View source for History of Massachusetts

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[[File:Flag of Massachusetts.svg|thumb|[[Flag of Massachusetts]]]]

The area that is now '''[[Massachusetts]]''' was colonized by [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlers]] in the early 17th century and became the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] in the 18th century. Before that, it was inhabited by a variety of Native American tribes. Massachusetts is named after the [[Massachusett]] tribe that inhabited the area of present-day [[Greater Boston]]. The [[Pilgrim Fathers]] who sailed on the ''[[Mayflower]]'' established the first permanent settlement in 1620 at [[Plymouth Colony]] which set precedents but never grew large. A large-scale [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Puritan migration]] began in 1630 with the establishment of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], and that spawned the settlement of other [[New England]] colonies.

As the colony grew, businessmen established wide-ranging trade, sending ships to the [[West Indies]] and Europe. Britain began to increase taxes on the New England colonies, and tensions grew with implementation of the [[Navigation Acts]]. These political and trade issues led to the revocation of the Massachusetts charter in 1684. The king established the [[Dominion of New England]] in 1686 to govern all of New England, and to centralize royal control and weaken local government. Sir [[Edmund Andros]]'s intensely unpopular rule came to a sudden end in 1689 with [[1689 Boston revolt|an uprising]] sparked by the [[Glorious Revolution]] in England. The new king [[William III of England|William III]] established the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] in 1691 to govern a territory roughly equivalent to the modern states of [[Massachusetts]] and [[Maine]]. Its governors were appointed by [[the Crown]], unlike the predecessor colonies that had elected their own governors. This increased friction between the colonists and the Crown, which reached its height in the days leading up to the [[American Revolution]] in the 1760s and 1770s over the question of who could levy taxes. The [[American Revolutionary War]] [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|began in Massachusetts]] in 1775 when London tried to shut down American self-government.

The commonwealth formally adopted the [[Massachusetts Constitution|state constitution]] in 1780, electing [[John Hancock]] as its first governor. In the 19th century, [[New England]] became America's center of manufacturing with the development of precision manufacturing and weaponry in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Hartford, Connecticut]], and large-scale textile mill complexes in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], and other communities throughout New England using their rivers for power. New England also was an intellectual center and center of abolitionism. The [[Springfield Armory]] made most of the weaponry for the Union in the [[American Civil War]]. After the war, immigrants from [[Europe]], The [[Middle East]] and [[Asia]] flooded into [[Massachusetts]], continuing to expand its industrial base until the 1950s when textiles and other industries started to fade away, leaving a "rust belt" of empty mills and factories. [[Trade union|Labor unions]] were important after the 1860s, as was big-city politics. The state's strength as a center of education contributed to the development of an economy based on information technology and biotechnology in the later years of the 20th century, leading to the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]" of the late 1980s.

==Before European settlement==
[[File:Tribal Territories Southern New England.png|thumb|right|Map of southern New England indicating approximate ranges of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American tribes]] circa 1600. Massachusetts is named after the [[Massachusett]] tribe.]]

Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language family]] such as the [[Wampanoag]], [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansetts]], [[Nipmuc]]s, [[Pocomtuc]]s, [[Mahican]]s, and [[Massachusett]]s.<ref name=BT67>Brown and Tager, pp. 6–7.</ref><ref name=Mohican>{{cite web | title = Origin & Early Mohican History | publisher = Stockbridge-Munsee Community&nbsp;— Band of Mohican Indians | access-date = October 21, 2009 | url = http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library-Museum/Mohican_History/origin-and-early.htm | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912122346/http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library-Museum/Mohican_History/origin-and-early.htm | archive-date = September 12, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Vermont]] and [[New Hampshire]] borders and the [[Merrimack River]] valley was the traditional home of the [[Pennacook]] tribe. [[Cape Cod]], [[Nantucket]], [[Martha's Vineyard]], and southeast Massachusetts were the home of the Wampanoags who established a close bond with the [[Pilgrim Fathers]]. The extreme end of the Cape was inhabited by the closely related [[Nauset]] tribe. Much of the central portion and the [[Connecticut River]] valley was home to the loosely organized Nipmucs. The [[Berkshires]] were the home of both the Pocomtuc and the Mahican tribes. Narragansetts from [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]] and Mahicans from [[Connecticut Colony]] were also present.

These tribes were generally dependent on hunting and fishing for most of their food supply.<ref name=BT67/> Villages consisted of lodges called [[wigwams]] as well as [[longhouse|long houses]],<ref name=Mohican/> and tribes were led by male or female elders known as [[sachem]]s.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 7.</ref> Europeans began exploring the coast in the 16th century, but they made few attempts at permanent settlement anywhere. Early European explorers of the New England coast included [[Bartholomew Gosnold]] who named [[Cape Cod]] in 1602, [[Samuel de Champlain]] who charted the northern coast as far as Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606, [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith]], and [[Henry Hudson]]. Fishing ships from Europe also worked in the rich waters off the coast, and may have traded with some of the tribes. Large numbers of Native people were decimated by [[virgin soil epidemics]], perhaps including smallpox, measles, influenza, or [[leptospirosis]].<ref name="hoxie-164">{{cite book|last=Hoxie|first=Frederick E.|title=Encyclopedia of North American Indians|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=1996|location=Boston|page=164|isbn=978-0-395-66921-1|oclc=34669430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-BNU7QuJkYC&pg=PA164|access-date=July 30, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; {{doi|10.3201/e0di1602.090276}} Marr, JS and Cathey, JT, "New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619," ''Emerging Infectious Diseases'', 2010 Feb.</ref> In 1617–1619, a disease killed 90 percent of the native population in the region.<ref>Koplow, p. 13.</ref>

==Pilgrims and Puritans: 1620–1629==
[[File:Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall.jpg|thumb|''Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor'' by [[William Halsall]] (1882)]]
{{Main|Plymouth Colony}}
The first settlers in Massachusetts were the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] who established [[Plymouth Colony]] in 1620 and developed friendly relations with the [[Wampanoag people]].<ref>Goldfield, et al., pp. 29–30.</ref> This was the second permanent English colony in America following [[Jamestown Colony]]. The Pilgrims had migrated from England to Holland to escape religious persecution for rejecting England's official church. They were allowed religious liberty in Holland, but they gradually became concerned that the next generation would lose their distinct English heritage. They approached the Virginia Company and asked to settle "as a distinct body of themselves"{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} in America. In the fall of 1620, they sailed to America on the ''[[Mayflower]]'', first landing near [[Provincetown, Massachusetts|Provincetown]] at the tip of Cape Cod. The area did not lie within their charter, so the Pilgrims created the [[Mayflower Compact|Mayflower]] Compact before landing, one of America's first documents of self-governance. The first year was extremely difficult, with inadequate supplies and very harsh weather, but Wampanoag sachem [[Massasoit]] and his people assisted them.

[[File:The First Thanksgiving cph.3g04961.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The First Thanksgiving 1621'']]
In 1621, the Pilgrims celebrated their first Thanksgiving Day together to thank God for the blessings of good harvest and survival. This Thanksgiving came to represent the peace that existed at that time between the Wampanoags and the Pilgrims, although only about half of the Mayflower company survived the first year. The colony grew slowly over the next ten years, and was estimated to have 300 inhabitants by 1630.<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick, ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War'' (2007)</ref>

A group of fur-trappers and traders established [[Wessagusset Colony]] near the Plymouth colony in [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|Weymouth]] in 1622. They abandoned it in 1623, and it was replaced by another small colony led by [[Robert Gorges]]. This settlement also failed, and individuals from these colonies returned to England, joined the Plymouth colonists, or established individual outposts elsewhere on the shores of [[Massachusetts Bay]]. In 1624, the [[Dorchester Company]] established a settlement on [[Cape Ann]]. This colony only survived until 1626, although a few settlers remained.

==Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1628–1686==
[[File:Masscolony.png|thumb|Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century; modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context]]
{{Main|Massachusetts Bay Colony|Plymouth Colony}}

The Pilgrims were followed by [[Puritan]]s who established the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] at [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] (1629) and Boston (1630).<ref>Goldfield, et al., p. 30.</ref> The Puritans strongly dissented from the theology and church polity of the [[Church of England]], and they came to Massachusetts for religious freedom.<ref>Goldfield, et al., p. 29.</ref> The Bay Colony was founded under a royal charter, unlike Plymouth Colony. The Puritan migration was mainly from [[East Anglia]] and southwestern regions of England, with an estimated 20,000 immigrants between 1628 and 1642. Massachusetts Bay colony quickly eclipsed Plymouth in population and economy, the chief factors being the large influx of population, more suitable harbor facilities for trade, and the growth of a prosperous merchant class.

Religious dissension and expansionism led to the founding of several new colonies shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Dissenters such as [[Roger Williams]] and [[Anne Hutchinson]] were banished due to religious disagreements with Massachusetts Bay authorities. Williams established [[Providence Plantations]] in 1636. Over the next few years, another group, which included Hutchinson, established [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]] and [[Portsmouth, Rhode Island|Portsmouth]]; these settlements eventually joined to form the [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]]. Others left Massachusetts Bay in order to establish other settlements, including [[Connecticut Colony]] on the [[Connecticut River]] and [[New Haven Colony]] on the coast.

In 1636, a group of settlers led by [[William Pynchon]] founded [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] (originally named Agawam), after scouting for the region's most advantageous location for trading and farming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/colonialperiod/williampynchon.html|title=Springfield, MA - Our Plural History|work=stcc.edu|access-date=August 9, 2011|archive-date=March 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326030918/http://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/colonialperiod/williampynchon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Springfield City Library">{{cite web |url=http://www.springfieldlibrary.org/Pynchon/pynchon.html |title=Springfield City Library |access-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328010939/http://www.springfieldlibrary.org/Pynchon/pynchon.html |archive-date=March 28, 2012  }}</ref> Springfield is located just north of the first of Connecticut River's unnavigable waterfalls, and it also sits amid the fertile valley which contains New England's best agricultural land. The Indian tribes surrounding Springfield were friendly, which was not always the case for the fledgling Connecticut colonies.<ref name="Springfield City Library"/><ref>Brown and Tager, p. 29.</ref> Pynchon annexed Springfield to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640 rather than the much closer Connecticut Colony over tensions with Connecticut following the [[Pequot War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phaneuf |first=Wayne |url=http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html |title=375 years of changing business and work landscape help define Springfield |work=The Republican |location=Springfield, Massachusetts |date=May 21, 2011 |access-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231143502/http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Massachusetts Bay Colony's southern and western borders were thus established in 1640.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/people_places/view.jsp?itemtype=2&id=245|title=People, Places and Events|website=www.americancenturies.mass.edu|access-date=August 9, 2011|archive-date=September 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154428/http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/people_places/view.jsp?itemtype=2&id=245|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[King Philip's War]] (1675–76) was the bloodiest [[American Indian Wars|Indian war]] of the colonial period. In little over a year, Indians attacked nearly half of the region's towns, and they burned to the ground the major settlements at [[Providence Plantations|Providence]] and [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]]. New England's economy was all but ruined, and much of its population was killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1675.htm|title=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut - 1675 King Philip's War|work=colonialwarsct.org|access-date=August 9, 2011|archive-date=July 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190145/http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1675.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Philip Gould. "Reinventing Benjamin Church: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of King Philip's War in Early National America." ''Journal of the Early Republic'', No. 16, Winter 1996. p. 656. According to a combined estimate of loss of life in Schultz and Tougias' ''King Philip's War, The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict'' (based on sources from the Department of Defense, the Bureau of Census, and the work of Colonial historian [[Francis Jennings]]), 800 out of 52,000 English colonists (1.5%) and 3,000 out of 20,000 Native Americans (15%) lost their lives due to the war.</ref> Proportionately, it was one of the bloodiest and costliest wars in the history of North America.<ref name=Schultz>{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Eric B.|author2=Michael J. Touglas|title=King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict|publisher=W.W. Norton and Co.|year=2000|pages=5|isbn=0-88150-483-1}}</ref>

In 1645, the General Court ordered rural towns to increase sheep production. Sheep provided meat and especially wool for the local cloth industry, avoiding the expense of imports of British cloth.<ref>Susan M. Ouellette, "Divine providence and collective endeavor: Sheep production in early Massachusetts." ''New England Quarterly'' (1996): 355-380 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366780 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124819/http://www.jstor.org/stable/366780 |date=October 5, 2016 }}.</ref> In 1652, the General Court authorized Boston silversmith [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull]] to produce [[pine tree shilling|local coinage]] in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=499}}</ref> To that point, the colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and counterfeit coins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Hermann F. |date=1937 |title=John Hull: Mintmaster |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=669;673 |doi=10.2307/359931 |jstor=359931}}</ref>

[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was [[English Restoration|restored to the throne]] in 1660 and began to scrutinize the governmental oversight in the colonies, and Parliament passed the [[Navigation Acts]] to regulate trade for England's benefit. Massachusetts and Rhode Island had thriving merchant fleets, and they often ran afoul of the trade regulations. The English government also considered the Boston mint to be treasonous.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=500}}</ref> However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease mint operations until at least 1682.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=514}}</ref> King Charles formally vacated the Massachusetts charter in 1684.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=520}}</ref>

==Dominion of New England: 1686–1692==
{{Main|Dominion of New England}}
In 1660, King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was restored to the throne. Colonial matters brought to his attention led him to propose the amalgamation of all of the New England colonies into a single administrative unit. In 1685, he was succeeded by [[James II of England|James II]], an outspoken Catholic who implemented the proposal. In June 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was annulled, but its government continued to rule until James appointed [[Joseph Dudley]] to the new post of President of New England in 1686. Dudley established his authority later in [[New Hampshire]] and the King's Province (part of current [[Rhode Island]]), maintaining this position until Sir [[Edmund Andros]] arrived to become the Royal Governor of the [[Dominion of New England]]. The rule of Andros was unpopular. He ruled without a representative assembly, vacated land titles, restricted town meetings, enforced the Navigation Acts, and promoted the Church of England, angering virtually every segment of Massachusetts colonial society. Andros dealt a major blow to the colonists by challenging their title to the land; unlike England the great majority of New Englanders were land-owners. Taylor says that because they "regarded secure real estate as fundamental to their liberty, status, and prosperity, the colonists felt horrified by the sweeping and expensive challenge to their land titles."<ref>Alan Taylor, ''American Colonies: the Settling of North America'' (2001) p 277</ref>

After James II was [[Glorious Revolution|overthrown]] by [[William II of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] in late 1688, Boston colonists [[1689 Boston revolt|overthrew Andros and his officials]] in 1689. Both Massachusetts and Plymouth returned to their previous governments until 1692. During [[King William's War]] (1689–1697), the colony launched an unsuccessful [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|expedition against Quebec]] under Sir [[William Phips]] in 1690, which had been financed by issuing [[Bond (finance)|paper bonds]] set against the gains expected from taking the city.<ref>René Chartrand, French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans (Fortress 27); Osprey Publishing, March 20, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-714-7}}</ref> The colony continued to be on the front lines of the war, and experienced widespread French and Indian raids on its northern and western frontiers.

==Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692–1774==
{{Main|Province of Massachusetts Bay}}

{{Calvinism}}
In 1691, William and Mary chartered the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], combining the territories of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Maine, Nova Scotia (which then included [[New Brunswick]]), and the islands south of Cape Cod. For its first governor they chose Sir William Phips. Phips came to Boston in 1692 to begin his rule, and was immediately thrust into the [[witchcraft]] hysteria in Salem. He established the court that heard the notorious [[Salem witch trials]], and oversaw the war effort until he was recalled in 1694.

===Economy===
[[File:CasesofConscience1st.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Concerning Evil Spirits'' (Boston, 1693) by Increase Mather]]

The province was the largest and most economically important in [[New England]], and one where many American institutions and traditions were formed. Unlike southern colonies, it was built around small towns rather than scattered farms. The westernmost portion of Massachusetts, the Berkshires, was settled during the three decades following the end of the [[French and Indian War]], largely by Scots. Sir Francis Bernard, the Royal Governor, named this new area "Berkshire" after his home county in England. The largest settlement in Berkshire County was [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]], founded in 1761.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animactionsunlimited.com/history_of_the_berkshires.htm |title=The History of the Berkshires |access-date=August 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130438/http://www.animactionsunlimited.com/history_of_the_berkshires.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The educational system, headed by Harvard College, was the best in the 13 colonies. [[List of newspapers in Massachusetts in the 18th-century|Newspapers]] became a major communications system in the 18th century, with Boston taking a leading role in the British colonies.<ref>Charles E. Clark, "Boston and the Nurturing of Newspapers: Dimensions of the Cradle, 1690–1741." ''New England Quarterly'' (1991) pp: 243-271 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366123 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124816/http://www.jstor.org/stable/366123 |date=October 5, 2016 }}.</ref> Teenaged [[Benjamin Franklin]] (born January 17, 1706, in [[Milk Street, Boston|Milk Street]]) worked on one of the earliest newspapers, [[The New-England Courant]] (owned by his brother) until he ran away to Philadelphia in 1723. Five Boston newspapers presented a full range of opinions during the coming of the American revolution.	In Worcester, printer [[Isaiah Thomas (publisher)|Isaiah Thomas]] made the ''[[Massachusetts Spy]]'' the influential voice of the western settlers.<ref>Annie Russell Marble, ''From'Prentice to Patron: The Life Story of Isaiah Thomas'' (1935).</ref>

Farming was the largest economic activity. Most farming towns were largely self-sufficient, with families trading with each other for items they did not produce themselves; the surplus was sold to cities.<ref>Bettye Hobbs Pruitt, "Self-sufficiency and the agricultural economy of eighteenth-century Massachusetts." ''William and Mary Quarterly''  (1984): 334-364  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922729 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064534/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922729 |date=October 2, 2018 }}.</ref> and Fishing was important in coastal towns like Marblehead. Great quantities of cod were exported to the slave colonies in the West Indies.<ref>James G. Lydon, "North Shore Trade in the Early Eighteenth Century," ''[[American Neptune]]'' (1968) 28#4 pp 261-274</ref> Merchant trade was based in Salem and Boston, and numerous wealthy merchants traded internationally. They typically stationed their sons and nephews as agents in ports around the empire.<ref>Bernard Bailyn, ''The New England merchants in the seventeenth century'' (1955).</ref> Their business grew dramatically after 1783 when they no longer were confined to the British Empire.<ref>Samuel Eliot Morison, ''The Maritime History Of Massachusetts, 1783-1860'' (1924)</ref> Shipbuilding was a fast-growing industry. Most other manufactured products were imported from Britain (or smuggled in from the Netherlands).

====Banking====
In 1690, the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] became the first to issue paper money in what would become the United States, but soon others began printing their own money as well. The demand for currency in the colonies was due to the scarcity of coins, which had been the primary means of trade.<ref name="A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money"/> Colonies' paper currencies were used to pay for their expenses and lend money to the colonies' citizens. Paper money quickly became the primary means of exchange within each colony, and it even began to be used in financial transactions with other colonies.<ref name="Benjamin Franklin And the Birth of a Paper Money Economy">{{cite web | url=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/publications/economic-education/ben-franklin-and-paper-money-economy.pdf | title=Benjamin Franklin And the Birth of a Paper Money Economy | last=Grubb | first=Farley | publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia | date=March 30, 2006 | access-date=August 26, 2010 | archive-date=June 12, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612224336/http://philadelphiafed.org/publications/economic-education/ben-franklin-and-paper-money-economy.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> However, some of the currencies were not redeemable in gold or silver, which caused them to depreciate.<ref name="A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money">{{cite web | url=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/1995/history.html | title=1995 Annual Report: A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money | last=Flamme | first=Karen | publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco | access-date=August 26, 2010 | archive-date=February 27, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227093922/http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/1995/history.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> With the [[Currency Act of 1751]], the British parliament limited the ability of the New England colonies to issue [[Fiat money|fiat]] paper currency. Under the 1751 act, the New England colonial governments could make paper money [[legal tender]] for the payment of public debts (such as taxes), and could issue bills of credit as a tool of government finance, but barred the use of paper money as legal tender for private debts.<ref name="Allen">Larry Allen, "Currency Act of 1751 (England)" and "Currency Act of 1764 (England)" in ''The Encyclopedia of Money'', pp. 96-98.</ref> Under continued pressure from the British merchant-creditors who disliked being paid in depreciated paper currency, the subsequent [[Currency Act of 1764]] banned the issuance of bills of credit (paper money) throughout the colonies.<ref name="Allen"/><ref>[http://www.carolana.com/SC/Royal_Colony/The_Currency_Act_1764.html The Currency Act of 1764] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115410/http://www.carolana.com/SC/Royal_Colony/The_Currency_Act_1764.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}.</ref> Colonial governments used workarounds to accept paper notes as payment for taxes and pressured Parliament to repeal the prohibition on paper money as legal tender for public debts, which Parliament ultimately did in 1773.<ref name="Allen"/>

The colony was always short of gold and silver and printed a great deal of paper money, which caused inflation that favored farmers but angered business interests. By 1750, however, the colony recalled its paper currency and transitioned to a specie currency based on the British reimbursement (in gold and silver) for its spending in the French and Indian wars. The large-scale merchants and Royal officials welcomed the transition but many farmers and smaller businessmen were opposed.<ref>Herman Belz, "Currency Reform in Colonial Massachusetts, 1749-1750," '' Essex Institute Historical Collections'' (1967) 103#1 pp 66-84</ref>

===Wars with France===
The colony fought alongside British regulars in a series of [[French and Indian Wars]] characterized by brutal border raids and attacks by Indians organized and supplied by [[New France]]. Particularly in King William's War (1689–97) and [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–13), the colony's rural communities were directly exposed to French and Indian attacks, with [[Deerfield, Massachusetts|Deerfield]] [[Raid on Deerfield|raided in 1704]] and [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]] [[Raid on Haverhill|raided in 1708]]. Boston responded, launching naval expeditions against [[Acadia]] and [[Quebec City|Quebec]] in both wars.

During Queen Anne's War, Massachusetts men were involved in the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] (1710), which became the [[Province of Nova Scotia]]. The province was also involved in [[Dummer's War]], which drove Indian tribes from northern New England. In 1745, during [[King George's War]], Massachusetts provincial forces [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|successfully besieged]] [[Fortress Louisbourg]]. The fortress was returned to France at the end of the war, angering many colonists who viewed it as a threat to their security. During the [[French and Indian War]], Governor [[William Shirley]] was instrumental in the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] from Nova Scotia and trying to settle them in [[New England]]. After the expulsion, Shirley also was involved in transporting [[New England Planters]] to settle Nova Scotia on the former Acadian farms.<ref>[[John Bartlet Brebner]]. ''New England's outpost : Acadia before the conquest of Canada''. New York; Columbia University Press; London : P.S. King & Son, 1927. pp. 203–233</ref> Many troops from Massachusetts participated in the successful [[Siege of Havana]] in 1762. [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|Britain's victory in the war]] led to its acquisition of New France, removing the immediate northern threat to Massachusetts that the French had posed.

===Disasters===

Boston was hit by a major smallpox epidemic in 1721. Some colonial leaders called for use of the new technique of inoculation, whereby a patient would get a weak form of the disease and become permanently immune. Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]]  and physician [[Zabdiel Boylston]] led the drive for inoculation, while physician William Douglass and newspaper editor [[James Franklin (printer)|James Franklin]] led the opposition.<ref>Amalie M. Kass, "Boston's Historic Smallpox Epidemic." ''Massachusetts Historical Review'' 14 (2012): 1-51 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5224/masshistrevi.14.1.0001 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030040911/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5224/masshistrevi.14.1.0001 |date=October 30, 2018 }}</ref>

In 1755, about 4:15&nbsp;am on Tuesday, November 18, was the [[1755 Cape Ann earthquake|most destructive earthquake]] yet known in New England. The first pulsations of the ground were followed for about a minute of tremulous motion. Next came a quick vibration and several jerks much worse than the first. Houses rocked and cracked; furniture fell over. Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, of [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], wrote in his diary that he "thought of nothing less than being buried instantly in the ruins of the house." The shaking continued for two to three minutes more, and seemed to move from northwest to southeast. The ocean along the coast was affected; ships shook so much that sleeping sailors awoke, thinking they had run aground. In Boston, the earthquake threw dishes on the floor, stopped clocks, and bent vane-rods on churches and [[Faneuil Hall]]. Stone walls collapsed. New springs appeared, and old springs dried up. Subterranean streams changed their courses, emptying many wells. The worst damage was to chimneys. In Boston alone, about a hundred were leveled; about fifteen hundred were damaged, the streets in some places almost covered with fallen bricks. Falling chimneys broke some roofs. Many wooden buildings in Boston were thrown down, and some brick buildings suffered; the gable ends of twelve or fifteen were knocked down to the eaves. Despite the danger and many narrow escapes, no one was killed or seriously injured. Aftershocks continued for four days.<ref name="earthquake.usgs.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1755_11_18_hs.php |title=U.S.G.S. Historic Earthquakes: The Great Earthquake of 1755, accessed February 7, 2011; Memorandum |publisher=Boston Gazette |access-date=February 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110190706/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1755_11_18_hs.php |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>[http://171.66.125.217/content/77/1/74.fullJohn E. Ebel, "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts earthquake of 1755: A 250th anniversary perspective." ''Seismological Research Letters'' 77.1 (2006): 74-86.]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Politics===
The relationship between the provincial government and the crown-appointed governor was often difficult and contentious. The governors sought to assert the royal prerogatives granted in the provincial charter, and the provincial government sought to strip or minimize the governor's power. For example, each governor was ordered to enact legislation for providing permanent salaries for crown officials, but the legislature refused to do so, using its ability to grant stipends annually as a means of control over the governor. The province's periodic issuance of paper currency was also a persistent source of friction between factions in the province, due to its inflationary effects. Notable royal governors during this period were [[Joseph Dudley]], [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]], [[Jonathan Belcher]], [[Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet|Francis Bernard]], and General [[Thomas Gage]]. Gage was the last British governor of Massachusetts, and his effective rule extended to little more than Boston.

==Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s==
[[File:Percy's Rescue at Lexington Detail.jpg|thumb|right|''Percy's Rescue at Lexington'' by [[Ralph Earl]] and Amos Doolittle from 1775, an illustration of the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]].]]
{{See also|Boston campaign}}

Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], earning it the nickname, the "Cradle of Liberty". Colonists here had long had uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the [[Dominion of New England]] in the 1680s.<ref name=Goldfield66>Goldfield, et al., p. 66.</ref> The [[Boston Tea Party]] is an example of the protest spirit in the early 1770s, while the [[Boston Massacre]] escalated the conflict.<ref>Goldfield, et al., pp. 86–88.</ref> Anti-British activity by men like [[Samuel Adams|Sam Adams]] and [[John Hancock]], followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and the outbreak of the [[American Revolution]].<ref>Goldfield, et al., pp. 88–90.</ref> The [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] initiated the [[American Revolutionary War]] and were fought in the Massachusetts towns of [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]].<ref>Goldfield, et al., pp. 95–96.</ref> Future President [[George Washington]] took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the [[Siege of Boston]] in the winter of 1775–76, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city.<ref>Goldfield, et al., pp. 96–97.</ref> The event is still celebrated in [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]] as [[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|Evacuation Day]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts Legal Holidays |publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth |access-date=May 22, 2010 |url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416184317/http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1777, [[George Washington]] and [[Henry Knox]] founded the [[Arsenal at Springfield]], which catalyzed many innovations in Massachusetts' Connecticut River Valley.

===Boston Massacre===
[[File:Boston Massacre, 03-05-1770 - NARA - 518262.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Boston Massacre]]
Boston was the center of revolutionary activity in the decade before 1775, with Massachusetts natives [[Samuel Adams]], [[John Adams]], and [[John Hancock]] as leaders who would become important in the [[American Revolution|revolution]]. Boston had been under military occupation since 1768. When customs officials were attacked by mobs, two regiments of British regulars arrived. They had been housed in the city with increasing public outrage.

