View source for Hexagram

{{Short description|Six-pointed star polygon}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Regular polygon db|Star figure stat table|p6/2}}
{{star polygons}}
[[File:Regular_hexagon_as_intersection_of_two_triangles.png|thumb|A regular ''hexagram'', [[List_of_regular_polytopes_and_compounds#Two_dimensional_compounds|{6}[2{3}]{6}]], can be seen as a [[compound polygon|compound]] composed of an upwards (blue here) and downwards (pink) facing [[equilateral triangle]], with their intersection as a regular [[hexagon]] (in green).]]

A '''hexagram''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]) or '''sexagram''' ([[Latin language|Latin]]) is a six-pointed geometric [[star figure]] with the [[Schläfli symbol]] {6/2}, 2{3}, or <nowiki>{{3}}</nowiki>. The term is used to refer to a compound figure of two [[equilateral triangle]]s. The intersection is a regular [[hexagon]].

The hexagram is part of an infinite series of shapes which are compounds of two n-dimensional [[simplex|simplices]]. In three dimensions, [[Compound of two tetrahedra|the analogous compound]] is the [[stellated octahedron]], and in four dimensions the [[compound of two 5-cells]] is obtained.

It has been historically used in various religious and cultural contexts and as decorative motifs. The symbol was used as a decorative motif in medieval Christian churches and Jewish synagogues.{{sfn|Scholem|1949|p=244|ps=:"It is not to be found at all in medieval synagogues or on medieval ceremonial objects, although it has been found in quite a number of medieval Christian churches again, not as a Christian symbol but only as a decorative motif. The appearance of the symbol in Christian churches long before its appearance in our synagogues should warn the overzealous interpreters. "}} In the medieval period, a Muslim mystical symbol known as the [[Seal of Solomon]] was depicted as either a hexagram or a [[pentagram]].{{sfn|Scholem|1949|p=246|ps=:"In the beginning these designs had no special names or terms, and it is only in the Middle Ages that definite names began to be given to some of those most widely used. There is very little doubt that terms like these first became popular among the Muslims, who showed a tremendous interest in all the occult sciences, arranging and ordering them systematically long before the Practical Cabalists thought of doing so.{{pb}}It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that for a long time both the five-pointed and the six-pointed stars were called by one name, the "Seal of Solomon," and that no distinction was made between them. This name is obviously related to the Jewish legend of Solomon's dominion over the spirits, and of his ring with the Ineffable Name engraved on it. These legends expanded and proliferated in a marked fashion during the Middle Ages, among Jews and Muslims alike, but the name, "Seal of Solomon," apparently originated with the Muslims."}}<ref>Leonora Leet, "The Hexagram and Hebraic Sacred Science" in :''The Secret Doctrine of the Kabbalah'', 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=61hpoogearsC&pg=PA212 pp. 212-217].</ref>

==Group theory==
In [[mathematics]], the [[root system]] for the simple [[Lie group]] [[G2 (mathematics)|G<sub>2</sub>]] is in the form of a hexagram, with six long roots and six short roots.<br/>
[[File:Root system G2.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250px]]

== Construction by compass and a straight edge ==
A six-pointed star, like a [[regular hexagon]], can be created using a compass and a straight edge:
*Make a circle of any size with the compass.
*Without changing the radius of the compass, set its pivot on the circle's circumference, and find one of the two points where a new circle would intersect the first circle.
*With the pivot on the last point found, similarly find a third point on the circumference, and repeat until six such points have been marked.
*With a straight edge, join alternate points on the circumference to form two overlapping equilateral triangles.

== Construction by linear algebra ==
[[File:Hexagram-cube.png|thumb]]
A regular hexagram can be constructed by [[orthographic projection|orthographically projecting]] any [[cube]] onto a plane through three vertices that are all adjacent to the same vertex.  The twelve midpoints to edges of the cube form a hexagram.  For example, consider the projection of the unit cube with vertices at the eight possible binary vectors in three dimensions <math>(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1),(1,1,0),(1,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,1,1)</math> onto the plane <math>x+y+z=1</math>.  The midpoints are <math>(0,0,1/2),(0,1/2,1/2),(0,1,1/2),(1,1,1/2)</math>, and all points resulting from these by applying a permutation to their entries.  These 12 points project to a hexagram: six vertices around the outer hexagon and six on the inner.

