View source for Hindolam

{{Short description|Ragam in South Indian classical music}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name          = Hindola
| synonym       =
| image_name    =
| image_alt     =
| mela          =
| chakra        =
| type          =
| arohanam      = {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam    = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S}}
| jeeva         =
| chhaya        =
| nyasa         =
| vishesha      =
| equivalent    =
| similar       =
}}
{{Carnatic}} 
'''Hindōḷaṃ''' is a [[raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an ''audava'' rāgam (5 notes in arohana and avarohana) as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes). Hindolam is not the same as the Hindustani [[Hindol]]. The equivalent of ''Hindolam'' in [[Hindustani music]] is ''[[Malkauns]]''<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> (or [[Malkaush|Malkosh]]<ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>).

It is known to be a rāgam that is generally beautiful and soothing to listen to. Being symmetrical in its ascending and descending scales, it lends itself very well to improvisation and is therefore popular at concerts.

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[File:Hindolam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Hindolam'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Hindōḷaṃ'' is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain ''rishabham'' and ''panchamam''. It is a pentatonic scale (''audava-audava'' rāgam<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> in Carnatic music classification—''audava'' means 'of 5'). Since pentatonic scales can be found in other world music such as Chinese music, shades of ''[[Mohanam]]'' and ''Hindōḷaṃ'' can sometimes be traced in Chinese and east Asian music. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|foot=yes}}

This rāgam uses the ''[[swara]]s'' sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatam and kaisiki nishadam. ''Hindolam'' is not a ''[[melakarta]]'' rāgam, since it does not contain all the seven swaras.

Experts in Carnatic music hold differences of opinion on the ''janaka'' rāgams (rāgams of origin) that should be attributed to ''Hindolam''. It is widely accepted that the 20th melakarta, ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', is the parent rāgam of ''Hindolam'', but some would like to associate it with the 8th melakarta, ''[[Hanumatodi]]''.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> It can be derived from both, by dropping the ''rishabham'' and ''panchamam''.

[[File:Hindolam.wav|thumb|Arohanam and avarohanam for Hindolam with tambura]]

==Popular compositions==
Here are some ''kritis'' composed in Hindolam:
*''Sāmajavaragamanā'', ''Manasulōni Marmamulu'' and ''Gōvardhana Giridhāri'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Kaanada Raja Pandaricha'' by [[Namdev]]
*''Madhukara Vritti'',  ''Yaare Rangana'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8l7tAVr6nE  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/N8l7tAVr6nE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Rama Mantrava|via=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''Avanavana Kayva'', by [[Purandaradasa]]
*''Dasa Dasara Maneya'' By [[Kanakadasa]]
*'' Guru Purandara Dasare'', ''Uma Kathyayani'' By [[Vijaya Dasa]]
*''Hari Sarvothama Vayu Jeevothama'' By Kamalesha Vittala Dasu
*''Gōvardhana Girīśam Smarāmi'', ''Neerajakshi Kamakshi'' and ''Saraswathi Vidhiyuvathi'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] 
*''Padmanābha Pāhi'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Mā Ramanan'', ''Sāmagāna Lōlane'', ''Kalpaka Mātā Kanindharul'', ''Thirupparam Kundra Velā'' and ''Nambikettavar Evarayyā'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Sadanandamayi Chinmayi'' by [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Oothukadu Venkata Kavi]]
*''Mamavatu Sri Saraswati'' by [[Mysore Vasudevacharya]]
*''Chintayami Jagadamba'' by [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]]
*''Dēva Dēvaṃ Bhajē'', ''Konḍalalō Nelakonna'', ''Garuda Gamana'', ''Narayana Ni Namame'', ''Antayu Neeve Haripundarikaksha'', ''Nigama Nigama Nigamandha'' by [[Annamacharya]] 
*''Ramanakku Mannan Mudi'' by [[Arunachala Kavi]]
*''Mal Marugan (varnam)'' by Thanjavur Shankara Iyer
*''Tillana (Dhim na naa tha dhirana) '' by [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna|Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Kalaimagae'', a [[Geetam]] by ''Chitravina [[N. Ravikiran]]''

Numerous ''[[bhajan]]s, [[stotra]]s, [[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' and film music numbers also have been composed in the ''Hindolam'' [[Raga]].

