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{{short description|British actor and singer (1865–1936)}}
{{about||his son, the British actor and singer|Henry Lytton Jr.}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Henry Lytton portrait, 1919.jpg|thumb|alt=Three-quarters of a clean-shaven white man in neat morning wear|Lytton in 1919]]
'''Sir Henry Lytton''' (born '''Henry Alfred Jones'''; 3 January 1865 – 15 August 1936) was an English actor and singer who was the leading exponent of the starring comic [[patter song|patter]]-[[baritone]] roles in [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] operas from 1909 to 1934. He also starred in [[Edwardian musical comedies|musical comedies]]. His career with the [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company]] spanned 50 years, and he is the only performer ever [[knight]]ed for achievements in Gilbert and Sullivan roles.

Lytton was born in London; he studied there with a painter but then went on the stage in defiance of his family's wishes. At the age of 19 he married [[Louie Henri]], an actress and singer who helped him gain a place in a D'Oyly Carte touring company in 1884. After briefly playing in other companies, he and his wife rejoined D'Oyly Carte. He had an early breakthrough in 1887 when the [[Savoy Theatre]] star [[George Grossmith]] fell ill, and the 22-year-old Lytton went on for him in ''[[Ruddigore]]''. Lytton starred in D'Oyly Carte touring companies from 1887 to 1897, playing mostly the comic patter roles in the Gilbert and Sullivan (and other) operas. From 1897 to 1903 he appeared with the company continuously at the Savoy Theatre, playing a range of baritone parts, from romantic leads to character parts in new operas and revivals. During this time his brief and costly attempt at theatrical production in London led to his abandoning thoughts of being an [[impresario]].

The D'Oyly Carte company left the Savoy Theatre in 1903, and Lytton appeared in half a dozen [[West End theatre|West End]] musical comedies over the next four years, including ''[[The Earl and the Girl]]'', ''[[The Spring Chicken]]'' and ''[[The Little Michus]]''. He also wrote for, and performed in, [[music hall]] and wrote a [[libretto]]. During the two D'Oyly Carte repertory seasons at the Savoy between 1906 and 1909, Lytton rejoined the company, again playing a variety of baritone roles, but mostly not the principal comedian patter roles.

Beginning in 1909, and continuously to 1934, he was the principal comedian of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in London and on tour. He retired from acting a year later.

== Life and career ==

===Early years===
[[File:Henry-Lytton-age-21.png|thumb|left|upright|alt=Head and shoulders photograph of young, clean-shaven white man in neat morning wear|Lytton aged 21]]
Lytton was born as '''Henry Alfred Jones''' on 3 January 1865 in [[Pembroke Square, London|Pembroke Square]], [[Kensington]], London, the son of Henry Jones (1829–1893), a jeweller, and his second wife Martha Lavinia, ''née'' Harris.<ref name=dnb>Parker, John. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-34658 "Lytton, Sir Henry Alfred (1865–1936)"] ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 1949. Retrieved 15 September 2020 {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>Jones, pp. 10 and 221</ref> According to his highly unreliable memoirs{{refn|In his memoirs, ''The Secrets of a Savoyard'' (1922) and ''A Wandering Minstrel'' (1933) Lytton ignored or embroidered the facts, maintaining that he was born in 1867 and was brought up under the tutelage of a guardian living in a country village. He also claimed to have married at the age of 17 while still a schoolboy; the records show that he was 19.<ref name=marriage>[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/8912/ GRO Index, 1884], first quarter, Kensington, Volume 1a, p. 96 {{subscription required}}</ref>|group=n}} he was educated at St Mark's School, [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], and took part there in amateur theatricals and boxing.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 23</ref> He studied art with the painter [[W. H. Trood]]. It is unclear whether the studies were part-time or full time, or during his schooldays or later.<ref>Lytton (1922), pp. 24–25; and Jones, p. 13</ref>

In 1881 Lytton made his first appearance on the professional stage at the [[Philharmonic Theatre, Islington]], in the [[comic opera]] ''A Trip to China, or The Obstinate Bretons'', in the cast of which was his future wife, [[Louie Henri]], daughter of William Webber, of London.<ref name=dnb/>{{refn|In his memoirs Lytton omits mention of this (giving the date of his stage debut as 1884) and purports that he first encountered Henri when going with Trood to see the [[opéra comique]] ''[[Les noces d'Olivette|Olivette]]'', in which she appeared at the [[Playhouse Theatre|Avenue Theatre]] in early 1883, and falling instantly for her.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 25</ref><ref>"The London Theatres", ''The Era'', 20 January 1883, p. 5; and Theatre listings, ''The Morning Post'', 14 March 1883, p. 4</ref>|group=n}} They married in early 1884, both aged 19, at [[St Mary Abbots]] church, Kensington.<ref name=marriage/> Lytton was estranged from his father, who disapproved of Lytton's and Henri's profession, and neither family attended the ceremony.<ref>Jones, pp. 30–31</ref>