==Origins and shape==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2023}}

As a derivative of two overlapping triangles, the hexagram may have developed from different peoples with no direct correlation to one another.

The [[mandala]] symbol called [[yantra]], found on ancient South [[India]]n [[Hindu]] temples, is a geometric toolset that incorporates hexagrams into its framework. It symbolizes the [[nara-narayana]], or perfect [[meditative]] state of balance achieved between Man and God, and if maintained, results in "[[moksha]]," or "[[nirvana]]" (release from the bounds of the earthly world and its material trappings).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Some researchers have theorized that the hexagram represents the [[astrological]] chart at the time of [[David]]'s birth or [[anointment]] as king. The hexagram is also known as the "King's Star" in astrological circles.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In antique [[papyri]], [[pentagram]]s, together with stars and other signs, are frequently found on [[amulet]]s bearing the Jewish names of [[God]], and used to guard against fever and other diseases. Curiously the hexagram is not found among these signs. In the [[Greek Magical Papyri]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} (Wessely, l.c. pp.&nbsp;31, 112) at Paris and London there are 22 signs side by side, and a circle with twelve signs, but neither a pentagram nor a hexagram.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Religious usage==
===Indian religions ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}
{{Further|Bodhicitta}}
[[File:Jain Cosmology0007small.JPG|thumb|Diagram showing the two mystic syllables Om and Hrim]]
Six-pointed stars have also been found in cosmological diagrams in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]]. The reasons behind this symbol's common appearance in Indic religions and the West are unknown. One possibility is that they have a common origin. The other possibility is that artists and religious people from several cultures independently created the hexagram shape, which is a relatively simple geometric design.

Within Indic lore, the shape is generally understood to consist of two triangles—one pointed up and the other down—locked in harmonious embrace. The two components are called "Om" and the "Hrim" in Sanskrit, and symbolize man's position between earth and sky. The downward triangle symbolizes [[Shakti]], the sacred embodiment of femininity, and the upward triangle symbolizes [[Shiva]], or [[Agni Tattva]], representing the focused aspects of masculinity. The mystical union of the two triangles represents Creation, occurring through the divine union of male and female. The two locked triangles are also known as 'Shanmukha'—the six-faced, representing the six faces of Shiva & Shakti's progeny [[Kartikeya]]. This symbol is also a part of several yantras and has deep significance in Hindu ritual worship and history.

[[File:Anahata Mandala.svg|thumb|Anahata: The Heart Chakra]]
In [[Buddhism]], some old versions of the [[Bardo Thodol]], also known as The "Tibetan Book of the Dead", contain a hexagram with a [[swastika]] inside. It was made up by the publishers for this particular publication. In Tibetan, it is called the "origin of phenomenon" (''chos-kyi 'byung-gnas''). It is especially connected with [[Vajrayogini]], and forms the center part of her [[mandala]]. In reality, it is in three dimensions, not two, although it may be portrayed either way.

The ''[[Shatkona]]'' is a symbol used in [[Hindu]] [[yantra]] that represents the union of both the [[male|masculine]] and [[Female|feminine]] form. More specifically it is supposed to represent [[Purusha]] (the supreme being), and [[Prakriti]] (mother nature, or causal matter). Often this is represented as [[Shiva]] – [[Shakti]].<ref>[http://sivasakti.com/articles/intro-yantra.html sivasakti.com: ''Introduction to Yantra'']</ref>

''[[Anahata]]'' or heart chakra is the fourth primary [[chakra]], according to [[Hindu]] [[Yoga|Yogic]], [[Shakta]] and [[Vajrayana|Buddhist Tantric]] traditions. In [[Sanskrit]], ''anahata'' means "unhurt, unstruck, and unbeaten". ''Anahata Nad'' refers to the Vedic concept of ''unstruck sound'' (the sound of the celestial realm). Anahata is associated with balance, calmness, and serenity.

