View source for HiRISE

{{short description|Camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter}}
{{For|the Apple accessory|Twelve South||}}{{Infobox telescope
| name = HiRISE
| first_light = March 10, 2006
| diameter = 0.5 m
}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
[[Image:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE.jpg|thumb|right|300px|HiRISE being prepared before it is shipped for attachment to the spacecraft]]
'''High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment''' is a camera on board the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65&nbsp;kg (143&nbsp;lb), US$40&nbsp;million instrument was built under the direction of the [[University of Arizona]]'s [[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]] by [[Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.]] It consists of a 0.5{{nbsp}}m (19.7&nbsp;in) aperture [[reflecting telescope]], the largest so far of any [[deep space exploration|deep space]] mission, which allows it to take pictures of Mars with resolutions of 0.3{{nbsp}}m/pixel (1{{nbsp}}ft/pixel), resolving objects below a meter across.

HiRISE has imaged [[Mars Exploration Rover|Mars exploration rovers]] on the surface, including the [[Opportunity rover|''Opportunity'' rover]] and the ongoing [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' mission]].<ref name=voa>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mars-orbiter-photographs-old-nasa-landers-139039139/173778.html|title=Mars Orbiter Photographs Old NASA Lander|work=[[VOA]]|access-date=20 November 2018|date=February 8, 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MRO-First Image-crop.jpg|thumb|left|Crop of one of the first images of Mars from the HiRISE camera]]
In the late 1980s, {{MoMP|16975|Alan Delamere}} of [[Ball Aerospace & Technologies]] began planning the kind of high-resolution imaging needed to support sample return and surface exploration of Mars. In early 2001 he teamed up with Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona to propose such a camera for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and NASA formally accepted it November 9, 2001.

Ball Aerospace was given the responsibility to build the camera and they delivered HiRISE to NASA on December 6, 2004 for integration with the rest of the spacecraft.  It was prepared for launch on board the MRO on August 12, 2005, to the cheers of the HiRISE team who were present.

[[Image:Hirise at mars.jpg|thumb|right|Artist's rendition of HiRISE at Mars]]

During the cruise phase of MRO, HiRISE took multiple test shots including several of the [[Moon]] and the [[Jewel Box (star cluster)|Jewel Box]] cluster.  These images helped to calibrate the camera and prepare it for taking pictures of Mars.

On March 10, 2006, MRO achieved Martian orbit and primed HiRISE to acquire some initial images of Mars.<ref name="Ref_a">{{cite web|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/mission/orbiter_update.html |title=Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Successfully Enters Orbit Around Mars! |work= NASA MRO website| access-date=2006-06-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060603061811/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/mission/orbiter_update.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-06-03}}</ref> The instrument had two opportunities to take pictures of Mars (the first was on March 24, 2006) before MRO entered aerobraking, during which time the camera was turned off for six months.<ref name="Nasa2006">{{cite press release | publisher=NASA | date=2006-03-24 | title=UA Team Cheers Launch of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, HiRISE | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20060324a.html | access-date=2006-06-08}}</ref> It was turned on successfully on September 27, and took its first high-resolution pictures of Mars on September 29.

On October 6, 2006 HiRISE took the first image of [[Victoria Crater]], a site which was also under study by the [[Opportunity rover]].<ref name="Ref_b">{{cite web|url=http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/TRA/TRA_000873_1780/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023211346/http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/TRA/TRA_000873_1780/|archive-date=23 October 2006|title="Victoria Crater" at Meridiani Planum|date=23 October 2006|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>

In February 2007 seven detectors showed signs of degradation, with one IR channel almost completely degraded, and one other showing advanced signs of degradation. The problems seemed to disappear when higher temperatures were used to take pictures with the camera.<ref name="Nasa2007">{{cite press release | publisher=NASA | date=2007-02-07 | title=Spacecraft Set to Reach Milestone, Reports Technical Glitches | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-013 | access-date=2007-03-06 | archive-date=2007-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227213749/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-013 }}</ref> As of March, the degradation appeared to have stabilized, but the underlying cause remained unknown.<ref name="Shiga2007">{{cite news| url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11402-ailing-mars-camera-is-stable--for-now.html| title= Ailing Mars camera is stable – for now| date=16 March 2007| publisher= NewScientist.com news service| first= David| last= Shiga| access-date=2007-03-18}}</ref>  Subsequent experiments with the Engineering Model (EM) at Ball Aerospace provided definitive evidence for the cause: contamination in the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) which results in flipping bits to create the apparent noise or bad data in the images, combined with design flaws leading to delivery of poor analog waveforms to the ADCs. Further work showed that the degradation can be reversed{{clarify|date=January 2021}} by heating the ADCs.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