In Boston on March 5, 1770, what began as a rock-throwing incident against a few British soldiers ended in the shooting of five men by British soldiers in what became known as the [[Boston Massacre]]. The incident caused further anger against British authority in the commonwealth over taxes and the presence of the British soldiers.

===Boston Tea Party===
{{Main|Boston Tea Party}}
[[File:Boston Tea Party Currier colored.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Boston Tea Party]]

One of the many taxes protested by the colonists was a tax on tea, imposed when Parliament passed the [[Townshend Acts]], and retained when most of the provisions of those acts were repealed. With the passage of the [[Tea Act]] in 1773, tea sold by the [[British East India Company]] would become less expensive than smuggled tea, and there would be reduced profit-making opportunities for Massachusetts merchants traded in tea. This led to protests against the delivery of the company's tea to Boston. On December 16, 1773, when a tea ship of the East India Company was planning to land taxed tea in Boston, a group of local men known as the [[Sons of Liberty]] sneaked onto the boat the night before it was to be unloaded and dumped all the tea into the harbor, an act known as the Boston Tea Party.
[[File:Massachusetts Revolutionary War loan certificate September 1777.jpg|thumb|Certificate of government of Massachusetts Bay acknowledging loan of £20 to state treasury by Seth Davenport. September 1777]]

===American Revolution===
{{Main|American Revolution}}
The Boston Tea Party prompted the British government to pass the [[Intolerable Acts]] in 1774 that brought stiff punishment on Massachusetts. They [[Boston Port Act|closed the port of Boston]], the economic lifeblood of the Commonwealth, and [[Massachusetts Government Act|reduced self-government]]. Local self-government was ended and the colony put under military rule. The Patriots formed the [[Massachusetts Provincial Congress]] after the provincial legislature was disbanded by Governor Gage. The suffering of Boston and the tyranny of its rule caused great sympathy and stirred resentment throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. On February 9, 1775, the British Parliament [[Proclamation of Rebellion|declared Massachusetts to be in rebellion]], and sent additional troops to restore order to the colony. With the local population largely opposing British authority, troops moved from Boston on April 18, 1775, to destroy the military supplies of local resisters in [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]]. [[Paul Revere]] made his famous ride to warn the locals in response to this march. On the 19th, in the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]], where the famous "[[shot heard 'round the world]]" was fired, British troops, after running over the Lexington militia, were forced back into the city by local resistors. The city was quickly [[Siege of Boston|brought under siege]]. Fighting broke out again in June when the British took the Charlestown Peninsula in the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] after the colonial militia fortified [[Breed's Hill]]. The British won the battle, but at a very large cost, and were unable to break the siege. The British made a desperate attempt by using [[biological agents|biological weapons]] against the Americans by sending infected civilians with smallpox behind American lines but this was soon contained by Continental General [[George Washington]] who launched a [[vaccination]] program to ensure his troops and civilians were in good health after the damage [[biological warfare]] caused. Soon after the Battle of Bunker Hill, General George Washington took charge of the rebel army, and when he [[Noble train of artillery|acquired heavy cannon]] in March 1776, the British were [[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|forced to leave]], marking the first great colonial victory of the war. Ever since, "Evacuation Day" has been celebrated as a state holiday.
[[File:Recto Massachusetts 5 shillings 1779 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1086081.jpeg|alt=A Massachusetts five-shilling note issued in 1779 with the inscription: "FIVE SHILLINGS. shall be paid to the Bearer of this Bill, by the 1st Day of Decmr. 1782 agreeable to an Act of the Genl, Court of said STATE."; Within print of sun: "RISING".|thumb|A Massachusetts five-shilling banknote issued in 1779.]]
Massachusetts was not invaded again but in 1779 the disastrous [[Penobscot Expedition]] took place in the [[District of Maine]], then part of the Commonwealth. Trapped by the British fleet, the American sailors sank the ships of the Massachusetts state navy before it could be captured by the British. In May 1778, the section of [[Freetown, Massachusetts|Freetown]] that later became [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]] was [[Battle of Freetown|raided by the British]], and in September 1778, the communities of [[Martha's Vineyard]] and [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] were also subjected to [[Grey's raid|a British raid]].

[[John Adams]] was a leader in the independence movement and he helped secure a unanimous vote for independence and on July 4, 1776, the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] was adopted in [[Philadelphia]]. It was signed first by Massachusetts resident [[John Hancock]], president of the [[Continental Congress]]. Soon afterward the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of Boston from the balcony of the [[Old State House (Boston)|State House]]. Massachusetts was no longer a colony; it was a state and part of a new nation, the United States of America.

==Federalist Era: 1780–1815==
[[File:First Articles of the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution.jpg|thumb|180px|left|First articles, the Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth, in the 1780 [[Massachusetts Constitution]]]]

A Constitutional Convention drew up a state constitution, which was drafted primarily by John Adams, and ratified by the people on June 15, 1780. Adams, along with Samuel Adams and [[James Bowdoin]], wrote in the ''Preamble to the [[Massachusetts Constitution|Constitution of the Commonwealth]]'':

{{Blockquote|We, therefore, the people of Massachusetts, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Great Legislator of the Universe, in affording us, in the course of His Providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, on entering into an Original, explicit, and Solemn Compact with each other; and of forming a new Constitution of Civil Government, for Ourselves and Posterity, and devoutly imploring His direction in so interesting a design, Do agree upon, ordain and establish, the following Declaration of Rights, and Frame of Government, as the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.}}

Bostonian [[John Adams]], known as the "Atlas of Independence", was an important figure in both the struggle for independence as well as the formation of the new United States.<ref name=Adams>{{cite web | url = https://www.nps.gov/adam/john-adams-biography.htm | title = John Adams Biography | publisher = National Park Service | access-date = May 30, 2010 | archive-date = August 29, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100829015325/http://www.nps.gov/adam/john-adams-biography.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Adams was highly involved in the push for separation from Britain and the writing of the [[Massachusetts Constitution]] in 1780 (which, in the [[Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)|Elizabeth Freeman]] and [[Quock Walker]] cases, effectively made Massachusetts the first state to have a constitution that declared universal rights and, as interpreted by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice [[William Cushing]], abolished slavery).<ref name=Adams/><ref name="sjc-slavery">{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/constitution-slavery-e.html|title=Massachusetts Constitution, Judicial Review, and Slavery&nbsp;– The Quock Walker Case|year=2007|publisher=Massachusetts Judicial Branch|access-date=December 11, 2009|archive-date=December 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204185216/http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/constitution-slavery-e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adams became minister to Britain in the 1780s, Vice President in 1789 and succeeded Washington as President in 1797. His son, [[John Quincy Adams]], would go on to become the sixth US president.
[[File:Official Presidential portrait of John Adams (by John Trumbull, circa 1792).jpg|thumb|right|200px|John Adams]]

===The new constitution===
Massachusetts was the first state in the United States to abolish slavery. (Vermont, which became part of the U.S. in 1791, [[history of slavery in Vermont|abolished adult slavery]] somewhat earlier than Massachusetts, in 1777.) The new constitution also dropped any religious tests for political office, though local tax money had to be paid to support local churches. People who belonged to non-Congregational churches paid their tax money to their own church, and the churchless paid to the Congregationalists. Baptist leader [[Isaac Backus]] vigorously fought these provisions, arguing people should have freedom of choice regarding financial support of religion. Adams drafted most of the document and despite numerous amendments it still follows his line of thought. He distrusted utopians and pure democracy, and put his faith in a system of checks and balances; he admired the principles of the unwritten British Constitution. He insisted on a bicameral legislature which would represent both the gentlemen and the common citizen. Above all he insisted on a government by laws, not men.<ref>George C. Homans, "John Adams and the Constitution of Massachusetts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' (1981) 125#4 pp. 286–291 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/986331 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522001850/https://www.jstor.org/stable/986331 |date=May 22, 2021 }}</ref> The constitution also changed the name of the [[Massachusetts Bay State]] to the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]. Still in force, it is the oldest constitution in current use in the world.

===Shays's Rebellion===
{{Main|Shays's Rebellion}}
[[File:Springfield Armory.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Springfield Armory]] (building pictured is from the 19th century) was the first major target of the rebellion.]]

The economy of rural Massachusetts suffered an economic depression after the war ended. Merchants, pressured for hard currency by overseas partners, made similar demands on local debtors, and the state raised taxes in order to pay off its own war debts. Efforts to collect both public and private debts from cash-poor farmers led to protests that flared into [[direct action]] in August 1786. Rebels calling themselves ''Regulators'' (after the North Carolina [[War of the Regulation|Regulator movement]] of the 1760s) succeeded in shutting down courts meeting to hear debt and tax collection cases. By the end of 1786 a farmer in western Massachusetts named [[Daniel Shays]] emerged as one of the ringleaders, and government attempts to squelch the protests only served to radicalize the protestors. In January 1787 Shays and [[Luke Day]] organized an attempt to take the federal [[Springfield Armory]]; state militia holding the armory beat back the attempt with cannon fire. A private militia raised by wealthy Boston merchants and led by General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] broke the back of the rebellion in early February at [[Petersham, Massachusetts|Petersham]], but small-scale resistance continued in the western parts of the state for a while.<ref>Robert A. Gross, "A Yankee Rebellion? The Regulators, New England, and the New Nation," ''New England Quarterly'' (2009) 82#1 pp. 112-135 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474709 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235824/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474709 |date=September 16, 2018 }}</ref>

The state put down the rebellion—but if it had been too weak to do so it would be no help to call on the ineffective federal government. The event led nationalists like [[George Washington]] to redouble efforts to strengthen the weak national government as necessary for survival in a dangerous world. Massachusetts, divided along class lines polarized by the rebellion, only narrowly ratified the [[United States Constitution]] in 1788.<ref>Robert A. Feer, "  Shays's Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation," ''New England Quarterly,'' (1969) 42#3 pp. 388-410 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/363616 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010223152/https://www.jstor.org/stable/363616 |date=October 10, 2016 }}</ref>

===Johnny Appleseed===
[[File:Johnny Appleseed 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Johnny Appleseed]]
[[Johnny Appleseed|John Chapman]] often called Johnny "Appleseed" (born September 26, 1774, in [[Leominster, Massachusetts]]) was an American [[Folklore of the United States|folk hero]] and pioneer [[Plant nursery|nurseryman]] who introduced apple trees and established orchards to many areas in the Midwestern region of the country including [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]], and [[Indiana]]. Today, Appleseed is the official folk hero of Massachusetts and his stature has served a focus in many children's books, movies, and folk tales since the end of the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web | title =Johnny Appleseed | access-date =November 15, 2016 | url =http://www.biography.com/people/johnny-appleseed-38103#death-and-legend | archive-date =November 14, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20161114055035/http://www.biography.com/people/johnny-appleseed-38103#death-and-legend | url-status =live }}</ref>

==Early industrial period: 1815–1860==
In 1836, [[Mary Lyon]] opened [[Mount Holyoke College]], the first women's college in America. Lyon, a very active Congregationalist, promoted the college as an exemplification of the ideas of revivalist [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] regarding self-restraint, self-denial, and disinterested benevolence.<ref>Joseph Conforti, "Mary Lyon, the Founding of Mount Holyoke College, and the Cultural Revival of Jonathan Edwards," ''Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation'' (1993) 3#1 pp. 69-89 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123959 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215135704/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123959 |date=February 15, 2023 }}</ref> One of the first students was reclusive poet [[Emily Dickinson]].

During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American [[Industrial Revolution]], with factories around Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing precision manufacturing tools and paper.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 129, 211.</ref> The economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of waterpower and later the steam engine to power factories, and canals and later railroads for transporting goods and materials.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 202.</ref> At first, the new industries drew labor from [[Yankee]]s on nearby subsistence farms, and later relied upon Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Canada.<ref>Brown and Tager, pp. 133–136, 179.</ref>

===Industrial development===
[[File:Mill Building (now museum), Lowell, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|left|Textile mills such as the Boott Mills in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] made Massachusetts a leader in the [[The Industrial Revolution in the United States|US Industrial Revolution]].]]

Massachusetts became a leader in industrial innovation and development during the 19th century. Since colonial times, there had been a successful iron making industry in [[New England]]. The first successful [[ironworks]] in America was established at [[Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site|Saugus]] in 1646,<ref>[[John Steele Gordon|Gordon, John Steele]] (2004). ''An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power'', p. 35. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-009362-5}}.</ref> utilizing [[bog iron]] from swamps to produce plows, nails, firearms, hoops for barrels and other items necessary for the development of the Colony. Other industries would be established during this period, such as shipbuilding, lumber, paper and furniture making. These small-scale shops and factories often utilized the State's many rivers and streams to power their machinery.

While [[Samuel Slater]] had established the first successful textile mill at [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]], in 1793, there remained no way to efficiently mass-produce cloth from the spun yarn produced by the early mills. The yarn was still outsourced to small weaving shops where it was woven into cloth on hand looms. The first woolen mill, and the second textile mill in the [[Blackstone Valley]], was a "wool carding mill", established in 1810 by [[Daniel Day (manufacturer)|Daniel Day]], near the [[West River (Massachusetts)|West River]] and [[Blackstone River]] at [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]]. Then, in 1813, a group of wealthy Boston merchants led by [[Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)|Francis Cabot Lowell]], known as the [[The Boston Associates|Boston Associates]], established the first successful integrated [[Boston Manufacturing Company|textile mill]] in North America at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].<ref>Rorabaugh, W. J.; Crichtlow, Donald T.; and Baker, Paula C. (2004). ''America's Promise: A Concise History of the United States'', p. 154. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|0-7425-1189-8}}.</ref> Lowell had visited England in 1810 and studied the [[Lancashire]] textile industry. Because the British government prohibited the export of this new technology, Lowell memorized plans for the power looms on his return trip to Boston. With the skill of master mechanic [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]], the first successful power looms were produced, harnessing the power of the [[Charles River]]. For the first time, all phases of textile production could now be performed under one roof, greatly increasing production, and profits. This was the real beginning of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in America.

