View source for History of Long Island

{{Short description|Historical overview}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{Long Island}}
[[Long Island]] has had a long [[recorded history]] from the first European settlements in the 17th century to today.  Greatly influenced by construction of railroads in the 19th century, it experienced growth in tourism as well as the development of towns and villages into some of the first modern [[suburb]]s in the [[United States]].

==Native American settlements==
At the time of [[European colonization of the Americas|European contact]], the [[Lenape]] people (named the ''Delaware'' by Europeans) inhabited the western end of the Island, and spoke the [[Delaware languages|Munsee]] dialect of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language family]]. [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] was the first European to record an encounter with these people when he entered what is now [[New York Bay]] in 1524.

The eastern portion of the island was inhabited by speakers of the [[Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language]] group of the same language family, representing their ties to the [[aboriginal people]]s inhabiting what is now [[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]].  The area was central to the production of [[Wampum]], providing the resources necessary for its creation.
[[File:Tribal Territories Southern New England.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Montaukett]] tribe and their northern neighbors]]
Decades after the decline in population of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] on Long Island, amateur [[anthropologist]] [[Silas Wood]] published a book claiming that there had been several homogenous "tribes" traditional to Long Island; they erroneously became collectively known as the [[Metoac]], a word that has no known Native American origin and means nothing in any indigenous language on Long Island.  Modern scientific scholarship has shown that there were two linguistic groups representing two cultural identities on the island, as noted above, not "13 tribes" as asserted by Wood.{{Sfn|Bragdon,|2002|p=}}{{Sfn|Strong,|1996|p=27}}{{Sfn|Wood}}  The [[Montaukett]], [[Unkechaug]], and [[Shinnecock Indian Nation|Shinnecock]] nations, three Native American groups with ties to aboriginal inhabitants, still live on the island.

A Native American name for Long Island is ''Paumanok'', meaning "The Island that Pays Tribute".  More powerful tribes in the surrounding areas forced the relatively peaceful Long Islanders to give [[tribute]]s and payment to avoid attacks.{{Sfn|"American Indians"}}

{{clear}}

==Colony==

===Dutch and English Settlements===
[[File:Ctcolony.png|thumb|right|400px|A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies.]]
[[File:Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Novæque_Angliæ_(Amsterdam,_1685).jpg|thumb|Excerpt from the Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ map by Nicolaes Visscher (1685), with "'t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs" in red]]
The western portion of Long Island was settled by the Dutch, who named it ''<nowiki/>'t Lange Eylandt'', which  translates to ''the Long Island'' in old-Dutch. They also had early settlements in the 17th century on what are now Manhattan and Staten Island.

On April 22, 1636, [[Charles I of England]] ordered that the [[Plymouth Colony]], which had laid claim to the island but had not settled it, give the island to [[William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling|William Alexander]].{{Sfn|Wood|1828|p=162}}  Alexander through his agent James Farret (who personally received [[Shelter Island (town), New York|Shelter Island]] and [[Robins Island]]) in turn sold most of the eastern island to the New Haven and Connecticut colonies.{{Sfn|Thompson||p=}}

English settlers first arrived at Southold in eastern Long Island in 1636/37 and were involved in the distillation of turpentine resins. Among those who first settled in Southold were Matthew Sunderland, William Salmon, Thomas Reeve, Thomas Terrill, Thomas Benedict, and Henry Whitney, with Sunderland, Salmon, Whitney, and Benedict taking equal ownership of land tracts Sunderland had received from Farret.<ref>{{cite web |author=Wesley L. Baker |author2=Arthur Channing Downs Jr |date=1969 |title=Study of the 1658 and 1696 Depositions of Thomas Osman and Early History of Hashamomuck in the Town of Southold, Long Island |website=Long Island Genealogy |url=http://longislandgenealogy.com/ThomasOsman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807215056/http://longislandgenealogy.com/ThomasOsman.pdf |archive-date=2023-08-07}}{{rs|date=January 2024}}</ref> [[Lion Gardiner]] was among the first English settlers as he settled on [[Gardiners Island]] in 1637.

Farret arrived in [[New Amsterdam]] in 1637 to present his claim of English sovereignty and was arrested and sent to prison in Holland where he escaped.  English attempted to settle at Cow Bay at what today is [[Port Washington, New York|Port Washington]] in May 1640 but were arrested and released after saying they were mistaken about the title.{{Sfn|Holland Society,|1922|p=15 }}

English settlements on the east end began in earnest shortly thereafter.

