View source for Hispanic and Latino Americans

{{Short description|Hispanic of Americans}}
{{Redirect|Hispanic and Latino|the ethnic categories|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Latinas|Latinos|other uses|Latina (disambiguation){{!}}Latina|and|Latino (disambiguation){{!}}Latino}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Hispanic and Latino Americans
| native_name      = <small>{{native name|es|Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos}}<br>{{native name|pt|Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos}}</small>
| image            = Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png
| image_caption    = Proportion of Hispanic and Latino Americans in each county of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], and [[Puerto Rico]] as of the [[2020 United States census]]
| pop              = {{increase}} '''65,329,087''' (2020)<br />19.5% of the total US and Puerto Rico population (2020)<br />{{increase}} '''62,080,044''' (2020)<ref name="CensusACS2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |date=August 12, 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><br />18.7% of the total US population (2020)<ref name=CensusACS2020/>
| popplace         = {{hlist|[[California]]|[[Texas]]|[[Northeast megalopolis]] ([[New York metropolitan area|New York]]/[[Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey|New Jersey metropolitan area]], [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, D.C. metro area]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago metro area]], others)|[[Florida]]|[[Southwestern United States]]|[[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] industrial cities}}
| langs            = {{hlist|[[Spanish language in the United States]]||[[American English]]||
[[Portuguese language in the Americas|American Portuguese]]|[[Spanglish]]|[[Porglish]]|[[New York Latino English]]||[[Miami accent|Miami English]]||[[Chicano English]]}}
| rels             = {{hlist|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]] 43%|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] 30%|[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]] 15%|Non-evangelical [[Protestantism|Protestant]] 6%|Other 4%}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/04/13/among-u-s-latinos-catholicism-continues-to-decline-but-is-still-the-largest-faith/ |title=Among U.S. Latinos, Catholicism Continues to Decline But Is Still the Largest Faith |last1=Krogstad |first1=Jens M. |last2=Alvarado |first2=Joshua |last3=Mohamed |first3=Besheer |name-list-style=amp |date=April 13, 2023 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref>
| related          = {{hlist|[[Latin Americans]]|[[Spanish Americans]]|[[Portuguese Americans]]|[[White Latin Americans]]|[[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]]|[[Afro-Latin Americans]]|[[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]]|[[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous Americans]]|[[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]]|[[Tejano]]s|[[Hispanos of New Mexico]]|[[Californios]]|[[Floridanos]]|[[Isleños (Louisiana)|Louisiana Isleños]]|[[Chicano]]s|[[Nuyorican]]s|[[Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans]]<ref name="Krogstad 2021">{{cite web |last1=Krogstad |first1=Jens M. |last2=Passel |first2=Jeffrey S. |last3=Lopez |first3=Mark H. |date=23 September 2021 |title=Who is Hispanic? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929011446/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/ |archive-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>}}
}}
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans|state=collapsed}}

'''Hispanic and Latino Americans''' are [[Americans]] who have a [[Spaniards|Spanish]] or [[Latin Americans|Latin American]] background, culture, or family origin.<ref name="Krogstad 2021" /><ref name="FragaGarcia2010">{{cite book |last1=Fraga |first1=Luis |author-link1=Luis Fraga |last2=Garcia |first2=John A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Latino Lives in America: Making It Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaNluPNVEQcC&pg=PA145 |year=2010 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-4399-0050-5 |page=145}}</ref><ref name="Fisher1996">{{cite book|first=Nancy L. |last=Fisher |title=Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqXlA7e4VN8C&pg=PA19 |year=1996 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5346-3|page=19}}</ref><ref name="HoldenVillars2012">{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=Robert H. |last2=Villars |first2=Rina |name-list-style=amp |title=Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oShLUAPTYQC&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-27487-3|page=18}}</ref> This demographic group includes all Americans who identify as [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]], regardless of [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|race]].<ref name="Federal Highway Administration">{{cite web |title=49 CFR Part 26 |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/guidance/superseded/49cfr26.cfm |access-date=2012-10-22 |website=Federal Highway Administration |quote='Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]], [[Puerto Rican Americans|Puerto Rican]], [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]], [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]], [[Brazilian Americans|Brazilian]], [[Central America|Central]] or [[South America]]n, or other [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]] or [[Portuguese Americans|Portuguese]] culture or origin, regardless of race.}}</ref><ref name="SBA 8005">{{cite web |url=http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |title=US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure |access-date=2012-10-22 |quote=SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Mexico. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005103/http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-25}}</ref><ref name="c2010def">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |access-date=2011-03-28 |first1=Karen R. |last1=Humes |first2=Nicholas A. |last2=Jones |first3=Roberto R. |last3=Ramirez |website=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |quote='Hispanic or Latino' refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref name="hlorigin">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm |title=American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-10-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004743/http://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PewNov2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/11/who-is-hispanic/ |title=Who Is Hispanic? |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |last2=Krogstad |first2=Jens M. |last3=Passel |first3=Jeffrey S. |name-list-style=amp |date=November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tello |first=Yvette |date=2024-01-08 |title=Hispanic with a Non-Spanish Last Name |url=https://laprensatexas.com/hispanic-with-a-non-spanish-last-name/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=La Prensa Texas |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], an estimated 65,219,145 Hispanics and Latinos were living in the [[United States]] in 2023, representing approximately 19.5% of the total [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. population]] that year, making them the [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|second-largest group]] after the [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic White]] population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Estimates Highlight Differences in Growth Between the U.S. Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Populations |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/population-estimates-characteristics.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]] |language=en}}</ref>

"Origin" can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States of America. People who identify as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race, because similarly to what occurred during the colonization and post-independence of the United States, Latin American countries had their populations made up of multiracial and monoracial descendants of settlers from the [[metropole]] of a European [[colonial empire]] (in the case of Latin American countries, [[Iberian Peninsula|Spanish and Portuguese settlers]], unlike the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that will form the United States, which received settlers from the [[United Kingdom]]), in addition to these, there are also monoracial and multiracial descendants of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] (Native Americans), [[African diaspora|descendants of African slaves]] brought to Latin America in the colonial era, and post-independence immigrants from [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[East Asia]].<ref name="omb">{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997 |author=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |website=White House Archives |access-date=2012-06-01 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121150512/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/ |archive-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="overview">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 |last1=Grieco |first1=Elizabeth M. |last2=Cassidy |first2=Rachel C. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-04-27}}</ref><ref name="hlspec">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03001. Hispanic or Latino origin by specific origin |work=2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |access-date=2010-10-17 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |title=Field Listing: Ethnic groups |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=CIA}}</ref> 

As one of only two specifically designated categories of [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|ethnicity in the United States]], Hispanics and Latinos form a [[pan-ethnicity]] incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages, the use of the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] languages being the most important of all. The largest national origin groups of Hispanic and Latino Americans in order of population size are: [[Mexicans|Mexican]], [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], [[Cubans|Cuban]], [[Salvadorans|Salvadoran]], [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Brazilians|Brazilian]], [[Colombians|Colombian]], [[Guatemalans|Guatemalan]], [[Hondurans|Honduran]], [[Ecuadorians|Ecuadorian]], [[Peruvians|Peruvian]], [[Venezuelans|Venezuelan]] and [[Nicaraguans|Nicaraguan]]. The predominant origin of regional Hispanic and Latino populations varies widely in different locations across the country.<ref name="overview" /><ref name="popest2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=T4-2007. Hispanic or Latino By Race |work=2007 Population Estimates |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="b03002">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03002. Hispanic or Latino origin by race |work=2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="tafoya">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |title=Shades of Belonging |last=Tafoya |first=Sonya |date=2004-12-06 |website=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]] |access-date=2008-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181019/http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fWnsUWBYgsC&q=Neomexicano+hispanic&pg=PA165 |title=The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico |first=David |last=Maciel |date=February 26, 2000 |publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-826321992|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 2012, Hispanic Americans were the second fastest-growing ethnic group by percentage growth in the United States after [[Asian Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/traditional/hispanics-were-not-the-fastest-growing-minority-group-last-year-35246/ |title=Hispanics Were Not The Fastest-Growing Minority Group Last Year |date=July 23, 2013|work=MarketingCharts |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

Hispanic Americans of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous American]] descent and European (typically Spanish) descent are the second oldest racial group (after the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]) to inhabit much of what is today the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/oldest-us-city.html |title=Oldest U.S. City |website=Infoplease.com |access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corp |year=1919|page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_kUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22San+Gabriel%22+%22El+Paso%22+%22New+Mexico%22+Texas+1598+1680&pg=PA151}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/mex_am/chronology.html |title=Chronology of Mexican American History |website=[[University of Houston]] |access-date=2008-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121103031/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/mex_am/chronology.html |archive-date=2012-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.nmsu.edu/~publhist/ccintro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115163733/http://web.nmsu.edu/~publhist/ccintro.htm |archive-date=2011-11-15 |title=Cuartocentennial of Colonization of New Mexico |access-date=2008-06-11 |publisher=[[New Mexico State University]]}}</ref> Spain colonized large areas of what is today the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]] and [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], as well as Florida. Its holdings included all of present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida, as well as parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas and Oklahoma, all of which constituted part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], based in [[Mexico City]]. Later, this vast territory (except Florida, which Spain ceded to the United States in 1821) became part of Mexico after its independence from Spain in 1821 and until the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1848. Hispanic immigrants to the [[New York metropolitan area|New York]]/[[Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey|New Jersey metropolitan area]] derive from a broad spectrum of Hispanic countries.<ref name=NYCareaEspana>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls |title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014 |website=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=July 3, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322105118/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{Further|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
[[File:Spanish Harlem Orchestra.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Spanish Harlem Orchestra]] in [[Manhattan]]. New York City is home to nearly 3 million Latino Americans, the largest [[Hispanic]] population of any city outside [[Latin America]] and [[Spain]]. Hispanic and Latino immigrants to New York originate from a broad spectrum of Latin American countries.]]

The terms ''[[Hispanic]]'' and ''[[Latino (demonym)|Latino]]'' refer to an [[ethnicity]]. ''Hispanic'' first came into popular use to refer to individuals with origins in Spanish-speaking countries after the Office of Management and Budget created the classification in 1977, as proposed by a subcommittee composed of three government employees, a Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican American.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Bernstein |date=2022 |title=Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America |location=New York City |publisher=Bombardier Books |isbn=978-1-637581735}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] defines being Hispanic as being a member of an ethnicity, rather than being a member of a particular [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and thus, people who are members of this group may also be members of any race.<ref name="overview"/><ref name=BarreraLopez>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/15/is-being-hispanic-a-matter-of-race-ethnicity-or-both/ |title=Is being Hispanic a matter of race, ethnicity or both? |last1=Gonzales-Barrera |first1=Ana |last2=Lopez |first2=Mark Hugo |name-list-style=amp |date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref name="compraceho">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data |website=Census.gov |access-date=2007-03-18 |quote=Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may also be members of any race. People in each racial group may either be Hispanic or they may not be Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic/Latino.}}</ref> In a 2015 national survey of self-identified Hispanics, 56% said that being Hispanic is part of both their racial and ethnic background, while smaller numbers considered it part of their ethnic background only (19%) or racial background only (11%).<ref name=BarreraLopez/> Hispanics may be of any linguistic background; in a 2015 survey, 71% of American Hispanics agreed that it "is not necessary for a person to speak Spanish to be considered Hispanic/Latino".<ref>{{cite web |title=Is speaking Spanish necessary to be Hispanic? Most Hispanics say no |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/19/is-speaking-spanish-necessary-to-be-hispanic-most-hispanics-say-no/ |date=February 19, 2016 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Hispanic and Latino people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, and heritage. According to the [[Smithsonian Institution]], the term ''Latino'' includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as [[Brazilians]], as well as those of Spanish-language origin.<ref name="sihistory">{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/mexicanamerica/glossary.html |title=Mexican America: Glossary |work=Smithsonian Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621041320/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/mexicanamerica/glossary.html |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |quote=Note: It defines "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and Spain, and "Latino" as meaning those from both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking cultures in Latin America.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups From Jury Service |last=Ramirez |first=Deborah A. |date=1993 |journal=[[Wisconsin Law Review]] |page=761 |quote=[T]he term 'Latino'&nbsp;... may be more inclusive than the term 'Hispanic.'}}</ref> The difference between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' is ambiguous to some people.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://diversityjournal.com/9724-hispanic-or-latino-which-is-correct/ |title=Hispanic or Latino: Which is Correct? |last=Austin |first=Grace |date=2012-08-17 |journal=Profiles in Diversity |language=en-US |access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> The US Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of the Americas. After the [[Mexican–American War]] concluded in 1848, term ''Hispanic'' or ''Spanish American'' was primarily used to describe the [[Hispanos of New Mexico]] within the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]]. The [[1970 United States census]] controversially broadened the definition to "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race". This is now the common formal and colloquial definition of the term within the United States, outside of New Mexico.<ref name="Cobos-1">{{cite book |last=Cobos |first=Rubén |date=2003 |title=A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish |chapter=Introduction |edition=2nd |location=Santa Fe |publisher=Museum of New Mexico Press |page=ix |isbn=0-89013-452-9}}</ref><ref name="OMB1997">{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice |website=[[White House|The White House]] |author=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |date=October 30, 1997 |access-date=2012-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208185224/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |archive-date=February 8, 2004}}</ref> This definition is consistent with the 21st century usage by the US Census Bureau and [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]], as the two agencies use both terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. The [[Pew Research Center]] believes that the term ''Hispanic'' is strictly limited to [[Spain]], [[Puerto Rico]], and all countries where [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the only official language whereas "Latino" includes all countries in [[Latin America]] (even [[Brazil]] regardless of the fact that Portuguese is its only official language), but it does not include Spain and Portugal.<ref name="Krogstad 2021"/>

[[File:Elbarrio116thLex.jpg|thumb|right|Storefronts at [[Lexington Avenue]] and [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th Street]] at [[East Harlem]], Manhattan, also known as Spanish Harlem or "El Barrio"]]

The terms [[Latino (demonym)|''Latino'']] and ''Latina'' are words from [[Italy]] and are ultimately from [[ancient Rome]]. In English, the term Latino is a condensed form of ''"latinoamericano"'', the Spanish term for a Latin American, or someone who comes from Latin America. The term ''Latino'' has developed a number of definitions. This definition, as a "male Latin American inhabitant of the United States",<ref name="latino">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=latino&searchmode=none |title=Latino |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> is the oldest definition which is used in the United States, it was first used in 1946.<ref name="latino"/> Under this definition a [[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]] or [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino. A [[Brazilian Americans|Brazilian American]] is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America.<ref name="Ready1991">{{cite book |first=Timothy |last=Ready |title=Latino Immigrant Youth: Passages from Adolescence to Adulthood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz3gHaea22MC&pg=PA14 |year=1991 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-0057-1|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.4/222 |title=The Effects of Multicultural Dance on Self-Determination of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities |date=21 September 2010 |type=MA |last1=Thurman |first1=Christie |publisher=California State University, Chico |access-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/uselectionroadtrip/2008/oct/18/uselections2008-race-newmexico |location=London |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Kevin |last=Anderson |title=The complexity of race in New Mexico |date=2008-10-18}}</ref><ref name="APTwitter" >{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/APStylebook/statuses/19095484553 |title=AP Stylebook Twitter |access-date=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="HeraldStyle" >{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/heraldstyleguide/ |title=Herald Style Guide |access-date=2012-04-06 |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524222141/https://sites.google.com/site/heraldstyleguide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="StyleChanges" >{{cite web |url=http://www.newsroom101.com/newsroom101/NR_exercises/apupdates.html |title=Newsroom 101: Recent Changes to AP Style |website=Newsroom 101 |access-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418151920/http://www.newsroom101.com/newsroom101/NR_exercises/apupdates.html |archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref> In the US, [[Italian Americans]] are not usually considered "Latino", as they are for the most part descended from immigrants from Latin Europe rather than Latin America, unless they happen to have had recent history in a Latin American country.

Preference of use between the terms among Hispanics in the United States often depends on where users of the respective terms reside. Those in the Eastern United States tend to prefer the term ''Hispanic'', whereas those in the West tend to prefer ''Latino''.<ref name=omb/>

The US ethnic designation ''Latino'' is abstracted from the longer form ''latinoamericano''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dle.rae.es/latinoamericano?m=form |title=latinoamericano, na |website=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=[[Royal Spanish Academy|RAE]]/[[ASALE]] |language=es |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The element ''Latino-'' is actually an indeclinable, compositional form in ''-o'' (i.e. an ''elemento compositivo'') that is employed to coin compounded formations (similar as ''franc'''o-''''' in ''franc'''o'''canadiense'' 'French-Canadian', or ''ibero-'' in ''iberorrománico'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dle.rae.es/iberorrom%C3%A1nico?m=form |title=iberorrománico, ca |website=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=RAE/ASALE |language=es |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> etc.).

[[File:Iglesia Nuestra Senora_de la Guadalupe.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Manhattan)|Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] in [[Little Spain]] on [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]] in [[Manhattan]], an important nucleus for many decades for the Spanish community in New York City<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guadalupeshrineny.org/who-are-we |title=Who are we?/ Quienes Somos? |website=Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in New York City}}</ref>]]

The term ''[[Latinx]]'' (and similar [[neologism]] ''[[Xicanx]]'') have gained some usage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-people-are-using-the-term-latinx_n_57753328e4b0cc0fa136a159 |title=Why People Are Using The Term 'Latinx' |last1=Ramirez |first1=Tanisha Love |last2=Blay |first2=Zeba |date=2016-07-05 |website=HuffPost |language=en |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luna |first1=Jennie |last2=Estrada |first2=Gabriel S. |title=Decolonizing Latinx Masculinities |chapter=Trans*lating the Genderqueer -X through Caxcan, Nahua, and Xicanx Indígena Knowledge |editor-last=Aldama|editor-first=Arturo J. |editor-last2=Luis Aldama|editor-first2=Frederick |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2020 |pages=251–268 |isbn=978-0-816541836}}</ref> The adoption of the ''X'' would be "[r]eflecting new consciousness inspired by more recent work by LGBTQI and feminist movements, some Spanish-speaking activists are increasingly using a yet more inclusive "x" to replace the "a" and "o", in a complete break with the [[non-binary gender|gender binary]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Blackwell |last2=McCaughan |title=ibid.|pages=9}}</ref> Among the advocates of the term ''LatinX'', one of the most frequently cited complaints of gender bias in the Spanish language is that a group of mixed or unknown gender would be referred to as '''''Latinos''''', whereas '''''Latinas''''' refers to a group of women only (but this is changed immediately to ''Latinos'', if even a single man joins this female group).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7R4tKzGlKg&t=63 |title=What's The Deal With "Latinx"? |author=Pero Like |date=2017-10-14 |via=YouTube |access-date=2019-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/C7R4tKzGlKg |archive-date=2021-10-29}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A 2020 Pew Research Center survey found that about 3% of Hispanics use the term (mostly women), and only around 23% have even heard of the term. Of those, 65% said it should not be used to describe their ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/11/about-one-in-four-u-s-hispanics-have-heard-of-latinx-but-just-3-use-it/ |title=About One-in-Four U.S. Hispanics Have Heard of Latinx, but Just 3% Use It |last1=Noe-Bustamante |first1=Luis |last2=Mora |first2=Lauren |last3=Lopez |first3=Mark Hugo |name-list-style=amp |date=2020-08-11 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Hispanic Trends Project |language=en-US |access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> Another gender neutral term, like LatinX, is Latine. Though "Latinx" is quite challenging to say in Spanish, "Latine" is easy. Spanish speakers are increasingly adopting this term, which originated in Spanish-speaking countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=heidisamuelson |date=2023-10-24 |title=Why We're Saying "Latine" |url=https://www.chicagohistory.org/why-were-saying-latine/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Chicago History Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some have pointed out that the term "Hispanic" refers to a pan-ethnic identity, one that spans a range of races, national origins, and linguistic backgrounds. "Terms like Hispanic and Latino do not fully capture how we see ourselves", says Geraldo Cadava, an associate professor of history and Hispanic studies at [[Northwestern University]].<ref name=Quartz/>

According to a 2020 [[American Community Survey]] data, more than two-thirds of Brazilians in the U.S. described themselves as Hispanic or Latino.<ref name=PewNov2019/> In 2017, a small minority of [[Portuguese Americans]] (2%), and the [[Filipino Americans]] (1%) self-identified as Hispanic.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States}}
{{See also|Hispanic Heritage Sites}}
{{Expand section|more about the 19th and 20th centuries|date=January 2010}}

===16th and 17th centuries===
[[File:Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos - 02 cropped 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Castillo de San Marcos]] in [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]. Built in 1672 by the Spanish, it is the oldest masonry fort in the United States.]]

Explorers were pioneers in the territory of the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by [[Juan Ponce de León]], who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened ''[[Florida|La Florida]]''. In the next three decades, the small numbers of Spanish individuals became the first Europeans to reach the [[Appalachian Mountains]], the [[Mississippi River]], the [[Grand Canyon]] and the [[Great Plains]]. Ships sailed along the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]], penetrating to present-day [[Bangor, Maine]], and up the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] as far as [[Oregon]]. From 1528 to 1536, [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]] and three fellows (including an African named [[Estevanico]]), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed from Florida to the [[Gulf of California]]. In 1540, [[Hernando de Soto]] undertook an extensive exploration of the present United States.

[[File:Santa Fe San miguel chapel.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Miguel Mission|San Miguel Chapel]], built in 1610 in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], is the oldest church structure in the United States.]]
Also in 1540, [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] led 2,000 mostly Mexican natives across today's [[Arizona]]–Mexico border and traveled as far as central [[Kansas]], close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the US territory include, among others: [[Alonso Alvarez de Pineda]], [[Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón]], [[Pánfilo de Narváez]], [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]], [[Gaspar de Portolà]], [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]], and [[Juan de Oñate]], and non-Spanish explorers working for the Spanish Crown, such as [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]]. In 1565, the Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at [[St. Augustine, Florida]]. Spanish missionaries and colonists founded settlements including in the present-day [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], [[San Antonio]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[San Diego]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Weber |first=David J. |author-link=David J. Weber |date=1992 |title=Spanish Frontier in North America |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=30–91}}</ref>

Settlements in the Americas were part of a broader network of trade routes that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The mostly Tlaxkalan settlers established trade connections with other indigenous peoples, exchanging goods such as [[fur]]s, [[Hide (skin)|hide]]s, [[agricultural]] products, and manufactured goods.{{Cn|date=March 2025}} These trade networks contributed to the economic development of colonies and facilitated cultural exchange between different groups.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

===18th and 19th centuries===
{{See also|Battle of the Alamo|Mexican Cession|Gadsden Purchase|Treaty of Paris (1898)}}
[[File:Cuadro por españa y por el rey, Galvez en America.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Painting of [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] at the [[siege of Pensacola]] by [[Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau]]]]

As late as 1783, at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]] (a conflict in which Spain [[Spain in the American Revolutionary War|aided and fought]] alongside the rebels), Spain held claim to roughly half the territory of today's continental United States. From 1819 to 1848, the United States increased its area by roughly a third at Spanish and Mexican expense, acquiring the present-day [[U.S. state|U.S states]] of [[California]], [[Texas]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], most of [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Arizona]], and parts of [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], and [[Wyoming]] through the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] after the [[Mexican-American War]],<ref name="National Archives 2016 j863">{{cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=National Archives}}</ref> as well as [[Florida]] through the [[Adams-Onís treaty]],<ref name="Office of the Historian p620">{{cite web | title=Milestones: 1801–1829 | website=Office of the Historian | url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/florida | access-date=2024-01-30}}</ref> and the [[Territories of the United States|U.S territory]] of [[Puerto Rico]] through the [[Spanish–American War|Spanish-American War]] in 1898.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=The Spanish-American War, 1898 - 1866–1898 - Milestones - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114021444/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |archive-date=January 14, 2016 }}</ref> Many Latinos residing in those regions during that period gained U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, many long-established Latino residents faced significant difficulties post-citizenship. With the arrival of [[Anglo|Anglo-Americans]] in these newly incorporated areas, Latino inhabitants struggled to maintain their land holdings, political influence, and cultural traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-21 |title=World Book Encyclopedia {{!}} Atlas {{!}} Homework Help |url=http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/cinco/hispanic |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421210323/http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/cinco/hispanic |archive-date=April 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-08 |title=Justice Delayed: Mexican-Americans Win Stolen Oil Rights |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/081200-104.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008212925/http://www.commondreams.org/views/081200-104.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2012 }}</ref>

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 attracted people from diverse backgrounds, including Hispanic and Latino miners, merchants, and settlers. The Gold Rush led to a population boom and rapid economic growth in California, transforming the social and political landscape of the region.

Many Hispanic natives lived in the areas that the United States acquired, and a new wave of Mexican, Central American, Caribbean, and South American immigrants had moved to the United States for new opportunities. This was the beginning of a demographic that would rise dramatically over the years.<ref name="Gutiérrez">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/latinothemeimmigration.htm |title=An Historic Overview of Latino Immigration and the Demographic Transformation of the United States |last=Gutiérrez |first=David G. |date=July 10, 2020 |website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Dolores Huerta.jpg|thumb|[[Dolores Huerta]] in 2009. Huerta has received numerous awards for her community service and advocacy for workers', and women's rights. She was the first Hispanic inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]], in 1993.<ref name="makers_hof">{{cite web |url=http://www.makers.com/blog/makers-inducted-national-womens-hall-fame |title=Meet the 20 MAKERS Inducted Into the National Women's Hall of Fame |date=October 5, 2015 |website=Makers |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326153357/http://www.makers.com/blog/makers-inducted-national-womens-hall-fame |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="adelante">{{cite web |url=http://action.theadelantemovement.com/legends/Dolores_Huerta/ |title=Dolores Huerta |website=The Adelante Movement |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105851/http://action.theadelantemovement.com/legends/Dolores_Huerta/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

During the 20th and 21st centuries, Hispanic immigration to the United States increased markedly following changes to the [[Immigration to the United States|immigration law]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065/ |title=Modern Immigration Wave Brings 58 Million to U.S. |date=2015-09-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Hispanic Trends Project |language=en-US |access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>  During the World Wars, Hispanic Americans and immigrants had helped stabilize the American economy from falling due to the industrial boom in the Midwest in states such as Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. While a percentage of Americans had fled their jobs for the war, Hispanics had taken their jobs in the Industrial world. This can explain why there is such a high concentration of Hispanic Americans in Metro Areas such as the Chicago-Elgin-Naperville, Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, and Cleveland-Elyria areas.<ref name="Gutiérrez"/>

Hispanic and Latino Americans were actively involved in the broader civil rights movement of the 20th century, advocating for equal rights, social justice, and an end to discrimination and segregation. Organizations such as the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]] (LULAC) and the [[United Farm Workers]] (UFW) fought for the rights of Hispanic and Latino workers and communities.

Hispanic contributions in the historical past and present of the United States are addressed in more detail below (See [[#Notables and their contributions|Notables and their contributions]]). To recognize the current and historic contributions of Hispanic Americans, on September 17, 1968, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week, with [[United States Congress|Congress]]'s authorization. In 1988, President [[Ronald Reagan]] extended the observance to a month, designated [[National Hispanic Heritage Month]].<ref name=heritage>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/013984.html |title=Press Release: Hispanic Heritage Month 2009: Sept. 15&nbsp;– Oct. 15 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223211536/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/013984.html |archive-date=2010-02-23}}</ref><ref name="laid off">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/powerup/2020/05/07/powerup-black-and-hispanic-americans-are-getting-laid-off-at-higher-rates-than-white-workers/5eb38eb688e0fa17cddf4497/ |title=Power Up: Black and Hispanic Americans are getting laid off at higher rates than white workers |last=Alemany |first=Jacqueline |date=May 7, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Hispanic Americans became the largest minority group in 2004.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2007/acs/acs-03.html |title=The American Community—Hispanics: 2004 |date=February 1, 2007 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2020-09-05}}</ref>

Hispanic and Latino Americans increasingly sought political representation and empowerment during the 20th century. The election of individuals such as [[Edward Roybal]], [[Henry B. González]], and [[Dennis Chávez]] to Congress marked significant milestones in Hispanic political representation. Additionally, the appointment of individuals like [[Lauro Cavazos]] and [[Bill Richardson]] to cabinet positions highlighted the growing influence of Hispanic and Latino leaders in government.

Hispanic and Latino Americans became the largest minority group in the United States, contributing significantly to the country's population growth.  Efforts to preserve and promote Hispanic and Latino culture and heritage continued in the 21st century, including initiatives to support bilingual education, celebrate cultural traditions and festivals, and recognize the contributions of Hispanic and Latino individuals and communities to American society.
{{clear}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
{{See also|Demographics of the United States|List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population}}
[[File:Hispanic Americans population pyramid in 2020.svg|thumb|Hispanic Americans population pyramid in 2020]]
[[File:Hispanic and Latino Americans by state.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|<div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Americans who are Hispanic in each US state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census</div>]]

As of 2020, Hispanics accounted for 19–20% of the US population, or 62–65 million people.<ref name="Census Quickfacts">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221 |title=Census QuickFacts: Population Estimates, July 1, 2022, (V2022) |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> The US Census Bureau later estimated that Hispanics were under-counted by 5.0% or 3.3 million persons in the US census, which explains the 3 million range in the number above. In contrast, Whites were over-counted by about 3 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/06/08/key-facts-about-the-quality-of-the-2020-census/ |last1=Cohn |first1=D'vera |last2=Passel |first2=Jeffrey S. |title=Key facts about the quality of the 2020 census |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=June 8, 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> The Hispanic growth rate over the April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007, period was 28.7%—about four times the rate of the nation's total population growth (at 7.2%).<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=T1. Population Estimates; Data Set: 2007 Population Estimates |access-date=2008-04-30 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The growth rate from July 1, 2005, to July 1, 2006, alone was 3.4%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010327.html |title=Facts for features: Hispanic Heritage Month 2007, Sept. 15–Oct. 15 |date=2008-07-16 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914030509/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010327.html |archive-date=2007-09-14}}</ref>—about three and a half times the rate of the nation's total population growth (at 1.0%).<ref name="United States Census Bureau"/> Based on the 2010 census, Hispanics are now the largest minority group in 191 out of 366 metropolitan areas in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-04-14-census-black-hispanic.htm |title=Census: Hispanics surpass black people in most U.S. metros |date=April 14, 2011 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> The projected Hispanic population of the United States for July 1, 2050 is 132.8 million people, or 30.2% of the nation's total projected population on that date.<ref name=cbprojections>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/np2008-t4.xls |title=Table 4. Projections of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: 2010 to 2050 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2010-10-24 |format=XLS |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327140219/http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/np2008-t4.xls |archive-date=2010-03-27}}</ref>

===Geographic distribution===
{{See also|List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Hispanic and Latino American population distribution over time">
File:Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png|1980
File:Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png|1990
File:Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png|2000
File:Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png|2010
File:Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png|2020
</gallery>
[[File:Hispanic and Latino Americans by county.png|thumb|upright=2.5|<div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Hispanic Americans in each county of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], and [[Puerto Rico]] as of the [[2020 United States census]]</div>]]

'''US Metropolitan Statistical Areas with over 1 million Hispanics (2014)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/hispanic-population-in-select-u-s-metropolitan-areas/ |title=Hispanic Population and Origin in Select U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2014 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Hispanic Trends |date=September 6, 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Rank
! Metropolitan area
! Hispanic <br /> population
! Percent Hispanic
|-
| 1
| [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA]]
| style="text-align:right;" |5,979,000
| style="text-align:right;" |45.1%
|-
| 2
| [[New York metropolitan area|New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,780,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 23.9%
|-
| 3
| [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,554,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 43.3%
|-
| 4
| [[Greater Houston|Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,335,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 36.4%
|-
| 5
| [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,251,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 23.4%
|-
| 6
| [[Inland Empire|Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,197,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 49.4%
|-
| 7
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,943,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 28.4%
|-
| 8
| [[Phoenix metropolitan area|Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,347,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 30.1%
|-
| 9
| [[Greater San Antonio|San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,259,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 55.7%
|-
| 10
| [[San Diego County, California|San Diego-Carlsbad, CA]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,084,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 33.3%
|-
| 11
| [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,008,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 21.9%
|}

'''States and territories with the highest proportion of Hispanics (2021)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=400&y=2021&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Selected%20Population%20Profiles |title=Selection Population Profiles – Hispanic or Latino (of any race) |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Rank
! State/territory
! Hispanic population
! Percent Hispanic
|-
| 1
| [[Puerto Rico]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,249,043
| style="text-align:right;" | 99%
|-
| 2
| [[New Mexico]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,059,236
| style="text-align:right;" | 50%
|-
| 3
| [[Texas]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,857,387
| style="text-align:right;" | 40%
|-
| 4
| [[California]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,754,608
| style="text-align:right;" | 40%
|-
| 5
| [[Arizona]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,351,124
| style="text-align:right;" | 32%
|-
| 6
| [[Nevada]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 940,759
| style="text-align:right;" | 29%
|-
| 7
| [[Florida]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,830,915
| style="text-align:right;" | 26%
|-
| 8
| [[Colorado]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,293,214
| style="text-align:right;" | 22%
|-
| 9
| [[New Jersey]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,991,635
| style="text-align:right;" | 21%
|-
| 10
| [[New York (state)|New York]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,864,337
| style="text-align:right;" | 19%
|-
| 11
| [[Illinois]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,277,330
| style="text-align:right;" | 18%
|-
| 12
| [[United States Virgin Islands]]
| style="text-align:right;" |  18,514
| style="text-align:right;" | 17.4%
|-
|}

Of the nation's total Hispanic population, 49% (21.5 million) live in [[California]] or [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2006/Table-12.pdf |title=Hispanic Population by State: 2006 |website=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]] |access-date=2008-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505015912/http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2006/Table-12.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] began receiving significant numbers of Latino migrants from the state of Texas, mostly originating from [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Colombia]], and [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/abbott-campaign-hits-back-nyc-mayor-adams-threatens-bus-new-yorkers-texas.amp |title=Abbott's campaign hits back after NYC Mayor Adams threatens to bus New Yorkers to Texas |first=Adam |last=Shaw |date=August 10, 2022 |website=Fox News |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref>

Over half of the Hispanic population is concentrated in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] region, mostly composed of Mexican Americans. [[California]] and [[Texas]] have some of the largest populations of Mexicans and Central American Hispanics in the United States. The [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] region is dominated by [[Dominican Americans]] and [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Ricans]], having the highest concentrations of both in the country. In the Mid Atlantic region, centered on the [[Washington metropolitan area|DC Metro Area]], [[Salvadoran Americans]] are the largest of Hispanic groups. [[Florida]] is dominated by [[Cuban Americans]] and Puerto Ricans. In both the [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes states]] and the [[South Atlantic states]], Mexicans and Puerto Ricans dominate. Mexicans dominate in the rest of the country, including the [[Western United States|West]], [[South Central United States|South Central]] and [[Great Plains]] states.

