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{{For|the magazine|Michigan History (magazine)}}
'''[[File:Seal of Michigan.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|The Great Seal of the State of Michigan]]'''
{{History of Michigan}}The history of human activity in [[Michigan]], a U.S. state in the [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes]], began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by [[Paleo-Indians]] perhaps as early as 11,000 B.C.E. One early technology they developed was the use of native copper, which they would fashion into tools and other implements with "hammer stones".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/paleo-indian.html | title=Indians in the Great Lakes region }}</ref><ref>Quimby, George Irving (1970). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8oAjubX9VzoC&pg=PA15 ''Indian Culture and European Trade Goods: The Archeology of the Historic Period in the Western Great Lakes Region''], p. 15. University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> The first Europeans to arrive in Michigan were the French. Explorer [[Étienne Brûlé]] traveled through Michigan in 1618 searching for a route to China. Soon the French laid claim to the land and began to trade with the local natives for furs. Men called "voyageurs" would travel the rivers by canoe trading various goods for furs that would bring a high price back in Europe.
The first French explorer of Michigan, Étienne Brûlé, began in about 1620.<ref>Dunbar, Willis F. & May, George F. (3rd rev. ed. 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HqGWEAnByeMC&pg=PA19 ''Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State''], p. 19. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.</ref> The area was part of [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]] from 1668 to 1763. In 1701, the French officer [[Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac]], along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called [[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]], now the city of Detroit. When New France was defeated in the [[French and Indian War]], it ceded the region to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in 1763. After the British were defeated in the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] expanded the United States' boundaries to include nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada. Michigan was then part of the "Old Northwest". From 1787 to 1800, it was part of the [[Northwest Territory]]. In 1800, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, and most of the current state Michigan lay within it, with only the easternmost parts of the state remaining in the Northwest Territory.<ref>Dunbar (1995), pp. 106–07.</ref> In 1802, when Ohio was [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood|admitted to the Union]], the whole of Michigan was attached to the Territory of Indiana, and so remained until 1805, when the [[Michigan Territory|Territory of Michigan]] was established.<ref>[[Henry Munfrom Its Incorporation as Part of the Northwest Territory to Its Organization as a State''], p. 138.</ref> Michigan was made the twenty-sixth state of the United States on January 26.

The opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825 connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and New York City, and brought large numbers of people to Michigan and provided an inexpensive way to ship crops to market. In 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the [[Toledo War]]. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the [[Upper Peninsula]] as a concession and formally entered the Union as a state on January 26, 1837.

When iron and copper were discovered in the Upper Peninsula, impetus was created for the construction of the [[Soo Locks]], completed in 1855. Along with mining, agriculture and logging became important industries.<ref name=daly>Daly, Matthew L., et al. (eds.) (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NbaF0SWvRJIC&pg=PA56 ''Michigan Encyclopedia''], pp. 56–62. Somerset Publishers, Inc.</ref> [[Ransom E. Olds]] founded [[Oldsmobile]] in [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] in 1897, and in 1899 [[Henry Ford]] built his first automobile factory in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. [[General Motors]] was founded in Flint in 1908. Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit, and the economy of Michigan.

The [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s affected Michigan more severely than many other places because of its industrial base.<ref name=daly/> However, the state recovered in the post World War II years. The [[Mackinac Bridge]] connecting the Upper and Lower Peninsulas was completed and opened in 1957. By the 1960s, racial tensions produced unrest through the nation, and Detroit experienced a dramatic instance with the [[12th Street Riot]] in 1967. By the 1980s, the state saw a decline in automobile sales and unemployment climbed. Michigan continues to diversify its economy away from its dependence on the automobile industry.

==Early history==
{{Further|Pays d'en Haut|Prehistory of Michigan|History of slavery in Michigan}}
[[File:Michigan 1718.jpg|thumb|Michigan in 1718, [[Guillaume Delisle|Guillaume de L'Isle]] map, approximate state area highlighted]]
Paleo-Indians have lived in Michigan for about 12,000 years. Clovis artifacts have been found across Michigan. At the end of the Paleo-Indian period and the beginning of the archaic period caribou hunting occurred on the [[Alpena-Amberley ridge]] around 7000 BCE when lake levels were much lower. V shaped boulder hunting blinds and driving lanes have been found. The archaic period in Michigan includes the [[Old Copper Complex]] in the Western Upper Peninsula starting around 5000 BCE where copper knives and projectile points have been found. Other archaic sights include possible fishing grounds in the vicinity of [[Negwegon State Park]] from about 6000-4000 BCE.

The area was inhabited from about 1000 B.C.E to 1000 C.E. by the Native American [[Hopewell culture]] who are possible ancestors of the [[Odawa]] tribe.  Hopewell burial mounds and earthworks, built by the ancestors of today's [[Anishinaabek]] people, were located across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=The 'other' mounds: Lost history is a part of West Michigan's story |url=https://www.woodtv.com/news/grand-rapids/the-other-mounds-lost-history-is-a-part-of-west-michigans-story/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=WOODTV.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Petroglyphs known as [[Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park|ezhibiigaadek asin]], meaning "knowledge written in stone," date to between 300 and 1,500 years before European settlement.<ref name="michiganpublic.org">{{Cite web |title=Stateside Podcast: Finding meaning in Michigan's petroglyphs |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/podcast/stateside/2023-07-28/stateside-podcast-finding-meaning-in-michigans-petroglyphs |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Michigan Public |language=en}}</ref> These glyphs were created by Anishnaabe people to pass down traditional knowledge, medicine, and history.<ref name="michiganpublic.org"/> An Indian trail was built around 600 BCE connecting [[Traverse City]] to [[Cadillac, Michigan|Cadillac]]
There is also evidence of a [[Siouan]] connection to Michigan, as it was reported in the Historical Collections of Michigan that the mounds in Detroit were built by the [[Tutelo people|Tutelo]]. <ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Collections/vBriAAAAMAAJ?q=Tutelo+Indians+originated+in+the+Detroit+area+of+michigan&gbpv=1&bsq=Tutelo#f=false</ref>

According to oral histories and [[Wiigwaasabak]] birch bark scrolls, the ancestors of today's Ojibwe, Odawa, Bodewadami, Mascouten, and Miami peoples undertook a Great Migration from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River to the Upper Great Lakes some time before European arrival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recorded in Stone – Voices on the Marquette Iron Range, Central Upper Peninsula and Northern Michigan University Archives |url=https://lib.nmu.edu/voices/anishinaabe.php |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=lib.nmu.edu}}</ref> These [[Algonquian people]] people from the East Coast were driven west when [[Iroquoian peoples]] migrated to the region from central Canada and took their original homelands.