[[Puritans]] from [[New Haven, Connecticut]], arrived in present-day Southold on October 21, 1640. Under the leadership of the Reverend [[John Youngs (minister)|John Youngs]] (1598–1672), with Peter Hallock, the families of [[Barnabas Horton]] ({{italic correction|''abt.''}} 1600–1680), John Budd, John Conklin (1600–1684), William Wells, John Tuthill, Thomas Mapes, Richard Terry, Matthias Corwin, Robert Akerly, Zachariah Corey and Isaac Arnold planted the first English and first white settlement in eastern Long Island. They purchased the land in the summer of 1640 from an Indian tribe named the Corchaugs.  The Corchaug name of what became Southold was ''Yenniock''.  Southampton was founded when settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts established residence on lands obtained from local Shinnecock Indian Nation also in 1640. The first settlers included eight men, one woman, and a boy who came ashore at Conscience Point. Dutch complaints did not matter.  Officials of the Colony of [[New Netherland]] did not make immediate efforts to expel the English from such a remote place.

Southold remained under the jurisdiction of New Haven until 1662, and of Connecticut until 1674. When the English handed over the colony of New York to the Dutch in 1673, the eastern towns, including Southold, Easthampton and Southampton, refused to submit.  The Dutch attempted to force the matter by arms.  The English colonists repelled them with assistance from Connecticut settlers.

When New York became English again in 1674, these eastern towns, whose people were Yankee by background, preferred to stay part of Connecticut.  Although Connecticut agreed, the government of the Duke of York forced the matter.  Governor Sir [[Edmund Andros]] threatened to eliminate the settlers' rights to land if they did not yield, which they did by 1676.{{Sfn|Bayles,|1874|p=365}}  This was chiefly the result of the Duke of York's grudge against Connecticut, as New Haven had hidden three of the judges who sentenced the Duke's father [[List of regicides of Charles I|King Charles I to death]] in 1649.

Long Island contained three of the original twelve counties of the English [[Province of New York]] organized in 1683: Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. At that time, Queens County included all of present-day Nassau County and a small portion of western Suffolk County.

Residents in Long Island towns conducted several [[witch hunts]], including one involving the daughter of Lion Gardiner in [[East Hampton (town), New York|East Hampton]]. Early [[United States|colonial]] figures on the island include [[Wyandanch (sachem)|Wyandanch]], [[William "Tangier" Smith]], Captain [[William Kidd]], [[Lion Gardiner]], and [[Captain John Underhill|John Underhill]].

===Revolutionary War===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Battle of LongIsland.jpg|thumb|left|420px|[[Battle of Long Island]]  –  '''August 27''',''' [[1776]]''']] -->

The [[Battle of Long Island]], the largest [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] battle, ranged across Kings County, now the Borough of [[Brooklyn]] in New York City.  Apart from espionage and raids across [[Long Island Sound]], there was limited military action in Queens and Suffolk County. Throughout most of the war, Long Island was controlled by the King's forces.  As was customary, they billeted [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] and regular troops with local households, who had to provide bedding and food for soldiers.  In [[Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York|Oyster Bay]], Major [[John André]] was visiting{{Sfn|Bailey, Vol. 1,|1949|p=476 }} the headquarters of Lt. Col. James Simcoe at [[Raynham Hall Museum|Raynham Hall]], the family home of Robert Townsend, one of George Washington's [[Culper Ring]] spies.  Townsend family legend holds that Robert's sister Sally overheard André and Simcoe discussing Benedict Arnold's treasonous plan to turn West Point over to the King's forces.{{Sfn|"Townsend Family",|2007}}

Colonists conducted numerous raids on Long Island during the war, [[Whaleboat War|usually by whaleboats]] from Connecticut. The most famous raid was the [[Sag Harbor]] or [[Meigs Raid]] in 1777. Possibly the last battle of the American Revolution was the "Boat Fight" of December 1782.{{Sfn|Mather,|1913|p= }}

==Nineteenth century==
{{wide image|File:1873 Beers Wall Map of Long Island, New York - Geographicus - LongIsland-beers-1873.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|(1873){{Sfn|Beers: "Map of Long Island",|1873|p= }}}}
In the 19th century, Long Island was still mainly [[rural]] and [[agricultural]].  Suburbanization started modestly on Long Island when reliable steam [[List of ferries across the East River|ferry service]] allowed prosperous [[Wall Street]]ers to get to new [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]] homes in time for dinner.  Rural traffic was served by the new Brooklyn and Jamaica [[Plank road]] through [[Jamaica Pass]], among others.  After the [[American Civil War]], [[streetcar suburb]]s sprawled out onto the [[outwash plain]] of central and southern Kings County.  [[Tram|Trolleys]] also brought workers from other parts of western Queens to [[Long Island City]] jobs.