===Judaism===
{{Main|Seal of Solomon}}{{Main|Star of David}}
[[File:Seal of Solomon (Simple Version).svg|thumb|The Seal of Solomon]]
The Seal of Solomon or Ring of Solomon is the legendary signet ring attributed to king Solomon in medieval mystical traditions. In mystic Jewish and Islamic lore, the ring is variously described as having given Solomon the power to command the supernatural, including shedim and jinn, and also the ability to speak with animals. Due to the proverbial wisdom of Solomon, it came to be seen as an amulet or talisman, or a symbol or character in medieval magic and Renaissance magic, occultism, and alchemy. The seal is the predecessor to the Star of David, another Jewish symbol.

[[File:Leningrad Codex Folio 474a.jpg|thumb|The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the [[Masoretic text]], the [[Leningrad Codex]], dated 1008.]]
The ''Magen David'' is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity and is also known colloquially as the Jewish Star or "Star of David." Its usage as a sign of Jewish identity began in the Middle Ages, though its religious usage began earlier, with the current earliest archeological evidence being a stone bearing the shield from the arch of a 3–4th century synagogue in the Galilee.

===Christianity===
The first and the most important Armenian Cathedral of Etchmiadzin (303 AD, built by the founder of Christianity in Armenia) is decorated with many types of ornamented hexagrams and so is the tomb of an Armenian prince of the Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty of Khachen (1214 AD) in the Gandzasar Church of Artsakh.

The hexagram may be found in some Churches and stained-glass windows. In Christianity, it is sometimes called the star of creation.  A very early example, noted by [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], can be found in [[Winchester Cathedral]], England in one of the canopies of the choir stalls, circa 1308.<ref>Buildings of England: Hampshire and the North (now second edition) {{ISBN|978 0 300 12084 4}}, p.604.</ref>

====Latter-day Saints (Mormons)====
[[File:Salt Lake Assembly Hall Star of David.jpg|thumb|Star of David on the [[Salt Lake Assembly Hall]]]]
{{Main|Mormonism and Judaism}}
The Star of David is also used less prominently by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], in the temples and in architecture. It symbolizes God reaching down to man and man reaching up to God, the union of Heaven and earth. It may also symbolize the [[Israelite|Tribes of Israel]] and friendship and their affinity towards the Jewish people. Additionally, it is sometimes used to symbolize the quorum of the twelve apostles, as in Revelation 12, wherein the Church of God is symbolized by a woman wearing a crown of twelve stars. It is also sometimes used to symbolize the Big Dipper, which points to the North Star, a symbol of Jesus Christ.

===Islam===
The symbol is known in Arabic as ''Khātem Sulaymān'' ([[Seal of Solomon]]; {{lang|ar|خاتم سليمان}}) or ''Najmat Dāwūd'' ([[Star of David]]; {{lang|ar|نجمة داوود}}). The "Seal of Solomon" may also be represented by a five-pointed star or [[pentagram]].

In the [[Qur'an]], it is written that David and [[King Solomon]] (Arabic, ''Suliman'' or ''Sulayman'') were prophets and kings, and are figures revered by Muslims. The Medieval pre-Ottoman [[Hanafi]] [[Anatolian beyliks]] of the [[Karamanids]] and [[Jandarids]] used the star on their flag.<ref name="Muwahhidists">The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, By Stephen F. Dale, 2009</ref> The symbol is also used on the [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] flag. Today the six-pointed star can be found in [[mosques]] and on other [[Arabic Art|Arabic]] and [[Islamic art]]ifacts.<gallery>
File:Caliph Al Mustansir Sicilian coin.jpg|Coin minted in the [[Emirate of Sicily]] during the reign of [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] (11th century CE)
File:Ayyubid Az Zahir 1204 Aleppo.jpg|1204 coin minted in [[Aleppo]] by [[Az-Zahir Ghazi]]
File:Gateway-Humayuns-Tomb-104.JPG|Hexagram at [[Humayun's Tomb]], Delhi, India (late 16th century)
File:Moroccan 4 Falus Coin (AH 1290).jpg|Hexagram on obverse of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] 4 Falus coin (1873)
File:PrizrenCollection2 2010 100 3123.JPG|Hexagram on the Minaret of Arasta Mosque, [[Prizren]], Kosovo
File:Morocco Fez Embroidery Horse Cover.JPG|Morocco Fez Embroidery Horse Cover
File:BarbarosSancagi.svg|Hexagram on the flag of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]
File:Flag of the Belik of Teke, Catalan Atlas 1375.svg|Hexagram on the flag of [[Beylik of Teke|Teke Beylik]]
File:Detail of the Gates from the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni stored in the Arsenal of Agra Fort - ILN 1872.jpg|The Gates from the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, taken to the [[Somnath temple]]
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Katoenen banier met Arabische kalligrafie TMnr 5663-1.jpg|A [[Cirebonese]] cotton banner with a Chinese influenced lion with Arabic calligraphy with hexagrams; (dated to the late 18th or the 19th century)
</gallery>