===National origin===
[[File:MIT 2006 Latin Intermediate.jpg|thumb|Intermediate level international-style [[Latin dance|Latin dancing]] at the 2006 [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] ballroom dance competition. A judge stands in the foreground.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
<caption>'''Population by national origin (2022)'''<br /><small>(self-identified ethnicity, full or partial, not by birthplace)</small><ref name="Census 2022 ACS">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B03001?q=B03001:%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=&lastDisplayedRow=30&table=B03001&hidePreview=true|title=Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin: 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |date=2022}}</ref> </caption>
|-style="background:#efefef;"
!Hispanic<br /> ancestry||Population||% of<br>Latinos||% of<br>USA
|-
| [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]]
| 37,145,956
| 60.15%
| 11.22%
|-
| [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
| 5,902,402
| 9.56%
| 1.78%
|-
| [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]]
| 2,405,080
| 3.89%
| 0.73%
|-
| [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]]
| 2,389,469
| 3.87%
| 0.72%
|-
| [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]]
| 2,267,142
| 3.67%
| 0.68%
|-
| [[Brazilian Americans|Brazilian]]
| 1,905,000
| 3.08%
| 0.57%
|-
| [[Guatemalan Americans|Guatemalan]]
| 1,669,094
| 2.70%
| 0.50%
|-
| [[Colombian Americans|Colombian]]
| 1,357,798
| 2.20%
| 0.41%
|-
| [[Honduran Americans|Honduran]]
| 1,068,265
| 1.73%
| 0.32%
|-
| [[Ecuadorian Americans|Ecuadorian]]
| 803,854
| 1.30%
| 0.24%
|-
| [[Peruvian Americans|Peruvian]]
| 712,740
| 1.15%
| 0.22%
|-
| [[Venezuelan Americans|Venezuelan]]
| 627,961
| 1.02%
| 0.19%
|-
| [[Nicaraguan Americans|Nicaraguan]]
| 441,378
| 0.71%
| 0.13%
|-
| [[Argentine Americans|Argentinian]]
| 304,672
| 0.49%
| 0.09%
|-
|[[Panamanian Americans|Panamanian]]
| 224,385
| 0.36%
| 0.07%
|-
|[[Chilean Americans|Chilean]]
| 182,671
| 0.30%
| 0.06%
|-
| [[Costa Rican Americans|Costa Rican]]
| 173,375
| 0.28%
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Bolivian Americans|Bolivian]]
| 128,584
| 0.21%
| 0.04%
|-
| [[Uruguayan Americans|Uruguayan]]
| 71,984
| 0.12%
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Paraguayan Americans|Paraguayan]]
| 27,522
| 0.04%
| 0.01%
|-
| Other Central American
| 36,629
| 0.06%
| 0.01%
|-
| Other South American
| 30,622
| 0.05%
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]]<ref>Includes people who identify as Spaniard, Spanish, or Spanish American</ref>
| 1,756,181
| 2.84%
| 0.53%
|-
| All other
| 123,102
| 0.2%
| 0.04%
|- class="sortbottom"
|Total
| 61,755,866
| 100.00%
| 18.65%
|}

As of 2022, approximately 60.1% of the nation's Hispanic population were of Mexican origin (see table). Another 9.6% were of [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] origin, and with about 3.9% each of [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]] and  [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]] and about 3.7% [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]] origins.<ref name="Census 2022 ACS"/> The remainder were of other Central American or of South American origin, or of origin directly from Spain. In 2017, Two thirds of all Hispanic Americans were born in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B06004I&prodType=table |title=Place of Birth (Hispanic or Latino) in the United States: Hispanic or Latino population in the United States 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |date=2017 |access-date=2018-09-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214061251/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B06004I&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are few immigrants directly from Spain, since Spaniards have historically emigrated to Hispanic America rather than to English-speaking countries. Because of this, most Hispanics who identify themselves as ''Spaniard'' or ''Spanish'' also identify with Hispanic American national origin. In the 2017 Census estimate approximately 1.76 million Americans reported some form of "[[Spanish Americans|Spanish]]" as their ancestry, whether directly from Spain or not.<ref name="Census 2022 ACS"/>

In northern New Mexico and southern [[Colorado]], there is a large portion of Hispanics who trace their ancestry to settlers from [[New Spain]] (Mexico), and sometimes [[Spain]] itself, in the late 16th century through the 17th century. People from this background often self-identify as "Hispanos", "Spanish" or "Hispanic". Many of these settlers also intermarried with local Native Americans, creating a [[mestizo]] population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/spanish_view.php |title=A Spanish View of History: Spain's Legacy is not an Issue of Race |last=López |first=Antonio |date=April 24, 1998 |website=New Mexico CultureNet |access-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006190603/http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/spanish_view.php |archive-date=2007-10-06}}</ref> Likewise, southern [[Louisiana]] is home to communities of people of [[Canary Islands]] descent, known as [[Isleño]]s, in addition to other people of Spanish ancestry. [[Californio]]s, [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Nuevomexicanos]] and [[Tejano]]s are Americans of [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]] and/or [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] descent, with subgroups that sometimes call themselves [[Chicanos]]. Nuevomexicanos and Tejanos are distinct southwest Hispanic cultures with their own cuisines, dialects and musical traditions.

[[Nuyorican]]s are Americans of [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] descent from the [[New York City]] area. There are close to two million Nuyoricans in the United States. Prominent Nuyoricans include Congresswoman [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], US Supreme Court Judge [[Sonia Sotomayor]], and singer [[Jennifer Lopez]].
{{clear}}

===Race and ethnicity===
{{See also|Race and ethnicity in Latin America|Race and ethnicity in the United States|Race and ethnicity in the United States census}}
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Hispanics come from multi-racial and multi-ethnic countries with diversity of origins; therefore, a Hispanic can be from any race or mix of races. The most common ancestries are: Native American, European and African. Many also have colonial era [[New Christian]] Sephardic Jewish ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chacón-Duque |first1=Juan-Camilo |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Fuentes-Guajardo |first3=Macarena |last4=Mendoza-Revilla |first4=Javier |last5=Acuña-Alonzo |first5=Victor |last6=Barquera |first6=Rodrigo |last7=Quinto-Sánchez |first7=Mirsha |last8=Gómez-Valdés |first8=Jorge |last9=Everardo Martínez |first9=Paola |last10=Villamil-Ramírez |first10=Hugo |last11=Hünemeier |first11=Tábita |date=2018-12-19 |title=Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance |url= |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5388 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5388C |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6300600 |pmid=30568240}}</ref> As a result of their racial diversity, Hispanics form an [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|ethnicity]] sharing a language ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) and cultural heritage, rather than a [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|race]].

Hispanic origin is independent of race and is termed "ethnicity" by the [[United States Census Bureau]].

On the [[2020 United States census]], 20.3% of Hispanics selected "White" as their race. This marked a large drop when compared to the [[2010 United States census]] in which 53.0% of Hispanics identified as "White".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-09-09/south-los-angeles-immigration-displacement-latinos-blacks-2020-census |title=Op-Ed: Why did so few Latinos identify themselves as white in the 2020 census? |last1=Pastor |first1=Manuel |last2=Hondagneu-Sotelo |first2=Pierrette |date=2021-09-09 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> These Hispanics make up 12,579,626 people or 3.8% of the population.

Over 42% of Hispanic Americans identify as "[[Race and ethnicity in the United States#Members of other races|some other race]]".<ref name="c2017">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03002&prodType=table |title=Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race |date=2017 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=2018-09-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214061015/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03002&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> Of all Americans who checked the box "Some Other Race", 97 percent were Hispanic.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/13/us/for-7-million-people-in-census-one-race-category-isn-t-enough.html |title=For 7 Million People in Census, One Race Category Isn't Enough |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |date=2001-03-13 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2021-02-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> These Hispanics make up 26,225,882 people or 42.2% of the Hispanic population.

Over half of the "[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|two or more races]]" respondents were Hispanics.<ref name="ASKE">{{cite web |url=http://lrc.salemstate.edu/hispanics/race.htm |last=Aske |first=Jon |title=Hispanics and Race |website=Salem State University}}</ref> These Hispanics make up 20,299,960 people or 32.7% of the Hispanic population.

The largest numbers of [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black Hispanics]] are from the Spanish Caribbean islands and Central America, including the Cuban, Honduran, Panamanian, [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]], and Puerto Rican communities.

In Puerto Rico, people have some Native Indigenous American ancestry as well as European and Canary Islander ancestry. There's also a population of predominantly African descent as well as populations of Native American descent as well as those with intermixed ancestries. Cubans are mostly of Iberian and Canary Islander ancestry, with some heritage from Native Indigenous Caribbean. There are also populations of Black Sub-Saharan ancestry and multi-racial people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |title=How Puerto Rico Became White |last1=Loveman |first1=Mara |last2=Muniz |first2=Jeronimo |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |website=Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-07}}</ref><ref name="amixture in Cuba">{{cite journal |title=Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488|pmid=25058410 |pmc=4109857|volume=10|issue=7|journal=PLOS Genetics|page=e1004488 |year=2014 |last1=Marcheco-Teruel |first1=Beatriz |last2=Parra |first2=Esteban J |last3=Fuentes-Smith |first3=Evelyn |last4=Salas |first4=Antonio |last5=Buttenschøn |first5=Henriette N |last6=Demontis |first6=Ditte |last7=Torres-Español |first7=María |last8=Marín-Padrón |first8=Lilia C |last9=Gómez-Cabezas |first9=Enrique J |last10=Álvarez-Iglesias |first10=Vanesa |last11=Mosquera-Miguel |first11=Ana |last12=Martínez-Fuentes |first12=Antonio |last13=Carracedo |first13=Ángel |last14=Børglum |first14=Anders D |last15=Mors |first15=Ole |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/cuba.htm |title=Republic of Cuba – Country Profile|work=Nations Online |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref> The race and culture of each Hispanic country and their United States diaspora differs by history and geography.

Welch and Sigelman found, as of the year 2000, lower interaction between Latinos of different nationalities (such as between Cubans and Mexicans) than between Latinos and non-Latinos.<ref name="Welch-Sigelman">{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Susan |last2=Sigelman |first2=Lee |name-list-style=amp |title=Getting to Know You? Latino-Anglo Social Contact |journal=Social Science Quarterly |date=2000 |volume=1 |issue=81 |pages=67–83 |jstor=42864368 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42864368 |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> This is a reminder that while they are often treated as such, Latinos in the United States are not a monolith, and often view their own ethnic or national identity as vastly different from that of other Latinos.<ref name="Welch-Sigelman" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Racial Demographics of Hispanic Americans Between 1970 and 2020'''<ref>{{cite web |title=1970 Census of Population, Subject Reports: Persons of Spanish Origin |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1973/dec/pc-2-1c.html |website=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=1980: Census of Population |date=August 1982 |publisher=Bureau of the Census |url=https://assets.nhgis.org/original-data/modern-census/1980PL_80-S1-7.pdf}}</ref><ref name="census.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |date=March 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pew Research Center-2013"/>
|-
!Race/Ethnic Group||1970||1980||1990||2000||2010||2020
|-
!Total Population
|9,072,602
|14,608,673
|22,354,059
|35,305,818
|50,477,594
|62,080,044
|-
![[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White]] alone
|8,466,126 (93.3%)
|8,115,256 (55.6%)
|11,557,774 (51.7%)
|16,907,852 (47.9%)
|26,735,713 (53.0%)
|12,579,626 (20.3%)
|-
![[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black]] alone
|454,934 (5.0%)
|390,852 (2.7%)
|769,767 (3.4%)
|710,353 (2.0%)
|1,243,471 (2.5%)
|1,163,862 (1.9%)
|-
![[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] alone
|26,859 (0.3%)
|94,745 (0.6%)
|165,461 (0.7%)
|407,073 (1.2%)
|685,150 (1.4%)
|1,475,436 (2.4%)
|-
![[Asian Americans|Asian]] or [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone
| x
|166,010 (1.1%)
|305,303 (1.4%)
|165,155 (0.5%)
|267,565 (0.5%)
|335,278 (0.5%)
|-
!Some other race alone
|124,683 (1.4%){{efn|Includes Asian Americans.}}
|5,841,810 (40.0%)
|9,555,754 (42.7%)
|14,891,303 (42.2%)
|18,503,103 (36.7%)
|26,225,882 (42.2%)
|-
!Two or more races
|x{{efn|name=census|The 1970, 1980, and 1990 US censuses did not allow for the selection of multiple races.}}
|x{{efn|name=census}}
|x{{efn|name=census}}
|2,224,082 (6.3%)
|3,042,592 (6.0%)
|20,299,960 (32.7%)
|}

===Genetics===
An automosal DNA study published in 2019, focusing specifically on [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry in different ethnic/racial groups within the US, found that self-identified Hispanic Americans had a higher average amount of Native American ancestry compared to [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic White]] Americans. On average, Hispanic Americans were found to be 52% European, around 38% Native American, and less than 10% African.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019-09-23 |title=Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008225 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008225 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7404 |last1=Jordan |first1=I. King |last2=Rishishwar |first2=Lavanya |last3=Conley |first3=Andrew B. |pmid=31545791 |pmc=6756731 }}</ref><ref name="Jordan-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Jordan |first1=I. King |last2=Rishishwar |first2=Lavanya |last3=Conley |first3=Andrew B. |date=2019-09-23 |title=Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008225 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008225 |doi-access=free |pmid=31545791 |pmc=6756731 |issn=1553-7404}}</ref> However, these results, being an average of the entire Hispanic population, vary sharply between individuals and between regions. Hispanic participants from the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and [[West South Central states|West South Central]] regions, where the Hispanic population is predominantly [[Mexican Americans|Mexican-American]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=03000US7&primary_geo_id=03000US7 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref> had an average of 43% Native American ancestry.<ref name="Jordan-2019"/> On the other hand, those from the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] region, where the Hispanic population is predominantly of [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] or [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]] descent,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: Middle Atlantic Division |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/03000US2-middle-atlantic-division/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Census Reporter |language=en}}</ref> averaged only 11% Native American ancestry.<ref name="Jordan-2019"/>

===Age===
As of 2014, one third, or 17.9 million, of the Hispanic population was younger than 18 and a quarter, 14.6 million, were [[Millennials]]. This makes them more than half of the Hispanic population within the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/04/20/the-nations-latino-population-is-defined-by-its-youth/ |title=The Nation's Latino Population Is Defined by Its Youth |last=Patten |first=Eileen |date=2016-04-20 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Hispanic Trends Project |access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|Hispanic-serving institution}}

===Hispanic K–12 education===
[[File:Westlake Theatre-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Westlake, Los Angeles|Westlake]] Theatre building, side wall mural of [[Jaime Escalante]] and Edward James Olmos]]

With the increasing Hispanic population in the United States, Hispanics have had a considerable impact on the K–12 system. In 2011–12, Hispanics comprised 24% of all enrollments in the United States, including 52% and 51% of enrollment in California and Texas, respectively.<ref name="Santiago-2015">{{cite book |url=https://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Portals/0/Events/Winter/WinterSeminar/2015/Excellencia%202015%20Factbook%20Latinos%20in%20Ed.pdf |last1=Santiago |first1=Deborah A. |last2=Galdeano |first2=Emily Calderón |last3=Taylor |first3=Morgan |name-list-style=amp |date=January 2015 |title=The Condition of Latinos in Education: 2015 Factbook |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Excelencia in Education}}</ref> Further research shows the Hispanic population will continue to grow in the United States, implicating that more Hispanics will populate US schools.

[[File:Cavazos.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Lauro Cavazos]], US [[Secretary of Education]] from August 1988 to December 1990]]

The state of Hispanic education shows some promise. First, Hispanic students attending pre-K or kindergarten were more likely to attend full-day programs.<ref name="Santiago-2015" /> Second, Hispanics in elementary education were the second largest group represented in gifted and talented programs.<ref name="Santiago-2015" /> Third, Hispanics' average [[National Assessment of Educational Progress|NAEP]] math and reading scores have consistently increased over the last 10 years.<ref name="Santiago-2015" /> Finally, Hispanics were more likely than other groups, including White people, to go to college.<ref name="Santiago-2015" />

However, their academic achievement in early childhood, elementary, and secondary education lag behind other groups.<ref name="Santiago-2015" /> For instance, their average math and reading [[National Assessment of Educational Progress|NAEP]] scores were lower than every other group, except African Americans, and have the highest dropout rate of any group, 13% despite decreasing from 24%.<ref name="Santiago-2015" />

To explain these disparities, some scholars have suggested there is a Hispanic "Education Crisis" due to failed school and social policies.<ref name="GandaraContreras2009">{{cite book |last1=Gandara |first1=Patricia C. |last2=Contreras |first2=Frances |name-list-style=amp |title=The Latino Education Crisis: The Consequences of Failed Social Policies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT421tCslksC |access-date=January 10, 2016 |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03127-2}}</ref> To this end, scholars have further offered several potential reasons including language barriers, poverty, and immigrant/nativity status resulting in Hispanics not performing well academically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fergus |first1=E |year=2009 |title=Understanding Latino Students' Schooling Experiences: The Relevance of Skin Color Among Mexican and Puerto Rican High School Students |journal=Teachers College Record |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=339–375 |doi=10.1177/016146810911100209 |s2cid=6630196 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gándara-2015">{{cite journal |last1=Gándara |first1=P |year=2015 |title=With the future on the line: Why studying Latino education is so important |journal=American Journal of Education |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1086/680411 |s2cid=144901107}}</ref>

====English-language learners====
[[File:Spanish in the United States by county.gif|thumb|right|Spanish speakers in the United States by counties in 2000]]

Currently, Hispanic students make up 80% of [[English-language learner]]s in the United States.<ref name="Hispanics: Education Issues">{{cite web |url=http://www.nea.org/home/HispanicsEducation%20Issues.htm |title=Hispanics: Education Issues |website=National Education Association |access-date=November 18, 2015 |archive-date=November 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161651/http://www.nea.org/home/HispanicsEducation%20Issues.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008–2009, 5.3 million students were classified as English Language Learners (ELLs) in pre-K to 12th grade.<ref name="Becerra-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Becerra |first1=D. |year=2012 |title=Perceptions of educational barriers affecting the academic achievement of Latino K-12 students |journal=Children and Schools |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.1093/cs/cds001}}</ref> This is a result of many students entering the education system at different ages, although the majority of ELLs are not foreign born.<ref name="Becerra-2012" /> In order to provide English instruction for Hispanic students there have been a multitude of English Language programs. Schools make demands when it comes to English fluency. There are test requirements to certify students who are non-native English speakers in writing, speaking, reading, and listening, for example. They take an ELPAC test, which evaluates their English efficiency. This assessment determines whether they are considered ELL students or not. For Hispanic students, being an ELL student will have a big impact because it's additional pressure to pass an extra exam apart from their own original classes. Furthermore, if the exam is not passed before they attend high school, the student will fall behind in their courses due to the additional ELD courses instead of taking their normal classes in that year.<ref name="Menken-2008">{{Cite book |last=Menken |first=Kate |date=2008-12-31 |title=English Learners Left Behind |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781853599996 |doi=10.21832/9781853599996|isbn=978-1-85359-999-6 }}</ref> However, the great majority of these programs are English Immersion, which arguably undermines the students' culture and knowledge of their primary language.<ref name="Gándara-2015"/> As such, there continues to be great debate within schools as to which program can address these language disparities.

====Immigration status====
There are more than five million ELLs from all over the world attending public schools in the United States and speaking at least 460 different languages.<ref name="Menken-2008" /> Undocumented immigrants have not always had access to compulsory education in the United States. However, since the landmark Supreme Court case ''[[Plyler v. Doe]]'' in 1982, immigrants have received access to K-12 education. This significantly impacted all immigrant groups, including Hispanics. However, their academic achievement is dependent upon several factors including, but not limited to time of arrival and schooling in country of origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acenet.edu/the-presidency/columns-and-features/Pages/By-the-Numbers-ACE-Report-Identifies-Educational-Barriers-for-Hispanics.aspx |title=By the Numbers: ACE Report Identifies Educational Barriers for Hispanics |date=2011 |website=American Council on Education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404172206/http://www.acenet.edu/the-presidency/columns-and-features/Pages/By-the-Numbers-ACE-Report-Identifies-Educational-Barriers-for-Hispanics.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> When non-native speakers arrive to the United States, the student not only enters a new country, language or culture, but they also enter a testing culture to determine everything from their placements to advancement into the next grade level in their education.<ref name="Menken-2008" /> Moreover, Hispanics' immigration/nativity status plays a major role regarding their academic achievement. For instance, first- and second- generation Hispanics outperform their later generational counterparts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9FrdWNw5TIC |title=Subtractive Schooling: U.S. – Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring |first=Angela |last=Valenzuela |date=October 21, 1999 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=January 16, 2018|via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-791443224}}</ref> Additionally, their aspirations appear to decrease as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wojtkiewicz |first1=R. A. |last2=Donato |first2=K. M. |year=1995 |title=Hispanic Educational Attainment: The Effects of Family Background and Nativity |journal=Social Forces |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=559–574 |doi=10.1093/sf/74.2.559}}</ref> This has major implications on their post-secondary futures.

===Simultaneous bilingualism===
The term "simultaneous bilinguals", which was coined by researcher Guadalupe Valdez,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ValdéS |first=Guadalupe |date=January 1992 |title=Bilingual Minorities and Language Issues in Writing: Toward Professionwide Responses to a New Challenge |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0741088392009001003 |journal=Written Communication |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–136 |doi=10.1177/0741088392009001003 |issn=0741-0883|url-access=subscription }}</ref> refers to individuals who acquire two languages as a "first" language. Most American circumstantial bilinguals acquire their ethnic or immigrant language first and then English. The period of acquisition of the second language is known as incipient bilingualism.

===Hispanic higher education===
[[File:Engineering building area.jpg|thumb|right|In 2007, [[University of Texas at El Paso]] was ranked the number one graduate [[engineering]] school for Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web |title=UTEP Ranked #1 Engineering School for Hispanics for 3rd Consecutive Year |url=http://engineering.utep.edu/news090707.htm |website=University of Texas at El Paso}}</ref>]]

Those with a bachelor's degree or higher ranges from 50% of Venezuelans compared to 18% for Ecuadorians 25 years and older. Amongst the largest Hispanic groups, those with a bachelor's or higher was 25% for Cubans, 16% of Puerto Ricans, 15% of Dominicans, and 11% for Mexicans. Over 21% of all second-generation Dominican Americans have college degrees, slightly below the national average (28%) but significantly higher than US-born Mexican Americans (13%) and US-born Puerto Rican Americans (12%).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dominican Diaspora Revisited, Dominicans and Dominican-Americans in a New Century |last=Castro |first=Max J. |year=2002}}</ref>

Hispanics make up the second or third largest ethnic group in [[Ivy League]] universities, considered to be the most prestigious in the United States. Hispanic enrollment at Ivy League universities has gradually increased over the years. Today, Hispanics make up between 8% of students at [[Yale University]] to 15% at [[Columbia University]].<ref name="nationaljournal.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/education/ivy-league-schools-don-t-reflect-u-s-minority-ratios-20121019 |title=Ivy League Schools Don't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios |work=National Journal |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318010853/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/education/ivy-league-schools-don-t-reflect-u-s-minority-ratios-20121019 |archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> For example, 18% of students in the [[Harvard University]] Class of 2018 are Hispanic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/5/9/record-number-matriculate-2018/ |title=Record Number of African Americans, Latinos Matriculate as Yield Increases |last=Delwiche |first=Theodore R. |date=May 9, 2014 |website=[[The Crimson]] |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

Hispanics have significant enrollment in many other top universities such as [[University of Texas at El Paso]] (70% of students), [[Florida International University]] (63%), [[University of Miami]] (27%), and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] and [[University of California, Berkeley|UC-Berkeley]] at 15% each. At [[Stanford University]], Hispanics are the third largest ethnic group behind non-Hispanic White people and Asians, at 18% of the student population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2013 |title=Stanford University: Common Data Set 2013–2014 |website=Ucomm.stanford.edu |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

====Hispanic university enrollments====
{{See also|The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="background:#964B00; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FFCE00|2px}}"| 2019-2020 Total Enrollment 4-Year Schools<ref name="USNWR Undergraduate School Rankings">{{cite magazine |title=Top 100 Colleges and Universities Hispanics|magazine=Hispanic Outlook On Education Magazine |access-date=October 23, 2021 |url=https://www.hispanicoutlook.com/articles/top-100-colleges-and-universities-hispanics}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| 1 || [[Miami Dade College]]
|-
| 2 || [[Dallas College]]
|-
| 3 || [[Florida International University]]
|-
| 4 || [[South Texas College]]
|-
| 5 || [[Lone Star College System]]
|-
| 6 || [[The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley]]
|-
| 7 || [[Grand Canyon University]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bakersfield College]]
|-
| 9 || [[San Jacinto Community College]]
|-
| 10 || [[Valencia College]]
|-
| 11 || [[The University of Texas at El Paso]]
|-
| 12 || [[Austin Community College District]]
|-
| 13 || [[University of Central Florida]]
|-
| 14 || [[Rio Hondo College]]
|-
| 15 || [[Santa Ana College]]
|-
| 16 || [[Broward College]]
|-
| 17 || [[California State University, Northridge]]
|-
| 18 || [[The University of Texas at San Antonio]]
|-
| 19 || [[California State University, Fullerton]]
|-
| 20 || [[Arizona State University]] Campus Immersion
|-
| 21 || [[California State University, Los Angeles]]
|-
| 22 || [[Western Governors University]]
|-
| 23 || [[California State University, Long Beach]]
|-
| 24 || [[Southern New Hampshire University]]
|-
| 25 || [[University of Houston]]
|-
| 26 || [[College of Southern Nevada]]
|-
| 27 || [[Texas A & M University]] College Station
|-
| 28 || [[Texas State University]]
|-
| 29 || [[The University of Texas at Arlington]]
|-
| 30 || [[Santa Monica College]]
|-
| 31 || [[University of Phoenix]] Arizona
|-
| 32 || [[California State University, San Bernardino]]
|-
| 33 || [[California State University, Fresno]]
|-
| 34 || [[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona]]
|-
| 35 || [[Modesto Junior College]]
|-
|}

While Hispanics study in colleges and universities throughout the country, some choose to attend federally-designated [[Hispanic-serving institution]]s, institutions that are accredited, degree-granting, public or private nonprofit institutions of higher education with 25 percent or more total undergraduate Hispanic full-time equivalent (FTE) student enrollment. There are over 270 institutions of higher education that have been designated as an HSI.<ref name="HACU">{{Cite web |title=HACU Lists of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and Emerging HSIs 2017–2018 |url=https://www.hacu.net/hacu/hsis.asp |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=[[Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163359/https://www.hacu.net/hacu/hsis.asp |archive-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref>

{| style="font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|'''Universities with the largest Hispanic undergraduate enrollment (2013)'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2013 |title=HO Top 100 Rankings: Colleges & Universities Granting |url=http://www.hispanicoutlook.com/download/top100.pdf |website=Hispanic Outlook |access-date=January 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102031904/http://www.hispanicoutlook.com/download/top100.pdf |archive-date=November 2, 2013
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!width="50"|Rank !! style="width:210px;"|University !! style="width:50px;"|Hispanic enrollment!! style="width:70px;"| % of student body
|-
| 1 || [[Florida International University]] || 24,105 || 67%
|-
| 2 || [[University of Texas at El Paso]] || 15,459 || 81%
|-
| 3 || [[University of Texas Pan American]] || 15,009 || 91%
|-
| 4 || [[University of Texas at San Antonio]] || 11,932 || 47%
|-
| 5 || [[California State University at Northridge]] || 11,774 || 38%
|-
| 6 || [[California State University at Fullerton]] || 11,472 || 36%
|-
| 7 || [[Arizona State University]] || 11,465 || 19%
|-
| 8 || [[California State University at Long Beach]] || 10,836 || 35%
|-
| 9 || [[California State University at Los Angeles]] || 10,392 || 58%
|-
| 10 || [[University of Central Florida]] || 10,255 || 20%
|}
|'''Universities with the largest Hispanic graduate enrollment (2013)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!width="50"|Rank !! style="width:210px;"|University !! style="width:50px;"|Hispanic enrollment!! style="width:70px;"| % of student body
|-
| 1 || [[Nova Southeastern University]] || 4,281 || 20%
|-
| 2 || [[Florida International University]] || 3,612 || 42%
|-
| 3 || [[University of Southern California]] || 2,358 || 11%
|-
| 4 || [[University of Texas Pan American]] || 2,120 || 78%
|-
| 5 || [[University of Texas at El Paso]] || 2,083 || 59%
|-
| 6 || [[CUNY Graduate Center]] || 1,656 || 30%
|-
| 7 || [[University of New Mexico]] || 1,608 || 26%
|-
| 8 || [[University of Texas at San Antonio]] || 1,561 || 35%
|-
| 9 || [[University of Florida]] || 1,483 || 9%
|-
| 10 || [[Arizona State University]] || 1,400 || 10%
|}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|'''Hispanic student enrollment in university and college systems (2012–2013)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!width="50"|Rank !! style="width:300px;"|University system !! style="width:75px;"|Hispanic enrollment!! style="width:75px;"| % of student body
|-
| 1 || [[California Community College System]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office |url=http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/Student_Term_Annual_Count.aspx |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=Data Mart}}</ref> || 642,045 || 41%
|-
| 2 || [[California State University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Monica |title=CSU – AS – Enrollment by Ethnic Group – Fall 2013 |url=http://www.calstate.edu/AS/stat_reports/2013-2014/feth01.htm |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=California State University |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316230321/http://www.calstate.edu/as/stat_reports/2013-2014/feth01.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> || 149,137 || 33%
|-
| 3 || [[Florida College System]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fldoehub.org/CCTCMIS/c/Documents/Fact%20Books/fb2014.pdf |date=2014 |title=The Fact Book: Report for the Florida College System 2014 |website=Florida Department of Education Division of Accountability, Research, and Measurement |access-date=January 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030857/http://www.fldoehub.org/CCTCMIS/c/Documents/Fact%20Books/fb2014.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> || 118,821 || 26%
|-
| 4 || [[University of Texas System]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Facts 2013 |url=https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/utsfiles/documents/facts-figures-and-data/fast-facts-2013/fastfacts2013.pdf |website=The University of Texas System |url-status=dead |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060251/https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/utsfiles/documents/facts-figures-and-data/fast-facts-2013/fastfacts2013.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> || 84,086 || 39%
|-
| 5 || [[State University System of Florida]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors : Resources |url=http://www.flbog.edu/resources/iud/enrollment_search.php |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=State University System of Florida |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222131118/http://www.flbog.edu/resources/iud/enrollment_search.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> || 79,931 || 24%
|-
| 6 || [[City University of New York]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2014 |title=A Profile of Undergraduates at CUNY Senior and Community Colleges: Fall 2013 |url=http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/ira/ir/data-book/current/student/ug_student_profile_f13.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210181118/http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/ira/ir/data-book/current/student/ug_student_profile_f13.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=CUNY Office of Institutional Research and Assessment}}</ref> || 77,341 || 30%
|-
| 7 || [[State University of New York]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts – SUNY |url=http://www.suny.edu/about/fast-facts/ |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=State University of New York}}</ref> || 43,514 || 9%
|-
| 8 || [[University of California]] || 42,604 || 18%
|-
| 9 || [[Texas A&M University System]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2014 |title=Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board Institutional Targets for Closing the Gaps in Participation, Targets One – Four |url=http://www.uhsystem.edu/chancellor/planning-and-performance/strategic-documents/CTG%20Participation%202014.pdf |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The Texas A&M University System Facts 2013 |url=http://assets.system.tamus.edu/files/communications/publications/Facts-2013-2.pdf |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=Texas A&M University |archive-date=February 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210181118/http://assets.system.tamus.edu/files/communications/publications/Facts-2013-2.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> || 27,165 || 25%
|-
| 10 || [[Nevada System of Higher Education]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nevada System Of Higher Education: Diversity: Minority Status |url=http://www.nevada.edu/ir/Documents/Diversity/HdcntMinorityStatusNSHE.pdf |website=NSHE}} {{dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref> || 21,467 || 21%
|-
| – || [[Ivy League]]<ref name="nationaljournal.com"/> || 11,562 || 10%
|}
|}

==Health==

===Longevity===
[[File:2020-03-06 — Coronavirus – Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing facemasks.jpg|thumb|Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing face masks on March 6, 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 coronavirus]] spreads throughout the United States. Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among [[Black people|Black]] and [[Hispanics|Hispanic]] populations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Maria |date=May 30, 2020 |title=What Do Coronavirus Racial Disparities Look Like State By State? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/30/865413079/what-do-coronavirus-racial-disparities-look-like-state-by-state |website=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Karson |first1=Kendall |last2=Scanlan |first2=Quinn |date=May 22, 2020 |title=Black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19: POLL |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/black-americans-latinos-times-died-covid-19-poll/story?id=70794789 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 28, 2020 |title=States tracking COVID-19 race and ethnicity data |website=American Medical Association |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/states-tracking-covid-19-race-and-ethnicity-data |access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>]]

As of 2016, life expectancy for Hispanic Americans is 81.8 years, which is higher than the life expectancy for White Americans (78.6 years).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/78186 |title=United States Life Tables, 2016 |last1=Arias |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Xu |first2=Jiaquan |last3=Kochanek |first3=Kenneth D. |name-list-style=amp |date=May 7, 2019 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=68 |number=4|pages=1–66 |pmid=31112121 }}</ref> Research on the "[[Hispanic paradox]]"—the well-established apparent mortality advantage of Hispanic Americans compared to White Americans, despite the latter's more advantaged socioeconomic status—has been principally explained by "(1) health-related migration to and from the US; and (2) social and cultural protection mechanisms, such as maintenance of healthy lifestyles and behaviors adopted in the countries of origin, and availability of extensive social networks in the US."<ref name="Goldman">{{cite journal |pmc=4955825 |year=2016 |last1=Goldman |first1=N. |title=Will the Latino Mortality Advantage Endure? |journal=Research on Aging |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=263–282 |doi=10.1177/0164027515620242 |pmid=26966251}}</ref> The "salmon bias" hypothesis, which suggests that the Hispanic health advantage is attributable to higher rates of [[Repatriation|return migration]] among less-healthy migrants, has received some support in the scholarly literature.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=5735845 |year=2016 |last1=Diaz |first1=C. J. |last2=Koning |first2=S. M. |last3=Martinez-Donate |first3=A. P. |title=Moving Beyond Salmon Bias: Mexican Return Migration and Health Selection |journal=Demography |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=2005–2030 |doi=10.1007/s13524-016-0526-2 |doi-access=free| pmid=27848222}}</ref> A 2019 study, examining the comparatively better health of foreign-born American Hispanics, challenged the hypothesis that a stronger orientation toward the family ([[familism]]) contributed to this advantage.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/0022146519869027|pmid=31526018 |title=Familism and the Hispanic Health Advantage: The Role of Immigrant Status |year=2019 |last1=Diaz |first1=Christina J. |last2=Niño |first2=Michael|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|volume=60|issue=3|pages=274–290|s2cid=202674498}}</ref> Some scholars have suggested that the Hispanic mortality advantage is likely to disappear due to the higher rates of [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]] among Hispanics relative to White people, although lower rates of smoking (and thus [[Health effects of tobacco|smoking-attributable mortality]]) among Hispanics may counteract this to some extent.<ref name=Goldman/>

===Healthcare===
As of 2017, about 19% of Hispanic Americans [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|lack health insurance coverage]], which is the highest of all ethnic groups except for Indigenous Americans and Alaska Natives.<ref name=KFFCoverage>{{cite web |url=https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/changes-in-health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-since-implementation-of-the-aca-2013-2017/ |title=Changes in Health Coverage by Race and Ethnicity since Implementation of the ACA, 2013–2017 |date=February 13, 2019 |last1=Artiga |first1=Samantha |last2=Orgera |first2=Kendal |last3=Damico |first3=Anthony |name-list-style=amp |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> In terms of extending health coverage, Hispanics benefited the most among US ethnic groups from the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA); among non-elderly Hispanics, the uninsured rate declined from 26.7% in 2013 to 14.2% in 2017.<ref name=KFFCoverage/> Among the population of non-elderly uninsured Hispanic population in 2017, about 53% were non-citizens, about 39% were US-born citizens, and about 9% were naturalized citizens.<ref name=KFFCoverage/> (The ACA does not help undocumented immigrants or legal immigrants with less than five years' residence in the United States gain coverage).<ref name=KFFCoverage/>

According to a 2013 study, Mexican women have the highest uninsured rate (54.6%) as compared to other immigrants (26.2%), Black (22.5%) and White (13.9%).<ref name="deLeonSiantz">{{cite journal|doi=10.7453/gahmj.2013.066 |doi-access=free |title=The Health Status of Latino Immigrant Women in the united States and Future Health Policy Implications of the Affordable Care Act |year=2013 |last1=De Leon Siantz |first1=Mary Lou |last2=Castaneda |first2=Xochitl |last3=Benavente |first3=Viola |last4=Peart |first4=Tasha |last5=Felt |first5=Emily |journal=Global Advances in Health and Medicine |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=70–74 |pmid=24416697 |pmc=3833563}}</ref> According to the study, Mexican women are the largest female immigrant group in the United States, and are also the most at risk for developing preventable health conditions.<ref name="deLeonSiantz" /> Multiple factors such as limited access to health care, legal status and income increase the risk of developing preventable health conditions because many undocumented immigrants postpone routine visits to the doctor until they become seriously ill.