The [[History of the Long Island Rail Road|Long Island Rail Road]] was begun as a combined ferry-rail route to Boston via [[Greenport, Suffolk County, New York|Greenport]].  The predecessor to the [[Long Island Rail Road]] began service in 1836 from the [[South Ferry, Brooklyn|ferry terminal]] (to Manhattan) through Brooklyn to Jamaica in Queens, and completed the line to the east end of Long Island in 1844.  Other rail lines to [[Coney Island]], the [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaways]] and Long Beach serviced the [[beach resort]] towns. The growing and merging railroads opened up more than 50 stations in (present-day) Nassau County and over 40 in Suffolk Country, laying the foundation for the future [[suburbanization]] of the island.{{Sfn|"MTA Map"}}

From 1830 until 1930, population roughly doubled every twenty years, and several cities were incorporated, such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County, and [[Long Island City]] in Queens.

By the late 19th century, Long Island had become a summer refuge for residents of New York City. The Landing, in [[Glen Cove, New York|Glen Cove]], is named for the spot where 19th-century steamship lines would disembark summer visitors, not far from where [[J. P. Morgan]] had his summer mansion.  Long Island was the home of a branch of the prominent [[Roosevelt family]], including author [[Robert Roosevelt]], and his more famous nephew, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who built a summer home at [[Sagamore Hill]] on the North Shore of Nassau County – on the outskirts of [[Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York|Oyster Bay]].  [[Roosevelt Field]] was named after [[Quentin Roosevelt]], Theodore's son.  [[Gold Coast Mansions]] on the North Shore of Long Island were also the homes of the wealthy [[Vanderbilt family]] and late-19th-century financiers and industrialists, such as John Paul Getty, [[Charles Pratt]] and others.

[[File:Brooklyn Bridge at Dusk.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Brooklyn Bridge]], the first of seven bridges constructed across the [[East River]], connects Long Island with the Borough of Manhattan (in background).]]
Until the 1883 completion of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], the only connection between Long Island and the rest of the United States was by boat. Other bridges and tunnels followed, and a suburban character spread as population increased.

On January 1, 1898, Kings County and portions of Queens were consolidated into ''[[City of Greater New York|The City of Greater New York]]'', abolishing all cities and towns within them. The easternmost 280 square miles (725&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of Queens County, which were not part of the consolidation plan,<!-- \\ BEGIN refs that Nassau never voted on consolidation -->{{Sfn|''Newsday'', March 29,|2007|p= }}{{Sfn|''New York Times'', September 13,|1894|p= }}{{Sfn|''New York Times'', November 4,|1894|p= }}{{Sfn|''New York Times'', November 8,|1894|p= }}{{Sfn|''New York Times'', February 22,|1896|p= }}{{Sfn|''New York Times'',  February 12,|1899|p= }}<!-- \\ END refs that Nassau never voted --> formed a separate county in 1899. "Nassau", one of several names by which the island was once known, was revived to represent the newly established county.

=== Slavery on Long Island ===
Black people have been an integral part of Long Island history, most arriving first as slaves before the Revolution and working both at domestic and rural trades. New York and Long Island [[History of slavery in New York|kept slavery]] until laws for its gradual abolition were passed in 1799.  The last slaves were freed by 1827. Most freedmen settled near where they had been living.

With the small family farms and industrial economy within the North, the need for slavery was much less than in the Southern United States. Slavery tended to be more common in rural areas of the Northeast, like Long Island, rather than in the cities.{{Sfn|Burrows & Wallace,|1999|p= }} Slavery took a different form in the Northern states than on Southern plantations. While slaves were still treated as property by law, and included as bequests in wills, they were fewer in number.{{Sfn|Griswold,|2013|p=188}} On Long Island, it was typical for farmers to own five or six slaves per household. They lived closely within the family, sometimes within the same quarters.

After the Civil War, the issue of race increased on Long Island, as well as surrounding areas in New York. Fears of freed blacks taking the jobs of working-class whites created tensions in addition to  tensions with immigrant communities seeking work.{{Sfn|Peterson,|2011|p=}}  As time progressed, African Americans within the local Tri-State area began to work in industrialized cities such as New York City and Philadelphia.

==Growth in the 20th century==
Early in the 20th century, elevated and subway trains allowed masses of workers to commute to Manhattan jobs from Queens and eastern Brooklyn, which offered cheaper and larger housing but were far beyond reasonable walking distance. Seven new bridges were built across the [[East River]] - [[Williamsburg Bridge]] (1903), [[Queensboro Bridge]] (1909),  [[Manhattan Bridge]] (1909), [[Hell Gate Bridge]] (1916), [[Triborough Bridge]] (1936), [[Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]] (1939), and [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] (1961). Immigrants spilling over from New York City made comfortable lives on Long Island. The immigration waves of Southern and Eastern Europe have been pivotal in creating the diversity on Long Island that many other American regions lack. These immigrations are reflected in the large [[Irish American]], [[Italian American]] and [[Jewish-American]] populations. Typically the immigrants lived in the city first or the more urban western parts of the island, and their children and grandchildren moved further east. Late-20th-century immigrants, by contrast, often settled directly in Nassau County and other suburban areas.