Originally, the northern peninsula was largely claimed by the [[Ojibwe]] nation, although the border region of Wisconsin was claimed by the [[Menominee]]. Given that one of the oldest recorded names for the tribe was also the ''Mackinac,'' <ref>Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet". University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Retrieved July 31, 2016.</ref> they most likely predate the other Algonquians in the region. The entire southern peninsula was home to a tribe called the [[Mascouten]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/mascouten-tribe.htm|title=Mascouten Tribe – Access Genealogy|date=9 July 2011|website=accessgenealogy.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steckley |first1=John |author1-link=John Steckley |title=The Early Map ''Novvelle France'': A Linguistic Analysis |journal=Ontario Archaeology |date=1990 |volume=51 |pages=17–29 |url=https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa051-02_steckley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193135/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/Resources/Publications/oa51-2-steckley.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-12 |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=[[Ontario Archaeological Society]]}}{{cbignore}}{{void|comment|Fabrickator|It is well-recognized that in the script of its time, the same script was often used for both the letters "u" and "v" and arguably, it is preferable to refer to this as "Nouvelle France" rather than "Novvelle France"; however, the author of this paper chose to use the latter rather than the former, so we go by the spelling that the paper's author has chosen to use.}}</ref> until the [[Beaver Wars]], which was probably home to a mixture of Algonquian & Siouan peoples before. Their southern border seems to very clearly be the Maumee River of Ohio & their territory extended around Lake Michigan into Indiana. During the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois of New York pushed other tribes in league with the French hard against Lake Huron, therefore several tribes migrated into Michigan & declared war on the Mascouten & Miami. The most likely identity for these tribes were the Erie, Chonnonton & Anishinaabeg. The Iroquoian tribes quickly continued on into northern & eastern Ohio & the Anishinaabeg groups seem to have formed the [[Sauk people|Sauk]] & [[Meskwaki|Fox]] tribes by the time of the oldest surviving maps of the region, 1641. Either this, or the Sauk & Fox were chased into the region after defeats further east. Due to the Beaver Wars, the Mascouten migrated down to settle around the Wabash River.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Given the fact that they are culturally related & the Mascouten disappear from maps of the region around the same time that the new name appears, they may have later become known as the Wea, or Wabash tribe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dickshovel.com/mas.html|title=Mascouten|website=www.dickshovel.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/ohio/early_indian_migration_in_ohio.htm|title=EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO|website=genealogytrails.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>Johnson, Basil "The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway". 1995</ref>

Afterwards, the Iroquois defeated the other Iroquoian tribes of northern Ohio—the Chonnonton, Erie & Petun—and continued into southern Michigan by the 1660s.<ref>Brandon, William (1961). [[Alvin M. Josephy Jr.|Josephy, Alvin M.]], ed. American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 187.</ref> With the Iroquoians having conquered the southern peninsula for themselves, the other Algonquians began to refer to the nearby lake as Michigan, which translates to "Big Cat" in their language. This is most likely supposed to be a reference to the Iroquoian water deity known as 'Blue Panther', or, more accurately, "Cat which Stalks Below."<ref>Nichols, John & Nyholm, Earl "Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe". 1994</ref><ref>Froman, Francis & Keye, Alfred J. "English-Cayuga/ Cayuga-English Dictionary". 2014</ref> They defeated the Sauk & Fox, who migrated west and took refuge among the Ojibwe & Menominee. This caused other wars between Algonquian & Siouan peoples within the following decades.<ref>Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans, Charles E. Cleland, University of Michigan Press, 1992.</ref>

Later, the Anishinaabeg tribes north of Lake Superior (who were already allied with the Huron) migrated down to the Lake Erie region, claiming some land in southern Michigan. In the U.S., they were known as the Odawa, & in Canada they were known as the [[Mississaugas]]—both deriving from tribal & subtribal names of the Anishinaabeg. The French migrated west, settling the colony of Illinois around 1680, which claimed all the land between the Great Lakes, Ohio River, Mississippi River & Appalachian mountains. Together with their native allies, they chased the Iroquois out of the region by 1701, forcing them to sign a treaty recognizing the Niagara River & the Ohio-Pennsylvania borders as the ends of their lands.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In the meantime, other tribes which had settled in Ohio were continuously pushed west by new settlers. Some settled in southern Michigan, however these were mostly the Iroquoian [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]]. Rumor also has it that a group of Piscataway (an Algonquian tribe from Maryland) called the Conoy migrated into West Virginia & were noted as living around modern-day Detroit by 1819.<ref>Kavanagh et al. 2009.</ref> If true, they most likely merged with the Odawa. During the War of 1812, tribes who sided against the United States were punished by seizure of land. With the Indian Removal Act (best known for causing the Trail of Tears in the south) of the 1830s, many natives were pushed away from Ohio & Michigan, many choosing to return to Canada. Despite this, many native tribesmen were able to remain, if they forwent their tribal allegiances & became American citizens. It was the later laws of 50 years later, outlawing Native American culture to control other tribes of the west, which permanently destroyed this heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-indianremovalact.html|title=Indian Removal Act of 1830 – Legends of America|website=www.legendsofamerica.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750, before the [[French and Indian War]] (1754 to 1763)]]
The Ojibwe called their land Mishi-Anishinaabaki ({{lang|oj|Mey-shih-Ah-ney-shih-nah-baaah-key}}), or Greater Anishinaabe Land. Since Anishinaabe was a collective term for the Ojibwe, Odawa & Potowatomi/ Nishnabe, who formed a governed confederacy known as the Three Council Fires,<ref>Loew, Patty; "Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal"; Madison, Wisconsin Historical Society Press; 2001.</ref> most of the Algonquian peoples around Lake Superior referred to their lands as 'something Anishinaabaki.' This most likely confused the French, who chose to simply translate the 'Mishi' part as "Superior." Although the Anishinaabeg (plural) did not have a true, organized government (they would usually elect temporary leaders called Ogidamoo in the moment<ref>Johnson, Basil "The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway" 2001.</ref> ), the sacred site of their council fire, where they would conduct important political business, was known as [[Michilimackinac]]. Today, it is known as [[Mackinac Island]]. The Mascouten are supposedly so named for calling their original homeland of southern Michigan "Maskoutenich," or "The Treeless Land," for the Erie Plains region.<ref>[[Louise Erdrich|Erdrich, Louise]] "Books & Islands in Ojibwe Country" 2014.</ref><ref>"The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 55". puffin.creighton.edu</ref>

The first European explorer to visit Michigan was the Frenchman [[Étienne Brûlé]] in 1620, who began his expedition from [[Quebec City]] on the orders of [[Samuel de Champlain]] and traveled as far as the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]]. Eventually, the area became part of [[Canada (New France)|Canada]], one of the large colonial provinces of [[New France]]. The first permanent European settlement in Michigan was founded in 1668 at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]] by [[Jacques Marquette]], a French missionary.