==Mental health==
===Family separation===
[[File:Rally to end Family Separation Cleveland-03.jpg|thumb|Rally to end [[Trump administration family separation policy|family separation]] in Cleveland, Ohio]]

Some families who are in the process of illegally crossing borders can suffer being caught and separated by border patrol agents. Migrants are also in danger of separation if they do not bring sufficient resources such as water for all members to continue crossing. Once illegal migrants have arrived to the new country, they may fear workplace raids where illegal immigrants are detained and deported.

Family separation puts US-born children, undocumented children and their illegal immigrant parents at risk for depression and family maladaptive syndrome. The effects are often long-term and the impact extends to the community level. Children may experience emotional traumas and long-term changes in behaviors. Additionally, when parents are forcefully removed, children often develop feelings of abandonment and they might blame themselves for what has happened to their family. Some children that are victims to illegal border crossings that result in family separation believe in the possibility of never seeing their parents again. These effects can cause negative parent-child attachment. Reunification may be difficult because of immigration laws and re-entry restrictions which further affect the mental health of children and parents.<ref name=Torres-Richards>{{cite journal |title=Immigration policy, practices and procedures: the impact on the mental health of Mexican and central American youth and families |last1=Torres |first1=S. A. |last2=Santiago |first2=C. D. |last3=Walts |first3=K. K. |last4=Richards |first4=M. H. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=73 |number=7 |pages=843–854 |doi=10.1037/amp0000184|pmid=29504782 |s2cid=3692176 }}</ref> Parents who leave their home country also experience negative mental health experiences. According to a study published in 2013, 46% of Mexican migrant men who participated in the study reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms.<ref name=Letiecq-Eudave>{{cite journal |title=Depression among Mexican men on the migration frontier: the role of family separation and other structural and situational stressors |last1=Letiecq |first1=B. L. |last2=Grzywacz |first2=J. G. |last3=Gray |first3=K. M. |last4=Eudave |first4=Y. M. |name-list-style=amp |date=2014 |journal=[[Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health]] |volume=16 |number=6 |pages=1193–1200 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9918-1|pmid=24142396 |s2cid=762954 }}</ref> In recent years, the length of stay for migrants has increased, from 3 years to nearly a decade.<ref name=Letiecq-Eudave/> Migrants who were separated from their families, either married or single, experienced greater depression than married men accompanied by their spouses.<ref name=Letiecq-Eudave/> Furthermore, the study also revealed that men who are separated from their families are more prone to harsher living conditions such as overcrowded housing and are under a greater deal of pressure to send remittance to support their families. These conditions put additional stress on the migrants and often worsen their depression. Families who migrated together experience better living conditions, receive emotional encouragement and motivation from each other, and share a sense of solidarity. They are also more likely to successfully navigate the employment and health care systems in the new country, and are not pressured to send remittances back home.

===Vulnerabilities===
[[File:Ana Navarro.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ana Navarro]], a political strategist and commentator, immigrated as a result of the [[Sandinista revolution]].]]

The [[Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996]] significantly changed how the United States dealt with immigration. Under this new law, immigrants who overstayed their visas or were found to be in the United States illegally were subject to be detained and/or deported without legal representation. Immigrants who broke these laws may not be allowed back into the country. Similarly, this law made it more difficult for other immigrants who want to enter the United States or gain legal status. These laws also expanded the types of offenses that can be considered worthy of deportation for documented immigrants.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Policies enacted by future presidents further limit the number of immigrants entering the country and their expedited removal.

Many illegal immigrant families cannot enjoy doing everyday activities without exercising caution because they fear encountering immigration officers which limits their involvement in community events. Undocumented families also do not trust government institutions and services. Because of their fear of encountering immigration officers, illegal immigrants often feel ostracized and isolated which can lead to the development of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> The harmful effects of being ostracized from the rest of society are not limited to just that of undocumented immigrants but it affects the entire family even if some of the members are of legal status. Children often reported having been victims of bullying in school by classmates because their parents are undocumented.<ref name=HinojosB>{{cite thesis |last=Hinojos |first=Belinda |date=July 2013 |title=Stressors and Coping Strategies of Undocumented Latinos in Therapy |type=DPhil |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1189&context=cehsdiss}}</ref> This can cause them to feel isolated and develop a sense of inferiority which can negatively impact their academic performance.

===Stress===
[[File:Little Havana Entrance. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Beginning of Calle Ocho (eighth Street) in [[Little Havana]] of Miami, Florida, United States.]]

Despite the struggles Hispanic families encounter, they have found ways to keep motivated. Many immigrants use religion as a source of motivation. Mexican immigrants believed that the difficulties they face are a part of God's bigger plan and believe their life will get better in the end. They kept their faith strong and pray every day, hoping that God will keep their families safe.<ref name=HinojosB/> Immigrants participate in church services and bond with other immigrants that share the same experiences.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Undocumented Hispanics also find support from friends, family and the community that serve as coping mechanisms. Some Hispanics state that their children are the reason they have the strength to keep on going. They want their children to have a future and give them things they are not able to have themselves.<ref name=HinojosB/> The community is able to provide certain resources that immigrant families need such as tutoring for their children, financial assistance and counseling services.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Some identified that maintaining a positive mental attitude helped them cope with the stresses they experience. Many immigrants refuse to live their life in constant fear which leads to depression in order to enjoy life in the United States.<ref name=HinojosB/> Since many immigrants have unstable sources of income, many plan ahead in order to prevent future financial stress. They put money aside and find ways to save money instead of spend it such as learning to fix appliances themselves.<ref name=HinojosB/>

===Poverty===
[[File:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail by Samat Jain.jpg|thumb|264px|The section of the [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]] road that runs through US territory, a total of {{convert|646|km|mi}}, was declared a [[National Historic Trail]] in October 2000]]

Many Hispanic families migrate to find better economic opportunities in order to send remittances back home. Being undocumented limits the possibilities of jobs that immigrants undertake and many struggle to find a stable job. Many Hispanics report that companies turned them down because they do not have a [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] number. If they are able to obtain a job, immigrants risk losing it if their employer finds out they are unable to provide proof of residency or citizenship. Many look towards agencies that do not ask for identification, but those jobs are often unreliable. In order to prevent themselves from being detained and deported, many have to work under exploitation. In a study, a participant reported "If someone knows that you don't have the papers&nbsp;... that person is a danger. Many people will con them&nbsp;... if they know you don't have the papers, with everything they say 'hey I'm going to call immigration on you.{{'"}}<ref name=HinojosB/> These conditions lower the income that Hispanic families bring to their household and some find living each day very difficult. When an undocumented parent is deported or detained, income will be lowered significantly if the other parent also supports the family financially. The parent who is left has to look after the family and might find working difficult to manage along with other responsibilities. Even if families are not separated, Hispanics are constantly living in fear that they will lose their economic footing.

Living in poverty has been linked to depression, low self-esteem, loneliness, crime activities and frequent drug use among youth.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Families with low incomes are unable to afford adequate housing and some of them are evicted. The environment in which the children of undocumented immigrants grow up in is often composed of poor air quality, noise, and toxins which prevent healthy development.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Furthermore, these neighborhoods are prone to violence and gang activities, forcing the families to live in constant fear which can contribute to the development of PTSD, aggression and depression.

==Economic outlook==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:88%"
|+ Median US household income by Nationality (2015)
|-
!Ethnicity
!Income
|-
| [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $60,640
|-
| [[Argentine Americans|Argentinian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $60,000
|-
| [[Colombian Americans|Colombian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $56,800
|-
| [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $56,000
|-
| [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $54,500
|-
| [[Venezuelan Americans|Venezuelan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $51,000
|-
| [[Chilean Americans|Chilean]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $51,000
|-
| [[Peruvian Americans|Peruvian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $47,600
|-
| [[Bolivian Americans|Bolivian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $44,400
|-
| [[Ecuadorian Americans|Ecuadorian]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $44,200
|-
| [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $40,500
|-
| [[Honduran Americans|Honduran]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $40,200
|-
| [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $36,800
|-
| [[Guatemalan Americans|Guatemalan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | $36,800
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=3 | Sources:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/the-impact-of-slowing-immigration-foreign-born-share-falls-among-14-largest-us-hispanic-origin-groups/ |title=The Impact of Slowing Immigration: Foreign-Born Share Falls Among 14 Largest U.S. Hispanic Origin Groups|work=Pew Research Center |access-date=September 15, 2015 |first=Gustavo |last=López |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification |date=February 2022}}
|}
[[File:Income by Race and Ethnicity and Hispanic origins 2023.png|alt=Income by Race and Ethnicity and Hispanic / Latino origins 2023|thumb|left|'''Income by Race and Ethnicity and Hispanic / Latino origins 2023 shows the economic status of different ethnic groups'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=-01:-09 |access-date=2025-01-19 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref>]]

===Median income===
In 2017, the [[United States census|US census]] reported the median household incomes of Hispanic Americans to be $50,486. This is the third consecutive annual increase in median household income for Hispanic-origin households.<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web |url=https://census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.pdf |first1=Kayla |last1=Fontenot |first2=Jessica |last2=Semega |first3=Melissa |last3=Kollar |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |title=Current Population Reports, P60-263, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2017 |place=Washington, DC |date=2018}}</ref>

===Poverty===
According to the US census, the [[Poverty threshold|poverty rate]] Hispanics was 18.3 percent in 2017, down from 19.4 percent in 2016. Hispanics accounted for 10.8 million individuals in poverty.<ref name="census.gov"/> In comparison, the average poverty rates in 2017 for non-Hispanic White Americans was 8.7 percent with 17 million individuals in poverty, Asian Americans was 10.0 percent with 2 million individuals in poverty, and African Americans was 21.2 percent with 9 million individuals in poverty.<ref name="census.gov"/>

Among the largest Hispanic groups during 2015 was: Honduran Americans & Dominican Americans (27%), Guatemalan Americans (26%), Puerto Ricans (24%), Mexican Americans (23%), Salvadoran Americans (20%), Cuban Americans and Venezuelan Americans (17%), Ecuadorian Americans (15%), Nicaraguan Americans (14%), Colombian Americans (13%), Argentinian Americans (11%), and Peruvian Americans (10%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/18/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing/ |title=How the U.S. Hispanic population is changing |last=Flores |first=Antonio |date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

Poverty affects many underrepresented students as racial/ethnic minorities tend to stay isolated within pockets of low-income communities. This results in several inequalities, such as "school offerings, teacher quality, curriculum, counseling and all manner of things that both keep students engaged in school and prepare them to graduate".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gándara |first1=P. |year=2015 |title=With the future on the line: Why studying Latino education is so important |journal=American Journal of Education |volume=121 |issue=3 |page=454 |doi=10.1086/680411 |s2cid=144901107}}</ref> In the case of Hispanics, the poverty rate for Hispanic children in 2004 was 28.6 percent.<ref name="Hispanics: Education Issues"/> Moreover, with this lack of resources, schools reproduce these inequalities for generations to come. In order to assuage poverty, many Hispanic families can turn to social and community services as resources.
{{clear}}

==Cultural matters==
{{Main|American culture|Hispanic culture}}
{{See also|National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations}}
[[File:Museum of Latin American Art.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Latin American Art]]]]

The geographic, political, social, economic and racial diversity of Hispanic Americans makes all Hispanics very different depending on their family heritage and/or national origin. Many times, there are many cultural similarities between Hispanics from neighboring countries than from more distant countries, i.e. Spanish Caribbean, Southern Cone, Central America etc. Yet several features tend to unite Hispanics from these diverse backgrounds.

=== Language ===
{{See also|Spanish language in the United States|Languages of the United States}}

====Spanish====
[[File:Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Revival architecture]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]]]]

As one of the most important uniting factors of Hispanic Americans, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is an important part of Hispanic culture. Teaching Spanish to children is often one of the most valued skills taught amongst Hispanic families. Spanish is not only closely tied with the person's family, heritage, and overall culture, but valued for increased opportunities in business and one's future professional career. A 2013 Pew Research survey showed that 95% of Hispanics adults said "it's important that future generations of Hispanics speak Spanish".<ref name="pewresearch.org"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/20/us/spanish-declining-among-hispanics/ |title=Fewer Latinos will speak Spanish, more non-Latinos will, report says |first=Cindy Y. |last=Rodriguez |date=September 20, 2013 |website=CNN |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Given the United States' proximity to other [[Latin America|Spanish-speaking countries]], Spanish is being passed on to future American generations. Amongst second-generation Hispanics, 80% speak fluent Spanish, and amongst third-generation Hispanics, 40% speak fluent Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/12/11/iv-language-use/ |title=IV. Language Use |date=December 11, 2009|work=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Spanish is also the most popular language taught in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vistawide.com/languages/us_languages.htm |title=Languages Spoken and Learned in the United States |website=Vistawide.com |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html |title=Most Studied Foreign Languages in the U.S. |website=Infoplease.com |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

[[Image:ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg|thumb|[[Chicago Picasso]] as seen at [[Christkindlmarket, Chicago|Christkindlmarket]]]]

Hispanics have revived the [[Spanish language in the United States]], first brought to [[North America]] during the Spanish colonial period in the 16th century. Spanish is the oldest European language in the United States, spoken uninterruptedly for four and a half centuries, since the founding of [[Saint Augustine, Florida]] in 1565.<ref name=legacies>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/latino-legacies-67535761/ |title=Latino Legacies |access-date=2008-04-28 |last=Small |first=Lawrence M |date=2002-08-01 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|quote=There was a Hispanic presence on the continent for more than 200 years before 13 colonies on the eastern coast declared their independence from England.&nbsp;... By 1607, when the British established their first successful settlement, at Jamestown, Virginia, writes historian Bernard Bailyn, "Spain's American dominion extended nearly 8,000 miles, from Southern California to the Straits of Magellan"}}</ref><ref name="st-aug">{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/visitors/history_fullprint.html |title=A Brief History of St. Augustine |access-date=2008-04-28 |website=[[St. Augustine, Florida|City of St. Augustine]]|quote=Founded in 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the United States. Forty-two years before the English colonized Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, the Spanish established at St. Augustine this nation's first enduring settlement. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907065341/http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/visitors/history_fullprint.html |archive-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=amlib>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/jb_date.cgi?day=08&month=09 |title=A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida |access-date=2008-04-28 |work=America's Library |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |quote=On September 8, 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés landed on the shore of what is now called Matanzas Bay and began the founding of the Presidio of San Agustin. Later the settlement would be called St. Augustine, Florida. Built on the site of an ancient Native American village, and near the place where Ponce de León, the European discoverer of Florida, landed in 1513 in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth, it has been continually inhabited since its founding. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524053221/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/jb_date.cgi?day=08&month=09 |archive-date=May 24, 2008}}</ref><ref name=mhs>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1565staugustine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926164557/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1565staugustine.html |archive-date=2010-09-26 |title=The Founding of St. Augustine, 1565 |access-date=2008-04-28|author=Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales |work=Modern History Sourcebook |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref> Today, 90% of all Hispanics speak English, and at least 78% speak fluent Spanish.<ref name=lang/> Additionally, 2.8 million non-Hispanic Americans also speak Spanish at home for a total of 41.1 million.<ref name="Pew Research Center-2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most-spoken-non-english-language-in-u-s-homes-even-among-non-hispanics/ |title=Spanish is the most spoken non-English language in U.S. homes, even among non-Hispanics |date=August 13, 2013|work=Pew Research Center |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

With 40% of Hispanic Americans being immigrants,<ref name=profile>{{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:400&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |title=United States – Selected Population Profile in the United States (Hispanic or Latino (of any race)) |access-date=2008-06-11 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100902085931/http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:400&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=September 2, 2010}}</ref> and with many of the 60% who are US-born being the children or grandchildren of immigrants, [[Multilingualism|bilingualism]] is the norm in the community at large. At home, at least 69% of all Hispanics over the age of five are bilingual in English and Spanish, whereas up to 22% are monolingual English-speakers, and 9% are monolingual Spanish speakers. Another 0.4% speak a language other than English and Spanish at home.<ref name=lang>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B16006. Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over (Hispanic or Latino) |access-date=2008-06-12 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}} [There were 39.5 million Hispanic and Latino Americans aged 5 or more in 2006. 8.5 million of them, or 22%, spoke only English at home, and another 156,000, or 0.4%, spoke neither English nor Spanish at home. The other 30.8 million, or 78%, spoke Spanish at home. Of these, 3.7 million spoke no English, while the overwhelming majority, 27.2 million, did, at these levels: 15.5 million "very well", 5.8 million "well", and 5.9 million "not well". These 27.2 million bilingual speakers represented 69% of all (39.5 million) Hispanic and Latino Americans aged five or over in 2006, while the 3.7 million monolingual Spanish-speakers represented 9%.]</ref>

====American Spanish dialects====
{{See also|Isleño Spanish|New Mexican Spanish}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%"
|+ Spanish speakers<br /> in the United States
|-
!Year
!Number of<br /> speakers
!Percent of<br />population
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.0 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 5%
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;" | 17.3 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 7%
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;" | 28.1 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 10%
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;" | 37.0 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 13%
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align:right;" | 38.3 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 13%
|-
| 2020*
| style="text-align:right;" | 40.0 million
| style="text-align:right;" | 14%
|-
| colspan=3 | *-Projected; sources:<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{cite news |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/05/what-is-the-future-of-spanish-in-the-united-states/ |title=What is the future of Spanish in the United States? |date=September 5, 2013 |work=Pew Research Center |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shin |first1=Hyon B. |last2=Bruno |first2=Rosalind |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf |title=Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |date=October 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/Castro1.htm |title=The Future of Spanish in the United States |website=Languagepolicy.net |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1601&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212214642/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1601&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=American FactFinder – Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
|}

The Spanish dialects spoken in the United States differ depending on the country of origin of the person or the person's family heritage. However, generally, Spanish spoken in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] is [[Mexican Spanish]] or [[Chicano|Chicano Spanish]]. A variety of Spanish native to the Southwest spoken by descendants of the early Spanish colonists in [[New Mexico]] and [[Colorado]] is known as Traditional [[New Mexican Spanish]]. One of the major distinctions of Traditional New Mexican Spanish is its use of distinct vocabulary and grammatical forms that make [[New Mexican Spanish]] unique amongst Spanish dialects. The Spanish spoken in the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] is generally [[Caribbean Spanish]] and is heavily influenced by the Spanish of [[Cuban Spanish|Cuba]], the [[Dominican Spanish|Dominican Republic]], and [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rico]]. [[Isleño Spanish]], descended from [[Canarian Spanish]], is the historic Spanish dialect spoken by the descendants of the earliest Spanish colonists beginning in the 18th century in [[Louisiana]]. Spanish spoken elsewhere throughout the country varies, although is generally [[Mexican Spanish]].<ref name="Pew Research Center-2013"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/12/spanish-foreign-language_n_3430860.html |title=8 Reasons Spanish Isn't A Foreign Language In The U.S. (SLIDESHOW)|work=The Huffington Post |access-date=March 5, 2015 |date=June 12, 2013}}</ref>

Heritage Spanish speakers tend to speak Spanish with near-native level phonology, but a more limited command of morphosyntax.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/mpolinsky/publications/white-paper-prolegomena-heritage-linguistics |title=Prologmena to Heritage Linguistics |last1=Benmamoun |first1=Elabbas |last2=Montrul |first2=Silvina |last3=Polinsky |first3=Maria |name-list-style=amp |date=2010 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> Hispanics who speak Spanish as a second language often speak with English accents.

====Spanglish and English dialects====
{{Main|Chicano English|Spanglish|Miami#Dialect|New York Latino English}}
{{See also|List of English words of Spanish origin}}
[[File:National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[National Hispanic Cultural Center]]]]

Hispanics have influenced the way Americans speak with the introduction of many Spanish words into the English language. Amongst younger generations of Hispanics, [[Spanglish]], a term for any mix of Spanish and English, is common in speaking. As they are fluent in both languages, speakers will often switch between Spanish and English throughout the conversation. Spanglish is particularly common in Hispanic-majority cities and communities such as [[Miami]], [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]], [[San Antonio]], [[Los Angeles]] and parts of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/spanglish/book/ |title=Do You Speak American?: Spanglish |last1=Suarez |first1=Ray |last2=Stavans |first2=Ilan |name-list-style=amp |website=PBS |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

Hispanics have also influenced the way English is spoken in the United States. In Miami, for example, the [[Miami#Dialect|Miami dialect]] has evolved as the most common form of English spoken and heard in Miami today. This is a native dialect of English, and was developed amongst second and third generations of [[Cuban American]]s in Miami. Today, it is commonly heard everywhere throughout the city. [[Gloria Estefan]] and [[Enrique Iglesias]] are examples of people who speak with the Miami dialect. Another major English dialect, is spoken by [[Chicano]]s and [[Tejano]]s in the [[Southwestern United States]], called [[Chicano English]]. [[George Lopez]] and [[Selena]] are examples of speakers of Chicano English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wlrn.org/post/miami-accents-why-locals-embrace-heavy-l-or-not?nopop=1 |title=Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not |first=Patience |last=Haggin |date=August 27, 2013 |website=WLRN |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> An English dialect spoken by Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic groups is called [[New York Latino English]]; [[Jennifer Lopez]] and [[Cardi B]] are examples of people who speak with the New York Latino dialect.

When speaking in English, American Hispanics may often insert Spanish tag and filler items such as {{lang|es|tú sabes}}, {{lang|es|este}}, and {{lang|es|órale}}, into sentences as a marker of ethnic identity and solidarity. The same often occurs with grammatical words like {{lang|es|pero}}.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wss/2/paper1136.pdf |title=Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |author-link1=John M. Lipski |date=2005 |publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project |book-title=Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics |pages= |location=Somerville, MA}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Mission Concepcion San Antonio.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[San Antonio Missions National Historical Park]] in Texas a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] comprises four missions, [[Mission San José (Texas)|Mission San José]], Mission San Juan, and [[Mission Espada]]. These missions are renowned for their architectural and cultural significance, reflecting the Spanish colonial heritage of the region.]]

According to a [[Pew Center]] study which was conducted in 2019, the majority of Hispanic Americans are [[Christianity|Christians]] (72%),<ref name=Decline2019/> Among American Hispanics, as of 2018–19, 47% are [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], 24% are [[Protestant]], 1% are [[Mormon]], less than 1% are [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]], 3% are members of non-Christian faiths, and 23% are [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]].<ref name=Decline2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ |title=In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace |date=October 17, 2019 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> The proportion of Hispanics who are Catholic has dropped from 2009 (when it was 57%), while the proportion of unaffiliated Hispanics has increased since 2009 (when it was 15%).<ref name=Decline2019/> Among Hispanic Protestant community, most are [[evangelical]], but some belong to [[mainline Protestant|mainline denominations]].<ref name=ShiftingIdentity>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/05/07/the-shifting-religious-identity-of-latinos-in-the-united-states |title=The Shifting Religious Identity of Latinos in the United States |date=May 7, 2014 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Compared to Catholic, unaffiliated, and mainline Protestant Hispanics; Evangelical Protestant Hispanics are substantially more likely to attend services weekly, pray daily, and adhere to [[Liberal Christianity|biblical liberalism]].<ref name=ShiftingIdentity/> As of 2014, about 67% of Hispanic Protestants and about 52% of Hispanic Catholics were renewalist, meaning that they described themselves as [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] or [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic Christian]]s (in the Catholic tradition, called [[Catholic charismatic renewal]]).<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/05/07/chapter-7-renewalism-and-hispanic-christianity/ |chapter=Chapter 7: Renewalism and Hispanic Christianity |title=The Shifting Religious Identity of Latinos in the United States |date=May 7, 2014 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

Catholic affiliation is much higher among first-generation Hispanic immigrants than it is among second and third-generation Hispanic immigrants, who exhibit a fairly high rate of conversion to Protestantism or the unaffiliated camp.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21602226-latinos-are-quitting-catholic-church-select-faith |title=Select-a-Faith: Latinos are quitting the Catholic church |date=17 May 2014 |magazine=[[The Economist]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to [[Andrew Greeley]], as many as 600,000 American Hispanics leave Catholicism for Protestant churches every year, and this figure is much higher in [[Texas]] and [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21646001-even-religion-america-offers-more-choice-pick-and-mix |title=Faith: Pick and mix |date=March 14, 2015 |magazine=The Economist |access-date=March 28, 2015}}</ref> Hispanic Catholics are developing youth and social programs to retain members.<ref>{{cite book |last=Espinosa |first=Gastón |editor-last=Espinosa |editor-first=Gastón |date=2008 |chapter=Latinos, Religion, and the American Presidency |title=Religion, Race, and the American Presidency |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=242–244 |isbn=978-0-742563216}}</ref>

Hispanics make up a substantial proportion (almost 40%) of [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics in the United States]],<ref name=Dias>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/us/archbishop-jose-gomez-president.html |title=U.S. Catholic Bishops Elect Hispanic Immigrant as Leader |last=Dias |first=Elizabeth |date=November 12, 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> although the number of American Hispanic [[Catholic priests|priests]] is low relative to Hispanic membership in the church.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/05/04/hispanic-catholic-church-us-growing-survey-confirms |title=The Hispanic Catholic Church in the U.S. is growing, survey confirms |last=Long-García |first=J.D. |date=May 4, 2018 |magazine=[[America (magazine)|America]]}}</ref> In 2019, [[José Horacio Gómez]], [[Archbishop of Los Angeles]] and a naturalized American citizen born in Mexico, was elected as president of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|US Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref name=Dias/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Pew Research Center: Hispanic and Latino Religious Affiliation (2010–2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/04/13/among-u-s-latinos-catholicism-continues-to-decline-but-is-still-the-largest-faith/ |title=Among U.S. Latinos, Catholicism Continues to Decline But Is Still the Largest Faith |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US |access-date=2023-04-25}}</ref>
!Date
!Catholicism
!Unaffiliated
!Evangelical Protestant
!Non-Evangelical Protestant
!Other religion
|-
|2022
|43
|30
|15
|6
|4
|-
|2021
|46
|25
|14
|7
|5
|-
|2018
|49
|20
|19
|7
|3
|-
|2016
|54
|17
|15
|7
|5
|-
|2015
|54
|17
|18
|7
|4
|-
|2014
|58
|12
|14
|7
|7
|-
|2013
|55
|18
|17
|7
|3
|-
|2012
|58
|13
|15
|6
|3
|-
|2011
|62
|14
|13
|6
|3
|-
|2010
|67
|10
|12
|5
|3
|}

===Media===
{{See also|Latino literature}}
[[File:Latino Cultural Center Dallas 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Latino Cultural Center]]]]

The United States is home to thousands of Spanish-language [[Mass media|media]] outlets, which range in size from giant commercial and some non-commercial [[List of United States over-the-air television networks|broadcasting networks]] and major magazines with circulations numbering in the millions, to low-power [[AM broadcasting|AM radio]] stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of Internet media outlets targeting US Hispanic consumers. Some of the outlets are online versions of their printed counterparts and some online exclusively.