When racing was banned on public roads, one of the Vanderbilts opened the [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] in 1908 from [[Kissena Park|Kissena]] (Queens) to [[Lake Ronkonkoma]]. This [[Freeway|limited access motor highway]] was one of the first in the world.

In the 1920s and 1930s, [[suburbanization]] reached beyond the western end of the island, and Long Island began the transformation from backwoods and farms to the paradigm of the American [[suburb]]. Under its president [[Robert Moses]], the [[Long Island State Park Commission]] spanned the island with parkways and state parks.  [[Jones Beach State Park|Jones Beach]] was the most famous, "the crown jewel in Moses' State Park System". Long Island quickly became New York City's retreat – with millions of people going to and from the city to the new state parks. In time, development started to follow the parkways and the railroad lines, with [[commuter town]]s springing up first along the railroad, then the roadways: the [[Southern State Parkway]], the [[Northern State Parkway]], and, from the 1960s on, the [[Long Island Expressway]].

After [[World War II]], Long Island's population skyrocketed, mostly in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] and western [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]].  People who worked and lived in [[New York City]] moved out to Long Island in the new developments built during the post-war  boom. The most famous post-war development was the town of [[Levittown, New York|Levittown]]. Positioned along the [[Wantagh Parkway]] and near the Southern State Parkway, in the area formerly known as Island Trees, Levittown became the first place where a developer built numerous adjacent houses in one subdivision, houses called Levitts built by [[Levitt & Sons]], providing great opportunity for GIs' returning home to build families.

After the success of Levittown, other areas modeled what some people criticize as "suburban sprawl", and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] became more densely populated than its eastern counterpart, [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]]. In the late 1960s, areas in Suffolk County, such as [[Deer Park, New York|Deer Park]] and [[Commack, New York|Commack]], also saw rapid development. Driving out east along routes such as [[New York Route 27]] (Sunrise Highway) along the South Shore or on the North Shore along [[New York State Route 25]] (Jericho Turnpike) or [[New York State Route 25A]], houses and buildings start to spread out, even turning back to the potato and sod farms that once were East of and including towns such as [[Mount Sinai, New York|Mount Sinai]]. Most [[sod]] farms are located in [[Brookhaven, New York|Brookhaven]] and [[Riverhead (town), New York|Riverhead]].{{Sfn|Sullivan,|1979|p=74}}{{vague|date=January 2011}} (Although development is spreading further east) {{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

==21st century==
===Long Island and 9/11===
Long Island residents suffered many losses in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]. A large portion of the island's residents commute daily to [[Manhattan]] for work. In the days after the attacks, many of the victims' cars remained parked in the same spots at [[Long Island Rail Road]] stations{{Sfn|Spielman, September 11,|2017}} – leaving a visual reminder of the intimate nature of the tragedy for other commuters.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} <!--On a per capita basis ... (looking for the citation)-->

Nearly 500 Long Island residents died from the 9/11 attacks{{Sfn|ABCNY, September 11,|2020|p= }} – 23 from the village of [[Garden City, New York|Garden City]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'', October 30,|2008|p= }} Almost all of Long Island's volunteer fire departments were called to assist the [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) by providing manpower at Ground Zero, assisting in evacuations, and providing firefighting coverage for areas of the city stripped by the response to lower Manhattan. Due to extremely clear weather, many in Eastern Long Island, including places like Old Inlet and [[Fire Island]], could see the huge clouds of smoke rising for days from the ashes of the World Trade Center.

===Late 2000s recession===
{{See also|Economy of Long Island|Late 2000s recession}}

Long Island slipped into [[recession]] in September 2008, after the collapse of [[Lehman Brothers]].<ref name="Schachter 2018">{{cite web | last=Schachter | first=Ken | title=Lehman Bros. collapse 10 years ago hit Long Island and the world | website=Newsday | date=September 17, 2018 | url=https://www.newsday.com/business/lehman-brothers-anniversary-long-island-m37031 | access-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203173156/https://www.newsday.com/business/lehman-brothers-anniversary-long-island-m37031 | url-status=live }}</ref> It lost 7,100 private-sector jobs in the 12 months ended in November 2008 with losses spread across most industries.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Sales of new homes on the island decreased from 5,292 in the third quarter of 2008 to 2,902 in the first quarter of 2009;<ref name=trd-2018-03-05/> the downturn also affected luxury rentals in places such as the Hamptons.<ref name="Haviv 2008">{{cite web | last=Haviv | first=Julie | title=Downturn hits vacation enclave of New York elite | website=U.S. | date=December 17, 2008 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-financial-hamptons-idUSTRE4BG02X20081217 | access-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203173156/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-financial-hamptons-idUSTRE4BG02X20081217 | url-status=live }}</ref> The median price of newly sold Nassau homes fell from a peak of $502,500 in August 2007 to $410,000 in November 2008, a drop of more than 18 percent. Comparable Suffolk prices peaked at $520,000 in June 2007 and declined to $435,000 in November 2008.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Home prices on the island had dipped to their lowest point in the fourth quarter of 2011, reaching $339,000.<ref name=trd-2018-03-05>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-05|first=Maya|last=Rajamani|title=10 years after the crash|url=https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/10-years-after-the-crash/|access-date=2023-02-03|website=The Real Deal New York|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203173156/https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/10-years-after-the-crash/|url-status=live}}</ref> Long Island was still recovering from the recession in late 2012, when the region was impacted by [[Hurricane Sandy]].<ref name="Author 2013">{{cite web | title=Long Island's Economy Back on Track after Sandy | website=Liberty Street Economics | date=October 21, 2013 | url=https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2013/10/long-islands-economy-back-on-track-after-sandy/ | access-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-date=February 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203173211/https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2013/10/long-islands-economy-back-on-track-after-sandy/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2017, nearly a decade after the crash, average home prices had reached $415,000 but had still not fully recovered from the recession.<ref name=trd-2018-03-05/>