The French built several trading posts, forts, and villages in Michigan during the late 17th century. Among them, the most important was [[Fort Detroit|Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit]] in 1701; it became the city of [[History of Detroit|Detroit]]. Up until this time, French activities in the region were limited to hunting, trapping, trading with and the conversion of local Indians, and some limited subsistence farming. By 1760, the Michigan countryside had only a few hundred white inhabitants.

==From 1763 to 1776==
[[File:British colonies 1763-76 shepherd1923.PNG|thumb|Michigan as part of the Province of Quebec 1774–1776]]
Territorial disputes between French and British colonists helped start the [[French and Indian War]] as part of the larger [[Seven Years' War]], which took place from 1754 to 1763 and resulted in the defeat of France. As part of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded all of their North American colonies east of the [[Mississippi River]] to Britain. Thus the future Michigan was handed over to the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1750–1775 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |access-date= |website=U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian}}</ref>

However, since 1761, the Indigenous peoples in the area were increasingly displeased with the way the British treated them. In 1763, war began at [[Fort Detroit]] under the leadership of Pontiac, and quickly spread throughout the region. The war was known as [[Pontiac's War]] and lasted three years. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were held by the British garrisons. Though Pontiac's rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, his actions would influence future indigenous resistance to European colonization in the Great Lakes Basin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Pontiac's Rebellion |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/pontiacs-rebellion |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1774, the area was made part of the British province of [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]]. During this period Detroit grew slowly; the rest of Michigan continued to be sparsely populated because the French were more interested in the [[fur trade]] and peace with the natives than in settlement of the area.<ref>[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], ''The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815'' (1991)</ref>

==From 1776 to 1837==
[[File:Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West 1783.jpg|thumb|''[[Treaty of Paris (painting)|Treaty of Paris]]'', by [[Benjamin West]] (1783), an unfinished painting of the American diplomatic negotiators of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] which brought official conclusion to the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] and gave possession of Michigan and other territory to the new United States]]

During the [[American Revolution]], the local European population, who were primarily American colonists that supported independence, rebelled against Britain. The British, with the help of local tribes, used their garrison at [[Detroit]] as a staging ground for attacks on American settlements, forts, and traders in the region.<ref name="cmich.edu">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Detroit {{!}} Clarke Historical Library |url=https://www.cmich.edu/research/clarke-historical-library/explore-collection/explore-online/michigan-material/detroit-pre-statehood/bibliography |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.cmich.edu |language=en}}</ref>

In 1781, Spanish raiders led by a French Captain Eugene Poure travelled by river and overland from [[St Louis Missouri|St Louis]], liberated British-held [[Fort St. Joseph (Niles, Michigan)|Fort St Joseph]], and handed authority over the settlement to the Americans the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=William |date=1984 |title=The Spanish Attack On Fort St. Joseph |url=http://npshistory.com/series/symposia/george_rogers_clark/1983-1984/sec4.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=npshistory.com}}</ref>

The war ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, and Michigan passed into the control of the newly formed United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Treaty of Paris (1783) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-paris |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> The states of New York, Virginia, Massachusetts then Connecticut ceded their territorial rights over the land. In 1787, the region became part of the [[Northwest Territory]]. The majority of Indians did not recognize the new government and instead formed the [[Western Confederacy]], led by [[Blue Jacket]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catalano |first=Joshua Casmir |date=2019 |title=Blue Jacket, Anthony Wayne, and the Psychological and Symbolic War for Ohio, 1790–95 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/14/article/715180 |journal=Ohio History |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=5–34 |doi=10.1353/ohh.2019.0001 |issn=1934-6042|url-access=subscription }}</ref> General [[Anthony Wayne]] with his Kentucky marksmen won the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] which led to the end of hostilities and treaties recognizing federal government sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catalano |first=Joshua Casmir |date=2019 |title=Blue Jacket, Anthony Wayne, and the Psychological and Symbolic War for Ohio, 1790–95 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/14/article/715180 |journal=Ohio History |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=5–34 |doi=10.1353/ohh.2019.0001 |issn=1934-6042|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The British, however, continued to occupy Detroit and other fortifications. Under terms negotiated in the 1794 [[Jay Treaty]], Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796.<ref name="cmich.edu"/> Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and [[Drummond Island]] until 1818 and 1847, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fort Drummond, the Forgotten Fort – Military History of the Upper Great Lakes |url=https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2019/11/15/fort-drummond-the-forgotten-fort/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The land which is now Michigan was made part of [[Indiana Territory]] in 1800. Most was declared as [[Michigan Territory]] in 1805, including all of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsula]]. During the [[War of 1812]], British forces from Canada captured Detroit and [[Fort Mackinac]] early on, giving them a strategic advantage and encouraging native revolt against the United States. American troops retook Detroit in 1813 and Fort Mackinac was returned to the Americans at the end of the war in 1815.

Over the 1810s, the indigenous Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi tribes increasingly decided to oppose white settlement and sided with the British against the U.S. government.

[[File:United States land claims and cessions 1782-1802.png|thumb|Map of the original 13 colonies and their territories. Note that Michigan was the object of multiple claims.]]
[[Image:Map of the surveyed part of the territory of Michigan 1825.jpg|thumb|''Map of the Surveyed Part of the Territory of Michigan'' by Orange Risdon, 1825]]
After their defeat in the War of 1812, the tribes were forced to sell all of their land claims to the U.S. federal government by the [[Treaty of Saginaw]] and the [[Treaty of Chicago]]. After the war, the government built forts in some of the northwest territory, such as at Sault Ste. Marie. In the 1820s, the U.S. government assigned Indian agents to work with the tribes, including arranging land cessions and relocation. They forced most of the Native Americans to relocate from Michigan to [[Indian reservation]]s further west.

In the 1820s and 1830s immigrants from [[New England]] began moving to what is now Michigan in large numbers (though there was a trickle of New England settlers who arrived before this date).<ref>The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by {{ill|Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry|fr|Lois Carter Kimball Mathews Rosenberry}}, Houghton Mifflin, 1909   pg. 223</ref> These were "[[Yankee]]" settlers, that is to say they were descended from the [[English people|English]] [[Puritans]] who settled New England during the colonial era.<ref>The Yankee Exodus: An Account of Migration from New England by [[Stewart Holbrook]] pg. 2</ref>  While most of them came to Michigan directly from New England, there were many who came from [[upstate New York]]. These were people whose parents had moved from New England to upstate New York in the immediate aftermath of the [[American Revolution]]. Due to the prevalence of New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York, Michigan was very culturally contiguous with early New England culture for much of its early history. The Yankee migration to Michigan was a result of several factors, one of which was the overpopulation of New England. The old stock Yankee population had large families, often bearing up to ten children in one household.  Most people were expected to have their own piece of land to farm, and due to the massive and nonstop population boom, land in New England became scarce as every son claimed his own farmstead.  As a result, there was not enough land for every family to have a self-sustaining farm, and Yankee settlers began leaving New England for the [[Midwestern United States]].  This resulted in Michigan's population expanding rapidly in the 1820s.<ref name="may 91">''Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State'' by Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May, pg. 91</ref>  The Erie Canal caused such an upsurge in immigration from New England that by 1837 "it seemed as if all New England were coming" according to one pioneer.<ref>The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by {{ill|Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry|fr|Lois Carter Kimball Mathews Rosenberry}}, Houghton Mifflin, 1909   pg. 226</ref>  New England families considered it a route to the "promised land".<ref>Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State  By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 160</ref>  As a result of this heritage, the New England element of Michigan's population would remain culturally and politically dominant for a long time.<ref name="may 91"/>