==Usage in heraldry==
[[File:Japanese Crest Maru ni Kagome.svg|thumb|[[Mon (emblem)|Mon]] emblem of the Kagome clan.]]
In [[heraldry]] and [[vexillology]], a hexagram is a fairly common charge employed, though it is rarely called by this name. In Germanic regions it is known simply as a "star." In English and French heraldry, however, the hexagram is known as a "mullet of six points," where ''mullet'' is a French term for a [[spur|spur rowel]] which is shown with five pointed arms by default unless otherwise specified. In [[Albania]]n heraldry and vexillology, hexagram has been used since [[classical antiquity]] and it is commonly referred to as ''sixagram''. The coat of arms of the [[House of Kastrioti]] depicts the hexagram on a [[pile (heraldry)|pile]] argent over the double headed eagle.

==Usage in Theosophy==
The Star of David is used in the seal and the emblem of the [[Theosophical Society]] (founded in 1875). Although it is more pronounced, it is used along with other religious symbols. These include the [[Swastika]], the [[Ankh]], the [[Om|Aum]], and the [[Ouroboros]]. The star of David is also known as the Seal of Solomon, which was its original name, being in regular use until around 50 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Usage in occultism==
The hexagram, like the [[pentagram]], was and is used in practices of the [[occult]] and [[ceremonial magic]] and is attributed to the 7 "old" planets outlined in [[astrology]].

The six-pointed star is commonly used both as a [[talisman]]<ref>P299 (and throughout) of ''The Complete Goldendawn'' by Israel Regardie. {{ISBN|978-0875426631}}</ref> and for conjuring spirits and spiritual forces in diverse forms of [[Magic (paranormal)|occult magic]]. In the book [[The History and Practice of Magic, Vol. 2]], the six-pointed star is called the talisman of Saturn and it is also referred to as the Seal of Solomon.<ref>''The History and Practice of Magic'' (Secaucus, NJ: University Books, published by arrangement with Lyle Stewart, 1979), Vol. II, p. 304</ref> Details are given in this book on how to make these symbols and the materials to use.
[[File:Star of David GGNC grave marker engraving.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Double hexagram]]
Traditionally, the Hexagram can be seen as the combination of the four elements. Fire is symbolized as an upwards pointing triangle, while Air (its elemental opposite) is also an upwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center. Water is symbolized as a downwards pointing triangle, while Earth (its elemental opposite) is also a downwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center. Combining the symbols of fire and water creates a hexagram (six-pointed star). The same follows when combining the symbols of air and earth.  Both hexagrams combined are called a double-hexagram. Thus, a combination of the elements is created.<ref>P315-316 of ''The Wicca Bible'' by Ann-Marie Gallagher. {{ISBN|978-1-84181-250-2}}. Same information also found in many other books.</ref>

In [[Rosicrucianism|Rosicrucian]] and [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]] Magic, the seven Traditional planets correspond with the angles and the center of the Hexagram as follows, in the same patterns as they appear on the [[Sefirot|Sephiroth]] and on the [[Tree of life (Kabbalah)|Tree of Life]]. Saturn, although formally attributed to the Sephira of [[Binah (Kabbalah)|Binah]], within this frame work nonetheless occupies the position of [[Da'at (Kabbalah)|Daath]].<ref>P31 of ''The Ritual Magic Manual: A Complete Course in Practical Magic'' by David Griffin. {{ISBN|978-0965840897}}</ref>

In [[alchemy]], the two triangles represent the reconciliation of the opposites of fire and water.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Allgemein |title=Hexagram – The mystical symbol of the hexagram |url=https://www.hermetic-academy.com/the-symbol-of-the-hexagram/ |website=Hermetic Academy |access-date=10 August 2021 |date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>

