View source for Hilsner affair

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The '''Hilsner affair''' (also known as the '''Hilsner trial''', '''Hilsner case''' or '''Polná affair''') was a series of [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] trials following an accusation of [[blood libel against Jews|blood libel]] against Leopold Hilsner, a [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Jewish]] inhabitant of the town of [[Polná]] in [[Bohemia]], [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1899 and 1900. The affair achieved widespread media publicity at the time, and [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], then professor at [[Charles University|Charles University in Prague]] also got involved in the case to defend Leopold Hilsner. Hilsner spent 19 years in prison before being pardoned by the Emperor of Austria-Hungary.

==Background==
===The Anežka Hrůzová murder case===
Anežka Hrůzová was a 19-year-old [[Czechs|Czech]] [[Catholicism|Catholic]] girl, living in the village of [[Věžnička]]. She worked as a seamstress in [[Polná]], {{convert|2|mi}} away. On the afternoon of 29 March 1899, she left her place of employment as usual, but did not return to her home. Three days later (1 April) her body was found in a forest, her throat having been cut and her garments torn. Nearby was a pool of blood, some blood-stained stones, parts of her garments, and a rope with which she had been either strangled to death or dragged, after the murder, to the place where the body was found. Because of the little amount of blood found near the body, and the fact that Anežka Hrůzová's disappearance had taken place during the Jewish holiday of Passover, authorities and population began speculating this was a case of Jewish ritual murder ([[blood libel]]).

The suspicion of the sheriff was first turned against four vagrants who had been seen in the neighborhood of the forest on the afternoon of the day when the murder was supposed to have been committed. Among them was Leopold Hilsner, a 23-year-old Jew, a man of little intelligence, who had been a vagrant all his life. Suspicion against him was based on the fact that he had been frequently seen strolling in the forest where the body was found. A search of his house showed nothing suspicious. He claimed to have left the place on the afternoon of the murder long before it could have been committed; but he could not establish a perfect alibi. Hilsner was arrested, and tried at [[Kutná Hora]] on 12–16 September. He denied all knowledge of the crime. The only physical evidence against him was a pair of trousers on which some stains were found, which chemical experts said might have been blood, while the garment was wet as if an attempt had been made to wash it. One witness against him claimed to have seen Hilsner, at a distance of {{convert|2000|ft}}, in company with two strange Jews, on the day on which the murder was supposed to have been committed and on the spot where the body was found. Another witness claimed to have seen him come from that place on the afternoon of 29 March and to have noticed that he was very much agitated. Both the prosecuting attorney,{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} and the attorney for the Hrůza family, [[Karel Baxa]], made clear [[Blood libel|suggestions of ritual murder]]. Testimony had proved that Hilsner was too weak to have committed the crime by himself. Still he was sentenced to death for participation in the murder, while his supposed accomplices were undiscovered and no attempt was made to bring them to justice.

[[File:Karikatura z doby hilsneriády.JPG|thumb|250px|Caricature of the Hilsner affair, 1900]]
The prominent Czech nationalist scholar [[Tomáš Masaryk]], professor of the Charles University in Prague, intervened on behalf of Hilsner; he filed an appeal to the supreme court, citing technical errors in the trial. The supreme court ordered a new trial, to be held at [[Písek]] in order to avoid intimidation of the jury by the mob, and the influence of political agitation. On 20 September 1899, a few days after the first trial, Hilsner was confronted by hostile fellow prisoners, who showed him some carpenters working in the courtyard of the jail and told him that they were constructing a gallows for him. They demanded the names of his accomplices, and said he could thus obtain a commutation of his sentence. Hilsner, terrified, named Joshua Erbmann and Solomon Wassermann as those who had assisted him. Being brought before the judge on 29 September, he declared that this statement was false. On 7 October, he reiterated the statement, but again recanted on 20 November. Fortunately for those he had accused, they were able to prove perfect alibis, one of them having been in jail on the day of the murder, while the other proved, from certificates of poorhouses in Moravia which he had visited as a beggar, that he could not possibly have been in Polná on that day.

===The Marie Klímová disappearance case===
Meanwhile, Hilsner was accused of another murder. Marie Klímová, a servant, had disappeared on 17 July 1898. A female body was found on 27 October following in the same forest as the body of Anežka Hrůzová. This body had, with great probability, been identified as the missing girl. However, decomposition was so advanced that it could not even be established whether the girl had been murdered. Hilsner, charged with this crime also, was tried for both murders in Písek (25 October-14 November 1900). The witnesses at this trial became more definite in their statements. Those that at the first trial had spoken of a knife which they had seen in Hilsner's possession, now asserted distinctly that it was such a knife as was used in ritual slaughtering. The strange Jews who were supposedly seen in company with Hilsner were more and more particularly described. When witnesses were shown that the testimony given by them at the second trial differed from that given at the first trial, they said either that they had been intimidated by the judge or that their statements had not been correctly recorded.

===Sentence, pardon and aftermath===
[[File:LeopoldHilsnerGedenktafel.JPG|thumb|Plaque commemorating Hilsner in [[Vienna]]]]
Hilsner was found guilty of having murdered both Anežka Hrůzová and Marie Klímová and sentenced to death on 14 November 1900. The sentence was commuted by [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Emperor Franz Josef]] to life imprisonment on 11 June 1901 but requests to renew the trial were turned down. Shortly before the end of [[World War I]] (24 March 1918), Hilsner was pardoned by [[Karl I of Austria|Emperor Karl]]. He spent the rest of his life in [[Velké Meziříčí]], [[Prague]], and [[Vienna]]; he died on 9 January 1928 at the age of 52 in Vienna. His conviction was never annulled, and no one else was ever charged with the murders. Although the case was never solved, Hilsner's innocence concerning the anachronistic charge of ritual murder is recognized. A tombstone unveiled over his grave reads: 'As the innocent victim of lies of ritual murder, he languished in prison for 19 years'. A plaque on his last place of residence also reads: 'Here stood the house where Leopold Hilsner (1876-1928) lived before his death. As the innocent victim of lies about ritual murder, he wasted 19 years in prison.'

==See also==
*[[Dreyfus affair]]
*[[Tiszaeszlár Affair|Tiszaeszlár affair]]
*[[Beilis Affair|Beilis affair]]
*[[History of anti-Semitism]]

==References==
*{{Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12255-polna-affair|article=Polna affair|author=Gotthard Deutsch}}
<references/>
==Further reading==
* Beller, Steven. "The Hilsner Affair: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism and the Individual in the Habsburg Monarchy at the Turn of the Century." in ''TG Masaryk (1850–1937)'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1989) pp. 52-76.
* Cervinka, Frantisek. "The Hilsner Affair," ''Leo Baeck Institute Year Book'' (1968), Vol. 13, p142-157.
* Haumman, Heiko. ''History of East European Jews'' (CEU Press, 2002), at 200-01.
* Riff, Michael A. "Czech Antisemitism and the Jewish Response before 1914" '' Wiener Library Bulletin'' (1976) no. 39/40, pp. 8–20.

== External links ==
* [https://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/program-and-education/exhibits/archive-exhibits/363/ ''Murder in Polná - Exhibition to mark the centenary of the Hilsner Affair. Spanish Synagogue, Prague: 17 June - 3 October 1999 Polna Synagogue: from November 1999''] Prague Jewish Museum
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[[Category:Blood libel]]
[[Category:1899 in Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:1900 in Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:19th century in Bohemia]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Austria-Hungary]]