[[File:Hubert Sattler Boston.jpg|thumb|[[Boston]] painted by [[Hubert Sattler (painter)|Hubert Sattler]], c. 1850]]

With the early success of the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] at Waltham, the Boston Associates would also later establish several other textile towns, including [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] in 1823, [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] in 1845, [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]] in 1848 and [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] in 1850.

Lowell grew quickly to a city of 33,000 people by 1850. Its mills were highly integrated and centrally controlled. An [[Lowell canal system|ingenious canal system]] provided the water power that drove the machinery. Steam power would be introduced beginning in the 1850s. The mill owners initially employed [[Lowell girls|local farm women]], often recruited from poor, remote parts of New England, and attempted to create a [[Utopia]]n industrial society by providing housing, churches, schools and parks for their workers, unlike their English counterparts. Eventually, as the mills grew larger and larger, the owners turned to newly arrived [[Irish diaspora|Irish]] immigrants to fill their factories.

Industrial cities, especially [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] and [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], became important centers in textile machinery (in Worcester's case) and precision tool production and innovation (in Springfield's case.)  While Boston did not have many large factories, it became increasingly important as the business and transportation hub of all of New England, as well as a national leader in finance, law, medicine, education, arts and publishing.

====Railroads====
In 1826, the [[Granite Railway]] became the first commercial railroad in the nation. In 1830, the legislature chartered three new railroads—the [[Boston and Lowell Railroad|Boston and Lowell]], the [[Boston and Providence Railroad|Boston and Providence]], and most important of all, the [[Boston and Worcester Railroad|Boston and Worcester]]. In 1833, it chartered the [[Western Railroad (Massachusetts)|Western Railroad]] to connect Worcester with [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and the [[Erie Canal]]. The system flourished and western grain began flowing to the port of Boston for export to Europe, thereby breaking New York City's virtual monopoly on trade from the Erie Canal system. Much of the construction work was done by [[Irish Americans|Irish]] work gangs. They lived in temporary camps but many settled in the new industrial cities along the line, where the gang bosses became leaders in the Democratic Party.<ref>Edward J. O'Day, "Constructing The Western Railroad: The Irish Dimension," ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts,'' April 1983, 11#1 pp 7–21</ref> Some of their work is still used. For example, the stone [[Canton Viaduct]] at [[Canton, Massachusetts]], built in 1835, is still used by Amtrak's high-speed Acela Express along the Boston–Washington, Northeast Corridor. The viaduct required only minor changes to bring it up to late-20th-century standards.<ref>[[William D. Middleton]], "They're Still There: High Speed Rail's 1835 Underpinning," ''American Heritage of Invention and Technology,'' April 2001, 16#4 pp 52–55</ref>

====Whaling====
[[File:Walfang zwischen 1856 und 1907.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Whaling]]
Beginning in the late colonial period, Massachusetts leveraged its strong seafaring tradition, advanced shipbuilding industry, and access to the oceans to make the U.S. the pre-eminent whaling nation in the world by the 1830s.<ref>David Moment, "The Business of Whaling in America in the 1850s," ''Business History Review,'' Fall 1957, 31#3 pp 261–291</ref> Whale oil was in demand chiefly for lamps. By the 1750s whaling in [[Nantucket]] had become a highly lucrative deep-sea industry, with voyages extending for years at a time and with vessels traveling as far as South Pacific waters. The British Navy captured most of the whalers during the revolution, but at the same time many whalers refitted as privateers against the British. Whaling recovered after the war as [[New Bedford]] became the center. Whalers took greater economic risks to turn major profits: expanding their hunting grounds and securing foreign and domestic workforces for the Pacific. Investment decisions and financing arrangements were set up so that managers of whaling ventures shared their risks by selling some equity claims but retained a substantial portion due to moral hazard considerations. As a result, they had little incentive to consider the correlation between their own returns and those of others in planning their voyages. This stifled diversity in whaling voyages and increased industry-wide risk. After 1860, kerosene replaced whale oil—concurrent with the devastation of the whaling fleet by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] commerce raiders—and the entrepreneurs shifted to manufacturing.<ref>Eric Hilt, "Investment and Diversification in the American Whaling Industry." ''Journal of Economic History'' 2007 67(2): 292–314.</ref>

===Political and social movements===
{{Further|History of education in Massachusetts}}
On March 15, 1820, [[History of Maine|Maine]] was separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd State as a result of the enactment of the [[Missouri Compromise]].

[[Horace Mann]] made the state system of schools the national model. The Commonwealth made its mark in Washington with such political leaders as [[Daniel Webster]] and [[Charles Sumner]]. Building on the many activist [[Congregational churches]], [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]] flourished. [[William Lloyd Garrison]] was the outstanding spokesperson, though many "[[cotton Whig]]" mill owners complained that the agitation was bad for their strong business ties to [[Plantations in the American South|southern cotton planters]].

The Congregationalists remained dominant in rural areas, but, in the cities, a new religious sensibility had replaced their straight-laced [[Calvinism]]. By 1826, reported [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]:

<blockquote>All the literary men of Massachusetts were Unitarians. All the trustees and professors of Harvard College were Unitarians. All the élite of wealth and fashion crowded Unitarian churches. The judges on the bench were Unitarian, giving decisions by which the peculiar features of church organization, so carefully ordained by the [[Pilgrim fathers]], had been nullified.
</blockquote>

Some of the most important writers and thinkers of this time came from Massachusetts. [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] are well known today for their contributions to American thought. Part of an intellectual movement known as [[Transcendentalism]], they emphasized the importance of the natural world to humanity and were also part of the abolitionist call.

===Know Nothing movement===
The [[Know Nothing]] movement formed a new party in 1854 and captured almost all the seats in the legislature, the state government, and many cities.  Historian John Mulkern finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites, and to expertise, and deeply suspicious of outsiders especially Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They voted out the traditional upper-class closed political leadership class, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead they elected working-class men, farmers, and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property.<ref>{{cite book|author=John R. Mulkern|title=The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyISxp0yfG0C&pg=PA86|year=1990|publisher=University Press of New England|pages=74–89|isbn=9781555530716}}</ref>

In national perspective, the most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, Both in terms of nativism and in terms of reforms. Historian Stephen Taylor says that in addition to nativist legislation:

<blockquote>the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery, support for an expansion of the rights of women, regulation of industry, and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people.<ref>Stephen Taylor,  "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' (2000) 28#2 pp 167-84</ref></blockquote>

It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies, and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools, and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind.  Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority. The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents, while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts.  It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. Prohibition legislation imposed severe penalties: serving one glass of beer was punishable by six months in prison. Many juries refused to convict.  Many of the reforms were quite expensive; State spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. The extravagance angered the taxpayers; few Know Nothings were reelected so the brief two-year experiment ended.<ref>Taylor,  "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" pp 171-72</ref>

The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of [[Irish Catholics|Irish Catholic immigrants]]. State courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship; the public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias, and replaced Catholics holding state jobs with Protestants.  It failed to reach the two-thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years.  The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mulkern|title=The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyISxp0yfG0C&pg=PA101|year=1990|pages=101–11|isbn=9781555530716}}</ref>

The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality under way in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer, and saw its investigation became a laughing stock.<ref>John R. Mulkern, "Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 11 (1983): 22-34.</ref><ref>Mary J. Oates, "'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852-1890." ''New England Quarterly'' (1988) pp: 101-118 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/365222 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717130350/https://www.jstor.org/stable/365222 |date=July 17, 2018 }} reveals the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns.</ref><ref>Robert Howard Lord, et al. ''History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943'' (1944) pp. 686-99 for more details</ref>

==Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900==
{{See also|Massachusetts in the American Civil War}}
[[File:william garrison.jpg|thumb|left|[[William Lloyd Garrison]]]]

In the years leading up to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Massachusetts was a center of [[social progressivism]], [[Transcendentalism]], and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] activity. [[Horace Mann]] made the state system of schools the national model.<ref>Goldfield, et al., p. 251.</ref><ref>Brown, Richard D. and Tager, Jack (2000). ''Massachusetts: A Concise History'', p. 183. [[University of Massachusetts Press]]. {{ISBN|1-55849-249-6}}.</ref> Two prominent abolitionists from the Commonwealth were [[William Lloyd Garrison]] and [[Wendell Phillips]]. Garrison founded the [[New England Anti-Slavery Society]] in 1832, and helped change perceptions on slavery. The movement increased antagonism over the issues of slavery, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots in Massachusetts between 1835 and 1837.<ref>Brown (2000), pp. 185–86.</ref> The works of abolitionists contributed to the eventual actions of the Commonwealth during the Civil War.

[[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] made major contributions to American thought.<ref name=Goldfield254>Goldfield, et al., p. 254.</ref> Members of the Transcendentalism movement, they emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.<ref name=Goldfield254/> Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 185.</ref> opposition to slavery gradually increased in the next few decades.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 183.</ref><ref>Brown and Tager, pp. 187–193.</ref> Famed abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] moved to the ideologically progressive town of Springfield in 1846. It was there that Brown first became a militant anti-slavery proponent. In Springfield and in Boston, Brown met the connections that would both influence him, ([[Frederick Douglass]] and [[Sojourner Truth]] in Springfield,) and later fund his efforts, (Simon Sanborn and [[Amos Adams Lawrence]] in Boston,) in [[Bleeding Kansas]] and [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry]]. In 1850, Brown founded his first militant, anti-slavery organization – ''The League of the Gileadites'' – in Springfield,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Cliff |date=Summer 2022 |title=Who Were the Members of Springfield's League of Gileadites? |url=https://www.westfield.ma.edu/historical-journal/article-index-1976-2013/ |journal=Massachusetts Historical Journal |volume=50 |issue=1/2 |pages=148-196 |via=EBSCO}}</ref> to protect escaped slaves from 1850s [[Fugitive Slave Act]]. Massachusetts was a hotbed of abolitionism – particularly the progressive cities of Boston and Springfield – and contributed to subsequent actions of the state during the Civil War. Massachusetts was among the first states to respond to President [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]'s call for troops. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a [[African-American|Black]] regiment with [[White (people)|White]] officers, the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | access-date = October 19, 2009 | url = https://home.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/shaw.htm | archive-date = May 4, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504094805/https://www.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/shaw.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in [[Boston Common]] contains a relief depicting the 54th regiment.<ref>{{cite web | title = Augustus Saint-Gaudens | publisher = [[National Gallery of Art]] | access-date = October 19, 2009 | url = http://www.nga.gov/education/schoolarts/gaudens.htm | archive-date = November 10, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101110214258/http://www.nga.gov/education/schoolarts/gaudens.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Much of the Union's weaponry for the Civil War was produced in Springfield, at the [[Springfield Armory]].

Following the Civil War, thousands of immigrants from Canada and Europe continued to settle in the major cities of Massachusetts, attracted by employment in the state's ever-expanding factories.<ref>Fuchs, Lawrence H. "Immigration through the Port of Boston". In Stolarik, M. Mark, ed. (1988). ''Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States'', pp. 20–21. Balch Institute Press. {{ISBN|0-944190-00-6}}.</ref> The state also became a leader in education and innovation through this period, particularly in the Boston area.

===Invention of basketball and volleyball===
In 1891, and 1895, the sports of basketball and volleyball—both now Olympic sports, popular worldwide—were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] and [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]], respectively. Both inventors, [[James Naismith]], and [[William G. Morgan]] sought to create games for groups at the [[YMCA]], with Naismith seeking a fast-paced game for youths often confined indoors during New England's harsh winters.<ref name=hofsummary>{{cite web | last = Dodd | first = Hellen Naismith | date = January 6, 1959 | title = James Naismith's Resume | work = Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame | url= http://hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html | access-date = September 30, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071119053704/http://www.hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html |archive-date = November 19, 2007}}</ref> Morgan's invention of ''mintonette'', soon renamed volleyball at the suggestion of colleague Professor Alfred T. Halsted, was a direct response to the then-new sport basketball, as he sought to create a fast-paced game with similar objectives that could be more easily played by a wider variety of players young and old, athletic and non-athletic.<ref name="todayifoundout.cm">{{cite web |author=Daven Hiskey |url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/02/february-9th-william-g-morgan-invents-a-game-called-mintonette-that-is-better-known-today-as-volleyball/ |title=February 9th: William G. Morgan Invents a Game Called Mintonette that is Better Known Today as Volleyball |publisher=Todayifoundout.com |date=February 9, 2012 |access-date=April 29, 2017 |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919192136/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/02/february-9th-william-g-morgan-invents-a-game-called-mintonette-that-is-better-known-today-as-volleyball |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, Springfield is home to the international [[Basketball Hall of Fame]]. Holyoke is home to the international [[Volleyball Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2011/02/09/1961-masive-snowstorm-inundates-cape?blog=161 |title=1961: Massive snowstorm inundates Cape; 1895: Volleyball invented in Bay State; 1914: Fierce storm dooms one of last six-masted schooners |access-date=August 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095833/http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2011/02/09/1961-masive-snowstorm-inundates-cape?blog=161 |archive-date=July 21, 2011  }}</ref>

===Industrial advance===
[[File:Map of the Street Railways of the State of Massachusetts, 1913.jpeg|right|thumb|390px|[[Interurban]] street railway systems, or "trolleys", in Massachusetts, 1913]]

In the 1890s—largely due to the presence of the [[Springfield Armory]], which employed many skilled, mechanical workers—[[Springfield, Massachusetts metropolitan area|Greater Springfield]] became the United States' first major center of automobile and motorcycle innovation. The United States' first gasoline-powered automobile company, the [[Duryea Motor Wagon Company]], was founded in [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]] in 1893. The first American motorcycle company, the [[Indian Motorcycle Company]], was founded in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] in 1901. [[Knox Automobile]] produced the world's first motorized [[fire engines]] in Springfield in 1906.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/massachusetts/articles/2010/01/31/museum_will_have_you_wanting_the_car_keys/ | work=The Boston Globe | first1=Patricia | last1=Harris | first2=David | last2=Lyon | title=Museum will have you wanting the car keys | date=January 31, 2010 | access-date=August 9, 2011 | archive-date=September 28, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052744/http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/massachusetts/articles/2010/01/31/museum_will_have_you_wanting_the_car_keys/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Street railway workers with a thermite crucible on Main Street, Holyoke, 1904.png

