|accessdate=2022-03-18}}</ref>

Minneapolis and Saint Paul are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wcco.com/goodquestion/local_story_034144252.html|last=Tracy|first=Ben|title=Good question: Why are we twins?|publisher=[[WCCO-TV]]|date=January 1, 2007|access-date=March 17, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004716/http://wcco.com/goodquestion/local_story_034144252.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota, with a population of 429,954 in the 2020 census.<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 8, 2022|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> Saint Paul is smaller with a population of 311,527 in 2020. Minneapolis-Saint Paul are the core of the MPLS metropolitan area with a population of 3,690,261 as of 2020,<ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |title=2020 population and housing state data  |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> with a total state population of 5,706,494.<ref name="GR2" />

===Early European settlement and development===
[[File:SibleyHouse.jpg|thumb|right|Home of Henry Hastings Sibley]]
[[File:Pineries-Minnesota-1800s.jpg|thumb|Logging pine c. 1860s–1870s]]
[[Henry Hastings Sibley]] built the first stone house{{failed verification|date=March 2022}} in the Minnesota Territory in [[Mendota, Minnesota|Mendota]] in 1838, along with other limestone buildings used by the [[American Fur Company]], which bought animal pelts at that location from 1825 to 1853.<ref name="mnhs-places">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/shs/|title=Sibley House Historic Site|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|access-date=September 19, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925195702/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/shs/|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another area of early economic development in Minnesota was the logging industry. Loggers found the [[Eastern White Pine|white pine]] especially valuable, and it was plentiful in the northeastern section of the state and in the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] valley. Before railroads, lumbermen relied mostly on river transportation to bring logs to market, which made Minnesota's timber resources attractive. Towns like [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City]], [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]] and [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]] became important lumber centers fed by the St. Croix River, while [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]] became an important lumber market because of its proximity to farms that were developing in the south of the state.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=170–71}} The unregulated logging practices of the time and a severe drought took their toll in 1894, when the [[Great Hinckley Fire]] ravaged {{convert|480|sqmi|km2}} in the [[Hinckley, Minnesota|Hinckley]] and [[Sandstone, Minnesota|Sandstone]] areas of [[Pine County]], killing over 400 residents.{{failed verification|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/21hinckley.html|title=Hinckley Fire of 1894|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|year=2006|access-date=July 15, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701025255/http://libguides.mnhs.org/hinckleyfire|archive-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> The combination of logging and drought struck again in the [[Baudette Fire of 1910]] and the [[1918 Cloquet Fire|Cloquet Fire]] of 1918.

Saint Anthony, on the east bank of the Mississippi River later became part of Minneapolis, and was an important lumber milling center supplied by the [[Rum River]].{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=173–74}} In 1848, businessman Franklin Steele built the first private sawmill on the Saint Anthony Falls, and more sawmills quickly followed.{{failed verification|date=March 2022}} <ref>{{cite web| work=TimePieces |title= 1848: Falls power industry| url=http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=440| publisher=Minnesota Historical Society| access-date=February 17, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023621/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=440| archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref> The oldest wood-frame home still standing in Saint Anthony is the Ard Godfrey house, built in 1848, and lived in by Ard and Harriet Godfrey.<ref name="agh">{{cite web|url=http://www.ardgodfreyhouse.com/|title=Ard Godfrey House|publisher=The Women's Club of Minneapolis|access-date=September 19, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061005062854/http://www.ardgodfreyhouse.com/ |archive-date = October 5, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[John Harrington Stevens House|house of John H. Stevens]], the first house on the west bank in Minneapolis, was moved several times, finally to [[Minnehaha Park]] in south Minneapolis in 1896.{{page needed|date=March 2022}} <ref>{{cite book|title=Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District|last=Pennefeather|first=Shannon M.|year=2003|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|location=Saint Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0873514475}}</ref>

===Minnesota Territory===
{{main|Minnesota Territory}}
On August 26, 1848, shortly after Wisconsin was admitted to the Union, a convention of sixty-one met in Stillwater to petition Congress to create a Minnesota Territory from the remainder of the Wisconsin and Iowa Territories.{{sfn|Holcombe|1908|pp=335, 361–67}} The delegate chosen to bring the convention's petition before Congress was [[Henry Hastings Sibley]].{{sfn|Holcombe|1908|pp=335, 361–67}} [[Stephen A. Douglas]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|(D)]], the chair of the Senate Committee on Territories, [[Organic Act of Minnesota|drafted the bill authorizing Minnesota Territory]]. He had envisioned a future for the upper Mississippi valley, so he was motivated to keep the area from being carved up by neighboring territories. In 1846, he prevented Iowa from including [[Fort Snelling]] and Saint Anthony Falls within its northern border. In 1847, he kept the organizers of [[Wisconsin]] from including Saint Paul and Saint Anthony Falls.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=62}} The [[Minnesota Territory]] was established from the lands remaining from [[Iowa Territory]] and [[Wisconsin Territory]] on March 3, 1849. The Minnesota Territory extended far into what is now North Dakota and South Dakota, to the [[Missouri River]]. There was a dispute over the shape of the state to be carved out of Minnesota Territory. An alternate proposal that was only narrowly defeated would have made the 46th parallel the state's northern border and the Missouri River its western border, thus giving up the whole northern half of the state in exchange for the eastern half of what later became South Dakota.{{sfn|Meinig|1993|p=439}}

With [[Alexander Ramsey]] [[Whig Party (United States)|(W)]] as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|(D)]] as the territorial delegate to the United States Congress. Ramsey lobbied Congress for funds to build five military roads in the Territory: Mendota/Fort Snelling to Wabasha, Point Douglas to Fort Ripley/Crow River Indian Agency, Mendota/Fort Snelling to the Missouri River, Point Douglas to Superior, and Fort Ripley Road to Long Prairie Indian Agency. The populations of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony swelled. [[Henry Mower Rice|Henry M. Rice]] (D), who replaced Sibley as the territorial delegate in 1853, worked in Congress to promote Minnesota interests. He lobbied for the construction of a railroad connecting Saint Paul and Lake Superior, with a link from Saint Paul to the [[Illinois Central Railroad|Illinois Central]].{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=75}} Another military road would run from [[Fort Ridgely and South Pass Wagon Road|Fort Ridgely to South Pass, Nebraska Territory]].

===Statehood===

In December 1856, Henry Mower Rice brought forward two bills in Congress: an [[enabling act]] that would allow Minnesota to form a state constitution, and a railroad land grant bill. Rice's enabling act defined a state containing both prairie and forest lands. The state was bounded on the south by Iowa, on the east by Wisconsin, on the north by Canada, and on the west by the [[Red River of the North]] and the [[Bois de Sioux River]], [[Lake Traverse]], [[Big Stone Lake]], and then a line extending due south to the Iowa border. Rice made this motion based on Minnesota's population growth.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=124}}

At the time, tensions between the northern and the southern United States were growing, in [[Origins of the American Civil War|a series of conflicts]] that eventually resulted in the American Civil War. There was little debate in the [[United States House of Representatives]], but when [[Stephen A. Douglas]] introduced the bill in the [[United States Senate]], it caused a firestorm of debate. Northerners saw their chance to add two senators to the side of the [[free state (United States)|free states]], while Southerners were sure that they would lose power. Many senators offered polite arguments that the population was too sparse and that statehood was premature. Senator [[John Burton Thompson]] of Kentucky, in particular, argued that new states would cost the government too much for roads, canals, forts, and lighthouses. Although Thompson and 21 other senators voted against statehood, the enabling act was passed on February 26, 1857.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=122–24}}