Increased use of Spanish-language media leads to increased levels of group consciousness, according to survey data. The differences in attitudes are due to the diverging goals of Spanish-language and English-language media. The effect of using Spanish-language media serves to promote a sense of group consciousness among Hispanics by reinforcing roots in the Hispanic world and the commonalities among Hispanics of varying national origin.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.unm.edu/~kerevely/SSQ.pdf |title=The Influence of Spanish-Language Media on Latino Public Opinion and Group Consciousness |last=Kerevel |first=Yann P. |date=June 2011 |website=Social Science Quarterly |volume=92 |number=2 |pages=509–534 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412011557/http://www.unm.edu/~kerevely/SSQ.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Mass Media and Ethnic Assimilation and Pluralism: A Review and Research Proposal with Special Focus on Hispanics |last=Subervi-Velez |first=Federico A. |date=January 1986 |journal=Communication Research |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.1177/009365028601300105 |s2cid=146739567 }}</ref>

The first Hispanic-American owned major [[film studio]] in the United States is based in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]]. In 2017, Ozzie and Will Areu purchased [[Tyler Perry|Tyler Perry's]] former studio to establish Areu Bros. Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/ozzie-areu-first-latino-own-major-studio-has-hollywood-story-n1141531 |title=Ozzie Areu, the first Latino to own a major studio, has a Hollywood story himself |last1=Polley |first1=Leonor Ayala |last2=Morales |first2=Natalie |name-list-style=amp |date=February 24, 2020 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2019/12/05/atlantas-areu-bros-open-first-latinx-owned-studios-in-us |title=Atlanta's Areu Bros. Open First Latinx-Owned Studios In US |last=Murry |first=Kenny |date=December 5, 2019 |website=Georgia Public Broadcasting}}</ref>

Hispanics are more likely to use social media such as [[TikTok]] and [[Instagram]] than non-Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latintimes.com/latinos-dominate-social-media-leading-usage-tiktok-instagram-whatsapp-across-us-551034|title=Latinos Dominate Social Media, Leading in Usage of TikTok, Instagram, WhatsApp Across the U.S.}}</ref>

====Radio====
Spanish language radio is the largest non-English broadcasting media.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Spanish-language radio |last=Chambers |first=Todd |date=2006 |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=34–50 |doi=10.1207/s15506843jrs1301_3|s2cid=167640657 }}</ref> While other foreign language broadcasting declined steadily, Spanish broadcasting grew steadily from the 1920s to the 1970s. The 1930s were boom years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Origins of Spanish-Language Radio: The Case of San Antonio, Texas |last1=Schement |first1=Jorge Reina |last2=Flores |first2=Ricardo |name-list-style=amp |date=1977 |journal=Journalism History |volume=4 |number=2 |pages=56–61 |doi=10.1080/00947679.1977.12066845}}</ref> The early success depended on the concentrated geographical audience in Texas and the Southwest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spanish-Language Radio in the Southwestern United States |last1=Gutiérrez |first1=Félix F. |last2=Schement |first2=Jorge Reina |name-list-style=amp |date=1979 |location=Austin, TX |publisher=UT Center for Mexican American Studies}}</ref> American stations were close to Mexico which enabled a steady circular flow of entertainers, executives and technicians, and stimulated the creative initiatives of Hispanic radio executives, brokers, and advertisers. Ownership was increasingly concentrated in the 1960s and 1970s. The industry sponsored the now-defunct trade publication ''Sponsor'' from the late 1940s to 1968.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Rise of US Spanish-Language Radio From 'Dead Airtime' to Consolidated Ownership (1920s–1970s) |last=Paxman |first=Andrew |date=2018 |journal=Journalism History |volume=44 |number=3 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1080/00947679.2018.12059208|s2cid=181477533 }}</ref> Spanish-language radio has influenced American and Hispanic discourse on key current affairs issues such as citizenship and immigration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Casillas |first=Dolores Inés |date=October 2014 |title=Sounds of Belonging: US Spanish-language radio and public advocacy |location=New York City |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-814770658}}</ref>

====Networks====
Notable Hispanic-oriented media outlets include:
* [[CNN en Español]], a Spanish-language news network based in [[Atlanta, Georgia]];
* [[ESPN Deportes]] and [[Fox Deportes]], two Spanish-language sports television networks.
* [[Telemundo]], the second-largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major [[List of television stations in North America by media market|U.S. market]], and numerous affiliates internationally;
** [[TeleXitos]] an American Spanish language digital multicast television network owned by NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises.
** [[Universo (TV network)|Universo]], a cable network that produces content for U.S.-born Hispanic audiences;
* [[Univisión]], the largest [[List of Spanish-language television channels|Spanish-language television network]] in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, and numerous affiliates internationally. It is the country's fourth-largest network overall;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/television/hispanic-tv-market-grows-univision-reshuffles-execs-137594 |title=As Hispanic Television Market Grows, Univision Reshuffles Executives |last=Levine |first=D.M. |date=January 19, 2012 |work=AdWeek |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
** [[UniMás]], an American Spanish language free-to-air television network owned by [[TelevisaUnivision]].
** [[Fusion TV]], an English television channel targeting Hispanic audiences with news and satire programming;
** [[Galavisión]], a Spanish-language television channel targeting Hispanic audiences with general entertainment programming;
* [[Estrella TV]], an American Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by the Estrella Media.
* [[V-me]], a Spanish-language television network;
** [[Primo TV]], an English-language cable channel aimed at Hispanic youth.;
* [[Azteca América]], a Spanish-language television network in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, and numerous affiliates internationally;
* [[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]], a former music channel that merged with the Hispanic-oriented [[NuvoTV]] in 2015.
** [[FM (TV channel)|FM]], a music-centric channel that replaced NuvoTV following the latter's merger with Fuse in 2015.
* [[3ABN]] Latino, a Spanish-language Christian television network based in [[West Frankfort, Illinois]];
* [[TBN Enlace USA]], a Spanish-language Christian television network based in [[Tustin, California]];
{{clear}}

====Print====
* ''[[La Opinión]]'', a Spanish-language daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the six counties of [[Southern California]]. It is the largest Spanish-language newspaper in the United States
* ''[[El Nuevo Herald]]'' and ''Diario Las Américas'', Spanish-language daily newspapers serving the greater [[Miami|Miami, Florida]], market
* ''[[El Tiempo Latino]]'' a Spanish-language free-circulation weekly newspaper published in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* ''[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]'', a magazine for [[bilingual]], [[bicultural]] Hispanic women
* ''[[People en Español]]'', a Spanish-language magazine counterpart of ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''
* ''Vida Latina'', a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the [[Southern United States]]

===Music===
Because of different cultures throughout the Hispanic world, there are various music forms throughout Hispanic countries, with different sounds and origins. [[Reggaeton]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] are genres that are most popular to Hispanic youth in the United States. Recently [[Latin trap]], [[Corridos tumbados|trap corridos]], and [[Dominican dembow]] have gained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-28 |title=How Latin trap defied the odds and launched the hottest artists of 2018 - The Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/record-labels-said-latin-trap-was-going-nowhere-billions-of-youtube-views-proved-them-wrong/2019/02/28/9d614286-2ee7-11e9-813a-0ab2f17e305b_story.html?utm_term=.cf9f7c073132 |access-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228212231/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/record-labels-said-latin-trap-was-going-nowhere-billions-of-youtube-views-proved-them-wrong/2019/02/28/9d614286-2ee7-11e9-813a-0ab2f17e305b_story.html |archive-date=February 28, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-28 |title=Where Mexican Folk Ballads Meet Trap Music - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/style/trapcorridos-chicano-los-angeles.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128033634/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/style/trapcorridos-chicano-los-angeles.html |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |last1=Thompson-Hernández |first1=Walter }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=From Reggaeton to Dominican Dembow. A Timeline to the Hottest Music Genre Around - HipLatina |url=https://hiplatina.com/fromreggaetontodominicandembow/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213222716/https://hiplatina.com/fromreggaetontodominicandembow/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Hispanic and Latino athletes in American sports}}
[[File:Javier Báez (52913144344).jpg|left|thumb|[[Javier Báez]] making a baseball play]]
[[Soccer]] is a common sport for Hispanics from outside of the Caribbean region, particularly immigrants. They have played a major role in boosting the sport's popularity in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galván |first=Astrid |date=2024-09-12 |title=Latinos kick soccer into the mainstream |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/09/12/us-soccer-mls-nielsen-ratings |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> [[Baseball]] is common among Caribbean Hispanics. They and their culture now form a major part of the fanbase and players in [[Major League Baseball|MLB]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Lauren |date=2022-09-23 |title=From the Barrios to the Big Leagues: The Latino Impact on the MLB |url=https://www.wapt.com/article/clarified-the-latino-impact-on-the-mlb/41338849 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=WAPT |language=en}}</ref>

Other popular sports include [[boxing]], [[American football|gridiron football]], and [[basketball]].

===Cuisine===
[[File:CornmealProducts.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Mexican food]] has become part of the mainstream American market]]

Hispanic food, particularly Mexican food, has influenced [[American cuisine]] and eating habits. [[Mexican cuisine]] has become mainstream in American culture. Across the United States, [[tortilla]]s and [[Salsa (sauce)|salsa]] are arguably becoming as common as hamburger buns and [[ketchup]]. [[Tortilla chip]]s have surpassed [[potato chip]]s in annual sales, and [[Chifle|plantain chips]] popular in [[Caribbean]] cuisines have continued to increase sales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/17/hispanic-influence-tortillas-take-over-burger-buns/ |title=Hispanic influence: Tortillas take over burger buns as fast-food fave |last=Chumley |first=Cheryl K. |date=October 17, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> The [[avocado]] has been described as "America's new favorite fruit"; its largest market within the US is among Hispanic Americans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/01/22/the-sudden-rise-of-the-avocado-americas-new-favorite-fruit/ |title=The rise of the avocado, America's new favorite fruit |last1=Ferdman |first1=Roberto A. |date=25 November 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

Due to the large Mexican-American population in the Southwestern United States, and its proximity to [[Mexico]], Mexican food there is believed to be some of the best in the United States. [[Cubans]] brought [[Cuban cuisine]] to [[Miami]] and today, [[cortado|cortaditos]], pastelitos de guayaba and [[empanada]]s are common mid-day snacks in the city. Cuban culture has changed Miami's coffee drinking habits, and today a [[café con leche]] or a cortadito is commonly had at one of the city's numerous coffee shops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/17/latino-other-ethnic-influences-changing-americas-food-choices/ |title=Latino, other ethnic influences changing America's food choices |work=NBC Latino |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113935/http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/17/latino-other-ethnic-influences-changing-americas-food-choices/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Cuban sandwich]], developed in Miami, is now a staple and icon of the city's cuisine and culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Spain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/United-States-Latino-Americans.html |title=Food in United States: Latino Americans |website=Food by Country |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Familial situations===

====Family life and values====
[[File:Quinceañera. Santa Fe (14369403262).jpg|thumb|left|Mexican American girls at a [[Quinceañera]] celebration in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]].]]

Hispanic culture places a strong value on family, and is commonly taught to Hispanic children as one of the most important values in life. Statistically, Hispanic families tend to have larger and closer knit families than the American average. Hispanic families tend to prefer to live near other family members. This may mean that three or sometimes four generations may be living in the same household or near each other, although four generations is uncommon in the United States. The role of [[grandparent]]s is believed to be very important in the upbringing of children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grandparents.about.com/od/grandparentingtoday/a/hispanic_family.htm |title=Grandparents Important in Hispanic Family Structure |first=Susan |last=Adcox |website=About.com Parenting |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110112336/http://grandparents.about.com/od/grandparentingtoday/a/hispanic_family.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hispanics tend to be very group-oriented, and an emphasis is placed on the well-being of the family above the individual. The extended family plays an important part of many Hispanic families, and frequent social, family gatherings are common. Traditional rites of passages, particularly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[sacrament]]s: such as [[baptism]]s, birthdays, [[First Communion|first Holy Communion]]s, [[quinceañera]]s, [[Confirmation]]s, [[graduation]]s and [[wedding]]s are all popular moments of family gatherings and celebrations in Hispanic families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hispanics.barna.org/hispanic-priorities-marriage-family-and-youth/ |title=Hispanic Priorities: Marriage, Family and Youth |website=[[Barna Group]] |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301025546/http://hispanics.barna.org/hispanic-priorities-marriage-family-and-youth/ |archive-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2011/03/cultural-values-of-latino-patients-and-families/ |title=Cultural Values of Latino Patients and Families |website=Dimensions of Culture.com |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

Education is another important priority for Hispanic families. Education is seen as the key towards continued [[upward mobility]] in the United States among Hispanic families. A 2010 study by the Associated Press showed that Hispanics place a higher emphasis on education than the average American. Hispanics expect their children to graduate university.<ref name="nancys.landale">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19902/ |title=Hispanic Families in the United States: Family Structure and Process in an Era of Family Change |last1=Landale |first1=Nancy S. |last2=Oropesa |first2=R. Salvador |last3=Bradatan |first3=Christina |name-list-style=amp |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/20/hispanics-place-higher-em_n_652605.html |title=Hispanics Place Higher Emphasis On Education, Poll Reports|work=The Huffington Post |access-date=March 5, 2015 |date=July 20, 2010}}</ref>

Hispanic youth today stay at home with their parents longer than before. This is due to more years spent studying and the difficulty of finding a paid job that meets their aspirations.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=B. Bradford |editor2-last=Larson |editor2-first=Reed W. |editor3-last=Saraswathi |editor3-first=Tharakad Subramanium |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521809108}}</ref>

====Intermarriage====
[[File:Mariah Carey 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Mariah Carey]]'s father was of [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Afro-Venezuelans|Afro-Venezuelan]] descent, while her mother is of Irish descent.]]
[[File:Anya Taylor-Joy by Patrick Lovell, January 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Anya Taylor-Joy]] is of Argentine of English and Scottish descent.<ref name="hollywoodrep">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/witchs-anya-taylor-joy-goes-866202|title='The Witch' Breakout Anya Taylor-Joy Goes From Ballet to Studio Thrillers|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=18 February 2016|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207062812/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/witchs-anya-taylor-joy-goes-866202|archive-date=7 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Florsheim|first=Lane|date=6 November 2020|title=Anya Taylor-Joy on 'The Queen's Gambit' and Dancing at the End of the Pandemic|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anya-taylor-joy-on-the-queens-gambit-and-dancing-at-the-end-of-the-pandemic-11604681940|access-date=15 November 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115013104/https://www.wsj.com/articles/anya-taylor-joy-on-the-queens-gambit-and-dancing-at-the-end-of-the-pandemic-11604681940|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="standard">{{cite web|date=19 January 2017|last=Fishwick|first=Samuel|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/anya-taylorjoy-meet-the-actress-on-the-cusp-of-hollywood-superstardom-a3441671.html|title=Anya Taylor-Joy: meet the actress on the cusp of Hollywood superstardom|work=[[Evening Standard]]|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409202651/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/anya-taylorjoy-meet-the-actress-on-the-cusp-of-hollywood-superstardom-a3441671.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father Dennis Taylor was born in Argentina to an Anglo-Argentine mother and a Scottish father, while her mother was born in [[Zambia]] to an English diplomat father, David Joy, and a Spanish mother from [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Spanish family of Anya, the actress of Gambito de Dama: her grandmother's shop in Zaragoza|url=https://thecanadian.news/2021/03/07/the-spanish-family-of-anya-the-actress-of-gambito-de-dama-her-grandmothers-shop-in-zaragoza|work=The Canadian News|date=7 March 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308064020/https://thecanadian.news/2021/03/07/the-spanish-family-of-anya-the-actress-of-gambito-de-dama-her-grandmothers-shop-in-zaragoza/|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>]]

Hispanic Americans, like many immigrant groups before them, are out-marrying at high rates. Out-marriages comprised 17.4% of all existing Hispanic marriages in 2008.<ref name="Pew Social Trends: Marrying Out">{{cite web |url=http://pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf |title=Pew Social Trends: "Marrying Out" |date=June 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003916/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> The rate was higher for newlyweds (which excludes immigrants who are already married): Among all newlyweds in 2010, 25.7% of all Hispanics married a non-Hispanic (this compares to out-marriage rates of 9.4% of White people, 17.1% of Black people, and 27.7% of Asians). The rate was larger for native-born Hispanics, with 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-marrying compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics.<ref name=PewRiseIntermarriage>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2012/02/16/the-rise-of-intermarriage/ |title=The Rise of Intermarriage |last=Wang |first=Wendy |date=February 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> The difference is attributed to recent immigrants tending to marry within their immediate immigrant community due to commonality of language, proximity, familial connections, and familiarity.<ref name="Pew Social Trends: Marrying Out" />

[[File:Rosa Salazar by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Rosa Salazar]] is of [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] and [[French people|French]] descent.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rosa-salazar-abbreviated-bird-box-role-james-camerons-alita-1174582 |title=Rosa Salazar: From "Abbreviated" 'Bird Box' Role to James Cameron's 'Alita'|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114030948/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rosa-salazar-abbreviated-bird-box-role-james-camerons-alita-1174582 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 2008, 81% of Hispanics who married out married non-Hispanic White people, 9% married non-Hispanic Black people, 5% non-Hispanic Asians, and the remainder married non-Hispanic, multi-racial partners.<ref name="Pew Social Trends: Marrying Out"/>

Of approximately 275,500 new interracial or interethnic marriages in 2010, 43.3% were White-Hispanic (compared to White-Asian at 14.4%, White-Black at 11.9%, and other combinations at 30.4%; "other combinations" consists of pairings between different minority groups and multi-racial people).<ref name=PewRiseIntermarriage /> Unlike those for marriage to Black people and Asians, intermarriage rates of Hispanics to White people do not vary by gender. The combined median earnings of White/Hispanic couples are lower than those of White/White couples but higher than those of Hispanic/Hispanic couples. 23% of Hispanic men who married White women have a college degree compared to only 10% of Hispanic men who married a Hispanic woman. 33% of Hispanic women who married a White husband are college-educated compared to 13% of Hispanic women who married a Hispanic man.<ref name=PewRiseIntermarriage />

Attitudes among non-Hispanics toward intermarriage with Hispanics are mostly favorable, with 81% of White people, 76% of Asians and 73% of Black people "being fine" with a member of their family marrying a Hispanic and an additional 13% of White people, 19% of Asians and 16% of Black people "being bothered but accepting of the marriage". Only 2% of White people, 4% of Asians, and 5% of Black people would not accept a marriage of their family member to a Hispanic.<ref name="Pew Social Trends: Marrying Out"/>

Hispanic attitudes toward intermarriage with non-Hispanics are likewise favorable, with 81% "being fine" with marriages to White people and 73% "being fine" with marriages to Black people. A further 13% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to a White and 22% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to a Black. Only 5% of Hispanics objected outright marriage of a family member to a non-Hispanic Black and 2% to a non-Hispanic White.<ref name="Pew Social Trends: Marrying Out"/>

Unlike intermarriage with other racial groups, intermarriage with non-Hispanic Black people varies by nationality of origin. Puerto Ricans have by far the highest rates of intermarriage with Black people, of all major Hispanic national groups, who also has the highest overall intermarriage rate among Hispanics.<ref name="nancys.landale"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sharon M. |last2=Edmonston |first2=Barry |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf05/60.2newmarriages.pdf |title=New Marriages, New Families: U.S. Racial and Hispanic Intermarriage |journal=Population Reference Bureau Population Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=2 |issn=0032-468X |date=June 2005 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202603/http://www.prb.org/pdf05/60.2NewMarriages.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Jeffrey S. Passel |author2=Wendy Wang |author3=Paul Taylor |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf |title=Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages is Interracial or Interethnic |work=Pew Research Center |date=June 4, 2010 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131171421/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAdsYl5xgGwC&q=puerto+rican+and+black+intermarriage&pg=PA129 |title=We are All Multiculturalists Now |page=129 |access-date=March 5, 2015|isbn=978-0-674948365 |last1=Glazer |first1=Nathan |year=1998|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-06-21/features/os-multiracial-population-grows-20110621_1_interracial-hispanic-population-number-of-multiracial-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625132249/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-06-21/features/os-multiracial-population-grows-20110621_1_interracial-hispanic-population-number-of-multiracial-people |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2011 |title=Multiracial population grows in Orlando |work=Orlando Sentinel |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beinglatino.us/lifestyle/how-interracial-relationships-shape-the-latino-community/ |title=How interracial relationships shape the Latino community |work=Being Latino |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102213615/http://www.beinglatino.us/lifestyle/how-interracial-relationships-shape-the-latino-community/ |archive-date=November 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imdiversity.com/villages/hispanic/explorations-in-black-and-tan/ |title=Explorations in Black and Tan |website=Imdiversity.com |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2014/02/26/new-generation-afro-latinos-is-confronting-issues-race-and-identity-head-on/ |title=Black History Month: New Generation Of Afro-Latinos Tackles Race And Identity |first=Hilary S. |last=Szot |work=Fox News Latino |access-date=March 5, 2015 |date=February 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q17Vwdwm1-wC&q=puerto+rican+and+african+american+relationships&pg=PA97 |title=Black and Multiracial Politics in America|page=97 |access-date=March 5, 2015|isbn=9780814706633 |last1=Alex-Assensoh |first1=Yvette Marie |last2=Hanks |first2=Lawrence J. |date=November 2000|publisher=NYU Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m3TKL__amYC&q=puerto+rican+and+african+american+relationships&pg=PA4 |title=Between Melting Pot and Mosaic|page=4 |access-date=March 5, 2015|isbn=978-1-566392808 |last1=Torres |first1=Andrés |year=1995|publisher=Temple University Press }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=January 2023}} Cubans have the highest rate of intermarriage with non-Hispanic White people, of all major Hispanic national groups, and are the most assimilated into White American culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2012/04/the-case-of-the-white-cubans/#.VFZ4TjCJOuY |title=The case of the white Cubans |work=Gene Expression |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406134134/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2012/04/the-case-of-the-white-cubans/#.VFZ4TjCJOuY |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://desdelahabanaivan.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/whitening-the-children-a-desire-of-many-cuban-families/ |title='Whitening' the children: a desire of many Cuban families|work=Iván's File Cabinet |date=February 25, 2012 |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Cultural adjustment===

As Hispanic migrants become the norm in the United States, the effects of this migration on the identity of these migrants and their kin becomes most evident in the younger generations. Crossing the borders changes the identities of both the youth and their families. Often "one must pay special attention to the role expressive culture plays as both entertainment and as a site in which identity is played out, empowered, and reformed" because it is "sometimes in opposition to dominant norms and practices and sometimes in conjunction with them".<ref name="Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette 2004">{{cite book |last=Hondagneu-Sotelo |first=Pierrette |author-link=Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo |editor-last=Gutiérrez |editor-first=D.G. |date=2004 |title=The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States since 1960 |chapter=Gender and the Latino experience in Late-Twentieth-Century America |location=New York City |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231118088}}</ref> The exchange of their culture of origin with American culture creates a dichotomy within the values that the youth find important, therefore changing what it means to be Hispanic in the global sphere.

====Transnationalism====
Along with feeling that they are neither from the country of their ethnic background nor the United States, a new identity within the United States is formed called ''[[latinidad]]''. This is especially seen in cosmopolitan social settings like New York City, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Underway is "the intermeshing of different Latino subpopulations has laid the foundations for the emergence and ongoing evolution of a strong sense of ''latinidad"'' which establishes a "sense of cultural affinity and identity deeply rooted in what many Hispanics perceive to be a shared historical, spiritual, aesthetic and linguistic heritage, and a growing sense of cultural affinity and solidarity in the social context of the United States."<ref name="Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette 2004"/> This unites Hispanics as one, creating cultural kin with other Hispanic ethnicities.

====Gender roles====
In a 1998 study of Mexican Americans it was found that males were more likely to endorse the notion than men should be the sole breadwinners of the family, while Mexican American women did not endorse this notion.<ref name="Gowan-1998">{{Cite journal |last1=Gowan |first1=Mary |last2=Trevino |first2=Melanie |date=1998-06-01 |title=An Examination of Gender Differences in Mexican-American Attitudes Toward Family and Career Roles |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018886912223 |journal=Sex Roles |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1079–1093 |doi=10.1023/A:1018886912223 |s2cid=141119013 |issn=1573-2762|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Mexican woman washing in front of house in corral. Mexican section, San Antonio, Texas.jpg|thumb|left|Hispanic woman washing, doing household chores]]

Prior to the [[counterculture of the 1960s|1960s countercultural movement]], Mexican men often felt an exaggerated need to be the sole breadwinner of their families.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peñalosa |first=Fernando |date=1968 |title=Mexican Family Roles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/349517 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=680–689 |doi=10.2307/349517 |jstor=349517 |issn=0022-2445|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There are two sides to machismo, the man who has a strong work ethic and lives up to his responsibilities, or the man who heavily drinks and therefore displays acts of unpleasant behavior towards his family.<ref name="Gowan-1998" />

[[File:Jill Biden being interviewed by Natalie Morales in 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Natalie Morales (journalist)|Natalie Morales]] interviewing [[Jill Biden]] at the White House in 2016.]]

The traditional roles of women in a Hispanic community are of housewife and mother, a woman's role is to cook, clean, and care for her children and husband; putting herself and her needs last.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galanti |first=Geri-Ann |date=July 2003 |title=The Hispanic Family and Male-Female Relationships: An Overview |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043659603014003004 |journal=Journal of Transcultural Nursing |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=180–185 |doi=10.1177/1043659603014003004 |pmid=12861920 |s2cid=2397695 |issn=1043-6596|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The typical structure of a Hispanic family forces women to defer authority to her husband, allowing him to make the important decisions, that both the woman and children must abide by.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cromwell |first1=Ronald E. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Rene A. |date=December 1979 |title=The Myth of Macho Dominance in Decision Making Within Mexican and Chicano Families |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/073998637900100404 |journal=Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=355–373 |doi=10.1177/073998637900100404 |pmid=12340208 |s2cid=11319203 |issn=0739-9863|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  In traditional Hispanic households, women and young girls are homebodies or ''muchachas de la casa'' ("girls of the house"), showing that they abide "by the cultural norms&nbsp;... [of] respectability, chastity, and family honor [as] valued by the [Hispanic] community".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/dialogo/vol6/iss1/10/ |title=The Sexual Identities of Young Puerto Rican Mothers |last=Souza |first=Caridad |date=2002 |journal=Diálogo |volume=6 |number=1}}</ref>

Migration to the United States can change the identity of Hispanic youth in various ways, including how they carry their gendered identities.<ref name="Foner-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Foner |first1=Nancy |last2=Deaux |first2=Kay |last3=Donato |first3=Katharine M. |date=2018 |title=Introduction: Immigration and Changing Identities |journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.7758/rsf.2018.4.5.01 |jstor=10.7758/rsf.2018.4.5.01 |s2cid=158508992 |issn=2377-8253|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, when Hispanic women come to the United States, they tend to adapt to the perceived social norms of this new country and their social location changes as they become more independent and able to live without the financial support of their families or partners.<ref name="Foner-2018" /> The unassimilated community views these adapting women as being ''de la calle'' ("of [or from] the street"), transgressive, and sexually promiscuous.<ref name="Foner-2018" /> A women's motive for pursuing an education or career is to prove she can care and make someone of herself, breaking the traditional gender role that a Hispanic woman can only serve as a mother or housewife, thus changing a woman's role in society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Espin |first1=Oliva M. |last2=Warner |first2=Beth |date=September 1982 |title=Attitudes Towards the Role of Women in Cuban Women Attending a Community College |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002076408202800310 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=233–239 |doi=10.1177/002076408202800310 |pmid=7118462 |s2cid=45670975 |issn=0020-7640|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some Hispanic families in the United States "deal with young women's failure to adhere to these culturally prescribed norms of proper gendered behavior in a variety of ways, including sending them to live in&nbsp;... [the sending country] with family members, regardless of whether or not&nbsp;... [the young women] are sexually active".<ref>{{cite journal |title='Puertorriqueñas Rencorosas y Mejicanas Sufridas': Gendered Ethnic Identity Formation in Chicago's Latino Communities |last=Pérez |first=Gina |date=2003 |journal=Journal of Latin American Anthropology |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=96–124 |doi=10.1525/jlca.2003.8.2.96}}</ref> Now there has been a rise in the Hispanic community where both men and women are known to work and split the household chores among themselves; women are encouraged to gain an education, degree, and pursue a career.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tharp |first1=Roland G. |last2=Meadow |first2=Arnold |last3=Lennhoff |first3=Susan G. |last4=Satterfield |first4=Donna |date=1968 |title=Changes in Marriage Roles Accompanying the Acculturation of the Mexican-American Wife |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/349908 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.2307/349908 |jstor=349908 |issn=0022-2445|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Sexuality====
[[File:Santa Fe Plaza.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Santa Fe Plaza]]]]

According to polling data released in 2022, 11% of Hispanic American adults identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. This is more than twice the rate of [[White Americans]] or [[African Americans]]. Over 20% of Hispanic [[Millennials]] and [[Gen Z]] claimed an [[LGBT]] identity.<ref name="SLTribune2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2022/06/01/more-latinos-are/ |title=More Latinos are identifying as LGBTQ. Here's how some in Utah have found acceptance and community |last=Bojórquez |first=Kim |date=June 1, 2022 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |quote=The poll found 11% of U.S. Latino adults said they identified as LGBTQ, nearly twice the rate of 6.2% of non-Hispanic white adults and 6.6% of Black adults who said they were queer. The percentage of queer Latino adults was even higher among Gen Zers — the cohort born between 1997 and 2012 — where more than 1 in 5 said they were LGBTQ, the report found.}}</ref> The growth of the young Hispanic population is driving an increase of the [[LGBT]] community in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/06/12/lgbtq-population-us-hispanic-black-white/ |title=More young, Hispanic Americans identify as LGBTQ+ than ever before |last1=Kupemba |first1=Danai Nesta |date=12 June 2022 |work=PinkNews |quote=New data has confirmed that young Hispanic Americans are driving an increase in the LGBTQ+ population.}}</ref> Studies have shown that Hispanic Americans are over-represented among [[transgender]] people in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nolan |first1=Ian T. |last2=Kuhner |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Dy |first3=Geolani W. |title=Demographic and temporal trends in transgender identities and gender confirming surgery |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |publisher=AME Publishing Company |volume=8 |issue=3 |year=2019 |issn=2223-4683 |doi=10.21037/tau.2019.04.09 |pages=184–190|pmid=31380225 | pmc=6626314 |quote=Studies evaluating racial and ethnic demographic trends suggest that non-white groups are overrepresented in TGNB populations. Flores et al. estimate transgender prevalence among non-Hispanic whites at approximately 480 per 100,000, lower than the 770 per 100,000 for non-Hispanic blacks, 840 per 100,000 for "Hispanic/Latino" and 640 per 100,000 for "other non-Hispanic" categories. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flores |first1=Andrew |title=Race And Ethnicity Of Adults Who Identify As Transgender In The United States |date=2016 |publisher=The Williams Institute (UCLA) |location=Los Angeles, California |page=3 |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Race-Ethnicity-Trans-Adults-US-Oct-2016.pdf |quote=Based on these estimates, we find that adults who identify as transgender are less likely to be White and more likely to be African-American or Black and Hispanic or Latino than the U.S. general population.}}</ref>

According to Gattamorta, et al. (2018), the socially constructed notion of [[machismo]] reinforces male gender roles in Hispanic culture, which can lead to internalized homophobia in Hispanic gay men and increase mental health issues and suicidal ideation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gattamorta |first1=Karina |last2=Quidley-Rodriguez |first2=Narciso |date=2018 |title=Coming Out Experiences of Hispanic Sexual Minority Young Adults in South Florida |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=741–765 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2017.1364111 |issn=0091-8369 |pmc=5797510 |pmid=28771094 |quote=Machismo, a socially constructed set of behaviors that reinforces male gender roles in Hispanic culture, may impact identity development and behavior (Arciniega, Anderson, Tovar-Blank, & Tracey, 2008; Basham, 1976; De La Cancela, 1986). Hirai, Winkel, and Popan (2014) reported that higher levels of machismo was positively correlated with prejudice toward lesbians and gay men. In addition, machismo has been correlated with internalized homophobia (Estrada, Rigali-Oiler, Arciniega, & Tracey, 2011), and this, in turn, has been linked to mental health issues and suicidal ideation (Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003; Hatzenbuehler, McLaughlin, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008; Newcomb & Mustanski, 2010; Williamson, 2000).}}</ref> However, according to Reyes Salinas, more recent research shows that there has been an explosive growth of [[LGBT]] self-identification among young Hispanic Americans, which may signal that the Hispanic attitudes towards LGBT have broken down.<ref name="SLTribune2018" /> According to Marina Franco, polling conducted in 2022 suggests that the Hispanic community in America is largely accepting of LGBT people and gay marriage, which is significant in light of the rapid growth of LGBT self-identification among Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/03/24/latinos-lgbtq-acceptance |title=Poll: Latinos are highly accepting of members of LGBTQ community |last1=Franco |first1=Marina |date=2022-03-24 |website=Axios}}</ref>

===Relations with other minority groups===
[[File:Sunny Hostin (49469995906).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sunny Hostin]] American lawyer, columnist, journalist, and television host. Hostin was born to a Puerto Rican mother and an African American father, and her maternal grandfather was of [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] descent.]]

As a result of the rapid growth of the Hispanic population, there has been some tension with other minority populations, especially the [[African Americans|African-American]] population, as Hispanics have increasingly moved into once exclusively Black areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/9587776?story_id=9587776 |title=Where black and brown collide: The struggle for political dominance |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 2, 2007 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4653328 |title=Racial Tension at Los Angeles High School |last1=Chideya |first1=Farai |last2=del Barco |first2=Mandalit |name-list-style=amp |date=May 16, 2005 |website=National Public Radio}}</ref> There has also been increasing cooperation between minority groups to work together to attain political influence.<ref name=Nagourney-Steinhauer/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/national/24mayor.html |title=A Black-Latino Coalition Emerges in Los Angeles |last=Broder |first=John M. |date=April 24, 2005 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* A 2007 [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] study reported that 51% of Black people felt that Hispanics were taking jobs and political power from them and 44% of Hispanics said they feared African-Americans, identifying them (African-Americans) with high crime rates. That said, large majorities of Hispanics credited American Black people and the civil rights movement with making life easier for them in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/13/us/13race.html |title=Survey Points to Tensions Among Chief Minorities |last=Preston |first=Julia |date=December 13, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c3.ucla.edu/newsstand/national/poll-explores-racial-tensions-among-minority-groups |title=Poll Explores Racial Tensions Among Minority Groups |last=Senteno |first=Christine |date=December 13, 2007 |website=UCLA Center for Communications & Community |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712063148/http://www.c3.ucla.edu/newsstand/national/poll-explores-racial-tensions-among-minority-groups |archive-date=2010-07-12}}</ref>
* A [[Pew Research Center]] poll from 2006 showed that Black people overwhelmingly felt that Hispanic immigrants were hard working (78%) and had strong family values (81%); 34% believed that immigrants took jobs from Americans, 22% of Black people believed that they had directly lost a job to an immigrant, and 34% of Black people wanted immigration to be curtailed. The report also surveyed three cities: [[Chicago]] (with its well-established Hispanic community); [[Washington, D.C.]] (with a less-established but quickly growing Hispanic community); and [[Raleigh-Durham]] (with a very new but rapidly growing Hispanic community). The results showed that a significant proportion of Black people in those cities wanted immigration to be curtailed: Chicago (46%), Raleigh-Durham (57%), and Washington, DC (48%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/2006/04/25/attitudes-toward-immigration-in-black-and-white/ |title=Attitudes Toward Immigration: In Black and White |last=Rosentiel |first=Tom |date=April 26, 2006 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>
* Per a 2008 [[University of California, Berkeley]] Law School research brief, a recurring theme to Black/Hispanic tensions is the growth in "contingent, flexible, or contractor labor", which is increasingly replacing long term steady employment for jobs on the lower-rung of the pay scale (which had been disproportionately filled by Black people). The transition to this employment arrangement corresponds directly with the growth in the Hispanic immigrant population. The perception is that this new labor arrangement has driven down wages, removed benefits, and rendered temporary, jobs that once were stable (but also benefiting consumers who receive lower-cost services) while passing the costs of labor (healthcare and indirectly education) onto the community at large.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Saucedo_African_Am_Immigrant_Tensions_Final_brief.pdf |title=African American–immigrant Tensions: Myths, Realities And Policy Implications |last=Saucedo |first=Leticia M. |date=July 2008 |website=University of Berkeley Law School}}</ref>
* A 2008 [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll indicated that 60% of Hispanics and 67% of Black people believe that good relations exist between US Black people and Hispanics<ref name=Gallup2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/108868/whites-may-exaggerate-blackhispanic-tensions.aspx |title=White people May Exaggerate Black-Hispanic Tensions |last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=July 17, 2008 |website=Gallup}}</ref> while only 29% of Black people, 36% of Hispanics and 43% of White people, say Black–Hispanic relations are bad.<ref name=Gallup2008 />
* In 2009, in [[Los Angeles County]], Hispanics committed 30% of the hate crimes against Black victims and Black people committed 70% of the hate crimes against Hispanics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/12/hate-crimes-in-la-county-down-overall-anti-jewish-vandalism-rises.html |title=Hate crimes in L.A. County down overall, but anti-Jewish vandalism rises |last=Faturechi |first=Robert |date=December 21, 2010 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207195336/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/12/hate-crimes-in-la-county-down-overall-anti-jewish-vandalism-rises.html |archive-date=2011-02-07}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Hispanic and Latino American politics}}
{{See also|List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+Current Hispanics in the United States government
|-
!Name
!Political party
!State
!First elected
!Ancestry
|-
!colspan=5|Supreme Court
|-
|[[Sonia Sotomayor]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 2009{{efn|As a [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justice]], Sotomayor was nominated by [[Barack Obama]] and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], not elected.}} || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
! colspan="5" |[[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]]
|-
|[[Robert Santos]]
!
!
|2022
|[[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]]
|-
!colspan=5|State Governors
|-
|[[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] || Democratic || [[New Mexico]] || 2018 || [[Hispanos of New Mexico]]
|-
!colspan=5|US Senate
|-
|[[Marco Rubio]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2010 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Ted Cruz]] || Republican || [[Texas]] || 2012 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Catherine Cortez Masto]] || Democratic || [[Nevada]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Ben Ray Luján]]
|Democratic
|[[New Mexico]]
|2020
|[[Hispanos of New Mexico]]
|-
|[[Ruben Gallego]] || Democratic || [[Arizona]] || 2024 || [[Colombia]]n
|-
|[[Alex Padilla]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2021{{efn|After the [[2020 United States presidential election|election]] of California senator [[Kamala Harris]] as vice president, Padilla was appointed senator by California Governor [[Gavin Newsom]] to fill the seat vacancy.}} || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
!colspan=5|US House of Representatives
|-
|[[Nydia Velázquez]] || Democratic || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 1992 || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Grace Napolitano]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 1998 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Mario Díaz-Balart]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2002 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Raúl Grijalva]] || Democratic || [[Arizona]] || 2002 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Linda Sánchez]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2002 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Henry Roberto Cuellar]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2004 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[John Garamendi]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2009 || [[Spain|Spanish]]
|-
|[[Tony Cárdenas]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2012 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Joaquin Castro]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2012 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Raul Ruiz (politician)|Raúl Ruiz]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2012 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Juan Vargas]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2012 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Pete Aguilar]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2014 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Alex Mooney]] || Republican || [[West Virginia]] || 2014 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Norma Torres]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2014 || [[Guatemala]]n
|-
|[[Nanette Barragán]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Salud Carbajal]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Lou Correa]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Adriano Espaillat]] || Democratic || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2016 || [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]
|-
|[[Vicente Gonzalez (American politician)|Vicente González]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Brian Mast]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2016 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Darren Soto]] || Democratic || [[Florida]] || 2016 || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Jimmy Gomez]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2017 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Veronica Escobar]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2018 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Chuy García]] || Democratic || [[Illinois]] || 2018 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Sylvia Garcia]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2018 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Mike Levin]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2018 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] || Democratic || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2018 || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Mike Garcia (politician)|Mike Garcia]] || Republican || [[California]] || 2020 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Carlos A. Giménez]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2020 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Tony Gonzales]] || Republican || [[Texas]] || 2020 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Teresa Leger Fernandez|Teresa Leger]] || Democratic || [[New Mexico]] || 2020 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Nicole Malliotakis]] || Republican || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2020 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Maria Elvira Salazar]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2020 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Ritchie Torres]] || Democratic || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2020 || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Yadira Caraveo]] || Democratic || [[Colorado]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Greg Casar]] || Democratic || [[Texas]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Lori Chavez-DeRemer]] || Republican || [[Oregon]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Juan Ciscomani]] || Republican || [[Arizona]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Monica De La Cruz]] || Republican || [[Texas]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Anthony D'Esposito]] || Republican || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2022 || [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Maxwell Frost]] || Democratic || [[Florida]] || 2022 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Robert Garcia (California politician)|Robert Garcia]] || Democratic || [[California]] || 2022 || [[Peru]]vian
|-
|[[Anna Paulina Luna]] || Republican || [[Florida]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Rob Menendez]] || Democratic || [[New Jersey]] || 2022 || [[Cuba]]n
|-
|[[Marie Gluesenkamp Perez]] || Democratic || [[Washington (state)|Washington]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Delia Ramirez]] || Democratic || [[Illinois]] || 2022 || [[Guatemala]]n
|-
|[[Andrea Salinas]] || Democratic || [[Oregon]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|-
|[[Gabe Vasquez]] || Democratic || [[New Mexico]] || 2022 || [[Mexico|Mexican]]
|}

[[File:CHCcirca1984.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]], circa 1984]]
[[File:Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg|thumb|right|[[Congressional Hispanic Conference]] members met with Attorney General Al Gonzales]]
{{clear}}

===Political affiliations===
{{Main|Category:Hispanic and Latino American members of the Cabinet of the United States}}
[[File:Joseph Marion Hernandez.jpg|thumb|upright|Delegate [[Joseph Marion Hernández]] of the [[Florida Territory]], elected in 1822, the first Hispanic American to serve in the [[United States Congress]] in any capacity]]
[[File:Octaviano Larrazolo, bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg|thumb|upright|Republican politician [[Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo]], elected in 1928, the first Mexican American and first Latino United States senator.]]