{{multiple image
   | direction = vertical
   | width = 270
   | align = left
   | footer = A plaque honoring [[Charles E. Duryea]] and the [[Duryea Motor Wagon Company]] of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], first producer of an American gasoline automobile; Charles Pellissier and [[Holyoke Street Railway]] workers with a crucible prior to ignition, as the first mile of track in the United States is laid with [[thermite welding]] in 1904
   | image1 = Springfield, birthplace of the Automobile Industry (62030).jpg
   | image2 = Street railway workers with a thermite crucible on Main Street, Holyoke, 1904.png
}}

Although the basic rail system was in place by 1860, the railways continued to make major improvements in tracks, signals, bridging, and facilities. With steel came heavier trains and more powerful locomotives. In the 1880s the Boston & Albany Railroad invested heavily in its physical facilities, including the construction of over 30 new passenger stations. Famed Boston architect [[H. H. Richardson]] did much of the design work.<ref>Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, "Architecture for the Boston and Albany Railroad: 1881–1894," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians,'' June 1988, 47#2, pp 109–131</ref>

Passenger transportation was revolutionized by the electric trolley. [[Thomas Davenport (inventor)|Thomas Davenport]], the first American to construct a [[direct current|DC]] [[electric motor]], first demonstrated the feasibility of the electric railway in Springfield with a small circular railway in late 1835, which was subsequently exhibited in Boston that winter.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Electric Motor: And Its Applications|last1=Martin|last2=Wetzler|first1=Thomas Commerford|first2=Joseph|chapter=Chapter III. Early Motors and Experiments in America|page=13|publisher=W.J. Johnston Company, Ltd|location=New York|year=1892|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13|access-date=March 4, 2019|archive-date=February 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215135702/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref> Decades later in 1890, Springfield's first electric line was constructed by the [[Springfield Street Railway Company]], and by 1905 the city had more track than New York City. These lines provided rapid, cheap transportation for farm produce and workers, created land booms in suburbia, and permitted Sunday outings in the country. They were highly profitable and the base of numerous fortunes.<ref>Scott R. Johnson, "The Trolley Car as a Social Factor: Springfield, Massachusetts," ''History Journal of Western Massachusetts,'' 1972, 1#2 pp 5–17</ref>

Massachusetts played a unique role in what other states called the [[Progressive Era]], 1900–1917. It was relatively conservative in the early 20th century with a weak progressive movement. However, in the late 19th century the old upper-class Yankee establishment had put in place many of the reforms that other states adopted as progressive reforms. The state showed little support for prohibition or woman suffrage.<ref>Richard M. Abrams, '' Conservatism in a progressive era : Massachusetts politics, 1900-1912'' (1964) pp. viii-ix [https://archive.org/details/conservatisminpr0000abra online]</ref>

==Prosperity decades: 1900–29==
Massachusetts entered the 20th century with a strong industrial economy. Despite a lack of agricultural progress, the economy prospered between 1900 and 1919. Factories throughout the Commonwealth produced goods varying from paper to metals. Boston, in the year 1900, was still the second most important port in the United States, as well as the most valuable U.S. port in terms of its fish market. By 1908, however, the value of the port dropped considerably due to competition. Population growth during this period, which was aided by immigration from abroad, helped in urbanization and forced a change in the ethnic make-up of the Commonwealth.

The largely industrial economy of Massachusetts began to falter, however, due to the dependence of factory communities upon the production of one or two goods. External low-wage competition, coupled with other factors of the [[Great Depression]] in later years, led to the collapse of the state's two main industries: shoes and textiles. Between 1921 and 1949 the failure of those industries resulted in rampant unemployment and the [[urban decay]] of once-prosperous industrial centers which would persist for several decades.

The industrial economy began a decline in the early 20th century with the exodus of many manufacturing companies. By the 1920s competition from the South and Midwest, followed by the [[Great Depression]], led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and mechanized transportation.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 246.</ref> This decline would continue into the latter half of the century; between 1950 and 1979, the number of Bay Staters involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000.<ref>Brown and Tager, p. 276.</ref> The [[Springfield Armory]], the United States' Military's munitions producer since 1777, was controversially shut down by the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] in 1968. This spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the last 40 years of the 20th century.<ref>[http://www.uml.edu/com/cita/05paperforrantmuckensturm.pdf Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018103402/http://www.uml.edu/com/cita/05paperforrantmuckensturm.pdf |date=October 18, 2013 }}</ref> In Eastern Massachusetts, following World War II, the economy was transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service and high-tech based economy.<ref>Brown and Tager, pp. 275–283.</ref> Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]] corridor was dotted with [[high tech|high-technology]] companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.<ref name=Brown284>Brown and Tager, p. 284.</ref>

On Thursday, October 1, 1903, the city of Boston made history by hosting the inaugural [[1903 World Series|World Series]] at the [[Huntington Avenue Grounds]]. The [[Boston Red Sox]] won the best-of-nine series and launched into a [[baseball]] dynasty in the following years by capturing five championships in fifteen years behind Hall of Famer [[Babe Ruth]].

Massachusetts also endured [[class conflict]] during this period. In the [[1912 Lawrence Textile Strike|1912 general strike]] in Lawrence, almost all of the town's mills were forced to shut down as a result of strife over wages that sustained only poverty. The Commonwealth was confronted with issues of worker conditions and wages. For example, when the legislature decreed that women and children could work only 50 hours per week, employers cut wages proportionally. Eventually, the demands of the Lawrence strikers were heeded, and a pay increase was made.

==Depression and war: 1929–1945==
Even before the Great Depression struck the United States, Massachusetts was experiencing economic problems. The crash of the Commonwealth's major industries led to declining population in factory towns. The Boston metropolitan area became one of the slowest-growing areas in the United States between 1920 and 1950. Internal migration within the Commonwealth, however, was altered by the Great Depression. In the wake of economic woes, people moved to the metropolitan area of Boston looking for jobs, only to find high unemployment and dismal conditions. In the depressed situation that predominated in Boston during this era, racial tension sometimes manifested itself in gang warfare, notably with clashes between the Irish and Italians.

On the subject of securities laws in the early 1930s in response to the Great Depression, Boston figured prominently.
 
Three [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professors, [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Benjamin V. Cohen]] and [[James M. Landis]] drafted both Securities Act of 1933 and [[Securities Exchange Act of 1934]]. The 1st Chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] was from Boston.<ref>431 Days: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Creation of the SEC (1934-35) (Progressive Reform and the Securities Act) | Galleries | Virtual Museum and Archive of the History of Financial Regulation (sechistorical.org)</ref>   Kennedy Sr. had this to say before the Boston Chamber of Commerce on November 15, 1934: "Necessary, legitimate, useful, profitable enterprise will be encouraged. Only the senseless, vicious, and fraudulent activities will be curtailed, and these must and will be eradicated. The initials S-E-C, we hope, will come to stand for Securities Ex-Crookedness.  
Confidence is an outgrowth of character. We believe that character exists strongly in the financial world, so we  do not have to compel virtue; we seek to prevent vice.”<ref>{{cite speech|last= Kennedy|first= Joseph P.|author-link= Joseph P. Kennedy|title= Address by Hon. Joseph P. Kennedy, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission|event= Meeting of the Boston Chamber Of Commerce|date= November 15, 1934|location= |publisher= United States Government Printing Office|url= https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/1934/111534kennedy-1.pdf|access-date= August 13, 2022|page= 10|archive-date= May 13, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220513175538/https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/1934/111534kennedy-1.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> On June 6, 1934, FDR signed the Securities Exchange Act into law with Pecora.  At one point Roosevelt asked Pecora, "Ferd, now that I have signed this bill and it has become law, what kind of law will it be?" "It will be a good or bad bill, Mr. President," replied Pecora, "depending upon the men who administer it." (Ritchie, 59) 
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sechistorical.org/|title=Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society|first=SEC Historical|last=Society|website=www.sechistorical.org|access-date=April 5, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122114410/https://www.sechistorical.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The economic and social turmoil in Massachusetts marked the beginning of a change in the Commonwealth's way of functioning. Politics helped to encourage stability among social groups by elevating members of various ranks in society, as well as ethnic groups, to influential posts. The two major industries of Massachusetts, shoes and textiles, had declined in a way that even the post-World War II economic boom could not reverse. Thus, the Commonwealth's economy was ripe for change as the post-war years dawned.

==Economic changes: decline of manufacturing, 1945–1985==
[[File:Massachusetts municipal population flows.svg|thumb|Historical population changes among Massachusetts municipalities. Click to see animation.]]

World War II precipitated great changes in the economy of Massachusetts, which led to changes in society. The aftermath of WWII created a [[global economy]] that was focused upon the interests of the United States, both militarily and in relation to business. The domestic economy in the United States was altered by government procurement policies focused on defense. In the years following WWII, Massachusetts was transformed from a factory-based economy to one based on services and technology. During WWII, the U.S. government had built facilities that they leased, and in the post-war years sold, to defense contractors. Such facilities contributed to an economy focused on creating specialized defense goods. That form of economy prospered as a result of the [[Cold War]], the [[Vietnam War]], and the [[Korean War]].

In the ensuing years, government contracts, private investment, and research facilities helped to create a modern industry, which reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. All of these economic changes encouraged suburbanization and the formation of a new generation of well-assimilated and educated middle-class workers. At the same time, suburbanization and urban decay highlighted differences between various social groups, leading to a renewal of racial tension. Boston, a paragon of the problems in Massachusetts cities, experienced numerous challenges that led to racial problems. The problems facing urban centers included declining population, middle-class flight, departure of industry, high unemployment, rising taxes, low property values, and competition among ethnic groups.

==The Kennedy family==
[[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|210px|[[John F. Kennedy]], Massachusetts native and [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th]] President of the United States (1961–1963)]]
The [[Kennedy family]] was prominent in [[Massachusetts]] politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] included:

* [[John F. Kennedy]], a [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|United States senator from Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960 and president of the United States from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963
* [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[United States Attorney General]] from 1961 to 1964, [[List of United States senators from New York|United States senator from New York]] from 1965 to 1968, and [[Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign|presidential candidate in 1968]] until [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|his assassination]]
* [[Ted Kennedy]], a [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|United States senator from Massachusetts]] from 1962 until his death in 2009 and [[Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign|presidential candidate in 1980]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Biography: Edward Moore Kennedy | work = [[American Experience]] | access-date = May 28, 2010 | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedys-bio-edward-kennedy/ | archive-date = October 12, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101012132525/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/kennedys-bio-edward-kennedy/ | url-status = live }}</ref> 
* [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], a co-founder of the [[Special Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The Kennedys: A Family Tree | work = [[St. Petersburg Times]] | access-date = May 28, 2010 | url = http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml | archive-date = February 13, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180213000352/http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref>

John F. Kennedy's [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|birthplace and early childhood home]] is located on Beals Street in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. The famous [[Kennedy Compound]] is located in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Kennedy Compound | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | access-date = May 28, 2010 | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/presidents/site30.htm | archive-date = June 15, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615080253/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site30.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Modern economy and society: 1985–present==
Over the past 20–30 years, Massachusetts has cemented its place in the country as a center of education (especially higher education) and high-tech industry, including the [[biotechnology]] and information technology sectors. With better-than-average schools overall and many elite universities, the area was well placed to take advantage of the technology-based economy of the 1990s. The rebound from the decay of manufacturing into the high-technology sector is often referred to as the [[Massachusetts Miracle]].

The Commonwealth had several notable citizens in federal government in the 1980s, including presidential hopeful Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] and House Speaker [[Tip O'Neill]]. This legislative influence allowed the Commonwealth to receive federal highway funding for the $14.6 billion Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Known colloquially as "the [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]]", it was, at the time, the most expensive federal highway project ever approved. Designed to relieve some of the traffic problems of the poorly planned city, it was approved in 1987, and effectively completed in 2005. The project was controversial due to massive [[cost overrun|budget overruns]], repeated construction delays, water leaks in the new tunnels in 2004, and a ceiling collapse in 2006 that killed a Bostonian.

Several Massachusetts politicians have run for the office of President of the United States in this period, won the primary elections, and gone on to contest the national elections. These include:

* [[Michael Dukakis]] in [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]]; defeated by [[George H. W. Bush]]
* [[John Kerry]] in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]; defeated by [[George W. Bush]]
* [[Mitt Romney]] in [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]; defeated by [[Barack Obama]]

In 2002, the [[Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal]] involving local priests became public. The Archdiocese of Boston was found to have knowingly moved priests who sexually molested children from parish to parish and to have covered up abuse. The revelations caused the resignation of the archbishop, [[Bernard Law|Cardinal Bernard Law]], and resulted in an $85 million settlement with the victims. With the large Irish and Italian Catholic populations in Boston, this was a big concern. The diocese, under financial pressure, closed many of its churches. In some churches, parishioners camped out in the churches to protest and block closure.