The hexagram is used as a sign for [[Aether (classical element)#Fifth element|quintessence]], the fifth element.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

==Usage in Freemasonry==
{{see also|Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory}}
{{blockquote|"The interlacing triangles or deltas symbolize the union of the two principles or forces, the active and passive, male and female, pervading the universe ... The two triangles, one white and the other black, interlacing, typify the mingling of apparent opposites in nature, darkness and light, error and truth, ignorance and wisdom, evil and good, throughout human life." –&nbsp;Albert G. Mackey: ''Encyclopedia of [[Freemason]]ry''{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2023}}}}

The hexagram is featured within and on the outside of many [[Masonic temple]]s as a decoration. It may have been{{according to whom|date=April 2022}} found within the structures of [[King Solomon]]'s temple, from which [[Freemasons]] are inspired in their philosophies and studies. Like many other symbols in Freemasonry, the deciphering of the hexagram is non-dogmatic and left to the interpretation of the individual.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==Other uses==
[[File:Flag of Northern Ireland.svg|thumb|Ulster Banner]]
[[File:Aerial photograph of Heathrow Airport, 1955.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aerial photograph of [[Heathrow Airport]], London, 1955]]
[[File:Flag of Dardania.svg|thumb|A hexagram appears on the Dardania Flag, proposed for Kosovo by the Democratic League of Kosovo.]]
{{multiple image
| total_width = 227
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Raelian_symbol.svg
| width1 = 96
| image2 = Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg
| width2 = 96
| footer = The [[Raëlian]] symbol with the swastika (left) and the alternative spiral version (right)
}}
[[File:Worthing Station 03.JPG|thumb|Worthing railway station platform 2 canopy]]

===Flags===
* The [[flag of Australia]] had a six pointed star to represent the six federal states from 1901 to 1908.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Australian Flags (3rd ed.)|last=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|publisher=Australian Government|year=2022|isbn=978-0642471345|page=6}}</ref>
* The [[Ulster Banner]] flag of Northern Ireland, used from 1953 to 1972. The six pointed star, representing the six counties that make up Northern Ireland. The star of the Ulster Banner is not the compound of two equilateral triangles. The intersection is not a regular hexagon.
* A flag used by rebels during the [[Whiskey Rebellion|Whiskey Insurrection]] in South-Western Pennsylvania, 1794.
* A hexagram appears on the Dardania Flag, proposed for Kosovo by the [[Democratic League of Kosovo]].
* The [[Flag of Nigeria (1914–1960)|flag of Nigeria]] depicted a green hexagram surrounding a crown from with the white word "Nigeria" under it on a red disc from 1914 to 1960.
* The [[flag of Israel]] has a blue hexagram in the middle.
* The former [[Flag of Portland, Oregon|flag]] of [[Portland, Oregon]] (from 1970 to 2002) features a small six point star in the seal in the canton.

===Other symbolic uses===
* A six-point interlocking triangles has been used for thousands of years as an indication a sword was made, and "[[Proof test|proofed]]", in the [[Damascus]] area of the [[Middle East]]. Still today, it is a required proof mark on all official [[UK]] and [[United States]] [[military]] [[sword]]s though the [[blade]]s themselves no longer come from the [[Middle East]].
* In southern Germany the hexagram can be found as part of tavern anchors. It is symbol for the tapping of beer and sign of the brewer's guild. In German this is called "Bierstern" (beer star) or "[[Brauerstern]]" (brewer's star).
* A six-point star is used as an identifying mark of the [[Folk Nation]] alliance of US street gangs.
* The Indian sage and seer [[Sri Aurobindo]] used it—e.g. on the cover of his books—as a symbol of the aspiration of humanity calling to the Divine to descend into life (the triangle with the point at the top), and the descent of the Divine into the Earth's atmosphere and all individuals in response to that calling (the triangle with the point at the bottom). (This was explained by the Mother, his spiritual partner in Her 14-volume Agenda and elsewhere by Sri Aurobindo in his writings.){{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* The [[Seal of Portland, Oregon|seal of the city of Portland, Oregon]] features a small six point star above the head of [[Portlandia (statue)|Lady Commerce]]. The star represents the "crown achievement of Portland's historical leadership."<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 1878 |title=SEAL OF THE CITY |work=[[The Oregonian|The Morning Oregonian]] |pages=3}}</ref>