Hispanics differ on their political views depending on their location and background. The majority (57%)<ref name="BG">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/12/10/gop_debaters_beckon_hispanics/ |title=GOP hopefuls beckon Hispanics in debate |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=2007-12-10 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> either identify as or support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], and 23% identify as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]].<ref name="BG" /> This 34-point gap as of December 2007 was an increase from the gap of 21 points 16 months earlier. While traditionally a key [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] constituency at-large,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/americas/2000/us_elections/hispanic_vote/1003642.stm |title=The Latino challenge |access-date=2008-05-16 |last=Munoz |first=Carlos Jr. |date=2 November 2000 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> beginning in the early 2010s, Hispanics have begun to split<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/us/politics/border-grievance-politics.html |title=How Immigration Politics Drives Some Hispanic Voters to the G.O.P. in Texas |access-date=2022-05-02 |last=Medina |first=Jennifer |date=1 March 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> between the Democrats and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/opinion/democratic-party-latino-voters.html |title=Latino Voters Are Key to 2024, and They're Not Always Buying What Democrats Are Selling |access-date=2022-05-02 |last=Cadava |first=Geraldo |date=18 January 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/3270602-hispanics-are-abandoning-biden-in-droves-heres-why/ |title=Hispanics are abandoning Biden in droves. Here's why |access-date=2022-05-02 |last=Concha |first=Joe |date=17 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/3471496-minorities-are-finding-a-new-political-home-with-the-republican-party/ |title=Minorities are finding a new political home with the Republican Party |access-date=2022-05-02 |last=McDaniel |first=Ronna |date=29 April 2022 |newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> In a 2022 study, it was found that 64% of Latinos surveyed had positive attitudes towards President Obama's executive actions on immigration, which was notably four percentage points lower than that of non-Hispanic Black respondents. It was also noted that support for undocumented immigrants was lowest among Latinos living in developing 'bedroom communities' or newly built suburbs designed for commuters. This was also the case for Latinos of affluent income levels, however they were still most likely to display a positive attitude towards undocumented immigrants, especially when compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frasure-Yokley |first1=L. |last2=Wilcox-Archuleta |first2=B. |name-list-style=amp |title=Geographic Identity and Attitudes toward Undocumented Immigrants |journal=Political Research Quarterly |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=72 |pages=944–959 |doi=10.1177/1065912919843349 |jstor=45223013 |s2cid=182586898 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45223013 |access-date=30 September 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Chilean Americans, and Venezuelan Americans [[Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States|tend to favor conservative political ideologies]] and support the Republicans. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominican Americans tend to favor progressive political ideologies and support the Democrats. However, because the latter groups are far more numerous—as, again, Mexican Americans alone are 64% of Hispanics—the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position with the ethnic group overall.

Some political organizations associated with Hispanic Americans are [[League of United Latin American Citizens]] (LULAC), the [[National Council of La Raza]] (NCLR), the [[United Farm Workers]], the [[Cuban American National Foundation]] and the [[National Institute for Latino Policy]].

===Political impact===
{{Main|List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States}}
{{see also|Latino vote}}
[[File:Henry B Gonzalez.jpg|thumb|165x165px|Democratic politician [[Henry B. González]], elected in 1961, served 37 years in the House, the longest-serving Hispanic American in congressional history.]]

The United States has a population of over 60 million of Hispanic Americans, of whom 27 million are citizens eligible to vote (13% of total eligible voters); therefore, Hispanics have a very important effect on presidential elections since the vote difference between two main parties is usually around 4%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/01/19/looking-forward-to-2016-the-changing-latino-electorate/ |title=1. Looking Forward to 2016: The Changing Latino Electorate |date=January 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/01/19/millennials-make-up-almost-half-of-latino-eligible-voters-in-2016/ |title=Millennials Make Up Almost Half of Latino Eligible Voters in 2016 |date=January 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/03/2016-electorate-will-be-the-most-diverse-in-u-s-history/ |title=2016 electorate will be the most diverse in U.S. history |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/magazine/27-million-potential-hispanic-votes-but-what-will-they-really-add-up-to.html |title=27 Million Potential Hispanic Votes. But What Will They Really Add Up To? |first=Marcela |last=Valdes |date=September 14, 2016 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}</ref>

====Elections of 1986–1996====
During the 1986 midterm elections, Hispanic voter turnout was increasing, although it remained lower compared to other demographic groups. The political concerns of Hispanic communities during this period included immigration reform and civil rights, with modest gains for Latino candidates at state and local levels. In the 1988 presidential election, George H.W. Bush (Republican) and Michael Dukakis (Democrat) were the main contenders, and although Hispanic voters were becoming more engaged, their influence was still emerging. The 1990 Census highlighted the substantial growth of Hispanic populations in the United States, leading to greater attention from political parties to Hispanic issues and concerns.

The 1992 presidential election marked a significant shift as Bill Clinton (Democrat) engaged actively with Hispanic voters, resulting in increased Latino support and signaling a broader Democratic outreach. Clinton's administration would further stimulate Hispanic political activity. The 1994 midterm elections saw Republican gains and were significantly impacted by debates over immigration and welfare reform, including California's Proposition 187, which sought to limit public services for undocumented immigrants and mobilized many Latino voters.

By the 1996 presidential election, Bill Clinton's successful re-election campaign reflected the growing influence of Hispanic voters. Key issues for the Latino community during this time included immigration, education, and healthcare. The period also witnessed an increase in Latino representation in Congress with figures such as [[Bob Menendez]] and [[Luis Gutiérrez]] emerging as prominent leaders. Overall, the period from 1986 to 1996 marked a critical phase in the evolving political influence and representation of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States.

====Elections of 1996–2006====
[[File:Barbara vucanovich.jpg|thumb|right|125px|[[Barbara Vucanovich]] the first Hispanic woman elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]], in which she served representing [[Nevada]].]]

In the [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 presidential election]], 72% of Hispanics backed President [[Bill Clinton]]. In [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]], the Democratic total fell to 62%, and went down again in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], with Democrat [[John Kerry]] winning Hispanics 54–44 against Bush.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2012/11/2012_Latino_vote_exit_poll_analysis_final_11-07-12.pdf |title=The Hispanic Vote in Presidential Elections, 1980–2012 |access-date=2013-05-11 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423082537/http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2012/11/2012_Latino_vote_exit_poll_analysis_final_11-07-12.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hispanics in the West, especially in California, were much stronger for the Democratic Party than in Texas and Florida. California Hispanics voted 63–32 for Kerry in 2004, and both Arizona and New Mexico Hispanics by a smaller 56–43 margin. Texas Hispanics were split nearly evenly, favoring Kerry 50–49 over their favorite son candidate and Florida Hispanics (who are mostly Cuban American) backed Bush, by a 54–45 margin.

In 1998, [[1998 California Proposition 227|California Proposition 227]], which sought to eliminate bilingual education in public schools, was passed. This initiative highlighted the political mobilization of Latino communities and their influence on educational policy in California.

[[File:George W Bush and Alberto Gonzales.jpg|thumb|left|175px|US President [[George W. Bush]] announces [[Alberto Gonzales]] nomination as the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]].]]

The 2000 presidential election was notably close, with George W. Bush winning the presidency over Al Gore. Bush's outreach to Hispanic voters, particularly in battleground states such as Florida, was a significant factor in his narrow victory. Despite the growing visibility of Hispanic candidates, their representation at the national level remained limited. By the 2002 midterm elections, there was a notable increase in Hispanic representation in Congress, with more Latino candidates successfully winning seats in the House of Representatives. This trend continued to grow, reflecting the expanding political engagement of Hispanic Americans. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush was re-elected, with a notable increase in Hispanic support attributed to his campaign's targeted outreach efforts. Prominent Latino figures, including New Mexico Governor [[Bill Richardson]] and U.S. Senators [[Ken Salazar]], gained national recognition during this period.

In the [[United States general elections, 2006|2006 midterm election]], however, due to the unpopularity of the [[Iraq War]], the heated debate concerning [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal Hispanic immigration]] and Republican-related Congressional scandals, Hispanics went as strongly Democratic as they have since the Clinton years. Exit polls showed the group voting for Democrats by a lopsided 69–30 margin, with Florida Hispanics for the first time split evenly.

The runoff election in Texas' 23rd congressional district was seen as a bellwether of Hispanic politics. Democrat [[Ciro Rodriguez]]'s unexpected (and unexpectedly decisive) defeat of Republican incumbent [[Henry Bonilla]] was seen as proof of a leftward lurch among Hispanic voters; majority-Hispanic counties overwhelmingly backed Rodriguez and majority European-American counties overwhelmingly backed Bonilla.

====Elections 2008–2012====
[[File:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen official photo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]] became the first [[Cuban American]] Hispanic in congress and first Hispanic chair of the [[Congressional Hispanic Conference]].]]

In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 Presidential election]]'s [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|Democratic primary]], Hispanics participated in larger numbers than before, with [[Hillary Clinton]] receiving most of the group's support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.afrik.com/article12914.html |title=Obama gets another ally |last=Ndiaye |first=Ahmad |date=2008-03-22 |website=Afrik-News |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610105225/http://en.afrik.com/article12914.html |archive-date=2008-06-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pundits discussed whether Hispanics would not vote for [[Barack Obama]] because he was African-American.<ref name=Nagourney-Steinhauer>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/us/politics/15hispanic.html |title=In Obama's Pursuit of Latinos, Race Plays Role |last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |last2=Steinhauer |first2=Jennifer |author2-link=Jennifer Steinhauer |name-list-style=amp |date=January 15, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Hispanics voted 2 to 1 for Mrs. Clinton, even among the younger demographic. In other groups, younger voters went overwhelmingly for Obama.<ref name=86pdf>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/86.pdf |title=The Hispanic Vote in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primaries |last1=Minushkin |first1=Susan |last2=Lopez |first2=Mark Hugo |name-list-style=amp |date=February 21, 2008 |website=Pew Hispanic Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501041525/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/86.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-01}}</ref> Among Hispanics, 28% said race was involved in their decision, as opposed to 13% for (non-Hispanic) White people.<ref name=86pdf /> Obama defeated Clinton.

In the matchup between Obama and Republican candidate [[John McCain]], Hispanics supported Obama with 59% to McCain's 29% in the June 30 [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] tracking poll.<ref name=afp/> This was higher than expected, since McCain had been a leader of the comprehensive immigration reform effort (John McCain was born in [[Panama]] to parents who were serving in the US Navy, but raised in the United States).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hispanictips.com/2008/11/06/mccain-lost-ground-with-hispanics-despite-immigration-stance/ |title=McCain Lost Ground with Hispanics, Despite Immigration Stance |date=September 1, 2010 |website=HispanicTips |access-date=August 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033154/http://www.hispanictips.com/2008/11/06/mccain-lost-ground-with-hispanics-despite-immigration-stance/ |archive-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> However, McCain had retreated from reform during the Republican primary, damaging his standing among Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alternet.org/2008/11/why_john_mccain_lost_the_latino_vote |title=Why John McCain Lost the Latino Vote |last=Costantini |first=Peter |date=November 12, 2008 |work=[[AlterNet]] |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed|unreliable source |date=November 2021}} Obama took advantage of the situation by running ads in Spanish highlighting McCain's reversal.<ref>{{YouTube|Ry9LnAazwMg}}</ref>{{better source needed|YouTube – primary/unreliable |date=November 2021}}

[[File:Governor_NewMexico.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Susana Martinez]], first elected Hispanic woman Governor in the United States. She is of Mexican descent.]]

In the general election, 67% of Hispanics voted for Obama.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-11-06-hispanics_N.htm |title=Hispanic vote grows, shifts to Democrats |last=Lawrence |first=Jill |date=2008-11-06 |work=USA Today |access-date=2009-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1 |title=Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 |work=CNN |access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> with a relatively strong turnout in states such as Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada and [[Virginia]], helping Obama carry those formerly Republican states. Obama won 70% of non-Cuban Hispanics and 35% of the traditionally Republican Cuban Americans who have a strong presence in Florida. The relative growth of non-Cuban vs Cuban Hispanics also contributed to his carrying Florida's Hispanics with 57% of the vote.<ref name=usatoday/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/politics/6099797.html |title=In record turnout, Hispanic voters flip red states to blue |last=Carroll |first=Susan |date=2008-11-06 |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |access-date=2009-04-11}}</ref>

While employment and the economy were top concerns for Hispanics, almost 90% of Hispanic voters rated immigration as "somewhat important" or "very important" in a poll taken after the election.<ref name=usnews>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2009/01/30/republicans-and-latino-voters-has-the-gop-shifted-on-immigration-reform.html?PageNr=2 |title=Republicans and Latino Voters: Has the GOP Shifted on Immigration Reform? |first=Justin |last=Ewers |date=2009-01-30 |magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=2009-04-08}} [https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2009/01/30/republicans-and-latino-voters-has-the-gop-shifted-on-immigration-reform.html?PageNr=1 Page 1]</ref> Republican opposition to the [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007]] had damaged the party's appeal to Hispanics, especially in [[swing state]]s such as Florida, Nevada and New Mexico.<ref name=usnews/> In a [[Gallup poll]] of Hispanic voters taken in the final days of June 2008, only 18% of participants identified as Republicans.<ref name=afp>{{cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gJyH1GO3NGTeG0KIQjK8-P98ktwg |title=Obama dominates McCain among Hispanics: poll |date=July 2, 2008 |website=AFP |access-date=2009-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118173624/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gJyH1GO3NGTeG0KIQjK8-P98ktwg |archive-date=2010-11-18}}</ref> The 2010 midterm elections highlighted the growing influence of Hispanic Americans in U.S. politics. [[Marco Rubio]], a Republican from Florida, won a Senate seat, enhancing the visibility of Latino politicians in national politics.

Hispanics voted even more heavily for Democrats in the 2012 election with the Democratic incumbent Barack Obama receiving 71% and the Republican challenger [[Mitt Romney]] receiving about 27% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://njtoday.net/2012/11/27/opinion-the-latino-vote-in-2012-and-the-depth-of-the-gop-problem/ |title=[OPINION] The Latino Vote In 2012 and the Depth Of The GOP Problem |work=NJ Today.net |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194905/http://njtoday.net/2012/11/27/opinion-the-latino-vote-in-2012-and-the-depth-of-the-gop-problem/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/are-republican-immigration-reform-opponents-losing-clout/ |title=Are Republican immigration reform opponents losing clout? |date=November 23, 2012 |website=CBS News.com |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Some Hispanic leaders were offended by remarks Romney made during a fundraiser, when he suggested that cultural differences<ref name=culturematters>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/312830/culture-does-matter-mitt-romney |last=Romney |first=Mitt |title=Culture does matter |newspaper=National Review Online |date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> and "the hand of providence"<ref name=telprov>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/mitt-romney/9439416/Mitt-Romney-Israelis-richer-than-Palestinians-because-of-hand-of-providence.html |title=Mitt Romney: Israelis richer than Palestinians because of 'hand of providence' |last1=Bloomfield |first1=Adrian |last2=Day |first2=Matthew |last3=Swaine |first3=Jon |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=July 30, 2012 |location=London |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/mitt-romney/9439416/Mitt-Romney-Israelis-richer-than-Palestinians-because-of-hand-of-providence.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=sherwoodpale>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/30/mitt-romney-israel-economic-success |title=Mitt Romney 'providence' comments in Israel outrage Palestinians |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=July 30, 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=August 3, 2012}}</ref> help explain why Israelis are more economically successful than Palestinians, and why similar economic disparities exist between other neighbors, such as the United States and Mexico, or Chile and Ecuador.<ref name="ABCTextRomney">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/text-romneys-remarks-culture-israel-16899892 |title=Text of Romney's Remarks About Culture and Israel |agency=Associated Press |date=August 1, 2012 |work=ABC News |access-date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> A senior aide to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas called the remarks racist,<ref name=sherwoodpale/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/30/mitt-romney-says-jewish-culture-makes-israelis-more-economically-successful-than-palestinians/ |title=Mitt Romney creates fresh divisions on Israel tour with 'racist' economic remarks |date=July 30, 2012 |newspaper=National Post |access-date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> as did American political scientist [[Angelo Falcón]], president of the National Institute of Latino Policy.<ref name=embajada>{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862216.html |title=Embajada de México rechaza comentarios de Romney |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date=August 1, 2012 |language=es |access-date=August 2, 2012 |archive-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708172603/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862216.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mitt Romney]]'s father was born to American parents in a [[Mormon colonies in Mexico|Mormon colony]] in [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico. The Hispanic vote was crucial to Obama's re-election, particularly in swing states such as [[Florida]], [[Colorado]], and [[Nevada]]. The Obama campaign's focus on issues important to Latino voters, including immigration reform and healthcare, helped secure substantial support from the Hispanic community.

====Elections 2014–2022====
{{Main|Latino vote#2020 election}}
{{See also|2020 United States presidential election in Arizona|2020 United States presidential election in Nevada|2020 United States presidential election in Florida|2020 United States presidential election in Texas|label 2=Nevada|label 3=Florida|label 4=Texas}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Official Portrait.jpg
| image2            = Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell,_official_portrait,_116h_Congress.jpg
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| perrow            = 3/3/3
| image4            = Maria Elvira Salazar.jpg
| image5            = Alex Padilla 117th Congress portrait.jpg
| image6            = Rep. Maxwell Frost - 118th Congress.jpg
| footer            = {{center|Clockwise from top left:}} [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[Debbie Mucarsel-Powell]], [[Veronica Escobar]], [[Maxwell Frost]], [[Alex Padilla]], [[Maria Elvira Salazar]]
}}

"More convincing data" from the [[2016 United States presidential election]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01t7DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |last=Sabato |first=Larry J. |author-link=Larry Sabato |editor1-last=Sabato |editor1-first=Larry |editor2-last=Kondik |editor2-first=Kyle |editor3-last=Skelley |editor3-first=Geoffrey |name-list-style=amp |date=2017 |title=Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules |chapter=The 2016 Election that Broke All, or At Least Most, of the Rules |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=10 |isbn=978-1-442279407}}</ref> from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote, and Trump a lower share, than the Edison exit polls showed. Using wider, more geographically and linguistically representative sampling, Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79% of Hispanic voters (also an improvement over Obama's share in 2008 and 2012), while Trump won only 18% (lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Matt |last1=Barreto |first2=Thomas |last2=Schaller |first3=Gary |last3=Segura|chapter=Latinos and the 2016 Election|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01t7DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules|editor1-first=Larry|editor1-last=Sabato|editor2-first=Kyle|editor2-last=Kondik|editor3-first=Geoffrey|editor3-last=Skelley |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |date=2017|pages=123–35|isbn=978-1-442279407}}</ref> Additionally, the 2016 [[Cooperative Congressional Election Study]] found that Clinton's share of the Hispanic vote was one percentage point higher than Obama's in 2012, while Trump's was seven percentage points lower than Romney's.<ref>{{cite web |first=Geoffrey |last=Skelley |date=March 23, 2017 |url=http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/another-look-back-at-2016/ |title=Another Look Back at 2016: Comparing the exit poll and the Cooperative Congressional Election Study |website=[[Sabato's Crystal Ball]] |access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> Trump's campaign was marked by controversial statements and policies regarding immigration, which galvanized Latino voters.

On June 26, 2018, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], a [[millennial]], won the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 2018#District 14|primary]] in [[New York's 14th congressional district]] covering parts of [[The Bronx]] and [[Queens]] in [[New York City]], defeating the incumbent, [[Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|Democratic Caucus Chair]] [[Joe Crowley]], in what has been described as the biggest [[Upset (competition)|upset]] victory in the [[2018 United States elections|2018 midterm election season]] and at the age of 29 years, became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |last1=Remnick |first1=David |title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Historic Win and the Future of the Democratic Party |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/23/alexandria-ocasio-cortezs-historic-win-and-the-future-of-the-democratic-party |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Seitz-Wald |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/rep-joe-crowley-loses-28-year-old-newcomer-alexandria-ocasio-n886851 |title=High-ranking Democrat ousted in stunning primary loss to newcomer Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez |website=[[NBC News]] |date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] and has been endorsed by various politically [[Progressivism in the United States#Progressivism in the 21st century|progressive]] organizations and individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell-reports/watch/bernie-sanders-weighs-in-on-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-s-victory-1265337411768 |title=Bernie Sanders weighs in on Ocasio-Cortez's victory |website=[[MSNBC]] |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=August 10, 2018}}</ref> According to a [[Pew Research Center]] report, the 2020 election will be the first one when Hispanics are the largest racial or ethnic minority group in the electorate. A record 32 million Hispanics were projected to be eligible to vote in the presidential election, many of them first-time voters. On September 15, 2020, President [[Donald J. Trump]] announced his intent to nominate and appoint [[Eduardo Verastegui]], to be a member of the President's Advisory Commission on Hispanic Prosperity if re-elected after days of the Democratic convention.<ref name="decent">{{cite web |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate and Appoint Individuals to Key Administration Posts |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-appoint-individuals-key-administration-posts-091620/ |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref>

Hispanic communities across the United States were long held as a single voting bloc, but [[economic]], [[geographic]] and [[cultural]] differences show stark divides in how Hispanic Americans have cast their ballots in 2020. Hispanics helped deliver Florida to Donald Trump in part because of [[Cuban Americans]] and [[Venezuelan Americans]] (along with smaller populations such as [[Nicaraguan Americans]] and [[Chilean Americans]]); President Trump's reelection campaign ran pushing a strong anti-[[socialism]] message as a strategy in Florida, to their success. However the perceived anti-immigrant rhetoric resonated with [[Mexican Americans]] in Arizona and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] (Arizona being one of the states hardest hit by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election 2020: How Latino voters turned Arizona blue |url=https://www.ajplus.net/stories/how-latino-voters-turned-arizona-blue |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=AJ+ |language=en-US}}</ref> Many Latino voters in Nevada are members of the [[Culinary Workers Union|Culinary Union Local 226]] and supported Biden based on [[Right-to-work law|Right-to-work standards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Culinary Union delivered Nevada for Biden/Harris, drove unprecedented turnout with the largest political team statewide |url=https://www.culinaryunion226.org/news/press/culinary-union-drove-unprecedented-turnout-2020 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Culinary Union Local 226 |language=en}}</ref> The takeaway may be this may be the last election cycle that the "[[Hispanic vote]]" as a whole is more talked about instead of particular communities within it, such as Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans and so on. In Texas like in Arizona and Nevada, the Hispanic community mainly being Mexican American; one in three Texan voters is now Hispanic. Biden did win the Hispanic vote in those states. But in Texas, 41 percent to 47 percent of Hispanic voters backed Trump in several heavily Hispanic border counties in the Rio Grande Valley region, a Democratic stronghold. In Florida, Trump won 45 percent of the Hispanic vote, an 11-point improvement from his 2016 performance reported NBC News.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/trump-s-gains-among-latino-voters-shouldn-t-come-surprise-n1246463 |title=Trump's gains among Latino voters shouldn't come as a surprise. Here's why. |date=November 5, 2020 |website=NBC News |access-date=November 6, 2020}}</ref> Recognizing Hispanics as a population that can not only make a difference in swing states like Arizona, Nevada, Texas or Florida, but also really across the country, even in places like [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]] and [[Pennsylvania]], the number of Hispanic eligible voters may be the reason for the thin margins. In 1984, 37 percent of Hispanics voted for [[Ronald Reagan]] and 40 percent voted for [[George W. Bush]] in 2004.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!Year
!Candidate of<br />the plurality
!Political <br /> party
!% of<br />Hispanic<br />vote
!Result
|-
|1980 || [[Jimmy Carter]] || [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] ||56%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1984 || [[Walter Mondale]] || Democratic || 61%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1988 || [[Michael Dukakis]] || Democratic || 69%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|1992 || [[Bill Clinton]] || Democratic || 61%
| {{won}}
|-
|1996 || [[Bill Clinton]] || Democratic || 72%
| {{won}}
|-
|2000 || [[Al Gore]] || Democratic || 62%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2004 || [[John Kerry]] || Democratic || 58%
|{{no|Lost}}
|-
|2008 || [[Barack Obama]] || Democratic || 67%
| {{won}}
|-
|2012 || [[Barack Obama]] || Democratic || 71%
| {{won}}
|-
|2016 || [[Hillary Clinton]] || Democratic || 65%
| {{no|Lost}}
|-
|2020 || [[Joe Biden]] || Democratic || 63%
| {{won}}
|-
|2024 || [[Kamala Harris]] || Democratic || 52%
| {{no|Lost}}
|}

In Florida, even though Trump won Florida and gained Hispanic voters, Biden kept 53% of the Hispanic vote and Trump 45%. According to NBC News exit polls, 55% of Cuban Americans, 30% of Puerto Ricans and 48% of other Hispanics voted for Trump.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.12news.com/article/news/politics/two-hispanic-congressmen-from-arizona-on-the-list-of-potential-candidates-for-bidens-cabinet/75-5fd66d62-ba95-42bd-a4f5-d33ed5c93850 |title=2 Hispanic congressmen from Arizona among 'potential candidates' for Biden's cabinet |website=12news [[NBC News]] |date=November 19, 2020 |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>

Subsections of Hispanic voters have a range of historical influences vying to affect their votes. Cuban American voters, mostly concentrated in South Florida, tend to vote Republican in part because of their anathema for socialism, the party of [[Fidel Castro]]'s government that many of their families fled. Mexican Americans, however, have no such historical relationship with either party. Puerto Rican voters who have left the island might be influenced by the territory's move towards statehood, as a referendum for Trump's relief effort after [[Hurricane Maria]], or regarding how it is taxed.<ref name=Quartz>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/1927575/the-us-election-proves-theres-no-such-thing-as-the-latino-vote/ |title=The US election proves there's no such thing as "the Latino vote" |website=Quartz.com |date=November 6, 2020 |access-date=November 6, 2020}}</ref> The 2020 presidential election was a major event, with Joe Biden defeating incumbent President Donald Trump. Biden's campaign focused on issues such as immigration reform, healthcare, and economic recovery, which resonated with many Latino voters. Despite Biden's win, Trump made significant inroads with Hispanic voters compared to 2016, particularly in Florida and Texas. This election highlighted the diverse political preferences within the Latino community and the growing complexity of its electoral impact.

Nationwide, Hispanics cast 16.6 million votes in 2020, an increase of 30.9% over the 2016 presidential election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/latino-vote-analysis-2020-presidential-election |title=Latino voters were decisive in 2020 presidential election |date=January 6, 2021 |website=UCLA |access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>

After representative [[Filemon Vela Jr.]] resigned, [[Mayra Flores]] won a [[2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election|special election]] to succeed him, she won the election to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Svitek |first1=Patrick |title=U.S. Rep. Filemon Vela's resignation announcement sparks a sudden special-election scramble in hotly contested South Texas |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/03/24/south-texas-congressional-special-election/ |newspaper=[[Texas Tribune]] |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324235050/https://www.texastribune.org/2022/03/24/south-texas-congressional-special-election/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SANews04112022">{{cite news |title=Texas Republican Mayra Flores gets a boost in quest to be first U.S. congresswoman born in Mexico |date=April 11, 2022 |orig-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=May 30, 2022 |first1=Cayla |last1=Harris |newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]] |url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/legislature/article/Texas-Republican-Mayra-Flores-gets-a-boost-in-17063044.php |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617015826/https://www.expressnews.com/news/legislature/article/Texas-Republican-Mayra-Flores-gets-a-boost-in-17063044.php |url-status=live}}</ref> She was the first [[Mexican Americans|Mexican-born]] woman to serve in the House, but would go on to lose in the [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas|2022]] General election to Democrat [[Vicente Gonzalez (American politician)|Vicente Gonzalez.]]<ref name="SANews04112022" /><ref name="TXTrib06142022">{{cite news |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/06/14/texas-special-election-tx-34-mayra-flores-dan-sanchez/ |title=Republicans flip U.S. House seat in South Texas, historically a Democratic stronghold |last=Svitek |first=Patrick |date=June 14, 2022 |newspaper=[[Texas Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615123920/https://www.texastribune.org/2022/06/14/texas-special-election-tx-34-mayra-flores-dan-sanchez/ |archive-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svitek |first=Patrick |date=2023-07-06 |title=National GOP recruiting Mayra Flores, ousted from her South Texas seat, to run again for Congress |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/07/06/mayra-flores-congress-nrcc/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

====Elections 2024–Present====
{{See also|2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania}}
[[File:Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bernie Moreno]], Ohio Republican businessman, who won the U.S. Senate race.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Latinos make gains in the Senate but House contests are pending|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/07/bernie-moreno-senate-house-latinos |access-date=November 8, 2024 |work=Astrid Galván axios}}</ref>]]

Hispanic voters in the United States have traditionally leaned toward the Democratic Party, but recent elections reveal a significant shift toward the Republican Party, particularly in key battleground states. In the 2024 election, Republican candidate Donald Trump garnered {{clarify span|text=over 46% of the Hispanic vote, surpassing the 44% support|date=November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exit poll results 2024 {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> that George W. Bush received in 2004. This shift continues a trend that began in 2020, when Trump made notable inroads among Latino voters, especially in states like Florida and Texas, where Hispanic voters played a crucial role in his victories. Trump's support among Hispanic men has grown particularly strong, with 55% of Latino men voting for him in 2024, a significant increase from 2020. In [[Central California]], a region with a sizable Latino population, there is also a noticeable trend toward the Republican Party. This trend allowed Trump to flip several Hispanic Counties, rural ones such as Starr and Imperial, and urban ones such as Riverside and Miami. Many Latino voters in this area feel neglected by the Democrats and increasingly courted by Republicans.