On November 18, 2003, the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] (SJC) decided that the Commonwealth could not deny marriage rights to gay couples under the [[Constitution of Massachusetts|state constitution]]. On February 4, 2004, the SJC followed that ruling with a statement saying that allegedly [[separate but equal]] [[civil unions]], implemented as of late in [[Vermont]], would not pass constitutional muster and that only full [[gay marriage]] rights met constitutional guarantees. On May 17, 2004, the ruling took effect and thousands of gay and lesbian couples across the Commonwealth entered into marriage. Opponents of gay marriage subsequently pushed for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow the state to deny marriage rights to gay couples. It was necessary for the amendment to be approved by at least 1/4 of the members present in two consecutive legislative sessions of the [[Great and General Court|Massachusetts legislature]], and to receive majority support in a popular referendum. It passed the first legislative session, but was defeated in the second session, receiving less than 1/4 of the votes of the legislators present. As public opinion polls currently{{When|date=May 2011}} indicate majority support for gay marriage among the people of the Commonwealth, it is likely that the issue is settled in Massachusetts.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

Increased white-collar jobs have driven suburban sprawl, but the consequent effects of sprawl have been lessened by regulations on land use and zoning, as well as an emphasis on "smart growth". In recent years, the Commonwealth has lost population as high housing costs have driven many away from Massachusetts. The Boston area is the third most expensive housing market in the country. Over the last several years there has been a net outflow of about 19,000 people from the Commonwealth.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}{{Update after|2012|8|4}}

In 2006, the Massachusetts legislature enacted the first plan in the United States to provide all Commonwealth citizens with universal health insurance coverage, using a variety of private insurance providers. Insurance coverage for low-income individuals is paid for with tax revenues, and higher income people who don't have health insurance are required to purchase it. (The health insurance market is publicly regulated, so, at least in Massachusetts, no one can be denied coverage because of pre-existing conditions or be forced to pay exorbitant rates.) The implementation of [[Commonwealth Care]], the new universal coverage law, is proceeding, as of 2007.

[[File:1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boston Marathon bombing]]

Two bombs exploded near the finish line of the [[Boston Marathon]] on April 15, 2013, killing three spectators and injuring 264.  The 2 brothers [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]]  and [[Dzhokhar Tsarnaev]] set the bombs because they were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of an [[al-Qaeda]] affiliate.<ref>Leti Volpp,  "The Boston Bombers." ''Fordham Law Review'' 82 (2014).  [http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3277&context=facpubs online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204160100/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3277&context=facpubs |date=February 4, 2017 }}</ref>

On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted for The Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/politics/elections/hc-legal-marijuana-referendums-20161108-story.html|title=Recreational Marijuana Passes In Massachusetts|first=RUSSELL|last=BLAIR|website=courant.com|date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114124/https://www.courant.com/politics/elections/hc-legal-marijuana-referendums-20161108-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was included on the [[US Presidential Election|United States presidential election, 2016]] ballot in Massachusetts as an indirect initiated state statute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_(2016)|title=Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization, Question 4 (2016)|website=Ballotpedia|access-date=November 15, 2016|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201203651/https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_(2016)|url-status=live}}</ref>

===The Big Dig===
[[File:Boston CAT Project-construction view from air.jpeg|thumb|left|150px|Part of the "[[Big Dig]]" construction project; this portion is over the [[Charles River]]]]

In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Known as "the [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]]", it was at the time the biggest federal highway project ever approved.<ref name=BigDig1>Grunwald, Michael. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080401755.html "Dig the Big Dig"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106010031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080401755.html |date=November 6, 2019 }} ''[[The Washington Post]]''. August 6, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2010.</ref> The project included making the [[Central Artery]] a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways.<ref name=BigDig2>{{cite web|url=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Highway/bigdig/projectbkg.aspx |title=The Big Dig |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Transportation |access-date=May 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213200252/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Highway/bigdig/projectbkg.aspx |archive-date=December 13, 2009  }}</ref> Often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5 billion increasing to a final tally of over $15 billion, the Big Dig has nonetheless changed the face of Downtown Boston.<ref name=BigDig1/> It has connected areas once divided by elevated highway (much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the [[Rose Kennedy Greenway]]), and improved traffic conditions along a number of routes.<ref name=BigDig1/><ref name=BigDig2/>

==Boundaries==
The history of the boundaries of Massachusetts is somewhat complex and covers several centuries. Land grants made to various groups of early colonists, mergers and secessions, and settlements of various boundary disputes all had a major influence on the modern definition of the Commonwealth. Disputes arose due to both overlapping grants, inaccurate surveys (creating a difference between where the border "should" be and where markers are placed on the ground). Having loyal settlers actually on the ground also partially determined which portions of their vast claims early groups held on too.

===Founding grants===

In 1607, the [[Plymouth Company]] was granted a coastal charter for all ''coastal'' territory up to a certain distance from the eastern shoreline of North America, from 38°N to 45°N. The northern boundary was thus slightly farther north than the current Maine–New Brunswick border, and the southern border intentionally overlapped with the [[Virginia Company of London]] ("London Company") from the 38th parallel (near the current Maryland–Virginia border) to the 41st (near the current Connecticut–New York border in [[Long Island Sound]]). Neither colony was allowed to settle within 100 miles of the other. The Plymouth Company's patent fell into disuse after the failure of the [[Popham Colony]] in what is now Maine. Meanwhile, the [[Plymouth Colony]] had settled outside the territory of the London company due to navigational difficulties. The Plymouth Company was reorganized as the [[Plymouth Council for New England]], and given a new royal ''sea-to-sea'' charter for all North American territory from 40° North (just east between present-day Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey) and 48° N (thus including all of modern-day [[New Brunswick]], Nova Scotia, and [[Prince Edward Island]]). The Plymouth Colony was granted land patents between 1621 and 1630 from the Council to legitimize its settlement, though it maintained political independence under the [[Mayflower Compact]].

The Plymouth Council for New England made sub grants to various entities before it was surrendered to the crown in 1635 and ceased to operate as a corporate entity.

The [[Sheffield Patent]] granted the use of [[Cape Ann]] to members of the Plymouth Colony and the Dorchester Company. The fishing colony there failed, but led to the foundation of [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. The bankrupt Dorchester Company's lands were reissued as part of a larger grant to the [[Massachusetts Bay Company]]. Massachusetts Bay obtained in 1628/29 a ''sea-to-sea'' patent for all lands and islands from three miles north of the [[Merrimack River]] (roughly the current Massachusetts–New Hampshire border), to three miles south of the extents of the [[Charles River]] and [[Massachusetts Bay]]. The Charles River starts in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (in the middle of the territory) but flows in a circuitous path southeast to near present-day [[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]] on the modern Rhode Island border. Land belonging to any other colonies as of November 3, 1629, was excluded from the grant.

The boundary between the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony was settled in 1639, and today forms most of the border between [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]] to the north and [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]] and [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]] counties to the south.

In 1622, Sir [[Ferdinando Gorges]] obtained a patent for the [[Province of Maine]], lands north of the Massachusetts Bay border near the Merrimack River, up to the [[Kennebec River]]. This was soon split at the [[Piscataqua River]], with the southern portion eventually becoming the [[Province of New Hampshire]]. The northern portion came under Massachusetts Bay control in the 1640s. In 1664, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], obtained a charter for land from the Kennebec to the [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|St. Croix River]], joining it to his [[Province of New York]]. New Hampshire was joined with Massachusetts Bay from 1641 to 1679 and during the dominion period (1686–1692).

The 1629 charter of Massachusetts Bay was canceled by a judgment of the high court of chancery of England, June 18, 1684.<ref name="usgs">[http://www.msp.umb.edu/placereadings2.html The Boundary of Massachusetts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708135138/http://www.msp.umb.edu/placereadings2.html |date=July 8, 2007 }} from Boundaries of the United States and the Several States Franklin K VanZandt USGS Bulletin 1212, 1966 "Massachusetts" pages 95–106</ref>

The [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] was formed in 1691–92 by the British monarchs [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]. It included the lands of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine (including the eastern territories that had been part of Province of New York), and [[Nova Scotia]] (which included present-day [[New Brunswick]] and [[Prince Edward Island]]). [[Dukes County, Massachusetts]] ([[Martha's Vineyard]] and the [[Elizabeth Islands]]), and [[Nantucket, Massachusetts|Nantucket]] were also transferred from the [[Province of New York]]. In 1696, Nova Scotia was restored to France (who called it [[Acadia]]), but the northern and eastern boundaries of Maine would not be fixed until the 1840s.

===New Hampshire boundary===
[[File:Nhcolony.png|thumb|The disputed boundary between [[Massachusetts Bay Company]] and the [[Province of New Hampshire]].]]
{{Main|Northern boundary of Massachusetts}}

The [[Province of New Hampshire]] received a separate royal charter in 1679, but the language defining the southern border with Massachusetts Bay referenced the Merrimack River in an ambiguous way:

<blockquote>all that parte of New England in America lying and extending from the greate River commonly called Monomack als Merrimack on the northpart and from three Miles Northward of the said River to the Atlantick or Western Sea or Ocean on the South part [Pacific Ocean]<ref name="usgs" /></blockquote>

The result was disagreement over the [[northern boundary of Massachusetts]] that was often ignored by its governors because in those years they governed both Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Massachusetts claimed land west of the Merrimack as calculated from the headwaters of the river (which early colonial officials claimed to be the outlet of [[Lake Winnipesaukee]] in modern-day [[Franklin, New Hampshire]]), but New Hampshire claimed that its southern boundary was the line of latitude three miles north of the river's mouth. The parties appealed to King George II of Great Britain, who ordered the dispute be settled by agreement between the parties. Commissioners from both colonies met at [[Hampton, New Hampshire]] in 1737, but were unable to reach agreement.

In 1740, the King settled the dispute in a surprising manner, by declaring "that the northern boundary of Massachusetts be a similar curve line pursuing the course of the Merrimack River at three miles distance on the north side thereof, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean and ending at a point due north of a place called Pawtucket Falls [now [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]], and by a straight line drawn from thence west till it meets his Majesty's other governments." This ruling favored New Hampshire and actually gave it a strip of land 50 miles beyond its claim. Massachusetts declined to do a physical survey, so New Hampshire laid markers on its own.<ref name="usgs" />

===Rhode Island eastern border===
[[File:Plymouthcolonymap.png|thumb|Early settlements and boundaries of the [[Plymouth Colony]]]]

In 1641, the Plymouth Colony (at the time separate from the Massachusetts Bay Colony) purchased from the Indians a large tract of land which today includes the northern half of [[East Providence, Rhode Island|East Providence]] (from Watchemoket to Rumford), [[Rehoboth, Massachusetts]], [[Seekonk, Massachusetts]], and part of [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]. In 1645, John Brown of Plymouth bought a considerably smaller piece of land from the Indians, which today comprises the southern part of East Providence (Riverside), [[Barrington, Rhode Island]], and a small part of [[Swansea, Massachusetts]]. Finally, in 1661, Plymouth completed the "North Purchase", from which [[Cumberland, Rhode Island]], [[Attleboro, Massachusetts]], and [[North Attleborough, Massachusetts]], were later to be formed. The whole territory, which also included parts of modern [[Somerset, Massachusetts]], and [[Warren, Rhode Island|Warren]], [[Bristol, Rhode Island|Bristol]], and [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]] in Rhode Island, was at the time called "Rehoboth". The center of "Old Rehoboth" was within the borders of modern [[East Providence, Rhode Island]].

By the 1650s, Massachusetts Bay, the Colony of Rhode Island (not yet unified with Providence) the [[Connecticut Colony]], and two different land companies all claimed what is now [[Washington County, Rhode Island]], what was referred to as [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett Country]]. Massachusetts Bay had conquered [[Block Island]] in 1636 in retaliation for the murder of a trader at the start of the [[Pequot War]], and Massachusetts families settled there in 1661. The Plymouth Colony's land grant specified its western boundary as the Narragansett ''River'';<ref name="fowler">[http://www.sailsinc.org/Durfee/fowler4.pdf History of Fall River] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129120745/http://www.sailsinc.org/Durfee/fowler4.pdf |date=November 29, 2007 }}, p. 67-71</ref> it is unclear whether this referred to the [[Pawcatuck River]] (on the current Connecticut–Rhode Island Border) or [[Narragansett Bay]] (much farther east, near the modern-day Rhode Island–Massachusetts border).

In 1663, Rhode Island obtained a patent extending its territory in certain places three miles east of Narragansett Bay. In 1664, a royal commission appointed by King [[Charles II of England]] denied the claims of Massachusetts and Plymouth to land west of Narragansett Bay, granting jurisdiction to the newly unified [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] (pending resolution of the claims of Connecticut). However, the claims of Plymouth to all lands east of Narragansett Bay were upheld, and so the border was set in practice.<ref name="fowler" />

The 1691 charter unified Massachusetts Bay with Plymouth Colony (including Rehoboth) and said that the combined territory would extend as far south as "Our Collonyes of Rhode Island Connecticut and the Narragansett Countrey"<ref name="usgs" /> (Narragansett Country).

In 1693, the monarchs [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] issued a patent extending Rhode Island's territory to three miles "east and northeast" of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of Plymouth Colony.<ref name="where_2">{{cite web|url=http://oceanstater.blogspot.com/2007/02/border-is-where-part-ii.html|title=The Rhode Islander|author=Roger Williams|work=oceanstater.blogspot.com|date=February 8, 2007|access-date=October 15, 2007|archive-date=March 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330091345/http://oceanstater.blogspot.com/2007/02/border-is-where-part-ii.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This enlarged the area of conflict between Rhode Island and the Province of Massachusetts.

The issue was not addressed until 1740, when Rhode Island appealed to King George II of Great Britain. Royal commissioners from both colonies were appointed in 1741, and decided in favor of Rhode Island. The King affirmed the settlement in 1746 after appeals from both colonies. The royally approved three-mile boundary moved several towns on the eastern shore of [[Narragansett Bay]] (east of the mouth of the [[Blackstone River]]) from Massachusetts to Rhode Island.

This included what is now [[Bristol County, Rhode Island]] (the towns of Barrington, Bristol, and Warren), along with [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]], [[Little Compton, Rhode Island|Little Compton]], and [[Cumberland, Rhode Island]] (which was carved out of [[Attleborough, Massachusetts]]). East Freetown, which was left on the Massachusetts side of the border, was officially purchased by [[Freetown, Massachusetts]], from Tiverton in 1747.

Commissioners from Rhode Island had the new boundary surveyed in 1746 (without consulting Massachusetts), based on six reference points, from each of which a distance was measured 3 miles inland. Massachusetts accepted this border until 1791, when its own surveyors found that the Rhode Island surveyors had "encroached" on Massachusetts territory by a few hundred feet in certain places.  (Rhode Island disagreed.)  Of particular concern was the boundary near [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], which would later fall in the middle of a thickly settled area of high taxable value.<ref name="fowler" />

In 1812, after a court case involving the Massachusetts border, the western half of Old Rehoboth was set off as a separate township called [[Seekonk, Massachusetts]], leaving the eastern part as [[Rehoboth, Massachusetts]]. Old Rehoboth's town center now became the heart of Old Seekonk.