After the enabling act was passed, territorial legislators had a difficult time writing a state constitution. A [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] was assembled in July 1857, but Republicans and Democrats were deeply divided. In fact, they formed two separate constitutional conventions and drafted two separate constitutions. Eventually, the two groups formed a conference committee and worked out a common constitution. The divisions continued, though, because Republicans refused to sign a document that had Democratic signatures on it, and vice versa. One copy of the constitution was written on white paper and signed only by Republicans, while the other copy was written on blue-tinged paper and signed by Democrats. These copies were signed on August 29, 1857. An election was called on October 13, 1857, where Minnesota residents would vote to approve or disapprove the constitution. The constitution was approved by 30,055 voters, while 571 rejected it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/about-minnesota/minnesota-government/minnesota-constitution-1858/|title=Minnesota Secretary of State – Minnesota Constitution 1858|publisher=Minnesota Secretary of State|access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref>

The state constitution was sent to the [[United States Congress]] for ratification in December 1857. The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]]. Southerners had been arguing that the next state should be pro-slavery, so when Kansas submitted the pro-slavery [[Lecompton Constitution]], the Minnesota statehood bill was delayed. After that, Northerners feared that Minnesota's Democratic delegation would support slavery in Kansas. Finally, after the Kansas question was settled and after Congress decided how many representatives Minnesota would get in the House of Representatives, the bill passed.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=125–26}} The eastern half of the Minnesota Territory, under the boundaries defined by Rice, became the country's 32nd state on May 11, 1858.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj049101))|title=Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 35th Congress |date= May 11, 1858 |page=436|publisher= Library of Congress |access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref> The western part remained unorganized until its incorporation into the [[Dakota Territory]] on March 2, 1861.

== Military conflicts ==
===Civil War===
<!--"Minnesota in the American Civil War" redirects here-->
When news broke in 1861 that [[Fort Sumter]] had been fired on, Gov. [[Alexander Ramsey|Ramsey]] happened to be in Washington, D.C., and rushed to the White House to give President [[Abraham Lincoln]] Minnesota's support, being the first Union governor to do so.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=127}} The soldiers of the [[1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment]] were the first soldiers offered to fight for the [[Union Army]].<ref name=MHS-Civil>{{cite web|title=The Civil War (1861–1865)|url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/military-history/civil-war|access-date=February 21, 2022|publisher=Historic Fort Snelling, Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> Minnesota had more than 24,000 troops serve in the Civil War, about one-seventh of the state's population in 1860.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=354}} Nearly 3,000 lost their lives to battlefield wounds or disease.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=354}}

The 1st Minnesota changed the course of the decisive [[Battle of Gettysburg]].{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=354}}{{sfn|Carley|2006|pp=x–xi}} Desperate to make time for reinforcements to arrive, on [[Gettysburg campaign|Gettysburg]]'s second day, July 2, 1863, General [[Winfield Scott Hancock]] sent the 262 members of 1st&nbsp;Minnesota to halt a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] assault.<ref name=MHS-Civil /> They succeeded in capturing a [[28th Virginia battle flag|Confederate flag]] and held the line for the Union, but all but 47 of them were killed, wounded, or captured.{{sfn|Carley|2006|loc= pp. 5–6, Foreword}} The regiment lost 17 more facing [[Pickett's Charge]] to end the battle the next day.{{sfn|Carley|2006|p=13}} Lt. Col. [[William F. Fox]] wrote that "the percentage of loss in the First Minnesota, Gibbon's Division [is] without an equal in the records of modern warfare".<ref name=Fox>{{cite book|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0068:chapter=3|via=Tufts University|author=Fox, William F.|access-date=February 21, 2022|title=Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861–1865|chapter=Chapter 3|edition=reprint}}</ref> Explaining his role in ordering the First Minnesota in, Hancock is quoted, "There is no more gallant deed recorded in history&nbsp;..."<ref name=Fox />

By the end of the war, Minnesota had raised 11 [[regiment]]s of [[infantry]], two [[sharpshooter]] units, and some [[cavalry]] and [[artillery]].<ref name=MHS-Civil/>

===Dakota War of 1862===
{{main|Dakota War of 1862}}
[[File:Execution of 38 Sioux Indians at Mankato Minnesota 1862.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Mass hanging in [[Mankato, Minnesota]]]]

During the Civil War, the state faced another crisis as the [[Dakota War of 1862]] broke out.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=127}} As white settlement pressed in, the Dakota were destitute, even starving because of the loss of habitat of huntable game.<ref name=Narratives/> Dakota had signed the [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota]] in 1851.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|pp=31–33, 66}} They were given a strip of land of {{convert|10|miles}} north and south of the [[Minnesota River]], but were later forced to sell the northern half.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|pp=27–29}}{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=127–28}}  In 1862, crop failures left the Dakota with food shortages, and government money was delayed.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=128}}

The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=128–29}} That night, a faction of [[Little Crow]]'s Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors attacked and killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|pp=107}} The ensuing battles at the [[Lower Sioux Agency]], [[Battle of Fort Ridgely|Fort Ridgely]], [[Battle of Birch Coulee|Birch Coulee]], and [[Battle of Wood Lake|Wood Lake]] punctuated a six-week war, which ended with the trial of 425 Indians for their participation in the war.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=127–32}}  Of this number, 303 were convicted and sentenced to death. Bishop [[Henry Benjamin Whipple]] pled to President [[Abraham Lincoln]] for clemency, and the death sentences of all but 39 Sioux were reduced to prison terms. On December 26, 1862, 38 Sioux were hanged in the largest mass execution in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=The largest mass execution in US history |url= https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/stories/the-largest-mass-execution-in-us-history|access-date=February 17, 2022 |publisher= Death Penalty Information Center}}</ref>

Many of the remaining Dakota Indians, including [[non-combatants]] were confined in a prison camp at [[Pike Island]] over the winter of 1862–1863, where between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war|title=The US-Dakota War of 1862: the Fort Snelling Concentration Camp|access-date=February 18, 2022|publisher=Historic Fort Snelling: Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> They were later exiled to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]], and then to a reservation near [[Niobrara, Nebraska]].  A small number of Dakota Indians returned to Minnesota in the 1880s and established small communities near [[Granite Falls, Minnesota|Granite Falls]], [[Morton, Minnesota|Morton]], [[Prior Lake, Minnesota|Prior Lake]], and [[Red Wing, Minnesota|Red Wing]].{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=133–34}}

===World War I===
When the United States entered the [[First World War]], [[Minnesota National Guard|Minnesota's National Guard]] was activated for federal service. To fill that void the State created the Minnesota [[Home Guard]]. The 16th Battalion was the first African American unit formed by the State of Minnesota.<ref name=DeCarlo>{{cite magazine|last=DeCarlo |first= Peter J.|title=Loyalty within racism: the segregated Sixteenth Battalion of the Minnesota Home Guard during World War I|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/65/v65i06p208-219.pdf|date=Summer 2017|pages=208–19|magazine=Minnesota History|access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> Companies A, B, and band were formed in St. Paul while C and D Companies came from Minneapolis.<ref name=DeCarlo /> Because of the bigotry the soldiers experienced at enlistment, they insisted their officers be black.<ref name=DeCarlo /> When the war ended the Home guard was disbanded, however, there was community support for the 16th being incorporated into the National guard. Instead, in April 1919, the Minnesota Legislature approved the formation of the First Infantry Battalion of the Minnesota Militia.<ref name=DeCarlo /> It was segregated and not an official unit of the state guard.<ref name=DeCarlo />