While the majority of Hispanic voters still align with the Democratic Party, the growing rightward shift is increasingly evident among certain demographic groups. Economic concerns—such as [[2021–2023 inflation surge|inflation]], [[Health care prices in the United States|healthcare costs]], and [[Affordable housing in the United States|housing affordability]]—have become more central to many Latino voters, especially [[Baby boomers|older generations]], rather than the social issues like immigration or [[Abortion in the United States|reproductive rights]] that were focal points in Democratic campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title='It's simple, really' - why Latinos flocked to Trump's working-class coalition |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze3yr77j9wo |access-date=November 7, 2024 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a temporary decline in immigration to the U.S., but as restrictions have eased, immigration has surged, particularly from Latin America and parts of [[Asian immigration to the United States|Asia]]. Currently, [[History of Chinese Americans|Chinese]], [[Indian Americans|Indians]], and [[History of Filipino Americans|Filipinos]] are the three largest Asian ethnic groups immigrating to the United States. Asians in the U.S. are a highly diverse group that is growing fast.<ref>[[American Immigration Council]] [https://americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/asians-america-demographic-overview "Asians in America – a Demographic Overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114601/https://americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/asians-america-demographic-overview |date=21 March 2019 }} (26 April 2012)</ref> Asian immigrants comprise 6% of the United States population and are estimated to rise to 10% by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Jie|last2=Vargas-Bustamante|first2=Arturo|last3=Ortega|first3=Alexander N.|date=June 2013|title=Health Care Expenditures Among Asian American Subgroups|journal=Medical Care Research and Review |volume=70|issue=3|pages=310–329|doi=10.1177/1077558712465773|issn=1077-5587|pmc=3925768|pmid=23223329}}</ref> In 2023, border encounters reached record highs, driven by a combination of economic instability, violence, and natural disasters in countries like [[Venezuela]], [[Honduras]], and [[El Salvador]]. Additionally, the U.S. has seen an influx of [[Asylum in the United States|refugees]] from [[Iran–Israel proxy conflict|conflict-ridden regions]], including [[Afghanistan]], [[Syria]], and [[Ukraine]], as ongoing wars and political instability continue to displace millions. Additionally, ideological factors played a significant role, particularly among [[Cuban immigration to the United States|Cuban]] and [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] communities, in response to the backlash following a comedian's offensive remark at a Trump rally, where Puerto Rico was described as an "island of garbage". Despite these gains for the GOP, the Democratic Party retains a substantial advantage, particularly among younger, urban, and more progressive Hispanic voters. As Professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond noted, Trump's hardline stance on immigration resonated more with some Latino voters than the approach advocated by Vice President Kamala Harris. This trend was especially evident in areas along the Mexican-American border and communities affected by recent immigration patterns.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title=What went wrong for Kamala Harris? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/global-trends/us-presidential-election-results-what-went-wrong-for-kamala-harris/articleshow/115041640.cms |access-date=November 7, 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Notable contributions==
[[File:Julie Chavez Rodriguez.jpg|thumb|245px|[[Julie Chavez Rodriguez]] the granddaughter of American labor leader, [[Cesar Chavez]] and American labor activist [[Helen Fabela Chávez]] became the director of the [[White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs]] in 2021.]]

Hispanic Americans have made distinguished contributions to the United States in all major fields, such as [[Politics of the United States|politics]], the [[Military of the United States|military]], [[Music of the United States|music]], [[film]], [[American literature|literature]], [[Sports in the United States|sports]], [[business]] and [[finance]], and [[Science in the United States|science]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Oboler |editor1-first=Suzanne |editor2-last=González |editor2-first=Deena J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos & Latinas In The United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-195156003}}</ref>

===Arts and entertainment===
In 1995, the American Latino Media Arts Award, or [[ALMA Award]] was created. It is a distinction given to Hispanic performers (actors, film and television directors and musicians) by the [[National Council of La Raza]]. The number of Latin nominees at the Grammy Awards lag behind. Talking to ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine ahead of music's biggest night in 2021, Grammy nominees [[J Balvin]] and [[Ricky Martin]] reflected on what it is mean to continue to represent Hispanics at awards shows like the Grammys. Martin, who served as a pioneer for the "Latin crossover" in the '90s told "When you get nominated, it's the industry telling you, 'Hey Rick, you did a good job this year, congratulations.' Yes, I need that", the 49-year-old says. "When you walk into the studio, you say, 'This got a Grammy potential.' You hear the songs that do and the ones that don't. It's inevitable." Like [[Selena Gomez]] tapping into her roots, the influence Hispanics and reggaetón are having on the mainstream is undeniable.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://people.com/music/grammys-2021-j-balvin-ricky-martin-talk-latino-representation/ |title='We've Got the Whole World Listening': J Balvin and Ricky Martin Talk Repping Latinos at Grammys |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=March 14, 2021 |newspaper=People |access-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref>

====Music====
{{Main|Hispanic music in the United States}}
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There are many Hispanic American musicians that have made a significant impact on the music industry and achieved fame within the United States and internationally, such as [[Christopher Rios]] better known by his stage name Big Pun, [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Selena Gomez]], [[Demi Lovato]], [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Victoria Justice]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Zack de la Rocha]], [[Gloria Estefan]], [[Héctor Lavoe]], [[Celia Cruz]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Kat DeLuna]], [[Selena]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[Miguel (singer)|Miguel]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Bruno Mars]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Jerry García]], [[Dave Navarro]], [[Santaye]], [[Elvis Crespo]], [[Romeo Santos]], [[Tom Araya]], [[Sonny Sandoval]], [[the Mars Volta]], [[Los Lobos]], [[Villano Antillano]], [[South Park Mexican]], [[Cuco (musician)|Cuco]], [[Malo (band)|Malo]], [[OhGeesy]], [[Malu Trevejo]], [[Ice Spice]], [[Young M.A]], [[Lloyd Banks]], [[Exposé (group)|Exposé]], [[Sweet Sensation (group)|Sweet Sensation]], [[John Benitez|Jellybean]], [[Immortal Technique]], [[Brujeria (band)|Brujeria]], [[Fuerza Regida]], [[Xavi (singer)|Xavi]], [[Aventura (band)|Aventura]], [[Lunay (singer)|Lunay]], [[Myke Towers]], [[Jay Wheeler]], [[J.I the Prince of N.Y|J.I.]], [[Amara La Negra]], [[Joseline Hernandez]], [[Lele Pons]], [[Snow Tha Product]], [[the Marías]], [[Ángela Aguilar]], [[Tego Calderón]], [[Prince Royce]], [[Don Omar]], [[Eddie Palmieri]], [[Wisin & Yandel]], [[Melanie Martinez]], [[Mariah Angeliq]], [[That Mexican OT]], [[MC Magic]], [[TKA]], [[La India]], [[George Lamond]], [[Sa-Fire]], [[Cynthia (singer)|Cynthia]], [[Lisa Lisa]], [[Julieta Venegas]], [[Intocable]], [[Marisela]], [[Pepe Aguilar]], [[Jon Secada]], [[Chayanne]], [[DannyLux]], [[Eslabon Armado]], [[Iván Cornejo]], [[Grupo Frontera]], [[Yahritza y su Esencia]], [[Herencia de Patrones]], [[Omar Apollo]], [[Eladio Carrión]], [[Frost (rapper)|Kid Frost]], [[Cypress Hill]], [[N.O.R.E.]], [[Fat Joe]], [[Mellow Man Ace]], [[Chicano Batman]], [[Delinquent Habits]], [[Lil Rob]], [[Ritchie Valens]], [[Ozomatli]], [[Bia (rapper)|BIA]], [[Plan B (duo)|Plan B]], [[Chencho Corleone]], [[Maye (singer)|Maye]], [[Kap G]], [[Tha Mexakinz]], [[Brownside]], [[Psycho Realm]], [[A Lighter Shade of Brown]], [[Gilberto Santa Rosa]], [[Noriel]], [[Baby Rasta & Gringo|Baby Rasta]], [[Brytiago]], [[Farruko]], [[J Álvarez]], [[Darell (rapper)|Darell]], [[Ñengo Flow]], [[Luis Fonsi]], [[José Feliciano]], [[Daddy Yankee]], [[Lil Suzy]], [[Judy Torres]], [[Nayobe]], [[Willie Colón]], [[Jenni Rivera]], [[Baby Bash]], [[Frankie J]], [[Larry Hernández|Larry Hernandez]], [[Arcángel]], [[De la Ghetto]], [[Giselle Bellas]], [[Juan Luis Guerra]], [[Residente]], [[Anuel AA]], [[Ozuna]], [[Lil Pump]], [[6ix9ine]], [[Becky G]], [[Ivy Queen]], [[Cardi B]], [[Kali Uchis]], [[Bad Bunny]], [[Rauw Alejandro]], all of the members of all-female band [[Go Betty Go]], [[Camila Cabello]], two members of girl group [[Fifth Harmony]]: [[Lauren Jauregui]] and [[Ally Brooke]], and two members of the [[nu metal]] band [[Nonpoint]].

Hispanic music imported from Cuba ([[chachachá]], [[mambo (music)|mambo]], and [[rhumba]]) and Mexico ([[ranchera]] and [[mariachi]]) had brief periods of popularity during the 1950s. Examples of artists include [[Celia Cruz]], who was a Cuban American singer and the most popular Latin artist of the 20th century, gaining twenty-three [[gold album]]s during her career. Bill Clinton awarded her the National Medal of Arts in 1994.

Among the Hispanic American musicians who were pioneers in the early stages of [[rock and roll]] were [[Ritchie Valens]], who scored several hits, most notably "[[La Bamba (song)|La Bamba]]" and [[Herman Santiago]], who wrote the lyrics to the iconic rock and roll song "[[Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)|Why Do Fools Fall in Love]]". Songs that became popular in the United States and are heard during the holiday/Christmas season include "¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?", a novelty Christmas song with 12-year-old Augie Ríos which was a hit record in 1959 and featured the Mark Jeffrey Orchestra, "[[Feliz Navidad (song)|Feliz Navidad]]" by [[José Feliciano]]; and [[Mariah Carey]]’s 1994 song "[[All I Want for Christmas Is You]]", which is the [[List of best-selling singles|best-selling holiday song by a female artist]]. [[Miguel del Aguila]] wrote 116 works and has three Latin Grammy nominations.

In 1986, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine introduced the [[Hot Latin Songs]] chart which ranks the best-performing songs on Spanish-language radio stations in the United States. Seven years later, ''Billboard'' initiated the [[Top Latin Albums]] which ranks top-selling Latin albums in the United States.<ref name=Nielsen>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=intitle:billboard+%22latin+albums%22&pg=PA4 |title=Billboard's Latin Charts Switch To SoundScan |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |pages=4, 71 |date=July 10, 1993 |access-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] incorporated "Los Premios de Oro y Platino" (The Gold and Platinum Awards) to certify Latin recordings which contains at least 50% of its content recorded in Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=108&id=9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64 |title=RIAA Launches "Los Premios de Oro y De Platino" to Recognize Top Latin Artists |website=Recording Industry Association of America |access-date=January 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190027/http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=108&id=9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64 |archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref>

In 1989, Univision established the [[Lo Nuestro Awards]] which became the first award ceremony to recognize the most talented performers of Spanish-language music and was considered to be the "Hispanic [[Grammy Award|Grammys]]".<ref name="LoNuestro">{{cite web |url=http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/historia_premios_lo_nuestro/oci75000 |title=Historia: Premios Lo Nuestro |work=Terra |publisher=Terra Networks, Inc |access-date=June 10, 2013 |date=February 6, 2006| language=es}}</ref><ref name="univision-lonuestro">{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNIVISION+ANNOUNCES+THE+NOMINEES+FOR+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+MUSIC'S+HIGHEST...-a018135281 |title=Univision Announces the Nominees for Spanish-language Music's Highest Honors Premio Lo Nuestro a la Musica Latina |website=[[Univision]] |date=March 27, 1996 |access-date=June 11, 2013 |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131215234124/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNIVISION+ANNOUNCES+THE+NOMINEES+FOR+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+MUSIC'S+HIGHEST...-a018135281 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000, [[The Latin Recording Academy|the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences]] (LARAS) established the [[Latin Grammy Award]]s to recognize musicians who perform in Spanish and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-12-ss-19479-story.html |title=One Little Word, Yet It Means So Much |last=Valdes-Rodriguez |first=Alisa |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 12, 2000 |access-date=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Unlike [[The Recording Academy]], LARAS extends its membership internationally to [[Hispanophone]] and [[Lusophone]] communities worldwide beyond the Americas, particularly the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-may-18-et-gurza18-story.html |title=Latin Grammys Struggle With Loss of Momentum |last=Garza |first=Agustin |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 18, 2002 |access-date=December 25, 2013}}</ref> [[Becky G]] won favorite female Latin artist, a brand new category at the [[American Music Awards of 2020|AMA]]s in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/22/entertainment/2020-amas-winners-list/index.html |title=American Music Awards 2020: See who won |last=Melas |first=Chloe |work=CNN |date=November 23, 2020 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> For the [[63rd Annual Grammy Awards]], the academy announced several changes for different categories and rules: the category Latin Pop Album has been renamed [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop or Urban Album|Best Latin Pop or Urban Album]], while Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album has been renamed [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album|Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album]].

====Film, radio, television, and theatre====
{{Main|List of Hispanics and Latinos in film}}
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[[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]] has often reflected and propagated [[Stereotype|negative stereotypes]] towards foreign nationals and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Kevin |date=January 2008 |title="The Little State Department": Hollywood and the MPAA's Influence on U.S. Trade Relations |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=njilb |journal=Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business|volume=28|issue=2}}</ref> For example, Hispanics are largely depicted as sexualized figures such as the Hispanic [[Machismo|macho]] or the Hispanic [[Sex kitten|vixen]], [[gang]] members, (illegal) [[Immigration|immigrant]]s, or [[List of entertainer occupations|entertainer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davison |first1=Heather K. |last2=Burke |first2=Michael J. |year=2000 |title=Sex Discrimination in Simulated Employment Contexts: A Meta-analytic Investigation |journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=225–248 |doi=10.1006/jvbe.1999.1711}}</ref> However representation in Hollywood has enhanced in latter times of which it gained noticeable momentum in the 1990s and does not emphasize oppression, exploitation, or resistance as central themes. According to Ramírez Berg, third wave films "do not accentuate [[Chicano]] oppression or resistance; ethnicity in these films exists as one fact of several that shape characters' lives and stamps their personalities".<ref name="Enrique Pérez-2009">{{cite book |title=Rethinking Chicana/o and Latina/o Popular Culture |last=Enrique Pérez |first=Daniel |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009|isbn=978-0-230616066|pages=93–95}}</ref> Filmmakers like [[Edward James Olmos]] and [[Robert Rodriguez]] were able to represent the Hispanic American experience like none had on screen before, and actors like [[Hilary Swank]], [[Michael Peña]], [[Jordana Brewster]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Jessica Alba]], [[Natalie Martinez]] and [[Jenna Ortega]] have become successful. In the last decade, minority filmmakers like [[Chris Weitz]], [[Alfonso Gomez-Rejon]] and [[Patricia Riggen]] have been given applier narratives. Portrayal in films of them include ''[[La Bamba (film)|La Bamba]]'' (1987), ''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' (1997), ''[[The Mask of Zorro]]'' (1998), ''[[Nothing like the Holidays]]'' (2008), ''[[Dora and the Lost City of Gold]]'' (2019), [[Being the Ricardos]] (2001), ''[[Father of the Bride (2022 film)|Father of the Bride]]'' (2022) and [[Josefina López]]'s ''[[Real Women Have Curves]]'', originally [[Real Women Have Curves (play)|a play]] which premiered in 1990 and was later released as a film in 2002.<ref name="Enrique Pérez-2009" />

Hispanics have also contributed some prominent actors and others to the [[Cinema of the United States|film industry]]. Of [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] origin: [[José Ferrer]] (the first Hispanic actor to win an acting [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for his role in ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]''), [[Auliʻi Cravalho]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Chita Rivera]], [[Raul Julia]], [[Rosie Perez]], [[Rosario Dawson]], [[Esai Morales]], [[Aubrey Plaza]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], and [[Benicio del Toro]]. Of [[Mexico|Mexican]] origin: [[Emile Kuri]] (the first Hispanic to win an Academy Award – for Best Production Design – in 1949), [[Ramon Novarro]], [[Dolores del Río]], [[Lupe Vélez]], [[Anthony Quinn]], [[Ricardo Montalbán]], [[Katy Jurado]], [[Adrian Grenier]], [[Jay Hernandez]], [[Salma Hayek]], [[Danny Trejo]], [[Jessica Alba]], [[Tessa Thompson]], and [[Kate del Castillo]]. Of [[Cuba]]n origin: [[Cesar Romero]], [[Mel Ferrer]], [[Andy García]], [[Cameron Diaz]], [[María Conchita Alonso]], [[William Levy (actor)|William Levy]], and [[Eva Mendes]]. Of [[Argentina|Argentine]] origin: [[Fernando Lamas]], [[Carlos Thompson]], [[Alejandro Rey]], [[Anya Taylor-Joy]], [[Camila Morrone]], [[Maia Reficco]], [[Julie Gonzalo]], [[Stephanie Beatriz]], [[Alexis Bledel]], [[Ignacio Serricchio]], [[Lorenzo Lamas]]  and [[Linda Cristal]]. Of [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] origin: [[Maria Montez]] and [[Zoe Saldana]]. Of partial [[Spain|Spanish]] origin: [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Martin Sheen]]. Other outstanding figures are: [[Anita Page]] (of [[El Salvador|Salvadoran]] origin), [[Raquel Welch]] (of [[Bolivia]]n origin), [[John Leguizamo]] (of [[Colombia]]n origin), [[Oscar Isaac]] (of [[Guatemala]]n origin), [[John Gavin]] and [[Pedro Pascal]] (both of [[Chile]]an origin).

One of the first Latina actresses to achieve success in Hollywood was [[Lupe Vélez]]. She was born in Mexico, where she started her film career before moving to the US, where she rose to fame in American and international cinema. During the early [[Sound film|sound era of film]], Vélez became well known for her roles and lively personality. In 1927, she began her career in [[Silent film|silent cinema]].<ref name="Alcala">{{Cite web |last=Alcala |first=Janet C. |date=2008-12-16 |title=The Silent Films of Lupe Velez |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hk3554g |publisher=UC Santa Barbara: Chicano Studies Institute |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Gaucho]]'', starring [[Douglas Fairbanks]] and directed by [[F. Richard Jones]] in 1928, is one of her well-known films.<ref name="Alcala"/> Being a Latina actress in Hollywood in the early 1900s, she was often cast in roles that reflected the image of Latina women as hostile and seductive. Hollywood's perception of Latinx identities frequently impacted these roles, and Vélez's portrayals were typically limited to these stereotypical representations of Latina women. Despite her adjustment and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] to Hollywood's expectations, Vélez was proud of her Mexican background.

In stand-up comedy, [[Cristela Alonzo]], [[Anjelah Johnson]], [[Paul Rodriguez (actor)|Paul Rodríguez]], [[Greg Giraldo]], [[Cheech Marin]], [[George Lopez]], [[Freddie Prinze]], [[Jade Esteban Estrada]], [[Carlos Mencia]], John Mendoza, [[Gabriel Iglesias]] and others are prominent.

[[File:MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Mario Lopez]] actor, television host, and entertainment personality known for his roles in "[[Saved by the Bell]]" and as a host on various television programs.]]

Some of the Hispanic actors who achieved notable success in U.S. television include [[Desi Arnaz]], [[Lynda Carter]], [[Jimmy Smits]], [[Charo]], [[Jencarlos Canela]], [[Christian Serratos]], [[Carlos Pena Jr.]], [[Eva Longoria]], [[Sofía Vergara]], [[Ricardo Antonio Chavira]], [[Jacob Vargas]], [[America Ferrera]], [[Benjamin Bratt]], [[Ricardo Montalbán]], [[Hector Elizondo]], [[Mario Lopez]], [[America Ferrera]], [[Karla Souza]], [[Diego Boneta]], [[Erik Estrada]], [[Cote de Pablo]], [[Freddie Prinze]], [[Lauren Vélez]], [[Isabella Gomez]], [[Justina Machado]], [[Tony Plana]], [[Stacey Dash]], and [[Charlie Sheen]]. [[Kenny Ortega]] is an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]-winning producer, director and choreographer who has choreographed many major television events such as [[Super Bowl XXX]], the [[72nd Academy Awards]] and [[Michael Jackson]]'s [[Michael Jackson memorial service|memorial service]].

Hispanics are underrepresented in U.S. television, radio, and film. This is combatted by organizations such as the [[Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors]] (HOLA), founded in 1975; and [[National Hispanic Media Coalition]] (NHMC), founded in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhmc.org/about/ |title=About Us |website=National Hispanic Media Coalition |access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> Together with numerous Hispanic civil rights organizations, the NHMC led a "brownout" of the national television networks in 1999, after discovering that there were no Hispanic on any of their new [[prime time]] series that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=145 |title=Politics and Culture: Making a Difference |last=Noriega |first=Chon |access-date=2008-06-12 |website=[[Connecticut College]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210201128/http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=145 |archive-date=December 10, 2008}}</ref> This resulted in the signing of historic diversity agreements with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] and [[NBC]] that have since increased the hiring of Hispanic talent and other staff in all of the networks.

[[Latino Public Broadcasting]] (LPB) funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic Americans. These programs are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States.

The [[72nd Primetime Emmy Awards]] was criticized by Hispanics; there were no major nominations for Hispanic performers, despite the [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] publicizing their improved diversity in 2020. While there was a record number of Black nominees, there was only one individual Hispanic nomination. Hispanic representation groups said the greater diversity referred only to more African American nominees.<ref>{{cite news |title=2020 Emmy Nominations Criticized by Hispanic Caucus for 'Erasure' of Latino Actors |url=https://people.com/tv/hispanic-caucus-calls-out-emmy-awards-not-a-single-latino-or-latina-was-nominated-this-year/ |access-date=September 21, 2020 |website=People}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Emmys 2020 nominees are more diverse, but Latino representation still abysmal |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-07-28/emmys-2020-nominations-diversity-analysis |access-date=September 21, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> When the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported the criticism using the term "Black", it was itself criticized for erasing [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Afro-Hispanics]], a discussion that then prompted more investigation into this under-represented minority ethnic group in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Afro-Latino Actors Fighting Erasure in Hollywood |url=https://time.com/5889072/afro-latino-actors-roundtable/ |access-date=September 21, 2020|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> [[John Leguizamo]] boycotted the Emmys because of its lack of Hispanic nominees.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 18, 2020 |title=John Leguizamo will boycott the Emmys: 'If you don't have Latin people, there's no reason for me to see it' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/john-leguizamo-emmys-2020-boycott-latinx-representation-b487903.html |access-date=September 21, 2020 |website=The Independent}}</ref>

====Fashion====
In the world of fashion, notable Hispanic designers include [[Oscar de la Renta]], [[Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)|Carolina Herrera]], [[Narciso Rodriguez]], [[Manuel Cuevas]], [[Maria Cornejo]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Samaha |first1=Barry |last2=Betancourt |first2=Bianca |date=2021-10-13 |title=14 Latinx Designers on How Their Culture Informs Their Work |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/g34351282/latin-hispanic-fashion-designers/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |language=en-US}}</ref> among others. [[Christy Turlington]], [[Lais Ribeiro]], [[Adriana Lima]], [[Gisele Bündchen]] and [[Lea T]] achieved international fame as models.

====Artists====
[[File:Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rita de Acosta Lydig]].]]
Notable Hispanic artists include [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], [[Judith Baca]], [[Carmen Herrera]], [[Patssi Valdez]], [[Gronk (artist)|Gronk]], [[Luis Jiménez (sculptor)|Luis Jiménez]], [[Félix González-Torres]], [[Ana Mendieta]], [[Ester Hernandez]], [[Joe Shannon (artist)|Joe Shannon]], [[Richard Serra]], [[Abelardo Morell]], [[Bill Melendez]], [[María Magdalena Campos Pons]], [[Sandra Ramos]], [[Myrna Báez]], [[Soraida Martinez]] and [[Yolanda González (artist)|Yolanda Gonzalez]].

===Business and finance===
{{See also|Hispanic 500}}
[[File:Jorge Pérez.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Real estate developer [[Jorge M. Pérez]].]]
The total number of Hispanic-owned businesses in 2002 was 1.6 million, having grown at triple the national rate for the preceding five years.<ref name=heritage/>

Hispanic business leaders include Cuban immigrant [[Roberto Goizueta]], who rose to head of [[The Coca-Cola Company]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/1998/15/b3573108.htm |title=I'd Like The World To Buy A Coke |date=April 13, 1998 |magazine=[[Businessweek]] |access-date=2008-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517014714/http://www.businessweek.com/1998/15/b3573108.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17}}</ref> Advertising Mexican-American magnate [[Arte Moreno]] became the first Hispanic to own a [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major league]] team in the United States when he purchased the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim|Los Angeles Angels]] baseball club.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1093635,00.html |title=Arturo Moreno: The Major League Player |last=Gregory |first=Sean |date=August 13, 2005 |magazine=Time |access-date=2008-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908173148/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1093635,00.html |archive-date=September 8, 2005}}</ref> Also a major sports team owner is Mexican-American [[Linda G. Alvarado]], president and CEO of Alvarado Construction, Inc. and co-owner of the [[Colorado Rockies]] baseball team.

There are several Hispanics on the [[Forbes 400]] list of richest Americans. [[Alejandro Santo Domingo]] and his brother Andres Santo Domingo inherited their fathers stake in [[SABMiller]], now merged with [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]]. The brothers are ranked No. 132 and are each worth $4.8bn.<ref name="Forbes400">{{cite web |title=Forbes 400 |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/list/5/#version:static |work=Forbes |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> [[Jorge M. Perez|Jorge Perez]] founded and runs The Related Group. He built his career developing and operating low-income multifamily apartments across Miami.<ref name="realdeal">{{cite web |url=https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/king-of-the-developers/ |title=Related's Jorge Pérez puts his stamp on the skyline |last=Piore |first=Adam |date=May 1, 2013 |website=The Real Deal |access-date=January 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/article72068582.html |title=Jorge Pérez – building a cultural legacy |last=Levin |first=Jordan |date=2016-04-15 |newspaper=Miami Herald |access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref> He is ranked No. 264 and is worth $3bn.<ref name=Forbes400/>

The largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States is [[Goya Foods]], because of World War II hero [[Joseph A. Unanue]], the son of the company's founders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latino.si.edu/virtualgallery/OJOS/bios/bios_Unanue.htm |title=Joseph Unanue |website=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=2008-12-13 |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122052442/http://latino.si.edu/virtualgallery/OJOS/bios/bios_Unanue.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ángel Ramos (industrialist)|Angel Ramos]] was the founder of [[Telemundo]], Puerto Rico's first television station<ref name="Manati">{{cite web |url=http://www.manati.info/biografias/ramos/angel_ramos.htm |title=Biografía de Ángel Ramos Torres |website=Manati.info |language=es |access-date=2009-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024004226/http://www.manati.info/biografias/ramos/angel_ramos.htm |archive-date=2007-10-24}}</ref> and now the second largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, with an average viewership over one million in primetime. [[Samuel A. Ramirez Sr.]] made [[Wall Street]] history by becoming the first Hispanic to launch a successful investment banking firm, Ramirez & Co.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/2004/2/12/samuel_a_ramirez.htm |title=Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc. Introduces The Ramirez Hispanic Index Equally-Weighted Portfolio |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012115247/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/2004/2/12/samuel_a_ramirez.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramirezco.com/site/News/HispanicTrendsArticle.pdf |title=Making Wall Street History |access-date=2009-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302004213/http://www.ramirezco.com/site/News/HispanicTrendsArticle.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2006}} (Scan of cover story in ''Hispanic Trends'', issue of December 2005&nbsp;– January 2006.)</ref> [[Nina Tassler]] is president of [[CBS]] Entertainment since September 2004. She is the highest-profile Hispanic in [[network television]] and one of the few executives who has the power to approve the airing or renewal of series.

Since 2021, magazine ''Hispanic Executive'' has released a list of 30 under 30 executives in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://hispanicexecutive.com/ngc-30under30/ |title=30 Under 30 |magazine=Hispanic Executive}}</ref> Members include financial analyst Stephanie Nuesi, fashion entrepreneur Zino Haro, and [[Obama Foundation|Obama scholar]] Josue de Paz.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firsttechfund.com/press/ceo-at-obama-foundation-scholars |title=First Tech Fund CEO, Josue De Paz Selected as Class of 2022-2023 Obama Foundation Scholar |date=30 August 2022 |website=First Tech Fund}}</ref>

===Government and politics===
{{See also|List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress}}
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As of 2007, there were more than five thousand elected officeholders in the United States who were of Hispanic origin.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.naleo.org/directory.html |title=Directory of Latino Elected Officials |website=[[NALEO]] |access-date=2010-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531084712/http://www.naleo.org/directory.html |archive-date=May 31, 2009}}</ref>

In the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], [[List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress|Hispanic representatives]] have included [[Ladislas Lazaro]], [[Antonio M. Fernández]], [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], [[Kika de la Garza]], [[Herman Badillo]], [[Romualdo Pacheco]] and Manuel Lujan Jr., out of almost two dozen former representatives. Current representatives include [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], [[Jose E. Serrano]], [[Luis Gutiérrez]], [[Nydia Velázquez]], [[Xavier Becerra]], [[Lucille Roybal-Allard]], [[Loretta Sanchez]], [[Rubén Hinojosa]], [[Mario Díaz-Balart]], [[Raul Grijalva]], [[Ben R. Lujan]], [[Jaime Herrera Beutler]], [[Raul Labrador]] and [[Alex Mooney]]—in all, they number thirty. Former [[United States Senate|senators]] are [[Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo]], [[Mel Martinez]], [[Dennis Chavez]], [[Joseph Montoya]] and [[Ken Salazar]]. As of January 2011, the U.S. Senate includes Hispanic members [[Bob Menendez]], a Democrat and Republicans [[Ted Cruz]] and [[Marco Rubio]], all Cuban Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latino clout in Congress appears to stay consistent |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nation/7371746.html |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=Houston Chronicle |date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>

Numerous Hispanics hold elective and appointed office in [[State governments of the United States|state]] and [[Local government in the United States|local government]] throughout the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naleo.org/history.html |title=History |website=NALEO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214074723/http://www.naleo.org/history.html |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=2010-01-27}}</ref> Current Hispanic Governors include Republican [[Nevada]] Governor [[Brian Sandoval]] and Republican [[New Mexico]] Governor [[Susana Martinez]]; upon taking office in 2011, Martinez became the first Hispanic woman governor in the history of the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/01/11/latina-governors-historic-inauguration-gets-little-national-news-coverage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114001747/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/01/11/latina-governors-historic-inauguration-gets-little-national-news-coverage/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2011 |title=First Latina Governor's Historic Inauguration Gets Little National News Coverage |date=2011-01-11 |work=Fox News}}</ref> Former Hispanic governors include Democrats [[Jerry Apodaca]], [[Raul Hector Castro]], and [[Bill Richardson]], as well as Republicans [[Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo]], [[Romualdo Pacheco]] and [[Bob Martinez]].

[[File:DIG13488-179.JPG|thumb|left|Secretary [[Julian Castro]] candidate for [[Julián Castro 2020 presidential campaign|US President]] and his twin brother Representative [[Joaquin Castro]].]]

Since 1988,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauro F. Cavazos: An Inventory of His Papers 1943–1991 and undated, at the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00035/tsw-00035.html |access-date=March 5, 2015 |website=University of Texas}}</ref> when [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed [[Lauro Cavazos]] the [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]], the first Hispanic [[United States Cabinet]] member, Hispanic Americans have had an increasing presence in presidential administrations. Hispanics serving in subsequent cabinets include [[Ken Salazar]], former [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]; [[Hilda Solis]], former [[United States Secretary of Labor]]; [[Alberto Gonzales]], former [[United States Attorney General]]; [[Carlos Gutierrez]], [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]]; [[Federico Peña]], former [[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]]; [[Henry Cisneros]], former [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]; [[Manuel Lujan Jr.]], former Secretary of the Interior; and Bill Richardson, former Secretary of Energy and [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]]. [[Rosa Rios]] is the current [[Treasurer of the United States|US Treasurer]], including the latest three, were Hispanic women.

In 2009, [[Sonia Sotomayor]] became the first [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] of Hispanic origin.

In 2022, [[Robert Santos]] became the first Director of the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] of Hispanic origin ([[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Hansi Lo |date=November 4, 2021 |title=The Senate has confirmed the 1st Latino to lead the U.S. census, Robert Santos |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/04/1014670567/first-latino-census-director-robert-santos-person-of-color |access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref>

The [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] (CHC), founded in December 1976, and the [[Congressional Hispanic Conference]] (CHC), founded on March 19, 2003, are two organizations that promote policy of importance to Americans of Hispanic descent. They are divided into the two major American political parties: The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is composed entirely of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] representatives, whereas the Congressional Hispanic Conference is composed entirely of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] representatives.