In 1832, Rhode Island filed a case with the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], but after six years of deliberations, it was dismissed. The court decided it did not have the jurisdiction to rule on the matter.<ref>[[State of Rhode Island v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts]], 37 U.S. 657 (1838)[http://supreme.justia.com/us/37/657/case.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118024053/http://supreme.justia.com/us/37/657/case.html|date=January 18, 2008}}</ref>

In 1844, and 1845, commissioners were once again authorized to survey and mark the boundary from Wrentham to the Atlantic Ocean, to address the inaccuracies of the 1746 survey. A report was issued in 1848, but the Massachusetts legislature refused to agree to the proposed solution after petitions from residents of Fall River.<ref name="fowler" /><ref name="battleship_cove">[http://aviewfrombattleshipcove.blogspot.com/2007/02/question-of-boundaries-part-iii-fall.html A Question of Boundaries, Part III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510005836/http://aviewfrombattleshipcove.blogspot.com/2007/02/question-of-boundaries-part-iii-fall.html |date=May 10, 2007 }} (''A View from Battleship Cove'' blog)</ref>

Both states filed [[Equity (law)|bills of equity]] with the Supreme Court in 1852, and after more surveying and negotiation, a decree was issued on December 16, 1861. On March 1, 1862, when the Supreme Court ruling became effective,<ref name="usgs" /> the western part of Old Seekonk (all of which was on the eastern shore of the [[Blackstone River]]) was ceded by Massachusetts and incorporated as [[East Providence, Rhode Island]]. Part of [[North Providence, Rhode Island]], was also combined with the former Pawtucket, Massachusetts and a sliver of Seekonk to form the modern [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]. A small amount of land was also added to [[Westport, Massachusetts]].<ref name="battleship_cove" /> The southern boundary of [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], was moved from Columbia Street to State Avenue, expanding its territory. The Supreme Court made these adjustments not in conformance with King George's instructions, but to unify the thickly settled areas of Pawtucket and Fall River under the jurisdiction of a single state.<ref name="fowler" />

The 1861–2 boundary was slightly redefined in 1897, using stone markers instead of high-water levels. The physical survey was performed in 1898, and ratified by both states.

===Rhode Island northern border===

In 1710–11, commissioners from the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and the Province of Massachusetts Bay agreed that the stake planted in 1642 by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffery at Burnt Swamp Corner on the plains of [[Wrentham, Massachusetts]], said to be at 41°55′N and thought to be three miles south of the southernmost part of the Charles River, would represent the starting point for the border.

The line extending west from the stake was surveyed in 1719, but inaccurately.<ref name="usgs" />

In 1748, Rhode Island appointed a commission to survey the line from the stake to the Connecticut border, but Massachusetts failed to send a delegation. The surveyors could not find the 1642 stake, and so marked a line from three miles south, by their reckoning, of "Poppatolish Pond" (presumably Populatic Pond, near Norfolk Airpark in [[Norfolk, Massachusetts]]). It was discovered that the Woodward and Saffery stake was considerably farther south than three miles from the Charles River.<ref name="usgs" />

Rhode Island claimed that its commissioners had made a mistake in basing the border on the 1642 stake, and in 1832 filed a case with the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. In 1846, the Court ruled in favor of Massachusetts. The same surveyors that marked the eastern boundary the previous year then marked the northern boundary, filing their report in 1848. Rhode Island accepted the markings as the legal boundary on the condition that Massachusetts do the same, but the Commonwealth failed to do so until 1865. But by that time, Rhode Island claimed that the 1861 Supreme Court case had changed matters so much as to render the "line of 1848" unacceptable.

===Connecticut border===
The town of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] was settled in 1636 by [[William Pynchon]] (as Agawam Plantation), encompassing the modern towns of Westfield, Southwick, West Springfield, Agawam, Chicopee, Holyoke, Wilbraham, Ludlow and Longmeadow in Massachusetts, and Enfield, Suffield, Somers, and East Windsor in Connecticut. It was connected to the Atlantic and major avenues of trade by the [[Connecticut River]], which ran past [[Hartford]] and through the territory of the [[Connecticut Colony]]. Initially, Springfield's founders attended the Connecticut Colony meetings held in Hartford; however, relations quickly soured between the strong-minded leaders of each settlement, the iconoclastic [[William Pynchon]] of Springfield and Puritan Reverend [[Thomas Hooker]] of Hartford. Pynchon proved to be a very savvy businessman, and his settlement quickly eclipsed the Connecticut towns in trade with the Natives. In 1640, during a grain shortage, Hooker and other Connecticut leaders gave Pynchon permission to buy grain for them; however, because the Indians were refusing to sell at reasonable prices, Pynchon refused the Indians' offers. Pynchon's perceived greed infuriated Hartford; however, Pynchon explained that he was merely trying to keep market prices steady so that colonists need not pay exorbitant amounts in the future. Infuriated, Hartford sent famed Indian-killer Captain John Mason up to Pynchon's settlement "with money in one hand and a sword in the other." Mason threatened the Natives by Springfield with war if they did not sell grain at the prices he demanded. Pynchon was disgusted by this behavior, as he had enjoyed a congenial relationship with the Natives – and Mason's threats made him look bad. Mason believed that Natives were untrustworthy, and thus exchanged some "hard words" with Pynchon before leaving Springfield. After Mason left, settlers of Agawam Plantation rallied in support of Pynchon. In 1640, they voted to annex their settlement – with arguably the best position on the Connecticut River, near [[Enfield Falls]], surrounded by fertile farmland and friendly Natives – to the faraway government in Boston, rather than the nearby government in Hartford.<ref name="umass">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/pynchon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921185345/http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/pynchon.html|url-status=dead|title=William Pynchon<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> (Springfield had been settled by permission of the [[Massachusetts General Court]], so Massachusetts assumed it had jurisdiction over Pynchon's settlement anyway; however, they renamed it Springfield in Pynchon's honor).

In 1641, Connecticut founded a trading post at Woronoke, which was in what was strongly considered to be Massachusetts territory (now Westfield).<ref name="jog">[http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/southwick_jog.pdf The Southwick Jog] by Reverend Edward R. Dodge {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929023040/http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/F000102F9/S00476B50-00476B5B.0/The%20Southwick%20Jog.pdf |date=September 29, 2009 }}</ref> Massachusetts complained, and Connecticut demanded that Springfield pay taxes to support the upkeep of the fort at the mouth of the river, in the [[Saybrook Colony]]. Springfield's magistrate, William Pynchon, would have been amenable to the tax if Springfield could have representation at the fort at Saybrook; however, Connecticut refused Springfield's request for representation. Pynchon appealed to Boston, which responded to Connecticut by threatening to charge Connecticut traders for the use of the port of Boston on which they heavily depended.<ref name="umass" />

To assert its sovereignty on the northern Connecticut River, the Massachusetts Bay Colony sent Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffery to survey and mark the boundary. They accidentally marked the boundary with Rhode Island significantly farther than the royally decreed three miles south of the southernmost part of the Charles River. Instead of traversing the territory of Massachusetts by land, they sailed around and up the Connecticut River, calculating the same latitude at which they had misplaced the stake on the Rhode Island border. This compounded the error even further, resulting in a four to seven mile discrepancy between where the border should have been and where it was marked, and awarding more territory to Massachusetts Bay than it had been granted by its charter. Although it was suspicious of this survey, Connecticut would not even receive a charter until 1662, and so the dispute would lie dormant for several decades.<ref name="jog" />{{dead link|date=October 2019}}

The towns of [[Woodstock, Connecticut|Woodstock]], [[Suffield, Connecticut|Suffield]], [[Enfield, Connecticut|Enfield]], and [[Somers, Connecticut|Somers]] were incorporated by Massachusetts, and mainly settled by migrants from the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies. In 1686, Suffield and Enfield (incorporated in Massachusetts) were in a dispute over town territory with Windsor and Simsbury (incorporated in Connecticut, and which then included Granby). Massachusetts did not agree to a re-survey, so Connecticut hired John Butler and William Whitney to do the job. They found the southernmost part of the Charles River, and then traveled by land westward. Their 1695 report found that the 1642 line had been drawn too far south.

Consternation ensued. Abortive pleas to England were made in 1702. In 1713, a joint commission awarded control of Springfield-area towns to Massachusetts (without consulting the residents of those towns), compensating Connecticut with an [[Equivalent Lands|equal amount of land]] further north. But the inhabitants of the Connecticut River border towns petitioned to be part of Connecticut in 1724, perhaps due to high taxes in Massachusetts or the greater civil liberties granted in the Connecticut charter.<ref name="ehs" />

In 1747, Woodstock petitioned the General Assembly of Connecticut to be admitted to the colony because the transfer of lands from Massachusetts in 1713 had not been authorized by [[The Crown]]. Suffield and Enfield soon followed, and the legislature accepted them in May 1749, and declared the 1713 compromise null and void. Massachusetts continued to assert sovereignty.<ref name="usgs" /><ref name="ehs">[http://home.att.net/~mkm-of-enfct/EHS/EHShistory.html Enfield History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116131813/http://home.att.net/~mkm-of-enfct/EHS/EHShistory.html |date=January 16, 2009 }} – Enfield Historical society</ref>

{{anchor|Southwick_Jog}}In 1770, [[Southwick, Massachusetts]], was granted independence from [[Westfield, Massachusetts]]. In May 1774, residents in southern Southwick also petitioned Connecticut for entry and secession from northern Southwick, on the grounds they were south of the royally approved border of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (three miles south of the Charles River). As a compromise, the area west of Congamond Lake remained in Massachusetts, and the area of Massachusetts east of the lake joined Suffield and became part of Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 26, 2012|title=The True Story of the Southwick Jog|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32031/true-story-southwick-jog|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=www.mentalfloss.com|language=en|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126193128/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32031/true-story-southwick-jog|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ehs" />

In 1791, and 1793, commissioners were sent from both states to survey the boundary line yet again, but were unable to agree until a compromise was reached in 1803–04. Massachusetts accepted the nullification of the 1713 compromise and the loss of the border towns, but regained the portion of southern Southwick west of the lake. This resulted in the modern boundary with Connecticut, a relatively straight east–west line except for the "[[Southwick Jog]]", a small, mostly rectangular piece of Massachusetts surrounded by Connecticut on three sides.<ref name="ehs" />

===New York border===

Massachusetts claimed all territory to the Pacific Ocean, based on its 1629 charter, but the [[Province of New York]] claimed the west bank of the [[Connecticut River]] (passing through Springfield, Massachusetts) as its eastern boundary, based on 1664 and 1674 grants to the Duke of York. The 1705 Westenhook Patent from the governor of New York allocated land west of the [[Housatonic River]] to specific individuals, resulting in ownership conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov//albany/na/westen.html|title=Westenhook Patent|website=exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141541/https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/na/westen.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1773, the western boundary of Massachusetts was settled with New York in its present location, and surveyed in 1787, following the line of [[magnetic north]] at the time. The starting point was a 1731 marker at the Connecticut–New York border, 20 miles inland from the [[Hudson River]].<ref name="usgs" />

Massachusetts relinquished sovereignty over its western lands (east of the Great Lakes) to New York in the [[Treaty of Hartford (1786)|Treaty of Hartford]] in 1786, but retained the economic right to buy the [[Boston Ten Townships]] from Native Americans before any other party. These purchase rights were sold to private individuals in 1788. The Commonwealth also [[State cessions|ceded]] its claim to far western lands (Michigan and all other land to the Pacific Ocean) to Congress in 1785.

In 1853, a small triangle of land in the southwest corner of the Commonwealth, known as [[Boston Corner, New York|Boston Corner]], was ceded from [[Mount Washington, Massachusetts]], to [[Ancram, New York]]. The mountainous terrain made it difficult for Massachusetts authorities to enforce the law there, making the neighborhood a haven for outlaws and [[prize-fighter]]s. Residents petitioned for the transfer to allow New York authorities to clean up the hamlet.

===Maine===
From 1658 to 1820 [[History of Maine|Maine]] was an integral part of Massachusetts. In 1820, Maine was separated from Massachusetts (with its consent) and admitted into the Union as an independent state, as part of the [[Missouri Compromise]].  (See the [[History of Maine]] for information about its boundaries, including disputes with New Hampshire and Canadian provinces.)