Fort Snelling was converted to a rehabilitation hospital for veterans, and treated victims of the [[Spanish flu|1918 influenza]] pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/military-history/fort-expands|title=The Fort expands (1865–1940)|access-date=February 19, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref>

=== World War II ===

Naval reservists of the [[Minnesota Naval Militia]] were manning the ''[[USS Ward]]'' at the entrance of [[Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941. Sailors on the USS Ward fired at a Japanese minisub attempting to enter the harbor that morning in what is credited as the United States' first shot of [[World War II]].<ref name=FirstFire>{{cite news |title= First to fire: U.S. gunner at Pearl Harbor is laid to rest |work= The Wall Street Journal |first= Michael M. |last=Phillips|date= May 20, 2015|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/gunner-whose-crew-fired-first-wwii-shot-for-u-s-is-buried-1432158790}}</ref> Like other U.S. States, Minnesota contributed to the war effort. The [[United States Navy]] gave [[Cargill]] shipbuilding contracts after seeing their ability to build ships and barges for transporting grain. From facilities in [[Savage, Minnesota]] on the south bank of the Minnesota River, Cargill launched 18 refueling ships and 4 towboats for the war. After the war, Cargill transitioned those facilities into a major [[grain trade|grain shipping]] terminal.<ref name=Savage>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.savage.mn.us/CommunityProfile/History/history_ww2.html|title=Savage in World War II|publisher=City of Savage|access-date=December 30, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060924225344/http://www.ci.savage.mn.us/CommunityProfile/History/history_ww2.html |archive-date = September 24, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The War Department created the [[Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant]] to produce munitions in [[Arden Hills]]. The plant employed 8,500 workers in 1941. With the shortage of men caused by the war effort, more than half of the workers were women. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in defense industries and the plant employed nearly 1,000 African Americans as well as Native Americans.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=209–10}} [[Camp Savage]] was selected to become the Army's Japanese Language School for the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific theater]]. The school was first established in San Francisco, but moved to Minnesota after the bombing of [[Pearl Harbor]] made Japanese Americans unwelcome on the coast.<ref name=Savage/> Fort Snelling was a major recruit reception center after the [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940|Selective Service Act]] passed in 1940, processing over 300,000 individuals during the World War II years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/mgg/war/stateside/learn-more/fort-snelling-last-war|work=Minnesota's greatest generation|title= Fort Snelling's last war |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|access-date=December 30, 2006}}</ref>

Between 70 and 75% of the iron needed to fight the war came from Minnesota's [[iron ore]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ironworld Discovery Center|work=The American Folklife Center |publisher=The Library of Congress|url=http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003187/ |access-date= March 6, 2002}}</ref> [[Hormel]] produced more than 150 million pounds of [[Spam (food)|Spam]] for the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].<ref>{{cite book |last =Smith|first = Andrew |title=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink|date= May 1, 2007 | publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19988576-3|page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=GZVweuXhZlkC&pg=PA559 559]}}</ref> [[Ancel Keys]] at the University of Minnesota is credited with creating [[K-rations]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Patricia |title=Heart disease researcher, inventor of K rations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/11/24/heart-disease-researcher-inventor-of-k-rations/fcb337a2-3ecb-4e00-b936-b19f795326f1/ |access-date=February 17, 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=November 24, 2004}}</ref>   [[Honeywell]] developed and fabricated aviation control systems, nautical periscopes, and a proximity fuse for [[anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] shells.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=209–10}}

During the war Minnesota had multiple [[prisoner of war]] camps, all satellites of the 10,000-person POW Camp at [[Algona, Iowa]].<ref name=Pluth /> Despite some friction from unions, because of a labor shortage, German war prisoners worked in the lumber, agriculture, and food processing industries, especially commercial [[canning]].<ref name=Pluth>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20178388|title=Prisoner of War employment in Minnesota during World War II|last=Pluth |first= Edward J.|journal=Minnesota History|date=Winter 1975|volume=44|issue=8|pages=290–303|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|jstor=20178388 |access-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref>

==Economic and social development==

===Immigration===
{{further|Demographics of Minnesota}}
Immigration to Minnesota began after the 1851 [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] opened the land for white settlement{{sfn|Cameron|2010|p=97}} in a land grab described as "pell mell".{{sfn|Holmquist|1981|p=5}} In the 1850s, settlers moving onto Minnesota lands formerly inhabited by Native Americans created a population explosion of 2,831% (by far the nation's fastest).{{sfn|Holmquist|1981|p=8}} Initially the territory was hungry for immigrants, and in 1855 the Minnesota Territory hired an emigration commissioner to attract immigrants in New York.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Appel |first1= Livia|first2=Theodore C. |last2=Blegen|title=Official encouragement of immigration to Minnesota during the territorial period|url=
http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/5/v05i03p167-203.pdf |journal=Minnesota History Bulletin|volume=5|issue=3|page=170|access-date=February 25, 2022|year=1923}}</ref> Of the estimated 47&nbsp;million immigrants who reached the U.S. between 1820 and 1975, about one million came to or through Minnesota.{{sfn|Holmquist|1981|pp=1–3}} The French came in 1860, and were followed by the Irish and Swiss. The next wave, starting about 1875, brought British, French and French Canadians, Germans, and Norwegians. Danes and Swedes followed beginning in about 1880. Poles came after about 1895. Just before 1900, Hungarians and Dutch arrived. Belgians and Finns followed, and around 1910, Greeks and Italians began to come.{{sfn|Holmquist|1981|p=3|ps=&nbsp;citing US Census 1860 to 1920.}} By the late 1800s, 37% of Minnesotans were foreign-born;<ref name=Compass/> by 1920, that had dropped to 20%, and by 2017, to 8.2% (448,397 residents).<ref name=StateDemo>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/|title=Immigration & language |access-date=February 25, 2022|publisher=MN State Demographic Center}}</ref>

Intolerance and discrimination began to take hold.{{sfn|Cameron|2010|p=103}}  The 1921 [[Emergency Quota Act]] restricted immigration to the US.{{sfn|Cameron|2010|p=104}} Citizens formed night schools on the [[Iron Range]] to teach [[Americanization (immigration)|Americanization]]. The practice spread and an Americanization council was formed in 1920.{{sfn|Holmquist|1981|p=11}} The [[Ku Klux Klan]] reemerged around 1921, taking political action against Jews, Catholics, and people of color, and advocating that the true American was the white Protestant.{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009|p=361}} The Klan attracted women and families through everyday events like church suppers and weddings, and hosted annual parades in [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna]], but lost steam in the state after about five years.{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009|pp=364, 368, 370}}

Legislation made immigration possible again. In 1948 Minnesota passed the Displaced Persons Act and welcomed Latvians and Estonians after World War II.{{sfn|Yusuf|2012|p=28}} In 1975, the state accepted Vietnamese and other Southeast Asians. When the US passed the Refugee Assistance Act in 1975, federal funds became available to local social service agencies, and Southeast Asians were directed primarily to Minnesota and California.{{sfn|Yusuf|2012|p=28}} The largest groups of foreign-born residents in Minnesota in 2018 were born in Mexico, Somalia, and India.<ref name=Compass>{{cite web|url=https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/immigration|title=All Minnesotans: by immigrant group|access-date=February 26, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Compass (Wilder Research)}}</ref> In 2020, the Twin Cities had the largest [[Hmong people|Hmong]] population of any US metropolitan area.{{sfn|Weber|2020|pp=153, 155}} In 2019, the [[Somalia|Somali]] diaspora in Minneapolis was the largest anywhere,{{request quotation|date=March 2022}}<!-- This cannot be true, the neighboring countries have more ... did this mean anywhere in the US? Or anywhere outside of East Africa --> comprising 1.5% of Minnesotans.{{sfn|Weber|2020|pp=153, 155}}