==Tamil film songs==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#2E8B57 |Song
!style="background:#2E8B57" |Movie
!style="background:#2E8B57" |Year
!style="background:#2E8B57" |Composer
!style="background:#2E8B57" |Singer
|-
|Azhaikathey
|[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]
|1957
|rowspan="2"|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kangalum Kavi Paadudhe
|[[Adutha Veettu Penn]]
|1960
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
|Ennai Vittu Odipoga Mudiyumaa
|rowspan="2" |[[Kumudham]]
|rowspan="2" |1961
|rowspan="4"|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Maamaa Maamaa Maamaa
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
|Iravukku Aayiram
|[[Kulamagal Radhai]]
|1963
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Pachchai Maa Malaipol Meni
|[[Thirumal Perumai]]
|1968
|rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Or Aayiram Parvaiyile
|[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]
|1965
|[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]] (Credits only)
|-
|Azhage Uruvai Aval Vanthaal
|Paattondru Ketten
|1971
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|Ival Oru Pournami
|Ival Oru Pournami
|1986
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[P. Suseela]]
|-
|Malaro Nilavo
|Raga Bandhangal
|
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|Maname Muruganin
|[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]
|1966
|rowspan=3|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi]]
|-
|Iyarkai Ennum
|[[Shanti Nilayam]]
|1969
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen
|[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]
|1971
|rowspan=3|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Om Namashivaya
|[[Salangai Oli]]
|1983
|rowspan="18"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|Vilakku Vaipom
|[[Athma (film)|Athma]]
|1993
|-
|Sri Devi En Vazhvil 
|[[Ilamai Kolam]]
|1980
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Darisanam Kidaikatha
|[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]
|1981
|rowspan=3|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Naan Thedum Sevanthi
|[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]
|1986
|-
|Yentha Jenmam 
|Ezhumalayan Magimai
|1991
|-
|Unnal Mudiyum Thambi
|[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]
|1988
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Kanna Unai Thedugiren
|[[Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren]]
|1986
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thendral Thaan
|[[Keladi Kanmani]]
|rowspan=3|1990
|rowspan=2|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kai Pidithu
|[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]]
|-
|Unnai Kanamal Naan Yethu
|Kavidhai Paadum Alaigal
|[[Arunmozhi]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Hey Raja
|[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]
|1987
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Ooradungum Saamathile
|Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi
|
|[[Uma Ramanan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|En Veettu Jannal
|[[Raman Abdullah]]
|1997
|[[Arunmozhi]], [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Oh Janani
|[[Pudhiya Raagam]]
|rowspan=4|1991
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Nilave Nee Vara Vendum 
|[[Ennarukil Nee Irunthal]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| Vazhatha Pennin Manam
| [[Thanga Thamaraigal]]
|rowspan=3|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Mangalathu Kungumapottu
| [[Sami Potta Mudichu]]
|-
|Enakkoru Devan
|Idhaya Deepam
|1989
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|-
|Panja Swarangal 
|Puthiya Sangamam
|
|Ramakrishna Raja
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Marghazhi Poove
|[[May Maadham]]
|1994
|rowspan="5"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Shobha Shankar
|-
|Yakkai Thiri
|[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]
|2004
|A.R.Rahman, [[Pop Shalini]], [[Tanvi Shah]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|Irumbile
|[[Enthiran]]
|2010
|[[A. R. Rahman]], Kash n' Krissy
|-
|Magudi Magudi
|[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]
|2013
|[[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam|Aryan Dinesh]], [[Chinmayee]], [[Tanvi Shah]]
|-
|Innisai Alapadaiye
|[[Varalaru]]
|2006
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|-
|Kumudam Pol
|[[Moovendhar]]
|1998
|rowspan=2|[[Sirpy]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Katradikkum Neram
|[[Vivasaayi Magan]]
|1997
|rowspan=3|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Thevaram Paadatha
|Partha Parvayil 
|
|M. M. A. Iniyavan
|-
|Sirumalli Poove
|[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]
|1994
|rowspan="5"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Un Marbile Vizhi Moodi (Reused tune)
|rowspan=2|[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]
|rowspan=3|1998
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Ennavale Ennavale
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Kiliye
|[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], Mahanadhi Shobana
|-
|Paadavandha Poonguyile
|Oyilattam
|
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Va Va Endhan
|[[Cheran Pandiyan]]
|1991
|[[Soundaryan]]
|-
|Ithazhodu Ithal Serum
|[[Mannukkul Vairam]]
|1986
|rowspan="2"|[[Devendran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thendraliley Mithanthu
|Puthiya Thendral
|
|rowspan=3|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Siragulla Nilave Vaa
|[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]
|2003
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|Poojai Nera Poongakatru
|[[Mudhal Udhayam]]
|1995
|rowspan=3|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
|Ramanukku Mannan Mudi
|Pathu Matha Pantham
|
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Azhagiya Vezhigilil
|[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]
|1982
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Sangeetha Vanil
|[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]
|1987
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Megam
|[[Devaraagam]]
|rowspan=2|1996
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Santhanam Theychachi 
|[[Manikkam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Veesum Kaatrukku
|[[Ullaasam]]
|1997
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Chandira Mandalathai
|[[Nilaave Vaa]]
|1998
|rowspan=3|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
|Kavidhai Iravu
|[[Sullan]]
|2004
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Summa Kidantha
|[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]
|2006
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
|-
|Vatta Vatta
|[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]
|2003
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Unni Menon]], [[Padmalatha]]
|-
|Kalavani
|[[Kodiveeran]]
|2017
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|V. V. Prasanna,  Soundarya 
|-
|Othaiyadi Pathayila
|rowspan=2|[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]
|rowspan=2|2018
|rowspan=4|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|Oonjala Oonjala
|[[Sid Sriram]],  Niranjana Ramanan
|-
|Pesatha Mozhiye
|[[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]
|2022
|[[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
|-
|Adiye
|[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]
|rowspan=2|2021
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
|Kadai Kannaaley
|[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Varun Parandhaman	
|}