===Man-made and natural occurrences===
* The main runways and taxiways of [[Heathrow Airport]] were arranged roughly in the shape of a hexagram.<ref>[http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44490000/gif/_44490901_heathrow_man_4165.gif bbc.co.uk] and see [[:File:Aerial photograph of Heathrow Airport, 1955.jpg]]</ref>
* A hexagram in a circle is incorporated prominently in the supports of [[Worthing railway station]]'s platform 2 canopy (UK).
* An extremely large, free-standing wood hexagram stands in the central park of the Municipality of [[El Tejar, Chimaltenango|El Tejar, Guatemala]]. Additionally, every year at Christmastime the residents of El Tejar erect a giant artificial Christmas tree in front of their municipal building, with a hexagram sitting at its peak.

===Unicode===
* In [[Unicode]], the "Star of David" symbol ✡ is encoded in U+2721.

==Other hexagrams==
The figure {6/3} can be shown as a compound of three [[digon]]s.

Other ''hexagrams'' can be constructed as a continuous path.

{| class="wikitable skin-invert-image" width=600
|- valign=top
!colspan=2|Regular compounds
!D<sub>2</sub> symmetry<BR/>[[unicursal hexagram|unicursal]]
!colspan=4|D<sub>3</sub> symmetry<br/>[[Vertex-transitive|isogonal]]
!colspan=2|D<sub>3</sub> symmetry<br/>[[Edge-transitive|isotoxal]]
|- align=center valign=top
|[[File:Regular star figure 2(3,1).svg|120px]]<BR />{6/2}=2{3}
|[[File:Regular star figure 3(2,1).svg|120px]]<BR />{6/3}=3{2}
|[[File:unicursal hexagram.png|100px]]
|[[File:Regular polygon truncation 3 2.svg|100px]]
|[[File:Regular truncation 3 -1.svg|100px]]
|[[File:Regular truncation 3 1.5.svg|100px]]
|[[File:Regular truncation 3 1.1.svg|100px]]
|[[File:Great triambic icosahedron face.svg|100px]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Pentagram]]
* [[Star of Bethlehem]]
* [[Star of David]]
* [[Seal of Solomon]]
* [[Heptagram]]
* The [[Thelema|Thelemic]] [[Unicursal hexagram]]
* [[Pascal's mystic hexagram]]
* [[Hexagram (I Ching)]]
*[[Sacred geometry|Sacred Geometry]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite news|last=Scholem|first=Gershom|date=September 1949|title=The Curious History of the Six-Pointed Star: How the "Magen David" Became the Jewish Symbol|language=en-US|work=Commentary Magazine|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-curious-history-of-the-six-pointed-starhow-the-magen-david-became-the-jewish-symbol/|access-date=2018-07-10}}
* Graham, Dr. O.J. The Six-Pointed Star: Its Origin and Usage 4th ed. Toronto: The Free Press 777, 2001. {{ISBN|0-9689383-0-2}}
* [[Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum, B.]] and G. C. Shephard; ''[[Tilings and patterns]]'', New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., (1987), {{ISBN|0-7167-1193-1}}.
* [[Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum, B.]]; Polyhedra with Hollow Faces, ''Proc of NATO-ASI Conference on Polytopes ... etc. (Toronto 1993)'', ed T. Bisztriczky et al., Kluwer Academic (1994) pp.&nbsp;43–70.
* Wessely, l.c. pp.&nbsp;31, 112

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Hexagrams}}
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hexagram.html Hexagram] (MathWorld)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628000410/http://www.telisphere.com/~starbird/mandala.html The Archetypal Mandala of India]
* [http://www.schlenkerla.de/biergeschichte/brauerstern/indexe.html Thesis from Munich University on hexagram as brewing symbol]

{{Polygons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Art history]]
[[Category:Church architecture]]
[[Category:Iconography]]
[[Category:Ornaments]]
[[Category:6 (number)]]
[[Category:Rotational symmetry]]
[[Category:Synagogue architecture]]
[[Category:Visual motifs]]
[[Category:Star polygons|06]]