===Farming and railroads===
After the Civil War, Minnesota attracted European immigration and farmland settlers. Minnesota's population in 1870 was 439,000; this number tripled during the two subsequent decades.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=136}} The [[Homestead Act]] in 1862 facilitated land claims by settlers, who regarded the land as being cheap and fertile. The railroad industry, led by the [[Northern Pacific Railway]] and [[Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad]], advertised opportunities in the state and worked to attract immigrants.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=140–41}} [[James J. Hill]] was instrumental in reorganizing the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad and extending lines from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area into the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] Valley and to [[Winnipeg]]. He was also responsible for building a passenger depot in Minneapolis, served by the [[Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)|Stone Arch Bridge]] which was completed in 1883.{{page needed|date=March 2022}}{{sfn|Hofsommer|2005|p=}} Other railroads, such as the [[Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad]] and the [[Milwaukee Road]], also played an important role in the early days of Minnesota's statehood. Later railways, such as the [[Soo Line Railroad|Soo Line]] and [[Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway]] facilitated the transport of flour and other products, although they were not as involved in attracting settlers.{{page needed|date=March 2022}}{{sfn|Hofsommer|2005|p=}}

[[File:Washburn A Mill 2014.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Mill City Museum|Washburn "A" Mill Complex]], which now contains a milling museum on the Mississippi River]]
[[Oliver Hudson Kelley]] played an important role in farming as one of the founders of the [[The Grange (organization)|National Grange]]. The organization worked to provide education and advocacy on matters important to farmers. An area of concern was the freight rates charged by the railroads and by the [[grain elevator]]s. Since there was little or no competition between railroads serving Minnesota farm communities, railroads could charge as much as the traffic would bear. By 1871, the situation was so heated that both the Republican and Democratic candidates in state elections promised to regulate railroad rates. The state established an office of railroad commissioner and imposed maximum charges for shipping. [[populism|Populist]] [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]] also served the Grange as an organizer.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=145–48}}<!-- This paragraph is indecipherable, need to read source and rewrite it -->

[[Saint Anthony Falls]] played an important part in the development of Minneapolis. The power of the waterfall first fueled sawmills, but later it was tapped to serve flour mills. In 1870, only a small number of flour mills were in the Minneapolis area, but by 1900 Minnesota mills were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain. Advances in transportation, milling technology, and water power combined to give Minneapolis dominance in the milling industry. Spring wheat could be sown in the spring and harvested in late summer, but it posed special problems for milling. To get around these problems, Minneapolis millers invented the [[middlings purifier]], a device that used jets of air to remove the husks from the flour early in the milling process. They also started using roller mills, as opposed to grindstones. A series of rollers gradually broke down the kernels and integrated the [[gluten]] with the [[starch]]. These improvements led to the production of "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour, which it replaced.{{unreliable source?|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2022}} {{cite web| last =Hazen| first =Theodore R.| title =New Process Milling of 1850–70| publisher =Pond Lily Mill Restorations| url =https://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| access-date = May 11, 2007}}{{self-published source|date=December 2021}}</ref>{{self-published source|date=December 2021}} [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]] and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of [[General Mills]]) became the leaders in the Minneapolis milling industry. This leadership in milling later declined as milling was no longer dependent on water power, but the dominance of the mills contributed greatly to the economy of Minneapolis and Minnesota, attracting people and money to the region.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Danbom |first=David B.|date=Spring 2003| title = Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls| journal = Minnesota History| volume = 58| issue = 5| pages = 271–85|issn=0026-5497|jstor=20188363}}</ref>{{clear left}}

===Industrial development===
[[File:Duluth Ore Docks.jpg|thumb|right|[[Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway]] ore docks loading ships, circa 1900–1915.]]
At the end of the 19th century, several forms of industrial development shaped Minnesota. In 1882, a [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] power plant was built at Saint Anthony Falls, marking one of the first developments of hydroelectric power in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmr.org/anfinson_1995.pdf|title=The secret history of the Mississippi's earliest locks and dams|last=Anfison|first=John O.|year=1995|access-date=July 15, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060719083021/http://www.fmr.org/anfinson_1995.pdf |archive-date = July 19, 2006|url-status=dead|publisher= Friends of the Mississippi River}}</ref> Iron mining began in northern Minnesota with the opening of the [[Soudan Mine]] in 1884. The [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion Range]] was surveyed and mapped by a party financed by [[Charlemagne Tower]]. Another mining town, [[Ely, Minnesota|Ely]] began with the foundation of the Chandler Mine in 1888. Soon after, ore was found just under the surface of the ground in [[Mountain Iron, Minnesota|Mountain Iron]] in the [[Mesabi Range]]. Ore in the Mesabi Range was easier to extract because it was closer to the surface, and 111 [[open-pit mining|open-pit mines]] were operating there by 1904. To ship the iron ore to refineries, railroads such as the [[Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway]] were built from the iron ranges to [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] and Duluth on Lake Superior. Large ore docks were used at these cities to load the iron ore onto ships for transport east on the [[Great Lakes]]. The mining industry helped to propel Duluth from a small town to a large, thriving city.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=184–95}} In 1904, iron was discovered in the [[Cuyuna Range]] in [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing County]]. Between 1904 and 1984, when mining ceased there, more than 106&nbsp;million&nbsp;tons of ore were mined.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Peter |last1=McSwiggen |first2=Jane |last2=Cleland |url=http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/cuyuna/cuyuna.html|title=The Cuyuna Iron Range – geology and mineralogy|work=Minnesota Geological Survey|publisher=University of Minnesota|access-date=July 15, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715120103/http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/cuyuna/cuyuna.html|archive-date=July 15, 2006}}</ref>

===Urbanization and government===
[[File:1917 Street Railway Company strike.jpg|thumb|1917 Street Railway Company strike]]
As a result of industrialization, the population became more concentrated in urban areas. By 1900, the Twin Cities were becoming a center of commerce, led by the [[Minneapolis Grain Exchange]]. Many of the businessmen who had made money in the railroad, flour milling, and logging industries started to donate money to cultural institutions such as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra (now the [[Minnesota Orchestra]]). The parks of Minneapolis, under the direction of [[Theodore Wirth]] became famous, and the new [[Minnesota State Capitol]] building and the [[Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)|Cathedral of Saint Paul]] attracted attention to Saint Paul.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|p=167}}

The role of government grew during the early 20th century. In the rural areas, most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally. As industry and commerce grew, goods such as food, materials, and medicines were no longer made by neighbors, but by large companies. In response, citizens called on their government for consumer protection, inspection of goods, and regulation of public utilities.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|pp=173–74}} The growth of the automobile spurred calls to develop roads and to enforce traffic laws. New regulations were necessary for commerce and safety, and for banking and insurance. Since government was getting more complex, citizens demanded more of a role in their government, and became more politically active.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|p=174}}

===Health===
[[File:BronzeWilliamWorrallMayo.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Statue of William Worrall Mayo, M.D. near the Mayo Clinic in Rochester]]