Michigan's oldest university, the [[University of Michigan]] was founded in Detroit in 1817 and was later moved to its present location in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]. The state's oldest cultural institution, the Historical Society of Michigan, was established by territorial governor [[Lewis Cass]] and explorer [[Henry Schoolcraft]] in 1828.

Rising settlement prompted the elevation of Michigan Territory to that of the present-day [[U.S. state|state]]. In 1835, the federal government enacted a law that would have created a State of Michigan. A territorial dispute with [[Ohio]] over the [[Toledo War|Toledo Strip]], a stretch of land including the city of [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], delayed the final accession of statehood. The disputed zone became part of Ohio by the order of a revised bill passed by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] and signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Andrew Jackson]] which also gave compensation to Michigan in the form of control of the Upper Peninsula. On January 26, 1837, Michigan became the 26th state of the Union.

==From 1837 to 1860==
[[File:City of Detroit, Michigan - William James Bennett.png|thumb|[[Detroit]], c. 1837, after a sketch by Frederick Grain]]
[[File:1842 A new map of Michigan with its canals roads distances by H.S. Tanner.jpg|thumb|A map of Michigan by [[Henry Schenck Tanner]], published in 1842, showing such county names as "Negwegon County," "Okkuddo County," and "Unwattin County," prior to an 1843 legislative action renaming sixteen counties in northern Michigan<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/MI_Consolidated_Chronology.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051249/http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/MI_Consolidated_Chronology.htm| archive-date=2015-05-10 | title= Michigan: Consolidated Chronology of State and County Boundaries |year= 2007| website= Atlas of Historical County Boundaries |editor=John H. Long |publisher=[[Newberry Library]]}}</ref>]]
Agriculture remained the main economic activity before 1860. During the early 1840s, large deposits of copper and iron ores were discovered on the Upper Peninsula. Michigan became the leading U.S. source of these ores by the end of the century, thanks to the influx of experienced Cornish miners (from England) to supervise operations.  Michigan remained a frontier society up until around the time of the Civil War.  Michigan pioneers were overwhelmingly of New England origins, including New England transplants from upstate New York.  The amount with which the New England Yankee population predominated made Michigan unique among frontier states in the antebellum period.  Due to this heritage Michigan was on the forefront of the antislavery crusade and reforms during the 1840s and 1850s.  Another result of this cultural influence was the strength of the Republican Party in Michigan.  Long considered a "Yankee" party, Michigan would remain heavily Republican from the Civil War until the 1960s.  The state's leadership in public education is also directly attributable to the New England influence.  Towns such as Vermontville, Bangor, Hartford, Rochester, Utica, and Palmyra Michigan were all named after towns in New England where the founders of those towns were from.  The Congregational Church also was very strong in Michigan from most of Michigan's history, due to the New England origins of the state.  New Englanders and New England transplants from Upstate New York also filled the overwhelming majority of leadership roles in Michigan's early legislatures.<ref>Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State  By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 170</ref>

===Politics===
During the [[Second Party System]] (1830–1854), Michigan saw highly developed political parties mobilize the great mass of adult men. The [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] dominated politics before the Civil War. It comprised numerous competing factions, including the federal officeholders who tried to control party affairs, local political organizations with their state legislators and postmasters who managed affairs locally; young anti-slavery activists, typically energized by pietistic ministers in the Baptist and Methodist churches—they fueled the Free Soil Party in 1848–52; [[Jacksonian Democracy|Jacksonian Democrats]]  who opposed taxes and government spending; Catholics, Episcopalians and liturgical Germans annoyed at the moralistic pietists; and residents in the newer western districts who resented the elitism and power of Detroiters. The outstanding Democratic leader was [[Lewis Cass]] (1782–1866), who held numerous high offices and was the Democratic party's losing candidate for president in 1848. Cass was best known for his moderation and support for democracy through [[popular sovereignty]].<ref>Willard Carl Klunder, ''Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation'' (1996)</ref> Nativism flared up briefly when the Democrats proposed to allow recent immigrants to vote before they became citizens, and the Whigs opposed.<ref>Ronald P. Formisano, ''The Birth of Mass Political Parties in Michigan, 1827–1861'' (1971)</ref><ref>Bruce A. Rubenstein and Lawrence E. Ziewacz, '' Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State'' (2002) p 100</ref>  Fifteen of Michigan's first eighteen governors were of Yankee origins, either being from New England or being born in upstate New York to parents who were from New England.<ref>Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State  By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 311</ref>

The minority Whig party relied on conservative merchants, bankers and prosperous farmers, and especially on pietistic, moralistic Protestants from evangelical churches. Nationally, the Whig party collapsed in the 1850s as compromise proved impossible between the anti-slavery Northerners, and the pro-slavery Southerners. For a few years in the mid-1850s, nativist fears of foreign immigrants, especially Catholic Irishmen and Germans, motivated the [[Know-Nothing]] movement. It had little success beyond a brief control of city government in Marshall, Pontiac, Battle Creek, Mt. Clemens, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids.

The collapse of the old political system led to the realignment of voters and parties in the formation of the [[Third Party System]], which formed in the mid-1850s and lasted until the mid-1890s. Michigan was dominated for 80 years by the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|new Republican Party]], later nicknamed the GOP. First established in Jackson and other cities in 1854, it gathered together anti-slavery elements from the Whig, Know-Nothing and Democratic parties, and was a majority in Michigan by the end of the decade. The Democrats had always used equalitarianism as a way to attack the rich elitist Whigs. Now the Republicans turned the tables by charging that Michigan's Democrats were in bed with the South's "slave power aristocrats." The Republicans encouraged the moralistic spirit of the pietists by turning it against slavery and the liquor traffic.<ref>Rubenstein and Ziewacz, '' Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State'' (2002) p 100-103</ref>