On October 3, 2007, HiRISE was turned toward [[Earth]], and took a picture of it and the [[Moon]].  In the full-resolution color image, Earth was 90 pixels across and the Moon was 24 pixels across from a distance of 142&nbsp;million km.<ref name="Ref_2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/mro20080303earth.html|title=Earth and Moon as Seen from Mars|publisher=NASA|date=2008-03-03|access-date=2008-06-21}}</ref>

On May 25, 2008, HiRISE imaged NASA's [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Mars Phoenix Lander]] parachuting down to the surface of Mars. It was the first time that one spacecraft imaged the final descent of another spacecraft onto a planetary body.<ref name="Ref_c">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/camera-on-mars-orbiter-snaps-phoenix-during-landing | title=Camera on Mars Orbiter Snaps Phoenix During Landing | work=JPL website | access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
[[File:HiRISE ESP 073077 2155.jpg|thumb|A fresh impact crater in Amazonis Planitia (HiRISE Image ESP 073077 2155)]]
By 2010, HiRISE had imaged only about one percent of Mars's surface<ref name="Ref_f">{{cite web| url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/nasalife/features/microsoft_ww_telescope.html| title=Microsoft and NASA Bring Mars Down to Earth Through the WorldWide Telescope| work=NASA| access-date=2012-12-07| archive-date=2017-06-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622195455/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/nasalife/features/microsoft_ww_telescope.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> and by 2016 the coverage was around 2.4%.<ref name="Ref_g">{{cite web |url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/hirise-45000-mars-orbits-and-counting |date=March 2016 |title=HiRISE: 45,000 Mars Orbits and Counting | work=The University of Arizona | access-date=2016-03-23}}</ref> It was designed to capture smaller areas at high resolution—other instruments scan much more area to find things like fresh impact craters. MRO's [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter|Context Camera (CTX)]] captured two fresh impact craters (>130 meter each) formed on Mars in late 2021, the largest discovered by MRO. These seismic events were also detected by [[InSight|Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight)]]. The crater in Amazonis Planitia was discovered independently by both missions, while the crater in Tempe Terra was first observed by Insight and then searched for with CTX images.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Posiolova |first1=L. V. |last2=Lognonné |first2=P. |last3=Banerdt |first3=W. B. |last4=Clinton |first4=J. |last5=Collins |first5=G. S. |last6=Kawamura |first6=T. |last7=Ceylan |first7=S. |last8=Daubar |first8=I. J. |last9=Fernando |first9=B. |last10=Froment |first10=M. |last11=Giardini |first11=D. |last12=Malin |first12=M. C. |last13=Miljković |first13=K. |last14=Stähler |first14=S. C. |last15=Xu |first15=Z. |date=2022-10-28 |title=Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7704 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=378 |issue=6618 |pages=412–417 |doi=10.1126/science.abq7704 |pmid=36302013 |bibcode=2022Sci...378..412P |hdl=10044/1/100459 |s2cid=253183826 |issn=0036-8075|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dundas |first=Colin M. |last2=Mellon |first2=Michael T. |last3=Posiolova |first3=Liliya V. |last4=Miljković |first4=Katarina |last5=Collins |first5=Gareth S. |last6=Tornabene |first6=Livio L. |last7=Rangarajan |first7=Vidhya Ganesh |last8=Golombek |first8=Matthew P. |last9=Warner |first9=Nicholas H. |last10=Daubar |first10=Ingrid J. |last11=Byrne |first11=Shane |last12=McEwen |first12=Alfred S. |last13=Seelos |first13=Kimberly D. |last14=Viola |first14=Donna |last15=Bramson |first15=Ali M. |date=2023-01-28 |title=A Large New Crater Exposes the Limits of Water Ice on Mars |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL100747 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |doi=10.1029/2022GL100747 |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/96130 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This identification further allowed development of new techniques by which ice deposits in the future could be characterised by HiRISE color.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rangarajan |first=V. G. |last2=Tornabene |first2=L. L. |last3=Osinski |first3=G. R. |last4=Dundas |first4=C. M. |last5=Beyer |first5=R. A. |last6=Herkenhoff |first6=K. E. |last7=Byrne |first7=S. |last8=Heyd |first8=R. |last9=Seelos |first9=F. P. |last10=Munaretto |first10=G. |last11=Dapremont |first11=A. |date=2024-09-01 |title=Novel quantitative methods to enable multispectral identification of high-purity water ice exposures on Mars using High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103523004281 |journal=Icarus |volume=419 |pages=115849 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115849 |issn=0019-1035|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On April 1, 2010, NASA released the first images under the [[HiWish program]] in which the public suggested places for HiRISE to photograph.  One of the eight locations was Aureum Chaos.<ref name="Ref_d">{{cite web|url=http://uahirise.org/releases/hiwish-captions.php|title=HiRISE – Captioned Image Inspired by HiWish Suggestions|website=uahirise.org|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=9 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015548/http://www.uahirise.org/releases/hiwish-captions.php}}</ref>  The first image below gives a wide view of the area.  The next two images are from the HiRISE image.<ref name="Ref_e">{{cite web|url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016869_1775|title=HiRISE – Mesas in Aureum Chaos (ESP_016869_1775)|website=hirise.lpl.arizona.edu|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>