[[William Worrall Mayo]], M.D. the founder of the [[Mayo Clinic]], moved to [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] in 1863.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/ww-mayo-life.html|title=Dr. W.W. Mayo's trip to Rochester|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028022242/http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/ww-mayo-life.html|archive-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=233–34}} In the summer of 1883, an [[Fujita Scale|F5]] tornado struck, dubbed the [[1883 Rochester tornado]], causing a substantial number of deaths and injuries.<ref name=Mayo/> W. W. Mayo worked with nuns from the [[Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota|Sisters of St. Francis]] to treat the survivors.<ref name=Mayo/> After the disaster, Mother [[Alfred Moes]] and Mayo recognized the need for a hospital and joined to build [[Saint Marys Hospital (Rochester)|Saint Marys Hospital]] which opened in 1889.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=235}} The hospital, with over 1,100 beds, is now part of the Mayo Clinic, which grew out of the practice of William Worrall Mayo and his sons, [[William James Mayo]] (1861–1939) and [[Charles Horace Mayo]].<ref name=Mayo>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/tornado-saint-marys.html|title=Tornado strikes Rochester – Saint Marys Hospital opens|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619072004/http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/tornado-saint-marys.html|archive-date=June 19, 2012}}</ref>

Norman Risjord writes in ''A Popular History of Minnesota'' that Mayo was a "pioneer in the concept of integrated group practice of medicine" and is "one of the premier medical facilities in the world", with more than 40,000 employees including 2,000 physicians, by the beginning of the 21st century.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=237}} ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'s}} 2021 survey placed the Mayo Clinic first on the best hospitals honor roll and in the top four in most fields.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings|work=U.S. News & World Report|date=2021|title=Best hospitals by specialty |access-date= March 6, 2022 }}</ref>

Apart from Mayo, Minnesota was an average northern state in developing public health programs after 1872, when the state board of medicine was established and public health programs began to operate.<ref>Philip D. Jordan, ''The People's Health. A History of Public Health in Minnesota to 194'' Minnesota Historical Society, 1953).</ref>

===Great Depression===
The [[Great Depression]] caused layoffs on the [[Iron Range]], and a drought in the [[Great Plains]] from 1931 through 1936 further affected Minnesota.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|p=187}} [[Wilbur Foshay]], an owner of several utility companies, built the [[Foshay Tower]] in 1929, just before the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]. The tallest building in Minnesota at the time, it was a symbol of the wealth, but Foshay lost his fortune when the stock market crashed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.mnhs.org/property_overview.cfm?propertyID=27|title=National Register of Historic Places – Foshay Tower|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|access-date=January 20, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827164324/http://nrhp.mnhs.org/property_overview.cfm?PropertyID=27|archive-date=August 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Elected governor in 1930, [[Floyd B. Olson]] signed a bonding bill that authorized $15 million (${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|15000000|1930|r=-7}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}) for highway construction, in an effort to provide work for the unemployed. He also signed an executive order that provided for a minimum wage of 45 cents per hour for up to 48 hours weekly, predating the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] of 1938 that established a nationwide minimum wage. The 1933 legislative session saw a comprehensive response to the depression including a moratorium on mortgage [[foreclosure]]s, a reduction in property taxes for farmers and homeowners, the state income tax, and chain store taxes, tavern reform, ratification of a [[child labor]] amendment, and a state old-age pension system.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=190–94}}

In 1933 the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) was created by an [[executive order]] of [[President Franklin Roosevelt]],{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=21}} to provide employment to young jobless, unmarried men, and to help their families in need.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=17}} They were assigned to [[nature conservation]] projects on waterways and primarily in forestry.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=17}} At least 77,000 Minnesota men enrolled in the program. CCC activity peaked in Minnesota in 1935 with a total of 18,500 enrollees in 104 camps.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|loc=pp. 53, 125, Dedication}} The CCC was structured like and set up by the US Army which had a strict segregation policy.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|pp=25, 71}} African Americans had difficulties getting these jobs, which mainly went to Whites and to a small number of Native Americans.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=23}} The Civilian Conservation Corps-Indian Division (CCC-ID) was allocated 400 positions based on Minnesota's Native American population.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=32}} The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] administered the CCC-ID camps.{{sfn|Sommers|2008|p=27}}

Labor unions began forcefully asserting themselves. The [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934]] turned ugly, with the union demanding the right to speak for all trucking employees. As a result of this strike and many others across the nation, [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] passed the [[National Labor Relations Act]] in 1935. Government programs such as the CCC and [[Works Progress Administration]] brought much-needed work projects to the state. Congress passed the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] in 1934, giving Minnesota's Ojibwa and Dakota tribes more autonomy over their own affairs.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|pp=192–93}}

===Modern economy===
{{Main|Economy of Minnesota}}
Flour milling spurred the growth of banking in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=164}} Millers had to pay cash for wheat during the growing season, and then hold it until it was needed for flour, which required large amounts of capital.{{sfn|Lass|1998|p=164}} The [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] was founded in 1914; it serves parts of six states in the [[Federal Reserve System]].{{sfn|Misa|2013|p=194}}

Agriculture evolved from an individual occupation into a major industry after World War II. Technological developments increased farm productivity with the automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking for dairy production, and large poultry building operations. Crops became more specialized with [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] of corn and wheat, fertilization, and mechanical equipment such as tractors and [[combine harvester|combines]] became the norm. University of Minnesota professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to this knowledge as part of the [[Green Revolution]].{{sfn|Gilman|1991|pp=196–98}} The Minnesota Valley Canning Company sold cream style corn and then peas before becoming [[Green Giant]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green Giant Company|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|work=Collection finding aids|url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01270.xml|access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref>

[[3M|Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company]] (3M) was founded in 1902 in [[Two Harbors, Minnesota]], and was later moved to Duluth, Saint Paul, and then [[Maplewood, Minnesota|Maplewood]]. The founders of 3M got their start by manufacturing sandpaper. Under the leadership of [[William L. McKnight]], the company established product lines such as abrasives for wet sanding, [[masking tape]] and other [[adhesive]]s, roofing granules, [[resin]]s, and films.{{sfn|Lass|1998|pp=266–67}}

Suburban development intensified after the war, fueled by the demand for new housing. In 1957, the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] in 1967.{{sfn|Gilman|1991|p=199}}

[[Northwest Airlines]] was founded in 1926 carrying mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago. The airline, long headquartered in [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwa.com/corpinfo/upclose/|title=Northwest Airlines up close|publisher= Northwest Airlines |access-date=February 26, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218073459/http://www.nwa.com/corpinfo/upclose/| archive-date = February 18, 2007}}</ref> merged with [[Delta Air Lines]] in October 2008 and the Northwest headquarters closed.<ref name=NWDL>{{cite press release|url=http://news.delta.com/index.php?s=43&item=216|title=Delta and Northwest merge, creating premier global Aarline|publisher=Delta Air Lines|access-date=October 20, 2009}}</ref>

===Technology===
[[Engineering Research Associates]], formed in Saint Paul in 1946, built massive mainframes for the still-secret [[National Security Agency]]'s wartime code-breaking and Cold War intelligence needs.{{sfn|Misa|2013|pp=45, 49–51}} Minneapolis startup [[Control Data Corporation]] under executive [[William Norris (CEO)|William Norris]] and engineer [[Seymour Cray]] imagined the computer hardware marketplace and then filled it profitably.<ref name=BabbageCDC>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|title=Control Data Corporation|access-date=February 20, 2022|publisher=Charles Babbage Institute: University of Minnesota Libraries}}</ref> From his hometown in [[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], Cray and his team delivered the world's fastest computer, called the first [[CDC 6000 series|supercomputer]], in the mid-60s for Control Data back in Minnesota.<ref name=BabbageCDC />{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=78, 83, 92–94}}