==1860 to 1900==

===Civil War===
{{Main|Michigan in the American Civil War}}
Michigan actively participated in the [[American Civil War]] sending thousands of volunteers.<ref>Robert E. Mitchell, "Civil War Recruiting and Recruits from Ever-Changing Labor Pools: Midland County, Michigan, as a Case Study," ''Michigan Historical Review,'' 35 (Spring 2009), 29–60.</ref> The First Michigan Infantry Regiment was formed from militia from cities including Adrian, Ann Arbor, Burr Oak, Coldwater, Detroit, Jackson, Manchester, Marshall and Ypsilanti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislature |first=Michigan |date=October 2015 |title=Michigan in the American Civil War |url=https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/CivilWar.pdf |website=State of Michigan}}</ref> A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union. [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperhead Democrats]] called the war a failure, and it became more and more a partisan Republican effort.<ref>Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865," ''Michigan Historical Review'' (1992) 18#1 pp 28–69</ref> Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.<ref>Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan," ''Michigan Historical Review'' (2005) 31#2 pp 43–66.</ref>

===Gilded Age===
After the war, the local economy became more varied and began to prosper. During the 1870s, the [[Lumberjack|lumbering]], railroads, dairy farming and diversified industry grew rapidly in the state. This led to the rise of several wealthy [[socialite]] families such as the [[Hartwick family]]. The population doubled between 1870 and 1890.

Toward the end of the century, the state government established a state school system on the German model, with public schools, high schools, normal schools or colleges for training teachers of lower grades, and colleges for classical academic studies and professors. It dedicated more funds to public education than did any other state in the nation. Within a few years, it established four-year curricula at its normal colleges for teachers, and was the first state to establish a full college program for them.

[[History of railroads in Michigan|Railroads]] have been vital in the history of the population and trade of rough and finished goods in the state of Michigan. While some coastal settlements had previously existed supplied by sailing ships and steamers on the Great Lakes, the population, commercial, and industrial growth of the state further bloomed with the establishment of the railroad.

===Pingree===
In 1896, Detroit Mayor [[Hazen Pingree]], a Yankee Republican, was elected governor. He was a social reformer who battled corporations and was an early leader of the [[Progressive Era|Progressive Movement.]] During his four-year term, he promoted the regulation of railroad rates, equal taxation, and municipal ownership of public utilities. He also supported the direct election of U.S. senators; an [[eight-hour day|eight-hour workday]]; an income tax; primary elections; the referendum, the abolition of child labor, and compulsory arbitration of labor disputes. Opposition from Democrats and business-oriented Republicans blocked most of his proposals. Pingree expressed the Progressive fear of corporate power, saying, "I do not condemn corporations and rich men," he said, "but I would keep them within their proper spheres. It is not safe to entrust the government of the country to the influence of  Wall Street."<ref>Russel B. Nye, ''Midwestern Progressive Politics: A Historical Study of Its Origins and Development, 1870–1950'' (1951) p 205</ref>

==1900 to 1941==
Urban Michigan grew rapidly in the early 20th century, pulled along by the automobile industry in Detroit and vicinity. The [[Breakfast cereal#Grand Rapids: two Kelloggs and a Post|breakfast cereal]] industry was based in Battle Creek where two Kelloggs and a Post built on the local [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] heritage and put the city on the map. Less flamboyantly, thousands of machine shops opened in medium and small cities across the state.

===Automobiles===
During the early 20th century, manufacturing industries became the main source of revenue for Michigan – in large part, because of the [[automobile]]. In 1897, the [[Oldsmobile|Olds Motor Vehicle Company]] opened a factory in Lansing. In 1903, [[Ford Motor Company]] was also founded nearby in Detroit. In 1904 William Durant of the Flint, Michigan Durant Coach Works, a maker of horse carriages, set his sights on Buick Motor Cars which he soon acquired. With the mass production of the [[Ford Model T]], Detroit became the world capital of the auto industry. General Motors was formed a few years later as William Durant along with Alfred Sloan purchased Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Oakland and other car companies. They soon moved their headquarters from Flint, Michigan to Detroit, Michigan.<ref>Sloan Museum exhibits, Flint, MI</ref> [[General Motors]] is based in Detroit, Chrysler is located in Auburn Hills, and Ford is headquartered in nearby [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]]. Both corporations constructed large industrial complexes in the Detroit metropolitan area, exemplified by the [[River Rouge Plant]], which have made Michigan a national leader in manufacturing since the 1910s. This industrial base produced greatly during [[World War I]], filling a huge demand for military vehicles.

[[Jackson, Michigan|Jackson]] was home to one of the first car industry developments. Even before Detroit began building cars on assembly lines, Jackson was busy making parts for cars and putting them together in 1901. By 1910, the auto industry became Jackson's main industry. Over twenty different cars were once made in Jackson. Including: Reeves, Jaxon, Jackson, CarterCar, Orlo, Whiting, Butcher and Gage, Buick, Janney, Globe, Steel Swallow, C.V.I., Imperial, Ames-Dean, Cutting, Standard Electric, Duck, Briscoe, Argo, Hollier, Hackett, Marion-Handly, Gem, Earl, Wolverine, and Kaiser-Darrin. Today the auto industry remains one of the largest employers of skilled machine operators in [[Jackson County, Michigan|Jackson County]].

===Immigrants===
With the expansion of industry, hundreds of thousands of migrants from the South and immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were attracted to Detroit. In a short time, it became the fourth largest city in the country – housing shortages persisted for years even as new housing was developed throughout the city. Ethnic immigrant enclaves rapidly developed where churches, groceries, clubs and businesses supported unique communities. The WPA guide to the city in 1939 noted that there were students speaking more than 35 languages in the public schools. Ethnic festivals were a regular part of the city's culture. At the same time, fear of Catholics was strong, and fueled the nativism of the second [[Ku Klux Klan]] which recruited widely in the state. The Klan peaked in 1925, but membership fell quickly after its internal scandals were exposed. [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], a German-American Protestant minister trained at Yale Divinity School became nationally famous as a Detroit minister who attacked the KKK, which was strong among white Protestants in the city.<ref>Craig Fox, ''Everyday Klansfolk: White Protestant Life and the KKK in 1920s Michigan'' (2011)</ref>

===Progressivism===
The cities of Michigan were centers of municipal reform during the [[Progressive Era]]. Using Kalamazoo as her base, [[Caroline Bartlett Crane]] (1858–1935) became a nationally famous expert on municipal [[sanitation]]. She was nonpolitical, but scientific in her methods, and energetic in her approach. She made 60 surveys and studies in 14 states that dealt with housing conditions in [[tenement]]s, of schools, jails, water and sewer systems. She identified and found solutions for air pollution. Crane had a sharp eye for inefficiency, waste, and mismanagement, and was always ready to point out improvements and explain what the best practices were in the nation.<ref>Alan S. Brown, "Caroline Bartlett Crane and Urban Reform," ''Michigan History,''  July 1972, Vol. 56 Issue 4, pp 287–301</ref>