==Aviation history==
Long Island is important in the history of aviation.  [[Roosevelt Airfield]] was established in 1916 in [[Garden City, New York|Garden City]], Nassau County. From this airport, [[Charles Lindbergh]] took off on his historic 1927 nonstop [[Orteig Prize]] flight from New York to [[Paris, France]].  Roosevelt Airfield was closed in 1951.  Its land was redeveloped for commercial uses, including a shopping mall, [[Hofstra University]], and numerous mid-density housing developments.

Long Island was also the location of major historic aerospace companies. Farmingdale-based [[Republic Aviation]], for instance, manufactured the famed [[P-47]] [[fighter aircraft]] during the [[World War II]] period. [[Grumman Aircraft]], with operations in [[Bethpage, New York|Bethpage]] and [[Calverton, New York|Calverton]], produced the [[F-14]] U.S. Navy fighter during the 1970s and 1980s.  It was also the chief contractor on the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] that landed men on the moon. They received the contract on 7 November 1962, and ultimately built 13 lunar modules (LMs). One is on display at the [[Cradle of Aviation Museum]] at the former [[Mitchel Air Force Base]] on the [[Hempstead Plains]] of Long Island.

Another important historic Long Island airport was [[Floyd Bennett Field]] in Brooklyn. Opened in 1931, it was New York City's first commercial airport.  It was the start point or terminus of historic flights by [[Amelia Earhart]], [[Roscoe Turner]], [[Wiley Post]], and [[Howard Hughes]]. It was sold to the Navy shortly before World War II for use as a Naval Air Station.  In 1972, the Navy departed and the open space was transferred to the National Park Service as part of [[Gateway National Recreation Area]].

Two of New York City's main airports, LaGuardia Airport which opened for commercial flights in 1939, and John F. Kennedy International Airport opened in 1948, are located on the geographic Island.  There have been more than ten major air disasters. The three following planes all crashed in either Nassau or Suffolk County: In 1965, [[Eastern Airlines Flight 663]] crashed into Jones Beach State Park after take-off.  In 1990, [[Avianca Flight 52]] crashed into Cove Neck, NY, killing 73 passengers.  In 1996, [[TWA Flight 800]] exploded over water off the coast of the small hamlet of [[East Moriches, New York|East Moriches]].  Fatalities totaled 230 people in the disaster. A monument to those lost stands at [[Smith Point County Park]] on [[Fire Island, New York|Fire Island]] in Suffolk County.

On July 25, 2012, Representative [[Carolyn McCarthy]] (NY-04), who represents part of Nassau County, introduced the Long Island Aviation History Act. The bill, H.R. 6201, requires the National Park Service to study various ways to commemorate and preserve Long Island's aviation history, including by designating parts of Long Island as National Historic Sites and National Historic Parks. The bill also requires the National Park Service to evaluate ways to enhance historical research, education, interpretation and public awareness of Long Island's aviation history.