Henri played an important part in Lytton's early theatrical career, coaching him in acting, and playing the piano to help him learn his musical parts.<ref>Jones, p. 13</ref>{{refn|Lytton's inability to read music is among the reasons why his biographer Brian Jones doubts that he was schooled at St Mark's, a highly musical school, where it was "impossible for a boy to go through St Mark's in the 1870s without having music drummed in − the inspectorate examined the ability of each whole class to read music".<ref>Jones, pp. 12–13</ref>|group=n}} In February 1884 the two joined one of the [[impresario]] [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]]'s touring companies. She played the small role of Ada in the first provincial tour of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s ''[[Princess Ida]]'';<ref name=rw53>Rollins and Witts, p. 53</ref> he sang in the chorus and understudied the principal comic role of King Gama.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 53; and Jones, p. 7</ref> According to his memoirs, Henri had obtained an audition for him, passing him off as her brother – "H. A. Henri" – in the mistaken belief that married couples were not welcome in Carte's companies.<ref>Lytton (1922), pp. 29–31</ref> Any pretence was quickly abandoned, but Lytton kept the stage name Henri until 1887.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 61–62; and Lytton (1922), p. 31</ref> Henri and Lytton rejoined the D'Oyly Carte tour when it resumed in February 1885, continuing until May.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 57</ref> The tour ended in December, and the following month the couple's first child, Ida Louise, was born.<ref>[https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=8912&h=15573157&tid=&pid=&queryId=9ebb9e12112e47f27994541604d68076&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OsL50&_phstart=successSource "Ida Louise Jones"], England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837–1915; and Jones, p. 72 {{subscription required}}</ref> After this, they joined with other out-of-work actors and travelled from town to town in [[Surrey]] for just over two months, performing a drama (''All of Her''), a comedy (''Masters and Servants''), and [[Charles Dibdin]]'s [[ballad opera]] ''The Waterman''.<ref>Jones, p. 39</ref> Lytton's memoirs record that they made little money, and the struggling young actors sometimes went hungry.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 38</ref> Between theatrical engagements Lytton took odd jobs, including putting his artistic training to use by painting decorative plaques.<ref>Jones, p. 42</ref> He was taken on by another of Carte's touring companies from September to December 1885, after which he and Henri were in the 1885 Christmas [[pantomime]] at the [[Theatre Royal, Manchester]].<ref>Jones, pp. 41 and 214</ref> In May 1886 they were in the chorus of ''The Lily of Leoville'' in [[Birmingham]], and then of ''[[Erminie]]'' at the [[Comedy Theatre]], London.<ref>Jones, p. 214</ref>

At the end of 1886 Lytton was engaged by Carte to appear at the [[Savoy Theatre]]. [[Eric Lewis (actor)|Eric Lewis]], who had been understudying [[George Grossmith]] in the starring comic [[Patter song#Gilbert and Sullivan patter songs|patter]] roles since 1882, left the D'Oyly Carte company.<ref>"Mr Eric Lewis", ''The Era Almanack'', January 1895, pp. 42–43</ref> Lytton was appointed to replace him, understudying the role of Robin Oakapple in the new [[Savoy opera]], ''[[Ruddigore]]'',{{refn|The opera was titled ''Ruddygore'' until 2 February.<ref name=rw10/>|group=n}} which opened on 22 January 1887.<ref name=rw10>Rollins and Witts, p. 10</ref> A week later Grossmith fell ill.<ref>"News in Brief", ''The Times'', 2 February 1887, p. 10; and "The Illness of Mr Grossmith", ''The Pall Mall Gazette'', 3 February 1887, p. 8</ref> Between 31 January and 15 February, Lytton appeared in the role.<ref>"Multiple News Items", ''The Morning Post'', 16 February 1887, p. 5</ref> When he went back to the chorus on Grossmith's return, the dramatist [[W. S. Gilbert]] presented him with a gold-mounted walking stick in appreciation of his performance.<ref>Stedman, p. 243 and Lytton (1922), p. 47</ref> At Gilbert's suggestion, he changed his stage name from H. A. Henri to Henry A. Lytton.<ref name=odnb>Parker, John, and K. D. Reynolds. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34658 "Lytton, Sir Henry Alfred (real name Henry Alfred Jones) (1865–1936), actor"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2020 {{ODNBsub}}</ref>{{refn|The D'Oyly Carte stage director [[J. M. Gordon]] said that Gilbert suggested the name in memory of the actress [[Marie Litton]] who had died young three years earlier.<ref>Gordon, p. 50; and Stedman, p. 243</ref>|group=n}}