Rival [[IBM]] purchased {{convert|397|acres}} of farmland in [[Rochester, Minnesota]] in 1956 for a manufacturing facility, choosing the site over others because of the absence of labor unions.<ref name=IBMR/> Together with [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Livermore Labs]], they assembled what was the world's fastest supercomputer between 2004 and 2008.<ref name=IBMR/> IBM Rochester also manufactured superfast gaming chips, and the [[Watson (computer)|Watson]] that beat two human ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' champions in 2011.<ref name=IBMR>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/ibm-rochester|title=IBM Rochester|publisher=Charles Babbage Institute: University of Minnesota Libraries|access-date=February 20, 2022}}<br />* {{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/rochester/rochester_intro.html |title=IBM archives: harvest in the heartland: IBM Rochester |date=January 23, 2003 |publisher=IBM |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>

At a Minneapolis campus from 1927 until the 1990s, [[Honeywell Information Systems|Honeywell]], experts in variable feedback-control,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|title=Honeywell|access-date=February 20, 2022|publisher=Charles Babbage Institute: University of Minnesota Libraries}}</ref> had a national profile in military technology.{{sfn|Misa|2013|pp=135–136}} [[Medtronic]], founded in a Minneapolis garage in 1949, is the world's largest [[medical device]] maker as of 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/281544/revenue-of-global-top-medical-technology-companies/|title=Leading medical technology companies worldwide based on revenue in 2020|publisher=Statista|access-date=February 20, 2022}}<br />* {{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/medtronic-now-based-in-ireland-still-reaps-u-s-benefits/392895471/|title=Medtronic, now based in Ireland, still reaps U.S. benefits|last=Merle|first=Renae|date=September 9, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|via=Star Tribune|access-date=February 20, 2022}}<br />* {{cite news|title=Man behind first wearable external pacemaker dies at age 94|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|date=October 22, 2018|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Bell Media|work=CTV News|access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
[[Image:I35W Bridge.jpg|thumb|The former I-35W Mississippi River bridge before its collapse]]

The state officially started its trunk highway system in 1920, with the passage of the [[Babcock Amendment]] that established 70 [[Constitutional Route]]s around the state.<ref name = MNDOT>{{cite web |url= https://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/history.html |title= A brief history of MnDOT|publisher= Minnesota Department of Transportation|access-date= March 7, 2022}}</ref>

On August 1, 2007, the [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge|Interstate 35W Mississippi River Bridge in Minneapolis]] collapsed during the evening rush hour.  A construction project was in progress on the bridge and nearly {{convert|300|ST}} of construction equipment and materials was positioned on the bridge.  The main span of the deck truss experienced a catastrophic failure, and collapsed; 13 people died and 145 were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/i35wbridge/pdf/ntsb-report.pdf|title=Collapse of I-35W highway bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 1, 2007|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|date=November 14, 2008|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref> The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] investigation revealed that one of the gusset plates was insufficient.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 years after bridge collapse, America is still crumbling|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540669701/10-years-after-bridge-collapse-america-is-still-crumbling|date=August 1, 2017|last=Schaper |first= David|access-date=January 18, 2021|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name=LRL>{{cite web|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=bridges|title=Minneapolis Interstate 35W bridge collapse|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|date=October 2020|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref> The collapse raised questions about other deficient bridges in the United States and in Minnesota.<ref name=LRL/>  It was determined that $60.5 billion would need to be raised to keep Minnesota's road system functional. A third of Minnesota's highway bridges were more than 50 years old, and the state's pavement condition was ranked 38th in the nation.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Patrick |last1=Condon |first2=Janet |last2=Moore|title=Broken bridges, ruined roads|date=January 4, 2015|work=Star Tribune|accessdate=February 2, 2022|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/250825455/}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{See also|Politics of Minnesota}}
[[File:Hubert Humphrey crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hubert Humphrey]]
[[Hubert Humphrey]] was an influential Minnesota Democrat who became Minneapolis mayor (1945), [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] (1948–1964, elected three times), and [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice president]] (1965–1969).<ref name="timepieces42">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/42humphrey.html|title=History topics: Hubert H. Humphrey|access-date=February 21, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> In 1944 he and others worked to merge Democrats and the [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party]] into the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libguides.mnhs.org/dfl|title=Farmer-Labor movement: overview|access-date=February 21, 2022|publisher=Gale Family Library, Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> Proposed by Humphrey, the country's first municipal fair employment law was adopted while he was mayor.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=211–14}} The [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which Humphrey called his greatest achievement, was based on ideas that Humphrey had introduced in the Senate for the previous fifteen years.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=219–21}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] recruited Humphrey for his running mate in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential election]].{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=221–22}} Humphrey's support of the [[Vietnam War]] is said to have cost him the U.S. presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/opinion/vietnam-hubert-humphrey.html|title=The tragedy of Hubert Humphrey|last=Brenes |first=Michael|date=March 23, 2018|access-date=February 21, 2022|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

[[Eugene McCarthy]] [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|(DFL)]] served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1949 through 1959 and in the United States Senate from 1959 through 1971. In 1967, he challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the presidential nomination, running on an anti-war platform in contrast to Johnson's policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/49mccarthy.html|title=History topics: Eugene McCarthy|access-date=September 24, 2006|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> Democrat [[Walter Mondale]] became U.S. senator  (1964–1977) to replace Humphrey and then was vice president under [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Walter Mondale: United States Vice President: overview|url=https://libguides.mnhs.org/mondale|access-date=February 21, 2022|publisher=Gale Family Library, Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref>

[[Paul Wellstone]] (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent [[Rudy Boschwitz]] (R) in a major upset with Boschwitz the only incumbent senator to lose reelection that year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whereatt |first1=Robert |last2=Klauda |first2=Paul |title=Final weekend crucial to underdog's victory |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95153378/one-rudy-out-one-in-doubt/ |access-date=February 17, 2022 |work=[[Star Tribune]] |date=November 7, 1990 |pages=1A, 11A}}</ref> [[Jesse Ventura]] was elected governor in 1998; he left office after one term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_minnesota/col2-content/main-content-list/title_ventura_jesse.html | publisher = National Governors Association | title = Governor's information: Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura | access-date=March 15, 2007}}</ref> His election brought international attention to the [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.mnip.org/history.shtml | publisher= Independence Party of Minnesota | title= Independence Party of Minnesota history | access-date= March 15, 2007 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070214094544/http://www.mnip.org/history.shtml | archive-date= February 14, 2007 }}</ref>

===Civil rights===
The 1791 [[United States Bill of Rights]] gave civil rights to propertied White men;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bill of Rights: a brief history|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/bill-rights-brief-history|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=February 28, 2022}}</ref> race, sex, immigration, and LGBTQ discrimination have been barriers to constitutional equality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Advancing women's equality|url=https://law.umn.edu/events/advancing-womens-equality|publisher=University of Minnesota Law School}}</ref> In 1868, Minnesota was the first state to grant Black men the right to vote after two failed attempts;{{sfn|Green|2015|p=42}} however, true opportunities for Blacks remained illusory.{{sfn|Green|2015|p=xii}} The [[Minnesota Department of Human Rights#Minnesota Human Rights Act|Minnesota Human Rights Act of 1967]] defends thirteen "protected classes" of people in seven areas of protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/mdhr/yourrights/mhra/|title=Minnesota Human Rights Act|access-date=March 1, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Department of Human Rights}}</ref>