The following three images are among the first images taken under the HiWish program.  The first is a context image from CTX to show where the HiRISE is looking.

<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
File:Aureum Chaos wide context.JPG|THEMIS image of wide view of following HiRISE images.  Black box shows approximate location of HiRISE images.  This image is just a part of the vast area known as Aureum Chaos.  Click on image to see more details.
File:Aureum Chaos wide view.JPG|[[Aureum Chaos]], as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program.  Image is located in [[Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle]].
File:Aureum Chaos HiWish.JPG|Close up view of previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.  Small round dots are boulders.
</gallery>

==Examples of HiRISE images==

The following group of images show some significant images taken by the instrument.  Some of these hint at possible sources of water for future colonists.

<gallery widths="190" heights="180">
File:ESP 050176 2245glacier.jpg|Glacier moving out of valley, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is [[Ismenius Lacus quadrangle]].
File:ESP 046359 1250-2pingoscale.jpg|Close view of possible [[pingo]] with scale, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Pingos may contain a core of pure ice.
File:45085 2205mantlethickness.jpg|Close view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrows show craters along edge which highlight the thickness of mantle.  Mantle may be used as a water source by future colonists.  Location is [[Ismenius Lacus quadrangle]].
File:ESP 043821 2555dryice.jpg|Defrosting dunes and ice in troughs of polygons, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
File:Avalanche on North pole scarp on Mars.jpg|False color view of a Martian [[avalanche]]
File:ESP 039404 1820landingsiteclose.jpg|Close-up of layers in Firsoff Crater, as seen by HiRISE Layers may have been created with the aid of water.
File:25755concentriccracks.jpg|Large group of concentric cracks, as seen by HiRISE, under HiWish program Location is [[Ismenius Lacus quadrangle]].  Cracks were formed by a volcano under ice.<ref>Levy, J., et al.  2017.  Candidate volcanic and impact-induced ice depressions on Mars.  Icarus:  285, 185–194.</ref>
File:46916 2270scallopsclose.jpg|Scalloped terrain,  as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program The location is the [[Casius quadrangle]]. Studies suggest that there is water-ice in scalloped terrain.
</gallery>
The following set of pictures show first a full image of a scene and then enlargements from parts of it.  A program called HiView can be used to produce more detailed views.  Some pictures are in color.  HiRISE takes a color strip down the middle only.

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
File:ESP 054850 1900ridges.jpg|Wide view of large ridge network,  as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

File:54850 1900ridges.jpg|Close view of ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Box shows size of football field.