==See also==
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, New York]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, New York]]
* [[History of the Long Island Rail Road]]
* [[Queens directories]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
'''News media'''
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|ABCNY, September 11,|2020|p= }} |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Annual Ceremony Held at Point Lookout September 11th Memorial |url=https://abc7ny.com/point-lookout-nassau-county-long-island-september-11/6418703/ |language=en-US |work=[[WABC-TV]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165711/https://abc7ny.com/point-lookout-nassau-county-long-island-september-11/6418703/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', March 29,|2007|p= }} |last=Mohan |first=Geoffrey A. |date=March 29, 1998 |title=Long Island, Our History: Eastern Factions of Queens Win the Fight to Separate After Six Decades of Wrangling – Nassau's Difficult Birth |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs615a,0,7026626.story?page=4 |language=en-US |work=[[Newsday]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016012933/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs615a%2C0%2C7026626.story?page=4 |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |access-date=December 31, 2007 |quote=North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote. }}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', September 13,|1894|p= }} |date=September 13, 1894 |title=Of Interest to Politicians |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/09/13/archives/of-interest-to-politicians.html |language=en-US |volume=63 |issue=13435 |page=9 (column 6) |access-date=January 28, 2008 |url-access=subscription}}
<div style="margin-left:6em">
{{space|3}}"The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New-York City, [[Long Island City]], in [[Queens|Queens County]]; the [[Brooklyn|County of Kings]], (Brooklyn;) the [[Staten Island|County of Richmond]], ([[Staten Island|S.I.]];) the towns of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], [[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], in [[Queens|Queens County]]; the town of Westchester, in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], and all that portion of the towns of [[Eastchester, Bronx|East Chester]] and [[Pelham, New York|Pelham]] which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the centre line of the [[Bronx River]], to the middle of the channel between [[Hunter Island (Bronx)|Hunter's]] and [[Glen Island Park|Glen Islands]], in [[Long Island Sound]], and that part of the town of [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]], in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]."</div>
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', November 4,|1894|p= }} |date=November 4, 1894 |title=New-York's Place in Danger – Consolidation Defeated, She Must Yield to Chicago |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/11/04/archives/newyorks-place-in-danger-consolidation-defeated-she-must-yield-to.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |volume=64 |issue=13479 |page=2 |access-date=December 28, 2007}}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', November 8,|1894|p= }} |date=November 8, 1894 |title=Greater New-York in Doubt – The City Vote Is for It and Brooklyn Is Uncertain |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/11/08/archives/greater-newyork-in-doubt-the-city-vote-is-for-it-and-brooklyn-is.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |volume=64 |issue=13483 |page=1 |access-date=December 28, 2007}}
**{{cite news |title=Greater New-York in Doubt – The City Vote Is for It and Brooklyn Is Uncertain |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20615325/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-08-27 |via=Newspapers.com}}
<div style="margin-left:6em">
"The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table {{nowrap| ... }}"
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 90%; border-radius: 12px 12px 12px 12px; "
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:white"|
----
| style="background-color:white"|Area<br />in<br />square<br />miles
----
| style="background-color:white"|Pop-<br />ulation
----
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Manhattan|New York City]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|38.85
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |1,801,739
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Brooklyn|Kings County]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|66.39
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|992,364
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Staten Island|Richmond County]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|57.19
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|53,452
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Westchester County]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|20.24
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|18,182
|-style="text-align:left"
| colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFF8DC" |Queens County:
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|29.65
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|19,803
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|nit}}*Part of the town of [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|17.86
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|17,756
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|33.50
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|14,441
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Long Island City]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|7.14
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|30,506
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|21.32
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|17,549
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Jamaica Bay]] }}
----
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|25.63
----
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|{{nowrap| .... }}
----
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:white; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|4}}Total area }}
| style="background-color:white"|317.77
| style="background-color:white"|{{space|2}}2,965,792
|-style="text-align:left"
| colspan=3 style="background-color:white"|{{space|3}}{{nowrap|*Estimated}}
|}
"The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet {{nowrap| ... }}"</div>