A representative politician was George E. Ellis, mayor of Grand Rapids (1906–16). He is remembered as the most dynamic and innovative mayor in the city's history, as well as a powerful political boss who built a coalition of working-class ethnic voters, combined with middle-class reform elements. He broadened the base of political participation, and was on the left or liberal side of the political spectrum.<ref>Anthony R. Travis, "Mayor George Ellis: Grand Rapids Political Boss And Progressive Reformer," ''Michigan History,'' March 1974, Vol. 58 Issue 2, pp 101–130</ref> Somewhat more conservative, and much better known, was Mayor [[Hazen Pingree]] of Detroit (1889–1896), who brought progressivism to the governor's mansion with his election in 1896. Pingree was elected mayor in 1889 by promising to expose and end corruption in city paving contracts, sewer contracts, and the school board. He fought privately owned utility [[monopolies]], and set up competing companies owned by the city. He fought the street railway interest, demanding fares be lowered to three cents. When the [[depression of 1893]] caused large-scale unemployment, Pingree expanded welfare programs, initiated [[public works]] programs for the unemployed, built new schools, parks, and public baths, and set aside plots of vacant city land for workers to plant their own vegetable gardens. As the Republican governor, he promoted higher railroad taxes to pay for his reforms.<ref>Melvin G. Holli, ''Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics'' (Oxford U.P., 1969)</ref> After Pingree left Detroit in 1897, the local Democratic ward leaders rebuilt their machine, using an ethnic base. This changed after 1910 as the old-stock Yankee Protestant business leaders, especially from the automobile industry, led a [[Progressive Era]] crusade for efficiency. They elected their own officials to office, typified by automaker [[James J. Couzens]], who was mayor of Detroit 1919–22, and a powerful US Senator, 1922–36. The critical change took place in 1918 when the voters 1918 changed the Common Council from a 42-man body elected on a partisan basis from 21 wards, to a nine-man unit, elected on a non-partisan basis from the city at-large. The ethnics (especially the Germans) and the Democrats lost their political base.<ref>Harry Barnard, ''Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens'' (1958)</ref>

===Depression===
The [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] caused severe economic hardship in Michigan. Thousands of auto industry workers were dismissed along with other workers from several sectors of the state economy. The financial suffering was aggravated by the fact that remaining [[copper]] reserves in the state lay deep underground. With the discovery of copper finds in other states located in less deep rock layers, local mining fell sharply and most miners left the region or resigned themselves to short hours and long unemployment. After decades of GOP dominance, the Democrats came back to power, as the business-oriented Republican economic policies had failed, the Democrats were energized, prohibition was discredited, and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] offered a [[New Deal]]. Washington spent heavily on relief, recovery, and reform, relieved cities of the burden of relief, and buttressed  a political realignment that gave the [[New Deal Coalition|Democratic Coalition]] parity with the Republican Party in Michigan. By 1936 the realignment was secure, as powerful new industrial labor unions, especially the [[United Auto Workers]] turned the factories from Republican bastions to Democratic strongholds, and the ethnic and black population had shifter to the Democrats.<ref>Philip A. Grant, Jr., "The Presidential Election of 1932 in Michigan," ''Michigan Historical Review'' (1986) 12#1 pp 83–94</ref>

Young men from relief families signed up for six-month tours in one of the state's 50 [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] camps in rural areas. They were paid five dollars a month, plus room, board, clothing and medical care, while their families received $25 a month. The [[Works Progress Administration]] was the largest federal agency. It hired more than 500,000 unemployed people (80% men) in Michigan alone to construct major public works such as roads, public buildings, and sewer systems—it was a larger labor force that the state's entire auto industry.

===Unions===
[[File:Flint Sit-Down Strike window.jpg|thumb|left|Union members occupying a General Motors body factory during the [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] of 1937 which spurred the organization of militant CIO unions in auto industry]]

Thanks to new federal laws, [[Labor history of the United States#Organized labor, 1929–1955|labor unions]] grew rapidly after 1935, and for the first time became a major presence in large factories. The [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] of 1936–1937 was the decisive event in the formation of the [[United Auto Workers Union]] (UAW). Strikers occupied several General Motors plants for more than forty days, and repelled (in nonviolent fashion) the efforts of the state courts, local police and National Guard to remove them. GM signed a contract that legitimized the UAW, and its membership in the next year grew from 30,000 to 500,000 members.<ref>[[Sidney Fine (historian)|Sidney Fine]], "The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination,"''American Historical Review'' (1965) 70#3 pp. 691–71 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845938 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>[[Sidney Fine (historian)|Sidney Fine]], ''Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937'' (1969)</ref>

During World War II [[Walter Reuther]] took control of the UAW, and soon led major strikes in 1946. He ousted the Communists from the positions of power, especially at the Ford local 600. He was one of the most articulate and energetic leaders of the CIO, and of the merged [[AFL–CIO]]. Using brilliant negotiating tactics he leveraged high profits for the Big Three automakers into higher wages and superior benefits for UAW members.

==After 1941==
[[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Gerald Ford]], a politician from [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]] who was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] thirteen times and also served as [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Leader]] and then [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], became the 38th [[President of the United States]] after the resignation of [[Richard Nixon]].]]
The entry of the United States into World War II in 1941 the same year ended the economic contraction in Michigan. Wartime required the large-scale production of weapons and military vehicles, leading to a massive number of new jobs being filled. After the end of the war, both the automotive and copper mining industries recovered.<ref>Alan Clive, ''State of War: Michigan in World War II'' (1979)</ref>

Starting during World War I, the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] fueled the movement of hundreds of thousands of [[African American|African-Americans]] from the South to industrial jobs in Michigan especially in Detroit. Migration of white southerners from Appalachia to the city increased the volatility of change. Population increases continued with industrial expansion during World War II and afterward. African Americans contributed to a new vibrant urban culture, with expansion of new music, food and culture.

The postwar years were initially a prosperous time for industrial workers, who achieved middle-class livelihoods, fostered the [[Baby Boom]], and sought better, more spacious housing in safer neighborhoods. These were the years of the creation and popularity of [[Motown Records]]. By late mid-century, however, [[deindustrialization]] and restructuring cost many jobs. The economy suffered and the city postponed needed changes. Neglect of social problems and urban decline fed racial conflicts. In 1967 there was [[12th Street riot|a major riot in Detroit]] that burned out the inner city, caused tens of millions of dollars in damages, and resulted in 43 deaths with the U.S. Army being called in to stop it. The violence then spread to several other Michigan cities and was the trigger for a mass migration to the suburbs.

The [[1973 oil crisis|1973 Oil Crisis]] caused economic recession in the United States and greatly affected the Michigan economy. Afterward, automobile companies in the United States faced greater multinational competition, especially from Japan. As a consequence, domestic auto makers enacted cost-cutting measures to remain competitive at home and abroad. [[Unemployment]] rates rose dramatically in the state.