File:54850 1900ridgesclosecolor.jpg|Close, color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
</gallery>

==Purpose==
[[Image:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE comparison.jpg|thumb|Comparison of resolution of MRO HiRISE camera with predecessor, the [[Mars Orbiter Camera|MOC]] aboard [[Mars Global Surveyor|MGS]]]]

The HiRISE camera is designed to view surface features of Mars in greater detail than has previously been possible.<ref name="Alan2003">{{cite journal |last=Delamere |first=Alan |title=MRO HiRISE: Instrument Development |journal=6th International Mars Conference |year=2003 |url=http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/papers/6th_int_mars_conf/Delamere_HiRISE_InstDev.pdf |access-date=2008-05-25}}</ref> It has provided a closer look at fresh Martian craters, revealing [[alluvial fans]], viscous flow features and ponded regions of pitted materials containing [[breccia clast]].<ref name=NTRS>{{cite web|title=Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Science Targeting Meeting – Program and Abstract Volume|work=NASA|publisher=NASA Technical Reports Server|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi/contribution_docs/LPI-001483.pdf|date=June 2009|access-date=July 4, 2023}}</ref> This allows for the study of the age of Martian features, looking for landing sites for future Mars landers, and in general, seeing the Martian surface in far greater detail than has previously been done from orbit. By doing so, it is allowing better studies of Martian channels and valleys, volcanic landforms, possible former lakes and oceans, sand dune fields such as [[Hagal dune field|Hagal]] and [[Nili Patera dune field|Nili Patera]], and other surface landforms as they exist on the Martian surface.<ref name="Ref_h">{{cite web |url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu |title=Science Goals |publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]], [[University of Arizona]] |access-date=June 7, 2006 }}</ref>

The general public is allowed to request sites for the HiRISE camera to capture (see [[HiWish program|HiWish]]). For this reason, and due to the unprecedented access of pictures to the general public, shortly after they have been received and processed, the camera has been termed "The People's Camera".<ref name="Ref_i">{{cite web |url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu |title=HiRISE |publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]], [[University of Arizona]] |access-date=19 March 2006 }}</ref> The pictures can be viewed online, downloaded, or with the free [[HiView]] software.

==Design==
[[Image:The Earth and the Moon photographed from Mars orbit.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Earth and Moon roughly to scale, taken from Mars orbit by HiRISE]]
HiRISE was designed to be a high resolution camera from the beginning. It consists of a large mirror, as well as a large [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] camera. Because of this, it achieves a [[Angular resolution|resolution]] of 1 [[radian|microradian]], or 0.3 meter at a height of 300&nbsp;km. (For comparison purposes, satellite images on [[Google Mars]] are available to 1 meter.<ref name="Ref_j">"[http://earth.google.com/faq.html#4 Google Earth FAQ]" ''Google Earth Website''.</ref>)  It can image in three color bands, 400–600&nbsp;nm ([[blue]]–[[green]] or B–G), 550–850&nbsp;nm ([[red]]) and 800–1,000&nbsp;nm ([[near infrared]] or NIR).<ref name="Ref_k">{{cite web |url=http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/instrument.html#components |title=MRO HiRISE Camera Specifications |work=HiRISE website |access-date=2 January 2006 }}</ref>

HiRISE incorporates a 0.5-meter primary mirror, the largest optical telescope ever sent beyond Earth's orbit.  The mass of the instrument is 64.2&nbsp;kg.<ref name="Ref_l">[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20649610 Mission to Mars: the HiRISE camera on-board MRO], ''Focal plane arrays for space telescopes III,''   27–28 August 2007, San Diego, California, USA</ref>

Red color images are at 20,048 [[pixel]]s wide (6&nbsp;km in a 300&nbsp;km orbit), and blue-green and NIR are at 4,048 pixels wide (1.2&nbsp;km). These are gathered by 14 CCD sensors, {{nowrap|2048 × 128 pixels}}. HiRISE's onboard computer reads out these lines in time with the orbiter's [[ground speed]], meaning the images are potentially unlimited in height. Practically this is limited by the onboard computer's {{nowrap|28 [[Gigabit|Gbit]]}} ({{nowrap|3.5 GB}}) memory capacity. The nominal maximum size of red images (compressed to 8 bits per pixel) is about 20,000 × 126,000 pixels, or 2520 [[megapixel]]s and 4,000 × 126,000 pixels (504 megapixels) for the narrower images of the B–G and NIR bands. A single uncompressed image uses up to 28{{nbsp}}Gbit. However, these images are transmitted compressed, with a typical maximum size of 11.2 gigabits. These images are released to the general public on the HiRISE website via a new format called [[JPEG 2000]].<ref name="Ref_m">{{cite web |url=http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/papers/6th_int_mars_conf/Delamere_HiRISE_InstDev.pdf |title=HiRISE: Instrument Development |work=NASA Ames Research Center website |access-date=7 February 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Ref_n">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/ceps/cepsicons/highlights/fact_sheet_front.pdf |title=Fact Sheet: HiRISE |work=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=18 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621134946/http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/cepsicons/highlights/fact_sheet_front.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2013 }}</ref>

To facilitate the mapping of potential landing sites, HiRISE can produce stereo pairs of images from which the topography can be measured to an accuracy of 0.25 meter.