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 22,|1896|p= }} |date=February 22, 1896 |title=Report Favors Consolidation – An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/02/22/archives/report-favors-consolidation-an-argument-against-the-claims-of-the.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |volume=45 |issue=13887 |page=1 |access-date=December 28, 2007}}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'',  February 12,|1899|p= }} |date=February 12, 1899 |title=The East City Line Fixed – Its Base Found in the Sand of a Closed Beach Channel – By Sailors' Old Land Marks – The Town of Hempstead Loses a Fine Schoolhouse by the New and Correct Survey |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/02/12/archives/the-east-city-line-fixed-its-base-found-in-the-sand-of-a-closed.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=15317 |page=15 |access-date=December 28, 2007}} (also accessible, free – via [[Fultonhistory.com]] at {{URL|https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%207/New%20York%20NY%20Times/New%20York%20NY%20Times%201899%20Feb-Mar%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Times%201899%20Feb-Mar%20Grayscale%20(218).pdf|link}}).
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', October 30,|2008|p= }} |date=October 30, 2008 |title=Another 'Wall Street' With Woes to Face |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/nyregion/long-island/02streetli.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |access-date=August 27, 2021}} {{ProQuest|433965261}}  (November 2, 2008, print ed.; US Newsstream database); {{ProQuest|2221204502}} (October 20, 2008, online ed.; US Newsstream database).
{{refend}}
<!--------------------------------------------->
{{Hanging indent |text='''Books, journals, magazines, papers, websites, maps, and blogs''' }}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"American Indians"}} |url=http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/indians.html |title=American Indians of Long Island, NY – Tributary Tribes |website=Richmond Hill Historic Society |language=en-US |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084132/http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/indians.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Bailey, Vol. 1,|1949|p=}} |date=1949 |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Paul |title=Long Island – A History of Two Great Counties, Nassau and Suffolk |language=en-US |location=New York |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |lccn=49048187 |oclc=6221630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfYpAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22%22andre%22%2B%22raynham%22%2B%22simcoe%22%2B%22spy%22%22&pg=PA476 |volume=1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Bayles,|1874|p=365}} |last1=Bayles |first1=Richard Mather |date=1874 |title=Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Suffolk County, and Its Towns, Villages, Hamlets, Scenery, Institutions and Important Enterprises, With a Historical Outline of Long Island, From Its First Settlement by Europeans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPEBAjYLn0C&dq=%22threatened%22&pg=PA365 |language=en-US |location=[[Port Jefferson, New York|Port Jefferson, Long Island]] |publisher=Published by the Author |page=365 |access-date=November 24, 2007 |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=01014261 |oclc=1745511}}
*{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Beers: "Map of Long Island",|1873|p= }} |last1=Beers |first1=Frederick William |title=Map of Long Island |website=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2005625368/ |access-date=2021-09-02 |archive-date=2021-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902015322/https://www.loc.gov/item/2005625368/ |url-status=live |oclc=767854563}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Bragdon,|2002|p=}} |last1=Bragdon |first1=Kathleen Joan |date=January 5, 2002 |title=The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetoa00brag/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |language=en-US |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=28, 30, 44, 58, 77, 115, 134, 147 |isbn=978-0-231-11452-3 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |lccn=2001047341 |oclc=1099078735}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Burrows & Wallace,|1999|p= }} |last1=Burrows |first1=Edwin Gladding "Ted" |author-link1=Edwin G. Burrows |last2=Wallace |first2=Michael L. |author-link2=Mike Wallace (historian) |date=1999 |title=Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/gothamhistoryofn0000burr/page/348/mode/2up |url-access=registration |language=en-US |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=348–349 |isbn=978-0-19-511634-2 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |lccn=97039308 |oclc=1119497924}} (see ''[[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898]]'')
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Griswold,|2013|p=188}} |last1=Griswold |first1=Mac K. |date=2013 |title=The Manor – Three Centuries at a Slave Plantation on Long Island |url=https://archive.org/details/manorthreecentur0000gris/page/188/mode/2up?q=fewer |url-access=registration |language=en-US |location=New York |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |pages=23, 166–167, 178, 188 |isbn=978-0-374-26629-5 |access-date=April 8, 2016 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |lccn=2013005463 |oclc=828682574}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Holland Society,|1922|p=15}} |date=1922 |title=Year Book of the Holland Society of New York, 1920 and 1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdMLAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22%22james+farret%22%22&pg=PA15 |language=en-US |location=[[Columbus, Ohio]] |publisher=The Champlin Press |page=15 |access-date=September 5, 2009 |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=00005976 |oclc=01715180}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Mather,|1913|p= }} |last1=Mather |first1=Frederic Gregory |author1-link=Frederic Gregory Mather |date=1913 |title=The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I46BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3 |language=en-US |location=[[Albany, New York]] |publisher=J.B. Lyon Company |isbn=978-0-8063-0495-3 |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=13026228 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I46BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 204–208], [https://books.google.com/books?id=I46BAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22%22whale-boat%22%2B%22boat+fight%22%22&pg=PA222 222–224], [https://books.google.com/books?id=I46BAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22%22sag+harbor%22%2B%22meigs%22%2B%22whale-boats%22%22&pg=PA226 226–228]}}.
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"MTA Map"}} |url=http://web.mta.info/lirr/Timetable/lirrmap.htm |title=Long Island Rail Road |website=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |language=en-US |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529224056/http://web.mta.info/lirr/Timetable/lirrmap.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Peterson,|2011|p=}} |last1=Peterson |first1=Carla L. |author-link1=Carla Peterson (academic) |date=2011 |title=Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth Century New York City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttbk_hvivVgC&pg=PAPR3 |language=en-US |location=[[New Haven]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-16255-4 |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=2010039306 |oclc=840860900}}