Groups like the United States Hispanic Leadership Institute (USHLI) work to achieve the promises and principles of the United States by "promoting education, research, and leadership development, and empowering Hispanics and similarly disenfranchised groups by maximizing their civic awareness, engagement, and participation".<ref name="USHLI">{{Cite web |title=Mission and History |url=https://www.ushli.org/mission-history/ |website=USHLI|date=August 30, 2018 }}</ref>

===Literature and journalism <span class="anchor" id="Literature"></span><span class="anchor" id="Journalism"></span>===
{{See also|Category:Hispanic and Latino American writers|National Association of Hispanic Journalists}}
{{Further|American literature in Spanish}}

====Writers and their works <span class="anchor" id="Writers"></span>====
* [[Julia Álvarez]] (''[[How the García Girls Lost Their Accents]]'')
* [[Rudolfo Anaya]] (''[[Bless Me, Ultima]]'' and ''Heart of Aztlan'')
* [[Marie Arana]] (''American Chica'', ''Bolívar: American Liberator'', and ''Silver, Sword, and Stone''
* [[Sandra Cisneros]] (''[[The House on Mango Street]]'' and ''[[Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories]]'')
* [[Junot Díaz]] (''[[The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao]]'')
* [[Cecilia Domeyko]]  (''Sacrifice on the Border'')
* [[Ernest Fenollosa]] (art historian, ''Masters of Ukiyoe'')
* [[Rigoberto González]] (''Butterfly Boy: Memories of a Chicano Mariposa'')
* [[Oscar Hijuelos]] (''[[The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love]]'')
* [[Jorge Majfud]] (''[[Crisis (novel by Jorge Majfud)|Crisis]]'' and ''La frontera salvaje''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pronewsreport.com/2021/06/02/the-wild-frontier-by-jorge-majfud-shares-tales-from-the-remarkable-past |title="The Wild Frontier' by Jorge Majfud Shares Tales From The Remarkable Past" |date=June 2, 2021 |website=Pro News Report}}</ref>).
* [[Micol Ostow]] (''Mind Your Manners, Dick and Jane'' and ''Emily Goldberg Learns to Salsa'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.lib.nj.us/children/festival/2007AuthorsAttending.htm |title=Princeton's Children's Book Festival |work=Princeton Library |date=September 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226235452/http://www.princeton.lib.nj.us/children/festival/2007AuthorsAttending.htm |archive-date=February 26, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Benito Pastoriza Iyodo]] (''A Matter of Men'' and ''September Elegies'')
* [[Alberto Alvaro Rios]] (''Capirotada'', ''Elk Heads on the Wall'', and ''The Iguana Killer'')
* [[Tomas Rivera]] (''...And the Earth did Not Devour Him'')
* Richard Rodríguez ([[Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez|''Hunger of Memory'']])
* [[George Santayana]] (novelist and philosopher: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it")
* [[Sergio Troncoso]] (''[[From This Wicked Patch of Dust]]'' and ''The Last Tortilla and Other Stories'')
* [[Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez]] (''[[Haters (novel)|Haters]]'')
* [[Victor Villaseñor]] (''[[Rain of Gold]]'')
* [[Oscar Zeta Acosta]] (''[[The Revolt of the Cockroach People]]'')

====Journalists====
* [[Ana Cabrera]] currently works as a television news anchor for [[CNN]] in Manhattan.
* [[José Díaz-Balart]] is currently the anchor for [[Noticias Telemundo]], as well as anchor of [[NBC Nightly News]] on Saturdays.
* [[Giselle Fernández]], reporting and guest anchoring for ''[[CBS Early Show]]'', ''[[CBS Evening News]]'', ''[[NBC Today]]'', ''[[NBC Nightly News]]''; regular host for ''[[Access Hollywood]]''.
* [[Natalie Morales (journalist)|Natalie Morales]] is the ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today Show]]'' West Coast anchor and appears on other programs including ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' and ''[[NBC Nightly News]]''.
* [[Elizabeth Pérez]], television journalist for [[CNN en Español]].
* [[John Quiñones]], co-anchor of the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] program, [[Primetime (U.S. TV program)|''Primetime'']] and now hosts ''What Would You Do?''
* [[Morgan Radford]], reporter employed by [[NBC News]] and [[MSNBC]], was a production assistant for [[ESPN]].
* [[Paola Ramos (journalist)|Paola Ramos]], correspondent for ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' and is a contributor to [[Telemundo]] and [[MSNBC]].
* [[Jorge Ramos (news anchor)|Jorge Ramos]] has won eight [[Emmy Award]]s and the [[Maria Moors Cabot Award]] for excellence in journalism. In 2015, Ramos was one of five selected as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's World's Most Influential People.
* [[Geraldo Rivera]] has won a [[Peabody Award]] and appears regularly on [[Fox News]] programs such as ''[[The Five (talk show)|The Five]]''.
* [[Michele Ruiz]], former Los Angeles news anchor for [[KNBC-TV]].
* [[Maria Elvira Salazar]], journalist and broadcast television anchor who worked for [[Telemundo]], [[CNN en Español]] and [[Noticiero Univision]].
* [[Rubén Salazar]], reporter for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and news director for [[KMEX]], which was a Spanish language station.
* [[María Elena Salinas]], [[CBS]] News contributor called the "Voice of Hispanic America" by ''The New York Times''
* [[Cecilia Vega]] American journalist, currently serving as chief [[White House]] correspondent for [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]].

<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:George Santayana.jpg|[[George Santayana]] was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.
File:Jorge Majfud.jpg|[[Jorge Majfud]] is a professor, essayist, and novelist
File:Assistant Secretary Fernandez Chats With Univision's Jorge Ramos derivative work.jpg|[[Jorge Ramos (news anchor)|Jorge Ramos]] has won eight [[Emmy Award]]s.
File:José Díaz-Balart.jpg|[[José Díaz-Balart]].
</gallery>

==== Political strategists ====
* [[Mercedes Schlapp]], American lobbyist and columnist for [[Fox News]], including ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and ''[[The Washington Times]]''.
* [[Geovanny Vicente]], political strategist, international consultant and columnist who writes for [[CNN]].

===Military===
{{See also|Spain in the American Revolutionary War|Hispanics in the American Civil War|Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps|Hispanic Americans in World War II}}
[[File:EstevesWP.jpg|thumb|upright|Major General [[Luis R. Esteves]], the first Hispanic to graduate from the [[United States Military Academy]] ("West Point")]]

Hispanics have participated in the [[military of the United States]] and in every major [[List of United States military history events|military conflict]] from the [[American Revolution]] onward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575 |title=Operation Tribute to Freedom: Hispanic Heritage Month |date=March 25, 2007 |website=U.S. Army |access-date=January 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325083030/http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 25, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/~pryor/newsroom/details.cfm?id=263773& |title=Senator Mark Pryor Press Releases |date=March 8, 2007 |website=U.S. Senate |access-date=January 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308212648/https://www.senate.gov/~pryor/newsroom/details.cfm?id=263773& |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/memorial.html |title=The Hispanic Experience – Contributions to America's Defense |website=Houston Culture.org |access-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref> 11% to 13% military personnel now are Hispanics and they have been deployed in the [[Iraq War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]], and U.S. military missions and bases elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/01/01/u-s-military-a-growing-latino-army/ |title=U.S. military, a growing Latino&nbsp;army |date=January 1, 2013 |website=NBC Latino.com |access-date=January 16, 2018 |archive-date=January 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125122823/http://nbclatino.com/2013/01/01/u-s-military-a-growing-latino-army/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hispanics have not only distinguished themselves in the battlefields but also reached the high echelons of the military, serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign posts. Up to now, 43 Hispanics have been awarded the nation's highest military distinction, the [[Medal of Honor]] (also known as the ''Congressional Medal of Honor''). The following is a list of some notable Hispanics in the military:

====American Revolution====
* [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] (1746–1786) – Spanish military leader and colonial administrator who aided the American Thirteen Colonies in their quest for independence and led Spanish forces against [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in the Revolutionary War; since 2014, a posthumous [[honorary citizen of the United States]].
* Lieutenant [[Jordi Farragut|Jorge Farragut Mesquida]] (1755–1817) – participated in the American Revolution as a lieutenant in the South Carolina Navy.

====American Civil War====
{{Main|Hispanics in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Admiral David Farragut (1801–1870) - collodion, LC-BH82-4054 restored.jpg|thumb|upright|right|David Farragut, first full admiral in the US Navy]]
[[File:DiegoArchuleta(Gen)HstMilitOccNM.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Diego Archuleta, first Hispanic to reach the military rank of Brigadier General]]

* Admiral [[David Farragut]] – promoted to vice admiral on December 21, 1864, and to [[full admiral]] on July 25, 1866, after the war, thereby becoming the first person to be named full admiral in the Navy's history.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farragut |first=Loyall |title=The life of David Glasgow Farragut, first admiral of the United States navy: embodying his journal and letters |ref=Farragut79 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |location=New York City |year=1879 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/naval/p/farragut.htm |title=Admiral David G. Farragut: Hero of the Union Navy |last=Hickman |first=Kennedy |ref=Hickman |page=216 |website=About.com |access-date=November 11, 2010 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115426/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/naval/p/farragut.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Rear Admiral [[Cipriano Andrade]] – Mexican [[Rear admiral|Navy rear admiral]] who fought for the Union. He was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].
* Colonel [[Ambrosio José Gonzales]] – Cuban officer active during the bombardment of Fort Sumter; because of his actions, was appointed Colonel of artillery and assigned to duty as Chief of Artillery in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
* Brigadier General [[Diego Archuleta]] (1814–1884) – member of the Mexican Army who fought against the United States in the Mexican–American War. During the American Civil War, he joined the Union Army (US Army) and became the first Hispanic to reach the military rank of brigadier general. He commanded The First New Mexico Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Valverde. He was later appointed an Indian (Native Americans) Agent by Abraham Lincoln.<ref name="HF">{{cite book |last=Kanellos |first=Nicolás |author-link=Nicolás Kanellos |date=1997 |title=Hispanic Firsts: 500 Years of Extraordinary Achievement |location=Canton, Michigan |publisher=Visible Ink Press |pages=210–211 |isbn=0-7876-0519-0}}</ref>
* Colonel Carlos de la Mesa – grandfather of [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]] commanding general of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] in North Africa and Sicily, and later the commander of the [[104th Infantry Division (United States)|104th Infantry Division]] during [[World War II]]. Colonel Carlos de la Mesa was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] national who fought at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] for the [[Union Army]] in the Spanish Company of the "Garibaldi Guard" of the 39th New York State Volunteers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/prominent_hispanics.html |title=Prominent Figures in Hispanic History |website=Arlington Cemetery |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619040307/http://arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/prominent_hispanics.html |archive-date=June 19, 2010}}</ref>
* Colonel [[Federico Fernández Cavada]] – commanded the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteer infantry regiment when it took the field in the Peach Orchard at Gettysburg.<ref name="HCW">{{cite book |last=Hernandez |first=Roger E. |date=2008 |title=The Civil War, 1840s–1890s |location=New York |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-2939-5}}</ref>
* Colonel Miguel E. Pino – commanded the 2nd Regiment of New Mexico Volunteers, which fought at the Battle of Valverde in February and the Battle of Glorieta Pass and helped defeat the attempted invasion of New Mexico by the Confederate Army.<ref name="HAD">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navco/pages/ssp/reference/hispanics-def.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615134656/https://www.navy.mil/navco/pages/ssp/reference/hispanics-def.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2007 |title=Hispanics in America's Defense |work=Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Manpower and Personnel Policy |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref>
* Colonel [[Santos Benavides]] – commanded his own regiment, the "Benavides Regiment"; highest ranking Mexican-American in the Confederate Army.<ref name="HCW"/>
* Major Salvador Vallejo – officer in one of the California units that served with the Union Army in the West.<ref name="HAD"/>
* Captain [[Adolfo Fernández Cavada]] – served in the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers at Gettysburg with his brother, Colonel Federico Fernandez Cavada; served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac from Fredericksburg to Gettysburg; "special aide-de-camp" to General [[Andrew A. Humphreys]].<ref name="HCW"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pacivilwar150.com/people/immigrants/Story.aspx?id=30 |title=Civil War Stories – Immigrants |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150106/http://www.pacivilwar150.com/people/immigrants/Story.aspx?id=30 |archive-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
* Captain Rafael Chacón – [[Mexican American]] leader of the Union New Mexico Volunteers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hannigan |first1=Isabel |title='Overrun All This Country...' Two New Mexican Lives Through the Nineteenth Century |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=oberlin1525431471822028&disposition=inline |website=Oberlin College |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009192054/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=oberlin1525431471822028&disposition=inline |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Captain Roman Anthony Baca – member of the Union forces in the New Mexico Volunteers; spy for the Union Army in Texas.<ref name="HAD"/>
* Lieutenant [[Augusto Rodríguez (soldier)|Augusto Rodriguez]] – [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] native; officer in the [[15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment|15th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry]], of the [[Union Army]]; served in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and led his men in the Battles of [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg]] and [[Battle of Wyse Fork|Wyse Fork]].<ref name="CW">{{cite book |last1=Whalen |first1=Carmen Teresa |last2=Vázquez-Hernandez |first2=Víctor |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |page=176 |isbn=978-1-59213-413-7}}</ref>
* [[Lola Sánchez (Confederate spy)|Lola Sánchez]] – Cuban-born woman who became a Confederate spy; helped the Confederates obtain a victory against the Union forces in the "Battle of Horse Landing".
* [[Loreta Janeta Velázquez]], also known as "Lieutenant Harry Buford" – [[Cuban people|Cuban]] woman who donned Confederate garb and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the American Civil War.

====World War I====
* Major General [[Luis R. Esteves]], [[United States Army]] – in 1915, became the first Hispanic to graduate from the [[United States Military Academy]] ("West Point"); organized the [[Puerto Rican National Guard]].
* Private [[Marcelino Serna]] – undocumented [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrant who joined the [[United States Army]] and became the most decorated soldier from Texas in [[World War I]]; first Hispanic to be awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]].

====World War II====
{{See also|Hispanic Americans in World War II}}
[[File:Pedro del Valle.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Pedro del Valle – first Hispanic to reach the rank of [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]].]]
[[File:Carmen Conteras Bozak.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Carmen Contreras-Bozak]] – first [[Latinas and World War II|Hispanic women to serve]] in the [[Women's Army Corps]].]]

* Lieutenant General [[Pedro del Valle]] – first Hispanic to reach the rank of [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]]; played an instrumental role in the seizure of [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] as commanding general of the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Marine Division]] during World War II.
* Lieutenant General [[Elwood Richard Quesada|Elwood R. Quesada]] (1904–1993) – commanding general of the 9th Fighter Command, where he established advanced headquarters on the [[Normandy]] beachhead on [[Normandy Landings|D-Day plus one]], and directed his planes in [[Military aviation|aerial cover]] and [[Close air support|air support]] for the Allied invasion of the European continent during World War II. He was the foremost proponent of "the inherent flexibility of air power", a principle he helped prove during the war.
* Major General [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]] (1888–1969) – commanding general of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] in North Africa and [[Sicily]] during World War II; commander of the [[104th Infantry Division (United States)|104th Infantry Division]].
* Colonel [[Virgil R. Miller]] – regimental commander of the [[442nd Regimental Combat Team (United States)|442d Regimental Combat Team]], a unit composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II; led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|36th Infantry Division]], in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France.<ref name="USMA">{{Cite magazine |url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/libmedia/archives/assembly/vol28no2.pdf |title=Virgil Rasmuss Miller |magazine=Assembly |date=Summer 1969 |volume=XXVIII |number=2 |pages=132–133 |publisher=Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116193808/http://digital-library.usma.edu/libmedia/archives/assembly/vol28no2.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-16}}</ref><ref name="JAWWII">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/cmh/topics/apam/Patriots+Under+Fire.htm |title=Patriots under Fire: Japanese Americans in World War II |access-date=June 1, 2016}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} {{dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref>
* Captain [[Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano]] (1913–1980) – served in World War II; first Hispanic [[submarine]] commander.
* First Lieutenant [[Oscar Francis Perdomo]] – of the 464th Fighter Squadron, 507th Fighter Group; the last "Ace in a Day" for the United States in World War II.
* CWO2 [[Joseph B. Aviles Sr.]] – member of the [[United States Coast Guard]]; first [[Hispanic American]] to be promoted to [[chief petty officer]]; received a wartime promotion to [[chief warrant officer]] (November 27, 1944), thus becoming the first Hispanic American to reach that level as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/HispanicAmericansChronology.asp |title=Hispanic-Americans and the U.S. Coast Guard: A Historical Chronology |website=U.S. Coast Guard |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805221243/http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/HispanicAmericansChronology.asp |archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref>
* Sergeant First Class [[Agustín Ramos Calero]] – most decorated Hispanic soldier in the [[European Theatre of World War II]].
* PFC [[Guy Gabaldon]], [[United States Marine Corps]] – captured over a thousand prisoners during the World War II [[Battle of Saipan]].
* Tech4 [[Carmen Contreras-Bozak]] – first [[Latinas and World War II|Hispanic woman to serve]] in the United States [[Women's Army Corps]], where she served as an interpreter and in numerous administrative positions.<ref name="WAC">{{cite web |first=Katie |last=Kennon |url=http://www.utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/narratives/07Bozak_Carmen.html |title=US Latinos and Latinas and WWII: Young woman's life defined by service in Women's Army Corp |website=University of Texas |date=February 17, 1996 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217080450/http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/narratives/07Bozak_Carmen.html |archive-date=February 17, 2006}}</ref>

====Korean War====
[[File:ModestoCartagena3.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Modesto Cartagena, most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.]]

* Major General [[Salvador E. Felices]], United States Air Force – flew in 19 combat missions over [[North Korea]] during the [[Korean War]] in 1953. In 1957, he participated in "[[Operation Power Flite]]", a historic project that was given to the [[15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force|Fifteenth Air Force]] by the [[Strategic Air Command]] headquarters. Operation Power Flite was the first around the world non-stop flight by an [[Jet aircraft|all-jet aircraft]].
* First Lieutenant [[Baldomero Lopez]] – the only Hispanic graduate of the [[United States Naval Academy]] ("Annapolis") to be awarded the Medal of Honor.
* Sergeant First Class [[Modesto Cartagena]] – member of the [[65th Infantry Regiment]], an all-[[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] regiment also known as "[[The Borinqueneers]]", during World War II and the Korean War; most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.<ref name="OK">{{cite web |url=http://mervino.com/window/IBB/map65th.html |title=The 65th Infantry Regiment on Kelly in September 1952 |website=mervino.com |access-date=October 10, 2006}}</ref>

====Cuban Missile Crisis====
* Admiral [[Horacio Rivero, Jr.]] – second Hispanic four-star admiral; commander of the American fleet sent by President [[John F. Kennedy]] to set up a quarantine (blockade) of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] ships during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].

====Vietnam War====
* Sergeant First Class [[Jorge Otero Barreto]] a.k.a. "The [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] [[John Rambo|Rambo]]"– the most decorated Hispanic American soldier in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml;jsessionid=VC1MTHIRJBNKCCWIABJSFFQKZAADWIWC?cid=1688017 |title=Sargento Jorge Otero Barreto |work=Univision.com |language=es |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063218/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DVC1MTHIRJBNKCCWIABJSFFQKZAADWIWC?cid=1688017 |archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>

====After the Vietnam War====
[[File:GEN CAVAZOS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Richard E. Cavazos]], first Hispanic [[Four-star rank|four-star general]].]]
[[File:VADM Antonia Novello.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Antonia Novello]], first woman and first Hispanic to serve as [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]].]]

* Lieutenant General [[Ricardo Sanchez]] – top commander of the Coalition forces during the first year of the occupation of [[Iraq]], 2003–2004, during the [[Iraq War]].
* Lieutenant General [[Edward D. Baca]] – in 1994, became the first Hispanic [[Chief of the National Guard Bureau]].
* Vice Admiral [[Antonia Novello]], M.D., [[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|Public Health Service Commissioned Corps]] – in 1990, became the first Hispanic (and first female) U.S. Surgeon General.
* Vice Admiral [[Richard Carmona]], M.D., [[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|Public Health Service Commissioned Corps]] – served as the 17th [[Surgeon General of the United States]], under President [[George W. Bush]]
* Brigadier General [[Joseph V. Medina]], USMC – made history by becoming the first Marine Corps officer to take command of a [[Flotilla|naval flotilla]].
* Rear Admiral [[Ronald J. Rábago]] – first person of Hispanic descent to be promoted to rear admiral (lower half) in the [[United States Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Coast Guard |url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/Minorities/Hispanic-Americans/ |website=U.S. Coast Guard}}</ref>
* Captain [[Linda Garcia Cubero]], [[United States Air Force]] – in 1980, became the first Hispanic woman graduate of the United States Air Force.
* Major General [[Erneido Oliva]] – deputy commanding general of the [[D.C. National Guard]].
* Brigadier General [[Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti]], United States Air Force – in 1985 became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of brigadier general in the Air Force.<ref name="HM">{{cite web |url=http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123069600 |title=Hispanic Military History |website=U.S Air Force |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083742/http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123069600 |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="NH">{{cite web |url=http://www.cabq.gov/humanrights/public-information-and-education/diversity-booklets/hispanic-heritage-in-new-mexico/notable-hispanics |title=Notable Hispanics |website=City of Albuquerque |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009183321/http://www.cabq.gov/humanrights/public-information-and-education/diversity-booklets/hispanic-heritage-in-new-mexico/notable-hispanics |archive-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
* Brigadier General [[Angela Salinas]] – on August 2, 2006, became the first Hispanic female to obtain a general rank in the Marines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.mcrc.usmc.mil/G3/Officer/mc03001.html |title=Enlisted Commissioning Program (ECP) |website=United States Marine Corps |access-date=2006-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704035136/https://web.mcrc.usmc.mil/G3/Officer/mc03001.html |archive-date=2007-07-04}}</ref>
* Chief Master Sergeant [[Ramón Colón-López]] – pararescueman; in 2007, was the only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the newly created [[Air Force Combat Action Medal]].
* Specialist [[Hilda Clayton]] (1991–2013) – combat photographer with [[55th Signal Company]] who captured the explosion that killed her and four Afghan soldiers.<ref name="CBS">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-army-specialist-hilda-clayton-takes-image-her-own-death-military-exercise/ |title=Army combat photographer's last picture is of her own death |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 3, 2017 |work=CBS News}}</ref>

====Medal of Honor====
{{Main|List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients}}

The following 43 Hispanics were awarded the Medal of Honor:

[[Philip Bazaar]], [[Joseph H. De Castro]], [[John Ortega]], [[France Silva]], [[David B. Barkley]], [[Lucian Adams]], [[Rudolph B. Davila]], [[Marcario Garcia]], [[Harold Gonsalves]], [[David M. Gonzales]], [[Silvestre S. Herrera]], [[Jose M. Lopez]], [[Joe P. Martinez]], [[Manuel Perez Jr.]], [[Cleto L. Rodriguez]], [[Alejandro R. Ruiz]], [[Jose F. Valdez]], [[Ysmael R. Villegas]], [[Fernando Luis García]], [[Edward Gomez]], [[Ambrosio Guillen]], [[Rodolfo P. Hernandez]], [[Baldomero Lopez]], [[Benito Martinez (soldier)|Benito Martinez]], [[Eugene Arnold Obregon]], [[Joseph C. Rodriguez]], [[John P. Baca]], [[Roy P. Benavidez]], [[Emilio A. De La Garza]], [[Ralph E. Dias]], [[Daniel D. Fernández|Daniel Fernandez]], [[Alfredo Cantu Gonzalez|Alfredo Cantu "Freddy" Gonzalez]], [[Jose Francisco Jimenez]], [[Miguel Keith]], [[Carlos Lozada (Medal of Honor)|Carlos James Lozada]], [[Alfred V. Rascon]], [[Louis R. Rocco]], [[Euripides Rubio]], [[Hector Santiago-Colon]], [[Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith]], [[Jay R. Vargas]], [[Humbert Roque Versace]] and [[Maximo Yabes]].

====National intelligence====
* In the spy arena, [[Jose Rodriguez (intelligence)|José Rodríguez]], a native of Puerto Rico, was the deputy director of operations and subsequently [[Director of the National Clandestine Service]] (D/NCS), two senior positions in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), between 2004 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-2007/hpsci-chairman-reyes-honors-d-ncs-jose-rodriguez.html |title=HPSCI Chairman Reyes Honors D/NCS Jose Rodriguez |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=2010-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109060304/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-2007/hpsci-chairman-reyes-honors-d-ncs-jose-rodriguez.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref>
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Mercedes O. Cubria]] (1903–1980), a.k.a. ''La Tía'' (The Aunt), was the first Cuban-born female officer in the [[United States Army]]. She served in the Women's Army Corps during [[World War II]] and in the United States Army during the [[Korean War]], and was recalled into service during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. In 1988, she was posthumously inducted into the [[Military Intelligence Hall of Fame]].<ref name="MI">{{cite web |url=http://huachuca-www.army.mil/sites/History/PDFS/womenmi.pdf |title=Diversity, the MI Tradition |website=[[Fort Huachuca]], United States Army |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092626/http://huachuca-www.army.mil/sites/History/PDFS/womenmi.pdf |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{See also|Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers}}
{{Multiple image
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| footer            = {{center|Clockwise from top left:}} [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Walter Álvarez]], [[Ellen Ochoa]], [[F. J. Duarte|Francisco Javier Duarte]], [[Joseph Acaba]]
}}

Among Hispanic Americans who have excelled in science are [[Luis Walter Álvarez]], [[Nobel Prize]]–winning physicist of Spanish descent, and his son [[Walter Alvarez]], a geologist. They first proposed that an asteroid impact on the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] caused the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|extinction of the dinosaurs]]. [[Mario J. Molina]] won the [[Nobel Prize]] in chemistry and currently works in the chemistry department at the [[University of California, San Diego]]. Dr. [[Victor Manuel Blanco]] is an astronomer who in 1959 discovered "Blanco 1", a [[galactic cluster]].<ref name="EG">{{cite web |url=http://www.surastronomico.com/exotico_cielo_profundo.php?id=9 |title=Exótico Cielo Profundo |website=SurAstronomico.com |language=es |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> [[F. J. Duarte]] is a laser physicist and author; he received the ''Engineering Excellence Award'' from the prestigious [[Optical Society of America]] for the invention of the [[N-Slit interferometer|N-slit laser interferometer]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=News |date=October 1995 |journal=Optics & Photonics News |volume=6 |number=10 |page=12}}</ref> [[Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa]] is the director of the Pituitary Surgery Program at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] and the director of the Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory at [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]. Physicist [[Albert Baez]] made important contributions to the early development of [[X-ray microscope]]s and later [[X-ray telescopes]]. His nephew [[John Carlos Baez]] is also a noted mathematical physicist. [[Francisco J. Ayala]] is a biologist and philosopher, former president of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], and has been awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] and the [[Templeton Prize]]. Peruvian-American biophysicist [[Carlos Bustamante (biophysicist)|Carlos Bustamante]] has been named a [[Searle Scholar]] and [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]] Fellow. [[Luis von Ahn]] is one of the pioneers of [[crowdsourcing]] and the founder of the companies [[reCAPTCHA]] and [[Duolingo]]. Colombian-American [[Ana Maria Rey]] received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] for her work in atomic physics in 2013.

Dr. [[Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas]] discovered the bacteria that cause dental cavity. Dr. [[Gualberto Ruaño]] is a biotechnology pioneer in the field of personalized medicine and the inventor of molecular diagnostic systems, Coupled Amplification and Sequencing (CAS) System, used worldwide for the management of viral diseases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/news11113.html |title=Genetic Roadmap Targets Drug Therapies |last=Seay |first=Gregory |date=November 30, 2009 |website=Hartford Business Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033005/http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/news11113.html |archive-date=2010-09-01}}</ref> [[Fermín Tangüis]] was an agriculturist and scientist who developed the Tangüis Cotton in Peru and saved that nation's cotton industry.<ref name="MV">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ftanguis.edu.pe/modelodevida.html |title=Un Modelo de Vida |trans-title=A role model in his lifetime |website=Colegio Fermín Tangüis |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063013/http://www.ftanguis.edu.pe/modelodevida.html |archive-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref> [[Severo Ochoa]], born in Spain, was a co-winner of the 1959 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. Dr. [[Sarah Stewart (cancer researcher)|Sarah Stewart]], a Mexican-American microbiologist, is credited with the discovery of the Polyomavirus and successfully demonstrating that cancer causing viruses could be transmitted from animal to animal. Mexican-American psychiatrist Dr. [[Nora Volkow]], whose brain imaging studies helped characterize the mechanisms of drug addiction, is the current director of the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]]. Dr. [[Helen Rodríguez Trías]], an early advocate for women's reproductive rights, helped drive and draft U.S. federal sterilization guidelines in 1979. She was awarded the [[Presidential Citizens Medal]] by President Bill Clinton, and was the first Hispanic president of the American Public Health Association.

[[File:Changdiaz.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Franklin Chang-Diaz]] NASA astronaut and physicist known for his expertise in [[plasma propulsion]] systems.]]

Some Hispanics have made their names in [[astronautics]], including several NASA astronauts:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oeop.larc.nasa.gov/hep/hep-astronauts.html |title=Hispanic Astronauts/Astronautas Hispanos |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=2010-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711202026/http://oeop.larc.nasa.gov/hep/hep-astronauts.html |archive-date=2001-07-11}}</ref> [[Franklin Chang-Diaz]], the first Hispanic NASA astronaut, is co-recordholder for the most flights in outer space, and is the leading researcher on the [[Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket|plasma engine]] for rockets; [[France A. Córdova]], former NASA chief scientist; [[Juan R. Cruz]], [[NASA]] aerospace engineer; [[Lieutenant]] [[Carlos I. Noriega]], NASA mission specialist and computer scientist; Dr. [[Orlando Figueroa]], mechanical engineer and director of Mars exploration in NASA; [[Amri Hernández-Pellerano]], engineer who designs, builds and tests the electronics that will regulate the solar array power in order to charge the spacecraft battery and distribute power to the different loads or users inside various spacecraft at NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]].

[[Olga D. González-Sanabria]] won an R&D 100 Award for her role in the development of the "Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries" which help enable the [[International Space Station]] power system. [[Mercedes Reaves]], research engineer and scientist who is responsible for the design of a viable full-scale [[solar sail]] and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA [[Langley Research Center]]. Dr. [[Pedro Rodriguez (NASA)|Pedro Rodríguez]], inventor and mechanical engineer who is the director of a test laboratory at NASA and of a portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis. Dr. [[Felix Soto Toro]], electrical engineer and astronaut applicant who developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System (ASPTMS) (Electronic 3D measuring system); [[Ellen Ochoa]], a pioneer of spacecraft technology and astronaut; [[Joseph M. Acaba|Joseph Acaba]], [[Fernando Caldeiro]], [[Sidney M. Gutierrez|Sidney Gutierrez]], [[José M. Hernández]], [[Michael López-Alegría]], [[John D. Olivas|John Olivas]] and [[George D. Zamka|George Zamka]], who are current or former astronauts.

===Sports===
{{See also|Hispanic and Latino athletes in American sports}}

====Hispanic and Latino American women in sports====
[[File:Monica Puig RG13 (2).JPG|thumb|175px|[[Monica Puig]] at the [[2013 French Open]]]]

Hispanic and Latino American women have left an indelible mark on sports in the US, showcasing exceptional talent, resilience, and cultural diversity. Some notable figures include [[Monica Puig]], tennis player hailing from Puerto Rico, Monica Puig achieved historic success by winning the gold medal in women's singles at the 2016 Rio Olympics, marking Puerto Rico's first-ever Olympic gold medal in any sport. [[Laurie Hernandez]], gymnastics athlete also of Puerto Rican descent, Laurie Hernandez secured a gold medal with the US gymnastics team at the 2016 Rio Olympics and added a silver medal on the balance beam, captivating audiences with her grace and skill. [[Jessica Mendoza]], softball/baseball player of Mexican heritage, is celebrated as a former professional softball player and Olympic gold medalist (2004). She continues to inspire as a groundbreaking baseball analyst for ESPN, breaking barriers in sports broadcasting. [[Giselle Juarez (softball)|Giselle Juarez]], softball player of Mexican descent, emerged as a standout pitcher, leading the [[University of Oklahoma]] to victory in the 2021 NCAA Women's College World Series championship, showcasing her dominance on the mound. [[Linda Alvarado]], made history as the first Hispanic woman to co-own a Major League Baseball team, the Colorado Rockies, breaking barriers and paving the way for diversity in professional sports ownership. [[Brenda Villa]], water polo of Mexican descent, is a trailblazer in women's water polo, earning four Olympic medals (gold in 2012, silver in 2000 and 2008, bronze in 2004) and inspiring a generation with her leadership and achievements. [[Nancy Lopez]], golf a Hall of Fame golfer of Mexican heritage, amassed an impressive 48 LPGA Tour victories, including three major championships, during her illustrious career, solidifying her legacy as one of golf's all-time greats. [[Sofia Huerta]], player of Mexican and American descent, has excelled in professional soccer, showcasing her versatility and skill as a midfielder and forward in the NWSL and internationally with Mexico's national team, inspiring young athletes with her talent and determination.

===Hispanic and Latino American men in sports===

====Football====
[[File:Tony Romo 2015.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Tony Romo]], [[NFL]] [[quarterback]] known for his career with the [[Dallas Cowboys]] and current role as a popular football analyst for CBS Sports.]]

There have been far fewer [[American football|football]] and [[basketball]] players, let alone star players, but [[Tom Flores]] was the first Hispanic head coach and the first Hispanic [[quarterback]] in American professional football, and won [[Super Bowls]] as a player, as assistant coach and as head coach for the [[Oakland Raiders]]. [[Anthony Múñoz]] is enshrined in the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], ranked No. 17 on [[Sporting News]]'s 1999 list of the 100 greatest football players, and was the highest-ranked offensive lineman. [[Jim Plunkett]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] and was inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]], and [[Joe Kapp]] is inducted into the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] and [[College Football Hall of Fame]]. [[Steve Van Buren]], [[Martin Gramatica]], [[Victor Cruz (American football)|Victor Cruz]], [[Tony Gonzalez]], [[Ted Hendricks]], [[Marc Bulger]], [[Tony Romo]] and [[Mark Sanchez]] can also be cited among successful Hispanics in the [[National Football League]] (NFL).

====Baseball====
{{See also|Jessica Mendoza}}
[[File:A-Rod3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alex Rodriguez]] baseball player who achieved iconic status in the [[MLB]], notably with the [[Seattle Mariners]] and [[New York Yankees]], before becoming a prominent television analyst.]]

Hispanics have played in the Major Leagues since the very beginning of organized baseball, with Cuban player [[Steve Bellán|Esteban Bellán]] being the first (1873).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/witaw/early%20years.html |title=Latinos in Baseball - Early Years |website=University of Michigan |access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Americans in Major League Baseball Through the First Years of the 21st Century |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-Americans-in-Major-League-Baseball-910675 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref> The large number of Hispanic American stars in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) includes players like [[Ted Williams]] (considered by many to be the greatest hitter of all time), [[Sammy Sosa]], [[Alex Rodriguez]], [[Alex Rios]], [[Miguel Cabrera]], [[Lefty Gómez]], [[Dolf Luque|Adolfo Luque]], [[Iván Rodríguez]], [[Carlos González (baseball)|Carlos González]], [[Roberto Clemente]], [[Adrián González]], [[José Fernández (right-handed pitcher)|Jose Fernandez]], [[David Ortiz]], [[Juan Marichal]], [[Fernando Valenzuela]], [[Nomar Garciaparra]], [[Albert Pujols]], [[Omar Vizquel]], managers [[Mike González (catcher)|Miguel Angel Gonzalez]] (the first Hispanic Major League manager),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pennlive.com/sports/2016/04/the_latin-born_managers_in_maj.html |title=The Latin-born managers in Major League Baseball history |date=2016-04-04 |website=PennLive |language=en |access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/gonzami01.shtml |title=Mike González Managerial Record |website=Baseball-Reference.com |language=en |access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref> [[Al López]], [[Ozzie Guillén]] and [[Felipe Alou]], and General Manager [[Omar Minaya]].  Hispanics in the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|MLB Hall of Fame]] include [[Roberto Alomar]], [[Luis Aparicio]], [[Rod Carew]], [[Orlando Cepeda]], [[Juan Marichal]], [[Pedro Martínez]], [[Tony Pérez]], [[Iván Rodríguez]], Ted Williams, [[Reggie Jackson]], [[Mariano Rivera]], [[Edgar Martínez|Edgar Martinez]] and [[Roberto Clemente]]. [[Afro-Latin Americans|Afro-Hispanic]] players [[Martín Dihigo|Martin Dihigo]], [[José Méndez|Jose Mendez]] and [[Cristóbal Torriente]] are Hispanic Hall of Famers who played in the [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/mlb-to-celebrate-latin-american-born-hall-of-famers-in-all-star-pregam-240830566 |title=MLB to celebrate Latin American-born Hall of Famers in All-Star pregame ceremony |website=MLB.com |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>

====Basketball====
[[File:Carmelo Anthony Nov 2013.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Puerto Rican NBA All-star [[Carmelo Anthony]].]]