Native American men voted and served in the Minnesota legislature between 1849 and 1862, when they had citizenship and considerable political power.<ref name=Sweet /> Following the Dakota War, Native Americans lost their citizenship (and some, their lives) and none served again until 1933.<ref name=Sweet /> Arcane, exclusionary language {{specify|date=March 2022}} dating from the Minnesota Territory was in the state constitution until 1960.<ref name=Sweet>{{cite journal|last=Sweet |first= Jameson|title=Native suffrage: race, citizenship, and Dakota Indians in the Upper Midwest|journal=Journal of the Early Republic|volume=39|issue=1|year=2019|doi=10.1353/jer.2019.0008|pages=103, 108|s2cid= 150553402}}</ref>

In 1920, women earned the right to vote with the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota women's legislative timeline|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/womenstimeline/details?recid=2|access-date=March 1, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library}}</ref> Other women's rights<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mnnow.org/issues/constitutional-equality/|title=Constitutional equality|date=July 24, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022|publisher=Minnesota National Organization for Women}}</ref> were advanced in the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] in 1923, and while Minnesota ratified it in 1973,{{sfn|Breen|2006|p=402}} it did not gain support nationally. As more women entered politics,{{sfn|Breen|2006|p=401}} however, the state passed groundbreaking legislation in pay equity, domestic violence, and parental leave.{{sfn|Breen|2006|pp=404, 409–10}}

In 1971 ''[[Baker v. Nelson]]'' the Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed that marriage licenses are available only to persons of the opposite sex.<ref name=MN-same /> In 2015, the US Supreme Court overruled the decision, legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide, and in 2018, Baker's marriage was explicitly recognized as valid in Minnesota.<ref name=MN-same>{{cite web|title=Same-sex marriage in Minnesota|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|access-date=March 1, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library}}</ref> The state protects against discrimination for sexual orientation and gender identity.<ref name=MDHR>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/mdhr/about/history/|title=History|access-date=March 3, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Department of Human Rights}}</ref>

[[File:Attorney and civil rights activist, Nekima Levy Armstrong, leads a silent march for justice for George Floyd in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota on the day before the beginning of the trial of Derek Chauvin (51013554148).jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy Armstrong]] [[George Floyd protests|protesting]] against the [[murder of George Floyd]]]]

[[George Floyd]], an African-American man, was arrested on May 25, 2020, by Minneapolis police officers on suspicion of passing a counterfeit $20 bill. Officer [[Derek Chauvin]] pinned Floyd to the ground and held his knee to the back of Floyd's neck for over ten minutes, while Floyd repeatedly said that he couldn't breathe. Floyd was transported to [[Hennepin County Medical Center]] and was pronounced dead.<ref name=NYTFloyd>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd.html|title=How George Floyd died, and what happened next|work=The New York Times|date=November 1, 2021|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Darnella Frazier]] recorded the [[murder of George Floyd]].<ref name=Walsh>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/pulitzer-board-awards-special-citation-to-darnella-frazier-who-shot-viral-video-of-george-floyd-s-de/600067273/|title=Pulitzer Board awards special citation to Darnella Frazier, who shot viral video of George Floyd's death|last=Walsh |first= Paul|date=June 11, 2021|access-date=March 3, 2022|newspaper=Star Tribune}}</ref> The video quickly went viral, and [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|large protests]] erupted in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. The protests spread to more than 150 other cities [[List of George Floyd protests in the United States|in the United States]].<ref name=NYTFloyd/> Chauvin was found guilty of second-degree murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter.<ref name=NYTFloyd/> In February 2022, three other officers on the scene were convicted of federal charges of failing to provide aid to Floyd, the first time that U.S. police officers have been tried on failing to intervene against a more senior officer who was using [[excessive force]].<ref>{{cite news|title=3 former officers are convicted of violating George Floyd's civil rights|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/us/guilty-verdict-george-floyds-rights.html|date=February 24, 2022|first1=Tim|last1=Arango|first2=Nicholas|last2=Bogel-Burroughs|first3=Jay|last3=Senter|access-date=February 28, 2022|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Announcing her Benenson Courage Award, [[PEN America]] said, "With nothing more than a cell phone and sheer guts, Darnella changed the course of history in this country".<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pen.org/press-release/pen-america-to-honor-darnella-frazier-young-woman-who-documented-george-floyds-murder/|title=PEN America to honor Darnella Frazier, young woman who documented George Floyd's murder|access-date=March 3, 2022|date=October 27, 2020|publisher=PEN America}}</ref>

According to the Minnesota Historical Society, there have been 20 [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] in Minnesota, three of which were African Americans.<ref>{{cite news |title= Minnesota pardons Black man in century-old lynching case |publisher=The Associated Press |date= June 12, 2020 |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/minnesota-pardons-black-man-century-old-lynching-case-n1230876 |access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Lynch">{{cite journal |title= Judge Lynch in Minnesota |journal= Minnesota History Magazine |volume= 55 |issue=2 |first= Marilyn |last=Ziebarth |url= http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/55/v55i02p072-072.pdf |access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref>

Minnesota's first execution happened in St. Paul in 1860. A woman named [[Ann Bilansky]] was accused of poisoning her husband and sentenced to hang. Bilansky was the only woman hanged by the state of Minnesota, but 26 men were hanged after her.<ref name=Hang/> (The federal government executed the 38 Sioux men hanged during the Dakota War.<ref name= Hang/>) In 1906 the hanging of [[William Williams (murderer)|William Williams]] was botched in St. Paul, and ended up being a strangulation that took 14 minutes.<ref name=Hang>{{cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/minnesota-0|title=Minnesota – Death Penalty Information Center|publisher=Deathpenaltyinfo.org|access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> [[Capital punishment]] in Minnesota was abolished in 1911.<ref name=Hang/>

===Arts and culture===
The [[Guthrie Theater]], opened in 1963, was the brainchild of [[Sir Tyrone Guthrie]], who wanted to found a regional theater without the commercial constraints of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=243–44}} His ideas were first disseminated in a 1959 article in the drama section of the ''New York Times'', and citizens in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area were eager to support them. The theater served as a prototype for other resident non-profit theaters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guthrietheater.org/INSIDETHEGUTHRIE/TheaterHistory/tabid/83/Default.aspx|title=Theater history|publisher=Guthrie Theater|access-date=September 24, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070106133409/http://www.guthrietheater.org/INSIDETHEGUTHRIE/TheaterHistory/tabid/83/Default.aspx |archive-date = January 6, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Minnesota Orchestra]] dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=245}} It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building, [[Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis)|Orchestra Hall]], in downtown Minneapolis in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/about/index.cfm|title=About the MOA|publisher=Minnesota Orchestra|access-date=September 24, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823052738/http://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/about/index.cfm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=August 23, 2006}}</ref> Later the [[Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]] became the second full-time professional orchestral ensemble in the Twin Cities.