* {{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Spielman, September 11,|2017}} |last1=Spielman |first1=Ralph |date=September 11, 2017 |title=Remembering 9/11 – Two Passengers and an NJ Transit Engineer Recall What They Saw and Heard on the Trains They Rode Immediately Following 2001 Terrorist Attacks |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/11-remembering-911 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |language=en-US }}<!--article does not specifically address LIRR, but maybe close enough for a cigar-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Strong,|1996|p=27}} |last1=Strong |first1=John Ashley |chapter=Chapter 2: "Eariest Times to 3,000 B.P. |date=1996 |title=Algonquian Peoples of Long Island – From Earliest Times to 1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgIAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%22two+linguistic+groups%22%22 |language=en-US |location=[[Interlaken, New York]] |publisher=Empire State Books |pages=35–54 |isbn=978-1-55787-148-0 |via=[[Google Books]] |oclc=245622871}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Sullivan,|1979|p=74}} |last1=Sullivan |first1=Edward F. |display-authors=etal |date=1979 |volume=IV: Economic development |title=Long Island Sound Bridge Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nwsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%22sod+farms%22%22 |language=en-US |location=Albany |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |via=[[Google Books]] |oclc=30089287}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Benjamin Franklin |editor1-last=Werner |editor1-first=Charles Jolly |title=History of Long Island – From Its Discovery & Settlement to the Present Time |language=en-US |lccn=61018270 |oclc=4243058}}
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=rhwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPR1 1st ed.]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=kycJkITDvfoC&pg=PAPR1 2nd ed. Vol. 1]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=-B2DAoCLbdoC&pg=PA1 2nd ed. Vol. 2]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=F94TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPR5 3rd ed. Vol. 1]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=0tkpAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAPP13 3rd ed. Vol. 2]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=JdopAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAPP9 3rd ed. Vol. 3]
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"Townsend Family",|2007}} |date=2007 |title=The Townsend Family and Raynham Hall |url=http://www.raynhamhallmuseum.org/history.asp |language=en-US |website=[[Raynham Hall Museum]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313223300/http://www.raynhamhallmuseum.org/history.asp |archive-date=March 13, 2008 |access-date=June 2, 2008 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] |oclc=155561592}} The facts are that [[John Graves Simcoe|Simcoe]] occupied the house only from late 1778 to early 1779, and [[Benedict Arnold|Arnold]] did not obtain command of [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] until August 1780.
* {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Silas |author-link1=Silas Wood |title=A Sketch of the First Settlement of the Several Towns on Long Island: With Their Political Condition, to the End of the American Revolution |language=en-US}}
**[https://archive.org/details/sketchoffirstset00wood/page/n5/mode/2up 1824; 1st ed. Brooklyn: Alden Spooner]. {{LCCN|21004356}}; {{OCLC|3765815}}.
**[https://archive.org/details/sketchoffirstset00woo/page/n5/mode/2up 1826; Revised ed. Brooklyn: Alden Spooner]. {{LCCN|01014160}}; {{OCLC|32246498}}.
**{{wikicite |ref={{sfnref|Wood|1828}} |reference=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLYwUNpgpQgC&dq=%22%22farret%22%2B%22april+22d%22%22&pg=PA162 1828; New ed. Brooklyn: Alden Spooner]. {{LCCN|01014161}}; {{OCLC|504868297|1264038238|253184154}}, {{OCLC search link|5092338}}.}}
**[https://archive.org/details/sketchoffirstset1865wood/page/n7/mode/2up 1865 ed.; with a Biographical Memoir and Additions by Alden Jermain Spooner. Brooklyn: Alden J. Spooner]. {{OCLC|820329521|1152735752}}.
{{refend}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Armbruster,|1914|p=}} |last1=Armbruster |first1=Eugene Louis |author-link1=Eugene Armbruster |date=1914 |title=Long Island – Its Early Days and Development – With Illustrations and Maps |url=https://archive.org/details/longislanditsear297armb/page/n5/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |publisher=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |lccn=14012554 |oclc=3910404}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Flint,|1896|p=}} |last1=Flint |first1=Martha Bockée |date=1896 |title=Early Long Island – A Colonial Study |publisher=[[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YV8kAhwjQYC&pg=PA1-PP11 |lccn=01028287 |oclc=3557038}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hazelton |first1=Henry "Harry" Isham |date=1925 |title=The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk Long Island, New York, 1609–1924 |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |lccn=25010750 |oclc=498971362}}
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw5VODUmt8sC&pg=PA1-PP7 Vol. 1] {{isbn|978-0-7884-4981-9}}
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=8swpAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22%22bogardus%22%2B%22bennett%22%22&pg=PA1105 Vol. 2] {{isbn|978-0-7884-4982-6}}
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=OgXUVGbvYiQC&pg=PA1153 Vol. 3] {{isbn|978-0-7884-4983-3}}
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=u80pAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1-PP9 Vol. 4] {{isbn|978-0-7884-4984-0}}
**[https://archive.org/details/boroughsofbrookl05haze/page/n7/mode/2up Vol. 5]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsspAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1-PP9 Vol. 6]
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=mPIr22cLiOEC&pg=PA1-PP9 Vol. 7]
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Prime,|1845|p=}} |last1=Prime |first1=Nathaniel Scudder |date=1845 |title=A History of Long Island, From Its First Settlement by Europeans, to the Year 1845, With Special Reference to Its Ecclesiastical Concerns |publisher=Robert Carter |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflongisl00prim/page/n9/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater}}
{{refend}}

{{Long Island region}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Long Island}}
[[Category:History of Long Island]]
[[Category:History of New York (state)]]
[[Category:History by island|Long Island]]