== Non Film Songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Song
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Language
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Album
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Year
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Composer
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Lyricist
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Singer
!style="background:#20B2AA"|Audio Label
|-
|[https://open.spotify.com/track/4HZwLQiOmQmtE2OLfBMozH?si=X0l5toUURKaNZgoeXRY4wQ/ Vel Vel]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Nithya Bhajanavali Vol-1
|1997
|Perumbavoor H Ramanathan 
|Shri Hari Bhajan Sangam
|Shri Hari Bhajan Sangam 
|Giri Trading Agency
|-
|[https://open.wynk.in/Fmx7wumGbeb?~destination=any&~feature=wynk_share&~content_id=srch_saregama_INH100604867/ Karpanai Endralum]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Lord Muruga T M Sounder Revival
|1999
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|Saregama 
|-
|[https://www.hungama.com/song/narudu-gurudani/50242397/ Narudu Gurudani]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Namo Venkatesaya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namo Venkatesaya – Single by Mahesh Mahadev, Priyadarshini & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/namo-venkatesaya-single/1488611303|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|2019
|Mahesh Mahadev
|[[Kaivara|Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana]]
|[[S. P. Balasubramanyam]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], 
Mahesh Mahadev, Raghuram
|PM Audios
|-
|[https://open.wynk.in/lJQ00u1WLAb?~destination=any&~feature=wynk_share&~content_id=srch_timesmusic_8902633345614_INT132300371/ Niladri Natham]
|[[Sanskrit]]
|Jagannath Bhakti Rath Yatra
|2023
|Siba Prasad Rath
|Ruru Kumar
|Abhilipsa Panda
|Times Music Spiritual
|}

== Kannada Film Songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#20B2AA" |Song
! style="background:#20B2AA" |Movie
! style="background:#20B2AA" |Year
! style="background:#20B2AA" |Composer
! style="background:#20B2AA" |Singer
|-
|Gharani Ghara Gharane
|[[Aptharakshaka]]
|2010
|[[Gurukiran|Guru Kiran]]
|S. P. Balasubhramanyam
|-
|Nagisalu Neenu Naguvenu Naanu
|[[Gaali Maathu]]
|1981
|[[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Nanna Neenu Gellalaare
|[[Nee Nanna Gellalare|Nee Nanna Gellalaare]] 
|1981
|
|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Neenu Neene Illi Naanu Naane
|[[Gadibidi Ganda]]
|1993
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balasubhramanyam]]
|-
|Baanina Anchinda Bande
|[[Shravana Banthu]]
|1984
|
|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Hindolam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgams, namely, ''[[Mohanam]]'', ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'', ''[[Udayaravichandrika]]'' (also known as ''Shuddha Dhanyasi'') and ''[[Madhyamavati]]''. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. For more details and illustration of this concept refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Mohanam|Graha bhedam on Mohanam]]''.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''Saramati'' has an asymmetric scale, with the ascending scale of ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', while the descending scale is same as ''Hindolam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G2 M1 P D1 N2 S : S N2 D1 M1 G2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
<references/>

{{Melakarta ragas}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]