The [[Minneapolis Institute of Arts]] was established in 1883. The present building was opened in 1915.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsmia.org/index.php?section_id=7|title=About the Museum|publisher=Minneapolis Institute of Arts|access-date=September 25, 2006|archive-date=November 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101163334/http://www.artsmia.org/index.php?section_id=7|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Walker Art Center]] was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest. In the 1940s, the museum shifted its focus toward modern art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walkerart.org/about/mission-history/|publisher= Walter Art Center|title=Walker Art Center history|access-date=September 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130141416/http://info.walkerart.org/about/history.wac|archive-date=November 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== State and national parks ===
Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=249}} at the [[source (river or stream)|source]] of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web | title = Itasca State Park | publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | access-date = May 3, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403192641/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | archive-date = April 3, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> By 1925, Minnesota had 23 parks.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=250}} During the Depression, with nine of its parks used as housing for the Civilian Conservation Corps, a division of state parks was created to administer the park system.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=250}} Modern Minnesota has [[List of Minnesota state parks|72 state parks]] and recreation areas,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/index.html |publisher= Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |title= Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas|access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref> and [[List of Minnesota state forests|59 state forests]], all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/index.html |title= Division of Forestry|publisher= Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date= March 6, 2022}}</ref>

[[Christopher C. Andrews]], Minnesota's forestry commissioner in 1902, began to press for federally protected lands in the northern part of the state (now the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], or BWCA, area).{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=254}} [[Superior National Forest]] was created from all federally owned land in northeastern Minnesota in 1909 by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=254}} With sawmills shutting down and property owners falling behind on taxes during the Great Depression, the federal government purchased more land to add to the Superior National Forest.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|pp=255–56}} Publicity of the natural beauty of the area led to increased recreational use during the 1950s.{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=257}} The area was officially named the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in 1958, and the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964 organized it as a unit of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the BWCAW|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/superior|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|History|North America|United States|France}}
* [[French language in Minnesota]]
* [[Geology of Minnesota]]
* [[Glacial history of Minnesota]]
* [[List of historical societies in Minnesota]]
* [[Maritime Heritage Minnesota]]
* [[Music of Minnesota]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book | last=Anderson|first=Gary Clayton|title=Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History|location=Norman|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2019|isbn=9780806164342}}
* {{cite book |last = Anfinson | first = Scott F. | title = Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology: 12,000 years in the Prairie Lakes Region | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | year = 1997 | isbn = 087351355X }}
* {{cite book |last= Boatman |first= John |year=1998 |title= Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture |publisher= Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.}}
* {{cite journal|last=Breen |first=Aviva|title=Progressive Minnesota – A Perspective on Women's Issues in the Legislature|volume=33|journal=Wm. Mitchell L. Rev.|issue=397|year=2006}}
* {{cite journal|last=Cameron |first= Linda A.|title=Common Threads: The Minnesota Immigrant Experience|journal=Minnesota History|volume=62|issue=3|date=Fall 2010|pages=96–106|url=https://www.mnhs.org/sites/default/files/historycenter/activities/exhibits/somalis/minnesota-immigrant-experience-fall2010.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Carley |first=Kenneth|title=Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|year=2006|isbn=0873515641|via=Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVGGlRF5v3wC}}
* {{cite book |last= Fowler |first= Loretta |title= Shared Symbols, Contested Meanings: Gros Ventre Culture and History, 1778–1984 |year= 1987|isbn=0801494508 |publisher= Cornell University Press}}
* {{Cite book | last=Gilman | first=Rhoda R. | title=The Story of Minnesota's Past | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society | location=Saint Paul, Minnesota | year=1991|isbn=0873512677}}
* {{cite book|last=Green |first= William D.|title=Degrees of Freedom: The Origins of Civil Rights in Minnesota, 1865–1912|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1452944432}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hatle |first1=Elizabeth Dorsey |first2= Nancy M. |last2=Vaillancourt|title=One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s |url= http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf |journal= Minnesota History |volume= 61|issue= 8|year= 2009|pages=360–371}}
* {{cite book| last = Hofsommer| first = Don L.| title = Minneapolis and the Age of Railways| publisher = University of Minnesota Press| location = Minneapolis, MN| isbn = 0816645019| year = 2005}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/minnesotainthree02hubbuoft|title=Minnesota in Three Centuries, 1655–1908|publisher=The Publishing Society of Minnesota|location=Mankato, MN|lccn=08031149|year=1908|volume=II|chapter=Stillwater Convention and other public meetings|last=Holcombe|first=Return Ira|editor-last1=Hubbard|editor-first1=Lucius F.|editor-link=Lucius Frederick Hubbard|editor-last2=Baker|editor-first2=James H.|editor-last3=Murray|editor-first3=William P.|editor-last4=Upham|editor-first4=Warren|access-date=November 7, 2021}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Holmquist |editor-first= June D.|title=They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups|location=St. Paul|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=1981|chapter=Introduction|isbn=0873512316}}
* {{Cite book | last=Lass | first=William E. | title=Minnesota: A History | edition=2nd | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | location=New York, NY | year=1998 | orig-year=1977 | isbn=0393046281 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8 }}
* {{cite book| last = Meinig| first = D.W.| title = The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 1993|isbn = 0300056583 }}
* {{cite book|last= Misa |first= Thomas J. |title=Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry|year=2013|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816683321}}
* {{cite book|last=Murray |first=Charles J.|title=The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1997|isbn=0471048852}}
* {{cite book |last= Radzilowski |first= John |url= https://archive.org/details/minnesota0000radz |title= Minnesota |publisher= Interlink Books |year= 2006 |isbn=1566565677}}
* {{Cite book | last=Risjord | first=Norman K. | title=A Popular History of Minnesota | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press | location=Saint Paul, MN | year=2005 | isbn=0873515323 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj }}
* {{cite book|last=Sommers |first=Barbara W.|title=Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota|year=2008|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|isbn=978-0873517355}}
* {{cite book|last=Weber|first=Tom|title=Minneapolis: An Urban Biography|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=2020|isbn=9781681341613|location=Saint Paul}}
* {{cite book|last=Wingerd |first= Mary Lethert|title=North Country: The Making of Minnesota|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0816648689}}
* {{cite book|last=Yusuf |first= Ahmed I.|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|isbn=978-0873518673|date=December 15, 2012|title=Somalis in Minnesota (The People of Minnesota)}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Anderson Philip J. and Blanck Dag, editors. ''Swedes in the Twin Cities: Immigrant Life and Minnesota's Urban Frontier'' (Minnesota Historical Society Press 2001).
* Babcock, Willoughby M. ''Minnesota's Frontier: A Neglected Sector of the Civil War.'' ''Minnesota History,'' 38#6 (1963), pp.&nbsp;274–86, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20176506 online].
* Carroll, Jane Lamm. "Good Times, Eh? Minnesota's Territorial Newspapers". ''Minnesota History'' (1998): 222–234.
* George, Stephen. ''Enterprising Minnesotans: 150 Years of Business Pioneers'' (U of Minnesota Press, 2003)
* Gilman, Rhoda R. "Territorial Imperative: How Minnesota Became the 32nd State". ''Minnesota History'' (1998): 154–171. in JSTOR
* Gilman, Rhoda R. "The history and peopling of Minnesota: Its culture". ''Daedalus'' (2000): 1–29.
* Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey. ''The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota'' (The History Press, 2013).
* Meyer, Sabine N. ''We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota'' (U of Illinois Press, 2015)
* Nziramasanga, Caiphas T. "Minnesota: First State to Send Troops." ''Journal of the West'' 14 (1975): 42+.
* Robinson, Edward Van Dyke. ''Early economic conditions and the development of agriculture in Minnesota'' (1915) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924001043532 online]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.mnhs.org Minnesota Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510142531/http://www.rchs.com/index.htm Ramsey County & St. Paul Historical Society]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/minnesota-state-guide Minnesota: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]

{{U.S. political divisions histories}}
{{Minnesota}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Minnesota}}
[[Category:History of Minnesota| ]]
[[Category:History of the United States by state or territory|Minnesota]]