[[Trevor Ariza]], [[Mark Aguirre]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], [[Manu Ginóbili]], [[Carlos Arroyo]], [[Gilbert Arenas]], [[Rolando Blackman]], [[Pau Gasol]], [[José Calderón (basketball)|Jose Calderon]], [[José Juan Barea]] and [[Charlie Villanueva]] can be cited in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). [[Dick Versace]] made history when he became the first person of Hispanic heritage to coach an NBA team. [[Rebecca Lobo]] was a major star and champion of collegiate ([[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA)) and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] basketball and played professionally in the [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA). [[Diana Taurasi]] became just the seventh player ever to win an NCAA title, a WNBA title and as well an Olympic gold medal. [[Orlando Antigua]] became in 1995 the first Hispanic and the first non-Black in 52 years to play for the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].

====Tennis====
Notable Hispanic and Latino American [[tennis]] players include legendary player [[Pancho Gonzales]], as well as Olympic tennis champions [[Mary Joe Fernández]] and [[Gigi Fernández]]. [[Monica Puig]], a Puerto Rican-born player, achieved significant recognition by winning the [[gold medal]] in women's singles at the [[2016 Rio Olympics]].<ref name="NBC News-2016">{{Cite web |title=Which Latinos Won Gold at the Rio Olympics? Here's Our Handy List |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/these-latinos-won-gold-during-2016-rio-olympics-n635906 |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=NBC News |date=August 22, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

====Soccer====
[[File:Carlos Bocanegra (2010).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Carlos Bocanegra]] soccer player who served as the captain of the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States national team]] and played professionally in [[Major League Soccer]] and Europe.]]

Hispanics have made significant contributions to all major American sports and leagues, with a particularly notable impact on the growth of soccer in the United States. Soccer, being the most popular sport in the Spanish-speaking world, has been profoundly influenced by Hispanic heritage. This influence is evident in [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), where teams such as [[LA Galaxy]], [[Los Angeles FC]], [[Houston Dynamo]] and [[Columbus Crew]] have substantial fan bases comprising primarily Mexican Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/44/hispanic-influence-in-us-soccer |title=Hispanic Influence in U.S. Soccer |date=20 September 2013 |website=US Soccer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323035831/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/44/hispanic-influence-in-us-soccer |archive-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/28/idUS146666+28-Nov-2012+PRN20121128 |title=Research Study: The Hispanic Influence On American Culture |newspaper=Reuters |agency=PR Newswire |date=November 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193453/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/28/idUS146666+28-Nov-2012+PRN20121128 |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://today.ucf.edu/latino-influence-shapes-action-sports/ |title=Latino Influence Shapes Action Sports |date=September 30, 2009 |work=UCF Today |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Notable Hispanic players in MLS include [[Tab Ramos]], [[Claudio Reyna]], [[Omar Gonzalez]], [[Marcelo Balboa]], [[Roger Espinoza]], and [[Carlos Bocanegra]].

====Swimming====
Swimmers [[Ryan Lochte]] (the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Ryan Lochte Becomes 2nd Most Decorated Male Olympic Swimmer In History |url=https://swimswam.com/ryan-lochte-becomes-2nd-decorated-male-olympic-swimmer-history/ |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=SwimSwam |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Dara Torres]] (one of three women with the most Olympic women's swimming medals), both of Cuban ancestry,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuban-american-swimmer-ryan-lochte-aims-another-2016-olympic-gold-n628231 |title=Cuban-American Swimmer Ryan Lochte Aims for Another 2016 Olympic Gold |date=August 11, 2016 |website=NBC News |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> have won multiple medals at various Olympic Games over the years. Torres is also the first American swimmer to appear in five Olympic Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2008/07/20/dara-torres-battles-doping-rumors-says-shes-up-for-the-challenge/ |title=Dara Torres battles doping rumors, says she's up for the challenge |date=2008-07-20 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US |access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref> [[Maya DiRado]], of Argentine ancestry, won four medals at the 2016 games, including two gold medals.<ref name="NBC News-2016" />

====Other sports====
[[File:Oscar De La Hoya at Morongo Casino.jpg|thumb|upright|left|130px|[[Oscar De La Hoya|De La Hoya]] "The Golden Boy," is a former professional boxer and Olympic gold medalist who became a prominent figure in boxing both inside the ring and as a promoter]]

[[Boxing]]'s first Hispanic American world champion was [[Solly Smith]]. Some other champions include [[Oscar De La Hoya]], [[Miguel Cotto]], [[Bobby Chacon]], [[Brandon Ríos]], [[Michael Carbajal]], [[John Ruiz]], [[Andy Ruiz Jr.]] and [[Mikey Garcia]].

[[File:Lee Trevino.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Lee Trevino]] retired professional golfer who won numerous [[PGA Tour]] events, including several major championships]]

[[Ricco Rodriguez]], [[Tito Ortiz]], [[Diego Sanchez]], [[Nick Diaz]], [[Nate Diaz]], [[Dominick Cruz]], [[Frank Shamrock]], [[Gilbert Melendez]], [[Roger Huerta]], [[Carlos Condit]], [[Tony Ferguson]], [[Jorge Masvidal]], [[Kelvin Gastelum]], [[Henry Cejudo]] and UFC Heavy Weight Champion [[Cain Velasquez]] have been competitors in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) of [[mixed martial arts]].

In 1991, [[Bill Guerin]] whose mother is [[Nicaragua]]n became the first Hispanic player in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). He was also selected to four [[National Hockey League All-Star Game|NHL All-Star Games]]. In 1999, [[Scott Gomez]] won the [[Calder Memorial Trophy|NHL Rookie of the Year Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/trophies/calder.html |title=Trophies: Calder |website=NHL.com |access-date=2009-04-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423011518/http://www.nhl.com/trophies/calder.html |archive-date=2006-04-23}}</ref>

Figure skater [[Rudy Galindo]]; [[golf]]ers [[Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez|Chi Chi Rodríguez]], [[Nancy López]] and [[Lee Trevino]]; [[softball]] player [[Lisa Fernández]]; and [[Paul Rodriguez (skateboarder)|Paul Rodríguez Jr.]], [[X Games]] professional skateboarder, are all Hispanic Americans who have distinguished themselves in their sports.

In gymnastics, Laurie Hernandez, who is of Puerto Rican ancestry, was a gold medalist at the 2016 Games.<ref name="NBC News-2016" />

In [[sports entertainment]] we find the [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestlers]] [[Hulk Hogan]], [[Alberto Del Rio]], [[Rey Mysterio, Jr.|Rey Mysterio]], [[Eddie Guerrero]], [[Seth Rollins|Tyler Black]] and [[Melina Perez|Melina Pérez]] and executive [[Vickie Guerrero]].

==Anti-Latino sentiment==
{{Main||Anti-Mexican sentiment}}
{{See also|Perpetual foreigner#United States}}
[[File:President Trump and the First Lady in El Paso, Texas (48485174852).jpg|thumb|[[President Trump]] and Senator [[John Cornyn]] while they are visiting survivors of the [[2019 El Paso shooting]], which was an anti-Latino terrorist attack in El Paso, Texas]]

In countries where the majority of the population is <!--historically recent-->descended from immigrants, such as the [[United States]], [[opposition to immigration]] sometimes takes the forms of [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]], [[racism]], [[religious intolerance]] and [[xenophobia]].<ref name="Higham">{{cite book |last=Higham |first=John |title=Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860–1925 |publisher=Atheneum |location=New York |year=1963 |oclc=421752}}</ref> Throughout [[History of the United States|US history]], [[Anti-Latino discrimination in the United States|anti-Latino sentiment]] has existed to varying degrees at different times, and it was largely based on [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[culture]], [[Anti-Catholicism]] (see [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States]]), [[xenophobia]] (see [[Xenophobia in the United States]]), economic and social conditions in [[Hispanic America]], and opposition to the use of the [[Spanish language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amath.colorado.edu/carnegie/lit/lynch/migrant.htm |title=Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture |date=2004 |website=University of Colorado Boulder |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114020946/http://amath.colorado.edu/carnegie/lit/lynch/migrant.htm |archive-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/press3b.htm |title=Hispanics Lose Staunchest Trumpeter for Fairness, Equality |last=Williams |first=Rudi |date=December 8, 2006 |agency=American Forces Press Service |website=Hispanic America USA |access-date=August 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208043359/http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/press3b.htm |archive-date=December 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/21.1/forum_wilson.html |title=Brown over "Other White": Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits |last=Wilson |first=Steven H. |date=2003 |website=History Cooperative |access-date=March 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930061850/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/21.1/forum_wilson.html |archive-date=September 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/mexican_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=104 |title=The Zoot Suit Riots |date=August 22, 2003 |website=Digital History |access-date=August 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822003427/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/mexican_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=104 |archive-date=August 22, 2003}}</ref> In 2006, ''Time'' magazine reported that the number of [[hate group]]s in the United States increased by 33 percent since 2000, primarily as a result of anti-illegal immigrant and anti-Mexican sentiment.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html |title=How Immigration is Rousing the Zealots |first=Jeffrey |last=Ressner |date=May 29, 2006 |magazine=Time |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616064019/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2006}}</ref> According to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) statistics, the number of anti-Hispanic [[hate crime]]s increased by 35 percent since 2003 (albeit from a low level). In California, the state with the largest Hispanic population, the number of hate crimes which were committed against Hispanics almost doubled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2007/12/5/fbi_statistics_show_anti_latino_hate |title=FBI Statistics Show Anti-Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise |last=Goodman |first=Amy |date=December 5, 2007 |website=Democracy Now!}}</ref>

In 2009, the FBI reported that 483 of the 6,604 hate crimes which were recorded in the United States were anti-Hispanic, comprising 7.3% of all recorded hate crimes, the highest percentage of all of the hate crimes which were recorded in 2009. This percentage is contrasted by the fact that 34.6% of all of the hate crimes which were recorded in 2009 were anti-Black, 17.9% of them were [[Homophobia|anti-homosexual]], 14.1% of them were [[Antisemitism|anti-Jewish]], and 8.3% of them were anti-White.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_01.html |title=Table 1: Hate Crime Statistics, 2009 |website=U.S. Department of Justice/Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Discrimination===
[[File:Inside the Equality_Book.jpg|thumb|right|The story of [[Mendez v. Westminster]] book monument]]

It is reported that 31% of Hispanics have reported personal experiences with [[discrimination]] whilst 82% of Hispanics believe that discrimination plays a crucial role in whether or not they will find success while they are living in the United States.<ref name=Torres-Richards/> The current legislation on immigration policies also plays a crucial role in creating a hostile and discriminatory environment for immigrants. In order to measure the discrimination which immigrants are being subjected to, researchers must take into account the immigrants' perception that they are being targeted for discrimination and they must also be aware that instances of discrimination can also vary based on: personal experiences, social attitudes and ethnic group barriers. The immigrant experience is associated with lower self-esteem, internalized symptoms and behavioral problems amongst Mexican youth. It is also known that more time which is spent living in the United States is associated with increased feelings of distress, [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name=Torres-Richards/> Like many other Hispanic groups that migrate to the United States, these groups are often stigmatized. An example of this stigmatization occurred after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], when people who were considered threats to national security were frequently described with terms like migrant and the "Hispanic Other" along with other terms like refugee and asylum seeker.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quayson |first1=Ato |last2=Daswani |first2=Girish |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell Publishing}}</ref>

==Immigration reform==

===1965: Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act)===
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), enacted in 1952, serves as a foundational piece of US immigration law by consolidating and reorganizing various provisions into a unified framework. Since its enactment, the INA has undergone numerous amendments, reflecting its evolving role in immigration policy. It is codified in Title 8 of the United States Code (USC), which is the comprehensive collection of US laws. Title 8 specifically addresses "Aliens and Nationality," and the INA's sections are aligned with corresponding US Code sections for clarity. For accuracy, the official U.S. Code is provided by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representatives, with links available through USCIS.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-07-10 |title=Immigration and Nationality Act {{!}} USCIS |url=https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.uscis.gov |language=en}}</ref>

===1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)===
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), detailed in House Report 99–1000, introduced significant changes to US immigration law. Title I of the Act focused on controlling illegal immigration by making it unlawful for employers to hire or continue employing unauthorized aliens without verifying their work status.<ref name="congress.gov">{{Cite web |title=S.1200 - Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/senate-bill/1200 |website=congress.gov|date=November 6, 1986 }}</ref> It established an employment verification system requiring employers to attest to and maintain records of employees' work eligibility. The Act also set up procedures for monitoring the verification system and addressing violations, while explicitly prohibiting the use of such verification for national identity purposes. Additionally, Title I outlined employer sanctions, including a public education period and a phased enforcement approach. Title II of the Act provided a legalization program for certain undocumented aliens who met specific criteria, including continuous residence in the U.S. since January 1, 1982.<ref name="congress.gov"/> It authorized adjustment from temporary to permanent resident status under certain conditions and required the Attorney General to manage and disseminate information about the program. Title III addressed the reform of legal immigration, including provisions for temporary agricultural workers and adjustments to visa programs. The Act also established various commissions and reports to assess and improve immigration policies and enforcement measures.

===1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)===
The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 expanded the definition of "qualified alien" under section 431 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (8 USC 1641) to include certain categories of battered aliens. The new provisions added to 8 USC 1641 recognize battered aliens.<ref name="The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ovw/docs/welfare_reform_law.pdf|title=The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996}}</ref> Those who have experienced battery or extreme cruelty by a spouse or parent, or by a member of their family residing with them. As eligible for benefits if there is a substantial connection between the abuse and the need for assistance. This includes aliens with pending petitions for various statuses under the Immigration and Nationality Act, such as spousal or child status of a US citizen or applications for suspension of deportation. The act extends protections to aliens whose children have been subjected to similar abuse, provided there is no active participation by the alien in the abuse. It also includes alien children who reside with a parent who has been abused. These provisions do not apply if the abuser resides in the same household as the victim. The Attorney General is tasked with issuing guidance on the interpretation of "battery" and "extreme cruelty" and establishing standards for determining the connection between such abuse and the need for benefits.<ref name="The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996"/>

===2012: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)===
[[File:DACA rally SF 20170905-8471.jpg|thumb|At a Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ([[DACA]]) rally in [[San Francisco]], protesters displayed a variety of [[sign]]s and [[banner]]s advocating for the protection and expansion of the DACA program.]]

[[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] (DACA) is a policy established on June 15, 2012, by [[Janet Napolitano]], then [[Secretary of Homeland Security]], under the [[Obama administration]]. The policy provides temporary relief from deportation and work authorization to certain young undocumented immigrants who meet specific criteria. DACA does not offer a pathway to permanent legal status. Instead, it grants temporary protection that requires renewal every two years. To be eligible, applicants must have arrived in the United States before the age of 16, be currently under the age of 31, and have continuously resided in the US since June 15, 2007. They must also be enrolled in school, have graduated from [[high school]], or have been honorably discharged from the [[US Armed Forces]] or [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]. Upon its implementation, DACA initially benefited approximately 832,881 individuals. The policy has been associated with various socioeconomic improvements among its recipients. According to a 2019 survey, DACA recipients experienced an 86 percent increase in their average hourly wage. This rise in wages has contributed to enhanced financial independence and increased consumer spending, which in turn has had positive economic effects. Recipients also reported improved job conditions and expanded educational opportunities, reflecting the broader impact of the policy on their quality of life. Overall, DACA has been a significant, though temporary, measure aimed at addressing the status of undocumented young immigrants and has had notable effects on their economic and educational outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): An Overview |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca-overview |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=American Immigration Council |language=en}}</ref>

DACA's future has faced legal challenges, including a 2020 Supreme Court ruling that blocked the Trump administration's attempt to end it and a 2021 decision declaring DACA unlawful, though it did not immediately affect current recipients. The Biden administration has since reaffirmed its support and proposed regulatory changes to secure the program's future.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
'''Places of settlement in United States:'''
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in California]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Florida]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in New York]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Texas]]
* [[Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of U.S. cities by Spanish-speaking population]]
* [[List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic and Latino populations]]
* [[List of U.S. communities with Hispanic- or Latino-majority in the 2010 census]]

'''Diaspora:'''
* [[Hispanic]]s
** [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians]]
** [[Latin American Canadians|Hispanic and Latin American Canadians]]
** [[Latin American migration to the United Kingdom|Latin Americans in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Hispanidad]]
* [[Latin American diaspora|Latino diaspora]]
* [[Latin American Asian]]
* [[Migration from Latin America to Europe|Latin Americans in Europe]]

'''Individuals:'''
* [[List of Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the American Civil War]]
** [[Hispanic Americans in World War II|Hispanic and Latino Americans in World War II]]
** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force]]
** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Coast Guard]]
** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps]]
** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy]]
*** [[Hispanic and Latino Admirals in the United States Navy]]
*** [[Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Naval Academy]]

'''Other Hispanic and Latino Americans topics:'''
* [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black Hispanic Americans]]
* [[Hispanic and Latino American Muslims]]
* [[Latin America–United States relations]]
* [[List of Latin American Jews]]
* [[National Alliance for Hispanic Health]]
* [[Portugal–United States relations]]
* [[Spain–United States relations]]
* [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic Americans]]
* [[List of U.S. place names of Spanish origin]]
* [[Latino National Survey, 2006]]
* [[Latino literature]]
* [[Chicano movement]]
* [[Territories of the United States]]
* [[Tequila Party]]
* [[Puerto Rico statehood movement]]

'''General:'''
* [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census]]
* [[Demographics of the United States]]
* [[Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States]]
** [[Immigration to the United States]]
** [[History of immigration to the United States]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further reading cleanup|date=August 2023}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}

===Surveys and historiography===
* Bean, Frank D. & Marta Tienda. ''The Hispanic Population of the United States'' (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure
* Bernstein, David E.  ''Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America''. (2022). (especially chapter 2)
* Cadava, Geraldo.  ''The Hispanic Republican, The Shaping of an American Political Identity, from Nixon to Trump''. (2021).[https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-hispanic-republican-geraldo-cadava?variant=32253818896418 online]
* [[Miguel A. De La Torre]]. ''Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture'' (2 vol. ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2009).
* De Leon, Arnoldo, & Richard Griswold Del Castillo. ''North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States'' (2006)
* Garcia, Maria Cristina. "Hispanics in the United States". ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', edited by Jay Kinsbruner & Erick D. Langer, (2nd ed.) vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008), pp.&nbsp;696–728. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3078902799/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=a2e039b8 online]
* Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography", ''Reviews in American History'' 34.4 (2006) 521–528 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031515 online]
* {{cite book | last=Gómez | first=Laura E. | title=Inventing Latinos | date=2022-09-06 | publisher=The New Press | isbn=978-1-62097-761-3|oclc=1140710454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rehZEAAAQBAJ}}
* Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. ''Mexican American Labor, 1790–1990''. (1994).
* Gutiérrez, David G. (ed.) ''The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States Since 1960'' (2004) 512pp [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231118090 excerpt and text search]
* Gutiérrez, David G. "Migration, Emergent Ethnicity, and the 'Third Space'": The Shifting Politics of Nationalism in Greater Mexico" ''Journal of American History'' 1999 86(2): 481–517. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567042 in JSTOR] covers 1800 to the 1980s
* Leonard, David J. ''Latino History and Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (Sharpe Reference 2009)
* MacDonald, Victoria-Maria, ed. '' Latino education in the United States: A narrated history from 1513–2000''. (Palgrave, 2004)
* Oboler, Suzanne & Deena J. González, (eds.) ''The Oxford Encyclopedia Of Latinos & Latinas In The United States'' (4 vol. 2006) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004JZWVEU/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite book |title=An African American and Latinx History of the United States |year=2018 |first=Paul |last=Ortiz |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0807005934}}
* Rochín, Refugio I. & Denis N. Valdés, (eds.) ''Voices of a New Chicana/o History''. (2000). 307 pp.
* Ruiz, Vicki L. "Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History", ''Journal of American History'', 93 (2006), 655–72. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4486408 in JSTOR]
* Ruiz, Vicki L. ''From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America'' (1998)
* {{cite book | last=Sanchez | first=Robert Eli Jr.  | editor-first1=Robert Eli | editor-last1=Sanchez | title=Latin American and Latinx Philosophy | publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | publication-place=New York London | publication-date=2019-08-26 | isbn=9781138295865|doi=10.4324/9781315100401|oclc=1112422733 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re2oDwAAQBAJ}}

===Pre-1965===
* Bogardus, Emory S. ''The Mexican in the United States'' (1934), sociological
* Gamio, Manuel. ''The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant'' (1931)
* Gamio, Manuel. ''Mexican Immigration to the United States'' (1939)
* García, Mario T. ''Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960'' (1989)
* García, Mario T. ''Desert Immigrants. The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880–1920'' (1982) 348 pp; [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&mkt=en-us&scope=books&FORM=LIVSOP#q=%20Gamio%2C%20Manuel&filter=all&start=1&t=ivCkjgDxC9P4PBRhjHBcHQ&sq=%20Gamio%2C%20Manuel excerpt and text search]
* Gomez-Quinones, Juan. ''Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940'' (1994)
* Grebler, Leo, Joan Moore, & Ralph Guzmán. ''The Mexican American People: The Nation's Second Largest Minority'' (1970), emphasis on census data and statistics
* Rivas-Rodríguez, Maggie (ed.) ''Mexican Americans and World War II'' (2005)
* Sanchez, George J. ''Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945'' (1995) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195096487 excerpt and text search]

===Culture and politics, post-1965===
* Abrajano, Marisa A. & R. Michael Alvarez (eds.). ''New Faces, New Voices: The Hispanic Electorate in America'' (Princeton University Press; 2010) 219 pages. Documents the generational and other diversity of the Hispanic electorate and challenges myths about voter behavior.
* Aranda, José Jr. ''When We Arrive: A New Literary History of Mexican America''. U. of Arizona Press, 2003. 256 pp.
* Arreola, Daniel D. (ed.). ''Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America''. 2004. 334 pp.
* Badillo, David A. ''Latinos and the New Immigrant Church''. 2006. 275 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801883873 excerpt and text search]
* Berg, Charles Ramírez. ''Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, and Resistance'', 2002. 314 pp.
* Branton, Regina. "Latino Attitudes toward Various Areas of Public Policy: The Importance of Acculturation", ''Political Research Quarterly'', Vol. 60, No. 2, 293–303 (2007) [http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/2/293 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109111936/http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/2/293 |date=November 9, 2009}}
* Cepeda, Raquel. ''Bird of Paradise: How I Became Latina'' Atria Books. 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-4516-3586-7}}. A personal exploration of [[Dominican American]] identity via family interviews, travel and genetic genealogy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528150618/http://djalirancher.com/books/bird-of-paradise-how-i-became-latina/ Synopsis and Excerpt]
* DeGenova, Nicholas & Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. ''Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship''. 2003. 257 pp.
* [[Jay P. Dolan|Dolan, Jay P.]], and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, eds. ''Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965'' (Volume 1, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
* [[Jay P. Dolan|Dolan, Jay P.]], and Jaime R. Vidal, eds. ''Puerto Rican and Cuban Catholics in the U.S., 1900-1965'' (Volume 2, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
* [[Jay P. Dolan|Dolan, Jay P.]], and Allan Figueroa, eds. ''Hispanic Catholic Culture in the U.S.: Issues and Concerns'' (Volume 3, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
* Fregoso, Rosa Linda. ''The Bronze Screen: Chicana and Chicano Film Culture''. (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816621365 excerpt and text search]
* García, Mario T. ''Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960'' (1989)
* García, María Cristina. ''Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, The United States, and Canada''. (2006) 290pp
* Gomez-Quinones, Juan. ''Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940–1990'' (1990)
* Gutiérrez, David G. ''Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity in the Southwest, 1910–1986'' 1995. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520202198 excerpt and text search]
* Hammerback, John C., Richard J. Jensen, & Jose Angel Gutierrez. ''A War of Words: Chicano Protest in the 1960s and 1970s'' 1985.
* Herrera-Sobek, Maria. ''Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions'' (3 vol., 2012) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/031334339X/ excerpt and text search]
* Kanellos, Nicolás (ed.). ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature'' (3 vol. 2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313339708/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite book | author-last=Thananopavarn | author-first=Susan | title=LatinAsian Cartographies: History, Writing, and the National Imaginary | date=Mar 19, 2018 | series=Latinidad: Transnational Cultures in the United States | publisher=Rutgers University Press | isbn=9780813589848 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0xODwAAQBAJ}}
* Kenski, Kate & Tisinger, Russell. "Hispanic Voters in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential General Elections". ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2006 36(2): 189–202. {{ISSN|0360-4918}}
* López-Calvo, Ignacio. ''Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction: The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety''. University of Arizona Press, 2011. {{ISBN|0-8165-2926-4}}
* Martinez, Juan Francisco. ''Sea La Luz: The Making of Mexican Protestantism in the American Southwest, 1829–1900'' (2006)
* Matovina, Timothy. ''Guadalupe and Her Faithful: Latino Catholics in San Antonio, from Colonial Origins to the Present''. 2005. 232 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/080188229X excerpt and text search]
* Meier, Matt S., & Margo Gutierrez, (eds.) ''Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313304254 excerpt and text search]
* Nuno, S. A. "Latino Mobilization and Vote Choice in the 2000 Presidential Election" ''American Politics Research'', (2007); 35(2): 273–293. [http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/273 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102125638/http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/273 |date=January 2, 2010}}
* Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. ''Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature'' 2000. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520207335 excerpt and text search]
* Wegner, Kyle David, "Children of Aztlán: Mexican American Popular Culture and the Post-Chicano Aesthetic" (PhD dissertation State University of New York, Buffalo, 2006). Order No. DA3213898.

===Women===
* [[Elizabeth Martínez|Martinez, Elizabeth]]. ''500 Years of Chicana Women's History/500 anos de la mujer Chicana'', Rutgers University Press (Bilingual Edition) 2008.

===Regional and local===
* Overmyer-Velazquez, Mark. ''Latino America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia'' (2 vol. 2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313341168/ excerpt and text search]

====California====
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120102074700/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm Hubert Howe Bancroft. ''The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft'']
* Bedolla, Lisa García. ''Fluid Borders: Latino Power, Identity, and Politics in Los Angeles''. 2005. 279 pp.
* Burt, Kenneth C. ''The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1930053509 excerpt and text search]
* Camarillo, Albert. ''Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848–1930'' (1979)
* Camarillo, Albert M., "Cities of Color: The New Racial Frontier in California's Minority-Majority Cities", ''Pacific Historical Review'', 76 (February 2007), 1–28; looks at cities of Compton, East Palo Alto, and Seaside
* Daniel, Cletus E. ''Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941'' 1981.
* García, Matt. ''A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900–1970'' (2001),
* Hayes-Bautista, David E. ''La Nueva California: Latinos in the Golden State''. U. of California Press, 2004. 263 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520241460 excerpt and text search]
* Hughes, Charles. "The Decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846–1856" ''The Journal of San Diego History'' Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3 online at [http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75summer/decline.htm ]
* McWilliams, Carey. ''North from Mexico''. (1949), farm workers in California
* Pitt, Leonard. ''The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish speaking Californians, 1846–1890'' ({{ISBN|0-520-01637-8}})
* Sánchez, George J. ''Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195096487 excerpt and text search]
* Valle, Victor M. & Torres, Rodolfo D. ''Latino Metropolis''. 2000. 249 pp. on Los Angeles

====Texas and Southwest====
* Alonzo, Armando C. ''Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734–1900'' (1998)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120102074700/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm Bancroft, Hubert Howe ''The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft'']
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415073050/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/15/album1.html Vol. 15: ''History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 1: 1531 – 1800'']
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415073401/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/16/album1.html Vol. 16: ''History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 2: 1801 – 1889'']
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527195314/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/17/album1.html Vol. 17: ''History of Arizona and New Mexico (1530–1888)'' (1889)]
* Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. ''Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio'' 1984. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0890968640 excerpt and text search]
* Buitron Jr., Richard A. ''The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913–2000'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415949505 excerpt and text search]
* Chávez, John R. ''The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest'' (Albuquerque, 1984)
* Chávez-García, Miroslava. ''Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s'' (2004).
* De León, Arnoldo. ''They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900'' (Austin, 1983)
* De León, Arnoldo. ''Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History'', 2nd ed. (1999)
* Deutsch, Sarah ''No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on the Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880–1940'' 1987
* Dysart, Jane. "Mexican Women in San Antonio, 1830–1860: The Assimilation Process" ''Western Historical Quarterly'' 7 (October 1976): 365–375. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/968057 in JSTOR]
* Echeverría, Darius V., "Aztlán Arizona: Abuses, Awareness, Animosity, and Activism amid Mexican-Americans, 1968–1978" PhD dissertation (Temple University, 2006). Order No. DA3211867.
* Fregoso, Rosa Linda. ''Mexicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands'' (2003)
* Garcia, Ignacio M. ''Viva Kennedy: Mexican Americans in Search of Camelot'', Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 227pp [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0890969175/Excerpts and online search from Amazon.com].
* García, Richard A. ''[[Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class: San Antonio, 1929–1941]]'' (1991)
* Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography", ''Reviews in American History'' 34.4 (2006) 521–528 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Getz, Lynne Marie. ''Schools of Their Own: The Education of Hispanos in New Mexico, 1850–1940'' (1997)
* Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. ''Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940'' (1994)
* Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, David R. Maciel, editors, ''The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico'', 314 pages (2000), {{ISBN|0-8263-2199-2}}
* González, Nancie L. ''The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico: A Heritage of Pride'' (1969)
* Guglielmo, Thomas A. "Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the Transnational Struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas", ''Journal of American History'', 92 (March 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070325083030/http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575 in History Cooperative]
* Gutiérrez, Ramón A. ''When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846'' (1991)
* Márquez, Benjamin. ''LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization'' (1993)
* Matovina, Timothy M. ''[[Tejano Religion and Ethnicity, San Antonio, 1821–1860]]'' (1995)
* [[David Montejano|Montejano, David]]. ''[[Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986]]'' (1987)
* Muñoz, Laura K., "Desert Dreams: Mexican American Education in Arizona, 1870–1930" (PhD dissertation Arizona State University, 2006). Order No. DA3210182.
* Quintanilla, Linda J., "Chicana Activists of Austin and Houston, Texas: A Historical Analysis" (University of Houston, 2005). Order No. DA3195964.
* Sánchez, George I. ''Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans'' (1940; reprint 1996) on New Mexico
* Taylor, Paul S. ''Mexican Labor in the United States''. 2 vols. 1930–1932, on Texas
* Stewart, Kenneth L., & Arnoldo De León. ''Not Room Enough: Mexicans, Anglos, and Socioeconomic Change in Texas, 1850–1900'' (1993)
* de la Teja, Jesús F. ''[[San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier]]'' (1995).
* Tijerina, Andrés. ''Tejanos and Texas under the Mexican Flag, 1821–1836'' (1994),
* Tijerina, Andrés. ''Tejano Empire: Life on the South Texas Ranchos'' (1998).
* Timmons, W. H. ''El Paso: A Borderlands History'' (1990).
* Trevino, Roberto R. ''[[The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston]]''. (2006). 308pp.
* Weber, David J. ''The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico'' (1982)

====Other regions====
* {{cite book |last1= West |first1= Lorane A.  |title=Color: Latino Voices in the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Washington State University Press |isbn=978-0-87422-274-6|year=2004 }}
* Bullock, Charles S., & M. V. Hood, "A Mile‐Wide Gap: The Evolution of Hispanic Political Emergence in the Deep South". ''Social Science Quarterly'' 87.5 (2006): 1117–1135. [https://www.academia.edu/download/50056086/j.1540-6237.2006.00419.x20161102-6575-1ckeysq.pdf Online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* García, María Cristina. ''Havana, USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994'' (1996); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520211170 excerpt and text search]
* Korrol, Virginia Sánchez. ''From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917–1948'' (1994)
* Fernandez, Lilia. ''Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago'' (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
* Millard, Ann V. & Chapa, Jorge. ''Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest''. 2004. 276 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0292705689 excerpt and text search]
* Murphy, Arthur D., Colleen Blanchard, & Jennifer A. Hill, (eds.) ''Latino Workers in the Contemporary South''. 2001. 224 pp.
* Padilla, Felix M. ''Puerto Rican Chicago''. (1987). 277 pp.
* Sãnchez Korrol, Virginia E. ''From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City''. (1994) [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2g5004p1/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online free in California]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520079000 excerpt and text search]
* Vargas, Zaragosa (1993). ''Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917–1933'' [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8t1nb5q5/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online free in California]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520219627 excerpt and text search]
* Whalen, Carmen Teresa, & Victor Vásquez-Hernández, (eds.) (2005). '' The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives''

===Primary sources===
* Ellis, Richard, (ed.) ''New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader''. 1971.
* Weber, David J. ''Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans'' (1973), primary sources to 1912
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-535.pdf 2000 Census]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/ Hispanic Americans in Congress] – [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.army.mil/hispanics/ Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130359/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/generation-next/demographic/latinamerica_04-26.html Latino-Americans Become Unofficial Face of Politics Abroad] by Josh Miller, PBS, April 27, 2007
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2009/latino.in.america/ Latino in America] – [[CNN]]

{{Latin American diaspora}}
{{Hispanics/Latinos}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American society|*]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American people|Hispanic and Latino American people]]
[[Category:Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States]]