Throughout the 1970s, Michigan possessed the highest unemployment rate of any U.S. state. Large spending cuts to education and public health were repeatedly made in an attempt to reduce growing state budget deficits. A strengthening of the auto industry and an increase in [[tax revenue]] stabilized government and household finances in the 1980s. Increasing competition by Japanese and South Korean auto companies continues to challenge the state economy, which depends heavily on the automobile industry. Since the late 1980s, the Michigan government has actively sought to attract new industries, thus reducing economic reliance on a single sector.

==Women==
[[File:Cora Reynolds Anderson.png|thumb|Cora Reynolds Anderson became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives in Michigan in 1925.]]
In 1844 Michigan passed "An Act to Define and Protect the Rights of Married Women," which allowed women to retain property that brought to a marriage instead of it automatically transferring to their husbands and allowing them to retain anything they received as a gift or inheritance while married.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Suffrage in Michigan: A Timeline of the Movement |url=https://www.michigan.gov/libraryofmichigan/public/michigan/home-intro/womans-suffrage-in-michigan-a-timeline-of-the-movement |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.michigan.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Most young women took jobs before marriage, then quit. Before the growth of high schools after 1900, most women left school after the 8th grade at about age 15. Ciani (2005) shows that type of work they did reflected their ethnicity and marital status. African American mothers often chose day labor, usually as domestic servants, because of the flexibility it afforded. Most mothers receiving pensions were white and sought work only when necessary.<ref>Kyle E. Ciani, "Hidden Laborers: Female Day Workers In Detroit, 1870–1920," ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,'' Jan 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp 23–51</ref>

During the early 1900s and across the state middle class homemakers shaped numerous new and expanded charitable and professional associations, and promoted mothers' pensions, and expanded forms of social welfare. Many of the Protestant homemakers were active in the temperance and suffrage movements as well. The Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs (DFWC) promoted a very wide range of activities for civic minded middle-class women who conformed to traditional gender roles. The Federation argued that safety and health issues were of greatest concern to mothers and could only be solved by improving municipal conditions outside the home. The Federation pressured Detroit officials to upgrade schools, water supplies and sanitation facilities, and to require safe food handling, and traffic safety. However, the membership was divided on going beyond these issues or collaborating with ethnic or groups or labor unions; it refused to stretch traditional gender boundaries, giving it a conservative reputation.<ref>Jayne Morris-Crowther, "Municipal Housekeeping: The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs in the 1920s," ''Michigan Historical Review,'' March 2004, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp 31–57</ref> It was during this period that women began to make advancements in economic, political and social equality.<ref>{{Cite book |author=((Institute for Women's Policy Research)) |title=The Status of Women in Michigan, 2004 |publisher=Institute of Women's Policy Research |year=2004 |location=District of Columbia}}</ref>

Michigan ratified the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] on June 10, 1919, becoming one of the first states to do so.<ref name="nps.gov">{{Cite web |title=Michigan and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/michigan-and-the-19th-amendment.htm |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> It was not long after that they began to serve within the government. Eva McCall Hamilton was elected for the senate in 1920, and Cora Reynolds Anderson, a member of the Chippewa Tribe, was the first elected to the House of Representatives in 1925.<ref name="nps.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cora Anderson: Recognizing Michigan's first Indigenous State Representative, elected nearly a century ago |url=https://www.michiganradio.org/show/stateside/2021-11-30/cora-anderson-recognizing-michigans-first-indigenous-state-representative-elected-nearly-a-century-ago |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Michigan Radio |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Michigan}}
* [[Timeline of Michigan history]]
* [[Historical outline of Michigan]]
* [[History of Detroit]]
* [[History of Ford Motor Company]]
* [[History of General Motors]]
* [[History of railroads in Michigan]]
* [[List of historical societies in Michigan]]
* [[Northwest Ordinance]]
* [[List of museums in Michigan]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Surveys and reference===
* Bald, F. Clever, ''Michigan in Four Centuries'' (1961)
* Browne, William P. and Kenneth VerBurg. ''Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State'' University of Nebraska Press. 1995.
* Catton, Bruce. ''Michigan: A Bicentennial History'' (1976) popular, focus on 19th century.
* Daly, Matthew L., ed. ''Michigan Encyclopedia 2008–2009'' (2008), 1354 pages re: geography, archaeology, state and local history, governors, etc.
* Dunbar, Willis F. and George S. May. ''Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State'', 3rd ed. (1995) the standard comprehensive textbook [https://archive.org/details/michiganhistoryo01dunb 1980 edition online]
* {{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Silas |title=The history of Detroit and Michigan; or, The metropolis illustrated; a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annals of Wayne County |year =1889 |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001}}
**{{cite book|author=Farmer, Silas |title=History of Detroit and Wayne County and early Michigan: a chronological cyclopedia of the past and present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zbiAAAAMAAJ|year=1890}}, Google version; full text
* May, George S.  ed. ''A Michigan reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865'' (1974) [https://archive.org/details/michiganreader110000mayg online]
* May, George S. ''Michigan, the Great Lakes state : an illustrated history'' (2005) [https://archive.org/details/michigangreatlak0000mayg online]
* Press, Charles et al., ''Michigan Political Atlas'' (1984).
* Rosentreter, Roger L. ''Michigan: A History of Explorers, Entrepreneurs, and Everyday People'' (2013)
* Rubenstein, Bruce A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. '' Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State'' (Harlan Davidson 2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/117811834/michigan-a-history-of-the-great-lakes-state online]. university textbook
* Sisson, Richard, Ed. ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'' (2006), 1890pp, articles by scholars.
* Warner, Robert Mark, ed. ''A Michigan reader: 1865 to the present'' (1974) [https://archive.org/details/michiganreader180000warn online]
* Weeks, George, ''Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan'' (Historical Society of Michigan, 1987).

===Historiography===
* Editors. "50 Essential Books on Michigan History" ''Michigan History Magazine'' (2002) 86#3 [https://archive.today/20130411165240/http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-163049996/50-essential-books-on-michigan-history online] 
* Hathaway, Richard J., ed. ''Michigan: Visions of Our Past'' (1989), articles by scholars
* Kestenbaum, Justin L., ed. ''The Making of Michigan, 1820–1860: A Pioneer Anthology'' (1990). 
*May, George, and Herbert Brinks, eds. ''A Michigan Reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865'' (1974)
* Warner, Robert M., and C. Warren Vander Hill, eds. ''A Michigan Reader: 1865 to the Present'' (1974)