==Images naming conventions==
[[File:Martian Dust Devil Trails.jpg|thumb|right|Whirlwind trails on Martian sand dunes]]
[[File:Gullies in the southern highlands of Mars.jpg|thumb|Gullies in the southern highlands of Mars]]
[[File:PIA22240slopstreaks.jpg|thumb|Slope streaks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22240|title=Catalog Page for PIA22240|website=photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>]]
HiRISE images are available to the public, and are named according to the following rules:<ref>[http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/pdf/HiRISE_EDR_SIS_2007_03_15.pdf HiRISE official documentation]</ref>
* Name:
* ppp_oooooo_tttt_ffff_c.IMG
* ppp = Mission Phase:
** INT = Integration and Testing
** CAL = Calibration Observations
** ATL = ATLO Observations
** KSC = Kennedy Space Center Observations
** SVT = Sequence Verification Test
** LAU = Launch
** CRU = Cruise Observations
** APR = Mars Approach Observations
** AEB = Aerobraking Phase
** TRA = Transition Phase
** PSP = Primary Science Orbit (nov 2006–nov 2008)
** REL = Relay phase
** E01 = 1st Extended Mission Phase if needed
** Exx = Additional extended Missions if needed
* oooooo = MRO orbit number
* tttt = Target code
* ffff Filter/CCD designation:
* RED0-RED9 – Red filter CCDs
* IR10-IR11 – Near-Infrared filter CCDs
* BG12-BG13 – Blue-Green filter CCDs
* c = Channel number of CCD (0 or 1)

The target code refers to the latitudinal
position of the center of the planned
observation relative to the start of orbit.
The start of orbit is located at the equator
on the descending side (night side) of the
orbit. A target code of 0000 refers to the
start of orbit. The target code increases in
value along the orbit track ranging from 0000
to 3595. This convention allows the file name
ordering to be time sequential. The first
three digits refers to the number of whole
degrees from the start of orbit, the fourth
digit refers to the fractional degrees rounded
to the nearest 0.5 degrees. Values greater
than 3595 identify observations as off-Mars or
special observations.

Examples of target code:
* 0000 – planned observation at the equator on descending side of orbit.
* 0900 – planned observation at the south pole.
* 1800 – planned observation at the equator on the ascending side (day side) of the orbit.
* 2700 – planned observation at the north pole.

Off-Mars and Special Observations Values:
* 4000 – Star Observation
* 4001 – Phobos Observation
* 4002 – Deimos Observation
* 4003 – Special Calibration Observation

==Footnotes==
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{{Reflist|33em}}

==See also==
*[[Long Range Reconnaissance Imager]] (Telescope imager on New Horizon probe)

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Photos by HiRISE}}
* [http://uahirise.org/ HiRISE official website]
* [http://beautifulmars.tumblr.com BeautifulMars Tumblr from HiRISE]
* [http://nasaclickworkers.com/classic/hirise.html Help NASA categorize images taken by HiRISE]
* [http://global-data.mars.asu.edu/bin/hirise.pl Browse Map of Images] from [[Arizona state university|ASU]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511160159/http://hirise.seti.org/epo/hirise_lesson1.htm How HiRISE Works – Lesson One: Camera Basics]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511230714/http://hirise.seti.org/epo/hirise_lesson2.htm How HiRISE Works – Lesson Two: Resolution and Binning]
* [https://www.uahirise.org/epo/made-with-hirise/ Multimedia created with HiRISE imagery/data] by Seán Doran and Kevin Gill; see also  [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157677092175301 Seán Doran's Flickr album #1] and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157706433219981 #2] and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/albums/72157672232042205 Kevin Gill's Flickr album] and a longer YouTube videos by S.D. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_geeog42mk ''Red Planet Rise'']) and K.G. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HbWOiVYN7M ''Flights of Desolation''])

{{Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter}}
{{Mars}}
{{Space observatories}}

[[Category:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]
[[Category:University of Arizona]]
[[Category:Mars imagers]]