==See also==
{{Main|Historical outline of Massachusetts}}
* [[History of education in Massachusetts]]
* [[History of the Massachusetts Turnpike]]
* [[History of New England]]
* [[List of historical societies in Massachusetts]]
* [[Massachusetts Archives]]
* [[Native American tribes in Massachusetts]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Surveys===
* Brown, Richard D. and Jack Tager. ''Massachusetts: A Concise History'' (2002), a recent scholarly history
*  Clark, Will L. ed., ''Western Massachusetts: A History, 1636–1925'' (1926), history of towns and institutions
* Cumbler, John T. [https://www.questia.com/read/103568277/reasonable-use-the-people-the-environment-and-the online ''Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930''] (2001), environmental history
* Formisano, Ronald P., and Constance K. Burns, eds. ''Boston, 1700–1980: The Evolution of Urban Politics'' (1984)
* Flagg, Charles Allcott, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Atgy_Y0lRwC ''A Guide to Massachusetts local history''], Salem : Salem Press Company, 1907.
* Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. ''Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions'' (1996)
* Hall, Donald. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of New England'' (2005)
* Hart, Albert Bushnell ed.''Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, Colony, Province and State'' (1927–30), a five volume in-depth history, covering political, economic, and social matters [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27Commonwealth%20History%20of%20Massachusetts%2C%20Colony%2C%20Province%20and%20State%27%27 online]
* Langtry, Albert P. ed., ''Metropolitan Boston: A Modern History'' 4 vols. (1929).
* Wilkie, Richard W. and Jack Tager. ''Historical Atlas of Massachusetts'' (1991)
* Winsor, Justin ed., ''The Memorial History of Boston, Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880'' 4 vols.
* WPA. ''Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People.'' (1937), guide to every city and town

===Specialized scholarly studies===

====To 1780====
* Adams, James Truslow. ''The Founding of New England'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/foundingofneweng010190mbp online]
* Adams, James Truslow. ''Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776'' (1923) [https://www.questia.com/read/61938787/revolutionary-new-england-1691-1776 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017090328/https://www.questia.com/read/61938787/revolutionary-new-england-1691-1776 |date=October 17, 2020 }}
* Anderson, Fred. ''A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War'' (UNC Press Books, 2012).
* Andrews, Charles M. ''The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths'' (1919), short survey by leading scholar [https://archive.org/details/fathersofnewengl00andr online]
* Apostolov, Steven. "Native Americans, Puritans and ‘Brahmins’: genesis, practice and evolution of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts." ''Sport in Society'' 20.9 (2017): 1259-1270.
* Axtell, James, ed. ''The American People in Colonial New England'' (1973), new social history [https://www.questia.com/read/23195934/the-american-people-in-colonial-new-england online]
* [[Bernard Bailyn|Bailyn, Bernard]]. ''The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson'' (1975) [https://archive.org/details/BailynBernardTheOrdealOfThomasHutchinson online]
* Bailyn, Bernard. ''The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century'' (1955) [https://archive.org/details/newenglandmercha0000unse online]
* Blanck, Emily. ''Tyrannicide: Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts'' (U of Georgia Press, 2014).
* Bremer, Francis J. ''John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father'' (2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/104232630/john-winthrop-america-s-forgotten-founding-father online]
* Bremer, Francis J.  "John Winthrop and the Shaping of New England History." ''Massachusetts Historical Review'' 18 (2016): 1–17. 
* Brown, Robert E. ''Middle Class Democracy in Massachusetts, 1691–1789'' (1955) [https://archive.org/details/middleclassdemoc00browrich online]
* Cronon, William. ''Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England'' (1983), environmental history [https://archive.org/details/changesinlandind00cron_1 online]
* Dale, Elizabeth. ''Debating–and Creating–Authority: The Failure of a Constitutional Ideal in Massachusetts Bay, 1629-1649'' (Routledge, 2018).
* Fischer, David Hackett. ''Paul Revere's Ride'' (1994), explains 1775 in depth [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195088472 online]
* Fischer, David Hackett. ''Albion's seed: Four British folkways in America'' (Oxford University Press, 1989), detailed coverage of Puritan values and life style.
* Hart, Albert Bushnell ed.  ''Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, Colony, Province and State'' Volumes 1 and 2 (1927), to 1776
* Hosmer, James Kendall ed. ''Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England,"'' 1630–1649
* Karlsen, Carol F. ''The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England'' (1998), new social history
* Labaree, Benjamin Woods. ''Colonial Massachusetts: A History'' (1979), scholarly overview [https://archive.org/details/colonialmassachu0000laba online]
* Labaree, Benjamin W. ''The Boston Tea Party'' (1964) [https://archive.org/details/bostonteaparty1700laba online]
* Lockridge, Kenneth A. ''A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736'' (1970), new social history [https://archive.org/details/newenglandtown00lock online]
* Miller, John C. ''Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda'' (1936)
* Nagl, Dominik. ''No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1630-1769'' (LIT, 2013).[http://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C online]
* Riordan, Liam. "A Loyalist Who Loved His Country too Much: Thomas Hutchinson, Historian of Colonial Massachusetts." ''New England Quarterly'' 90.3 (2017): 344–384.
* Rutman, Darrett B. ''Winthrop's Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630–1649'' (1965)
* Taylor, Robert J. ''Western Massachusetts in the Revolution'' (1954)
* Tyler, John W. "Thomas Hutchinson: America's “Enlightenment” Historian." ''Massachusetts Historical Review'' 18 (2016): 64-87.
* Vaughan, Alden T. ''New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620–1675'' (1995)
* Warden, G. B. ''Boston 1689–1776'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/boston1689177600ward online]
* Waters Jr, John J. ''The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts'' (UNC Press Books, 2015).
* Weeden, William. ''Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789'' (1890) [https://archive.org/details/economicsocialhi01weed online]
* Whiting, Gloria McCahon. "Emancipation without the courts or constitution: the case of Revolutionary Massachusetts." ''Slavery & Abolition'' (2019): 1-21. [http://www.academia.edu/download/63311852/Article_Emancipation_without_the_courts_or_constitution20200514-27211-4wyao6.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Zobel, Hiller B. ''The Boston Massacre'' (1978)

====1780–1900====
* Adams, James Truslow. ''New England in the Republic, 1776–1850'' (1926) [https://archive.org/details/newenglandinrepu00adam online]
* Banner, James. ''To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/tohartfordconven0000bann online]
* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=Jonathan Edward |date=2014 |title='A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne': The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=490–525 |doi=10.1162/TNEQ_a_00396 |jstor=43285101|hdl=2286/R.I.26592 |s2cid=57571000 |hdl-access=free }}
* Baum, Dale. ''The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876'' (1984), new political history
* Berenson, Barbara F. "The Campaign for Women's Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1869-95." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 47.2 (2019): 26+.
* Blodgett, Geoffrey ''The Gentle Reformers: Massachusetts Democrats in the Cleveland Era'' (1966) [https://archive.org/details/isbn_0674347501 online]
* Breitborde, Mary-Lou, and Kelly Kolodny. "The People's Schools for Teachers of the People: The Development of Massachusetts' State Teachers Colleges." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'', vol. 43, no. 2, 2015, p.&nbsp;2+. [https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA514177494&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=02768313&p=AONE&sw=w abstract]
* Brooks, Van Wyck. ''The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865'' (1936), famous writers [https://archive.org/details/floweringofnewen030030mbp online]
* Clark, Christopher. ''The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860'' (1990) [https://archive.org/details/rootsofruralcapi00chri online]
* Deutsch, Sarah. ''Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870–1940'' (2000)
* Dublin, Thomas. ''Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860'' (1993)
* Faler, Paul Gustaf. ''Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780–1860'' (1981)
* Formisano, Ronald P. ''The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s'' (1983), new political history [https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000form online]
* Forrant, Robert. "The Rise and Demise of the Connecticut River Valley's Industrial Economy." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 46.1 (2018).
* Goodman, Paul. ''The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts'' (1964)
* Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. ''Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions'' (1996)
* Gutman, Herbert. ''The New England Working Class and the New Labor History'' (1987)
* [[Oscar Handlin|Handlin, Oscar]] and Mary Flug Handlin. ''Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774–1861'' (1947), influential study [https://www.questia.com/read/96662356/commonwealth-a-study-of-the-role-of-government-in online]
* Handlin, Oscar. ''Boston's Immigrants: A Study in Acculturation'' (1941), social history to 1865 [https://archive.org/details/bostonsimmigrant00hand_0 online]
* Lahav, Alexandra D., and R. Kent Newmyer. "The Law Wars in Massachusetts, 1830-1860: How a Band of Upstart Radical Lawyers Defeated the Forces of Law and Order, and Struck a Blow for Freedom and Equality Under Law." ''American Journal of Legal History'' 58.3 (2018): 326–359.
* Lu, Qian. ''From Partisan Banking to Open Access: The Emergence of Free Banking in Early Nineteenth Century Massachusetts'' (Springer, 2017).
* Minardi, Margot. ''Making Slavery History: Abolitionism and the Politics of Memory in Massachusetts'' (Oxford UP, 2012).
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860'' (1921)
* Nelson, William. ''Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830'' (1994)
* Peters Jr., Ronald M. ''The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780: A Social Compact'' (1978)
* Porter, Susan L. ''Women of the Commonwealth: Work, Family, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts''  (1996)
* Prude, Jonathan. ''The Coming of Industrial Order: A Study of Town and Factory Life In Rural Massachusetts, 1813–1860'' (1983)
* Rosenkrantz, Barbara. ''Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842–1936'' (1972),
* Stone, Orra. ''History of Massachusetts Industries: Their Inception, Growth and Success'' (4 vol 1930). 
* Story, Ronald. ''The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and the Boston Upper Class, 1800–1870'' (1980).
* [[David Szatmary]]. ''Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection'' (1980);
* Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic, eds. ''Massachusetts in the Gilded Age: Selected Essays'' (1985), essays on ethnic groups
* Vinovskis, Maris A. ''Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War'' (Academic Press, 2013).
* Wall & Gray. 1871 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404033909/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_results.asp?ImageType=index&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871 ''Atlas of Massachusetts''.] 1871 (Atlas of Massachusetts, with counties and municipalities.)
* Ware, Edith E. ''Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction,'' (1916). [https://archive.org/details/politicalopinion01ware full text online]
* Wilson, Harold Fisher. ''The Hill Country of Northern New England: Its Social and Economic History, 1790–1930''(1967)

====1900–present====
* Abrams, Richard M. ''Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics, 1900–1912'' (1964) 
* Anderson, Alexis. "Custom and Practice Unmasked: the Legal History of Massachusetts' Experience with the Unauthorized Practice of Law." ''Massachusetts Law Review'' 94.4 (2013): 124–141. [https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=lsfp online]
* [https://archive.today/20121205055423/http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2931364 Black, John D. ''The rural economy of New England: a regional study'' (1950)]
* Blewett, Mary H. ''The Last Generation: Work and Life in the Textile Mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, 1910–1960 '' (1990)
* Bull, Webster. ''Something in the Ether: A Bicentennial History of Massachusetts General Hospital, 1811-2011'' (2011)
* Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. ''Conquest of New England by the Immigrant'' (1926) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59577 online]
* Connolly, Michael C. "Splitting the Vote in Massachusetts: Father Charles E. Coughlin, the Union Party, and Political Divisions in the 1936 Presidential and Senate Elections." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 43.2 (2015): 90+.
* Conforti, Joseph A.  ''Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century'' (2001)]
* Deutsch, Sarah. ''Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870–1940'' (2000) 
* Freeland, Richard M. ''Academia's Golden Age: Universities in Massachusetts, 1945–1970'' (1992) 
* Garvine, Hariold. "The New Deal in Massachusetts," in John Braeman et al. eds. ''The New Deal: Volume Two – the State and Local Levels'' (1975) pp 3–44
* Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. ''Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions'' (1996)
* Gutman, Herbert. ''The New England Working Class and the New Labor History'' (1987)
* Huthmacher, J. Joseph. ''Massachusetts People and Politics, 1919–1933'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/massachusettspeo0000huth online]
* Kane, Paula M. ''Separatism and Subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900–1920'' (1994)
* Lazerson, Marvin, ''Origins of the Urban School: Public Education in Massachusetts, 1870–1915'' (1971)
* Litt, Edgar. ''The Political Cultures of Massachusetts'' (1965). [https://archive.org/details/politicalculture00litt online]
* Lockard, Duane. ''New England State Politics'' (1959), pp 119–71 covers 1945–58
* McLaughlin, Capt Daniel W. "Massachusetts Aviation." ''Air & Space Power Journal'' 33.3 (2019): 99+.
* Nutter, Kathleen Banks. "Women Reformers and the Limitations of Labor Politics in Massachusetts, 1874-1912." ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 42.1 (2014): 80+.
* Peirce, Neal R. ''The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States'' (1976)  pp 62–140; updated in Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom, ''The Book of America: Inside the Fifty States Today''  (1983) pp 153–75; in-depth coverage of the 1958–82 era
* Stack Jr., John F. ''International Conflict in an American City: Boston's Irish, Italians, and Jews, 1935–1944'' (1979).
* Trout, Charles. ''Boston, The Great Depression and the New Deal'' (1977)
* White, William Allen. ''A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge'' (1938)
* Whitehill, Walter Muir. ''Boston in the Age of John Fitzgerald Kennedy'' (1966)
* WPA. ''Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People.'' (1937), guide to every city and town
* Zimmerman, Joseph F. ''The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action'' (1999)

===Primary sources===
* [http://www.digitalbookindex.com/_search/search010hstregionalnewenglanda.asp Online sources], via digitalbookindex.com
* Bradford William. ''History of Plymouth Plantation''  Edited by Worthington C. Ford. 2 vols. Boston, 1912. [https://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/williambradford.html#writings online excerpts]
* Dwight, Timothy. ''Travels Through New England and New York'' (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN244525439 vol 1]; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6116 vol 2]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6784 vol 3]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6003 vol 4]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://newenglandtowns.org/massachusetts/ 1837 descriptions of Massachusetts cities, towns, mountains, lakes, and rivers, from ''Hayward's New England Gazetteer.'']
* [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ADH0309 McPhetres, S. A. ''A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town'' (1868)]
* Taylor, Robert J. ed. ''Massachusetts, Colony to Commonwealth: Documents on the Formation of the Constitution, 1775–1780'' (1961)
* Wood, William (ed by Alden T. Vaughan). ''New England's Prospect'' (1634), the earliest long description of natural history

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=masshistrevi Scholarly articles] in ''[[Massachusetts Historical Review]]''
* [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=newenglquar scholarly articles] in ''[[New England Quarterly]]''
* [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=willmaryquar Scholarly articles] in ''[[William and Mary Quarterly]]''
*[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm Official History of Massachusetts] - [[Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth|Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]
*[http://www.masshist.org/ Massachusetts Historical Society]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/mastatelibrary/sets/ Massachusetts historical city atlases] - [[State Library of Massachusetts]]
*[http://www.davidrumsey.com/directory/where/Massachusetts/ Maps of Massachusetts] - [[David Rumsey Historical Map Collection]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050512/http://www.masshistory.com/ MassHistory.com]
*[http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/ ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209065501/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/ |date=December 9, 2016 }} - [[Westfield State University]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/massachusetts/index.html Massachusetts State Guide] from the Library of Congress

{{Massachusetts}}
{{U.S. political divisions histories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Massachusetts}}
[[Category:History of Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:History of the United States by state or territory|Massachusetts]]