===Specialty studies===
{{See also|History of Detroit#Further reading}}
*  Barnard, John. ''Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers'' (1983) [https://archive.org/details/isbn_0316081418 online]
* Berthelot, Helen W. ''Win Some, Lose Some: G. Mennen Williams and the New Democrats'' (1995), governor in the 1950s
* Boles, Frank. "Michigan Newspapers: A Two-Hundred-Year Review," ''Michigan Historical Review'' (2010) 36#12 pp 30–69 [https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-233124044/michigan-newspapers-a-two-hundred-year-review online]
* [[R. Carlyle Buley|Buley, R. Carlyle]]. ''The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period; 1815–1840'' (2 vol. 1951); Pulitzer Prize
*Clive, Alan. ''State of War: Michigan in World War II'' (U of Michigan Press, 1979) [https://archive.org/details/stateofwarmichig0000cliv online]
* {{Dunbar-Railroads}}
* Fine, Sidney. ''Expanding The Frontiers of Civil Rights": Michigan, 1948–1968'' (2000)
* Fine, Sidney. ''Frank Murphy'' (3 vols. 1975–1984) [https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28Murphy%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Fine%2C%20Sidney%29 online]
* Fine, Sidney. ''Sit-down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937'' (1969). [https://archive.org/details/sitdowngeneralmo0000unse online]
* Formisano, Ronald P. ''The Birth of Mass Political Parties in Michigan, 1827–1861'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/birthofmasspolit0000formonline]
* Gatton, T. Harry. ''A history of Michigan banking'' (1987) [https://archive.org/details/historyofmichiga0000gatt online]
* Gilpin, Alec R. ''The Territory of Michigan, 1805–1837'' (1970)
* Hershock, Martin J. ''The Paradox of Progress: Economic Change, Individual Enterprise, and Political Culture in Michigan, 1837–1878''. (2003)
* Holli, Melvin G. ''Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics'' (1969), on 1890s
* [[Jensen, Richard J.]] ''The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888–1896'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/winningofmidwest0000jens online]
* [[Theodore Karamanski|Karamanski, Theodore]]. ''Deep Woods Frontier: A History of Logging in Northern Michigan'' (1989).
*  Kirk, Gordon W. Jr. ''The promise of American life: social mobility in a nineteenth-century immigrant community, Holland, Michigan, 1847–1894'' (1978) [https://archive.org/details/promiseofamerica0000kirk online]
* Klunder, Willard Carl. ''Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation'' (1996). 
* MacNaughton, A. Douglas. ''The Methodist Church in Michigan: 20th century'' (1976) [https://archive.org/details/methodistchurchi0000macn online]
* May, George. ''A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry'' (1975).
* Nevins, Allan, and Frank E. Hill. ''Ford'' (3 vol 1954–1963), joint biography of Henry Ford and the Ford company [https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28ford%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28nevins%29 online]
* Nolan, Alan T. ''The Iron Brigade: A Military History'' (1994), famous Civil War combat unit
* Rich, Wilbur. ''Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker'' (Wayne State University Press, 1988).
* Streeter, Floyd. ''Political parties in Michigan, 1837–1860'' (1918) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2BsV online]
* [[Jon C. Teaford|Teaford, Jon C.]] ''Cities of the heartland: The rise and fall of the industrial Midwest'' (Indiana University Press, 1993). [https://archive.org/details/citiesofheartlan0000teaf online]

===Race, ethnicity and immigration===
* Alvarado, Rudolph V., and Sonya Yvette Alvarado. ''Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Michigan'' (2003)
* Badaczewski, Dennis. ''Poles in Michigan'' (2002)
* Badillo, David A. ''Latinos in Michigan'' (2003)
* Cantor, Judith Levin. ''Jews in Michigan'' (2001)
* Cleland, Charles E. ''Rates of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans'' (1992)
* Davidson, Clifford. ''Norwegians in Michigan''  (2009)
* Forrester, Alan T. ''Scots in Michigan'' (2003)
* Fuller, George N. ''Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan: A Study of the Settlement of the Lower Peninsula during the Territorial Period, 1805–1837'' (1916) [https://archive.org/details/economicsocialbe00full online]
* Gray, Susan E. ''The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier'' (U. of North Carolina Press 1996) [https://www.questia.com/read/37104065/the-yankee-west-community-life-on-the-michigan-frontier online]
* Harmese, Larry Ten. ''Dutch in Michigan'' (2002)
* Hassoun, Rosina J.  ''Arab Americans in Michigan'' (2005)
* Helweg, Arthur W. ''Asian Indians in Michigan'' (2002)
* Kilar, Jeremy W. ''Germans in Michigan'' (2002)
* Magnaghi, Russell M. ''Italians in Michigan'' (2001)
* [[Seamus Metress|Metress, Seamus P.]] and Eileen K. Metress. ''Irish in Michigan'' (2006)
* Mead, Rebecca J.''Swedes in Michigan'' (2012) [https://www.amazon.com/Swedes-Michigan-Discovering-Peoples/dp/1611860415/  excerpt and text search]
* Vander Hill, C. Warren. ''Settling the Great Lakes Frontier: Immigration to Michigan, 1837–1924'' (Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission, 1970)
* Walker, Lewis, ed. ''Discovering the Peoples of Michigan Reader'' (2008) 115pp, short essays on 24 ethnic groups
* White, Richard. ''The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815'' (1991). [https://www.amazon.com/Middle-Ground-Republics-1650-1815-American/dp/0521424607/ excerpt and text search]
* Wilson, Brian C. ''Yankees in Michigan'' (2008)

===Primary sources===
* Kestenbaum, Justin, ed. ''The Making of Michigan, 1820–1860: A Pioneer Anthology'' (1990).
* May, George S. and Herbert J. Brinks, eds. ''A Michigan Reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865'' (1974).
*Thick, Matthew R., ed. ''The Great Water: A Documentary History of Michigan'' (2018).
*Warner, Robert, and C. Lauren VanderHill, eds. ''A Michigan Reader, 1865 to the Present'' (1974).

==Other resources==
* Bureau of Business Research, Wayne State U. ''Michigan Statistical Abstract'' (1987).
* [http://clarke.cmich.edu/ Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliographies for Michigan by region, counties, etc.].
* Michigan, State of. ''Michigan Manual'' (annual), elaborate detail on state government.
* ''Michigan Historical Review'' Central Michigan University (quarterly).
* Public Sector Consultants. ''Michigan in Brief. An Issues Handbook'' (annual)
* Larry J. Wagenaar and Izzi Bendall. ''Michigan History Directory of Historical Societies, Museums, Archives, Historic Sites, Agencies and Commissions'' (13th Ed. 2011)

==External links==
* [http://www.hsmichigan.org/ Historical Society of Michigan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080131183044/http://www.michigan.gov/hal/ Official State of Michigan History, Arts & Libraries homepage (MHAL)]
* [http://clarke.cmich.edu/ Clark Historical Library]

{{Michigan|expanded}}
{{MIHistory}}
{{Slavery in Michigan}}
{{U.S. political divisions histories}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Michigan| ]]
[[Category:History of the United States by state or territory|Michigan]]