=== Principal comedian on tour 1887 to 1897 ===
[[File:Robin and Ancestors.jpg|thumb|Lytton as Sir Ruthven (Robin Oakapple) in ''[[Ruddigore]]'', 1920 revival]]
From April 1887 Lytton played Robin in his own right in two of Carte's touring companies, the first performing in medium-sized towns and the second in the major provincial cities.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 62–63</ref> He received good notices, more for his acting than his singing. One reviewer wrote, "Mr Henry A. Lytton, though not shining as a vocalist, was in every way an admirable Robin Oakapple";<ref>"Prince's Theatre", ''The Manchester Courier'', 15 November 1887, p. 5</ref> another praised the "light but masterly touch" with which he transformed himself from the innocent Robin of Act 1 to the bad [[baronet]] of Act 2.<ref>"Music and the Drama", ''The Airdrie Advertiser'', 27 August 1887, p. 3</ref> On tour Lytton gradually added to his repertoire the comic patter roles in many of the other Gilbert and Sullivan operas, beginning with Sir Joseph Porter in ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' (1887),<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 65</ref> the Major General in ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'', Ko-Ko in ''[[The Mikado]]'' and Jack Point in ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]'' (all 1888).<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 68</ref> He later described Point as his favourite part.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 51</ref> The creator of the role, Grossmith, was celebrated as a comic performer and did not emphasise the tragic side of the part; both Lytton and his colleague [[George Thorne (actor)|George Thorne]] in another touring company did so, portraying Point's collapse at the end as fatal. Gilbert and Carte approved, and the interpretation became standard.<ref>Ainger, p. 284</ref>{{refn|In a 1994 history of the D'Oyly Carte company Tony Joseph states that Lytton sought the sole credit for the more serious interpretation, but Lytton specifically acknowledged in ''The Secrets of a Savoyard'' that he was not the first to think of it and that his colleague presented the tragic interpretation first.<ref>Joseph, p. 94; and Lytton (1922), p. 53</ref>|group=n}}

In 1890 Lytton played the Duke of Plaza-Toro in the new Savoy opera, ''[[The Gondoliers]]'', on tour and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], where Carte sent him with other D'Oyly Carte principals, to bolster the weak cast of the original New York production.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 73–74; and "With a New Company", ''The New York Times'', 8 February 1890, p. 8</ref> After returning to Britain he added another of Grossmith's old roles to his repertory, playing the Lord Chancellor in ''[[Iolanthe]]''.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 78</ref> In the first provincial production of ''[[Utopia, Limited]]'' (1893) he played King Paramount – the main baritone part – created at the Savoy by [[Rutland Barrington]].<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 14 and 86</ref> He played the title role in ''[[The Sorcerer]]'' and Bunthorne in ''[[Patience (opera)|Patience]]'' for the first time in 1895,<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 93</ref> and later in 1895 King Gama in ''Princess Ida'', finally appearing in the role he had understudied in his first season with D'Oyly Carte eleven years earlier.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 94</ref> In 1896 he toured as Ludwig in the final Gilbert and Sullivan opera, ''[[The Grand Duke]]''.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 98</ref>

In most of these provincial tours Lytton's wife was a fellow member of the company.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 68, 71, 75, 78, 82, 86, 90–91, 94, 96–97, 98 and 100</ref> During them he also appeared in Savoy operas by librettists or composers other than Gilbert and Sullivan, playing the title role in ''[[The Vicar of Bray (opera)|The Vicar of Bray]]'' (1892),<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 82; and "Provincial Theatricals", ''The Era'', 2 July 1892, p. 17</ref> Flapper in ''[[Billie Taylor]]'' (1893: "Mr Henry A. Lytton scored immensely by his clever impersonation of Captain the Hon. Felix Flapper, R.N, – his efforts were rewarded by sustained applause and laughter"),<ref>"Provincial Theatricals", ''The Era'', 22 April 1893, p. 20</ref> Bobinet in ''[[Mirette (opera)|Mirette]]'' (1895)<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 86; and "Liverpool Theatres", ''The Liverpool Mercury'', 28 May 1895, p. 6</ref> and Peter Grigg in ''[[The Chieftain]]'' (1895).<ref>"Amusements In Newcastle-on-Tyne", ''The Era'', 2 March 1895, p. 18</ref>

=== The Savoy: 1897 to 1903 ===
[[File:Lytton-in-The-Beauty-Stone-1898.png|thumb|upright=0.6|alt=Young, clean-shaven white man with longish dark hair, in medieval costume|As Simon Limal in ''[[The Beauty Stone]]'', 1898]]
Lytton was called to London in 1897 to play King Ferdinand in the new Savoy opera, ''[[His Majesty (comic opera)|His Majesty]]''. He was an emergency replacement for Grossmith who had returned to the Savoy after nine years to star in the piece, but had withdrawn from the production in the first week of the run, pleading ill health.<ref name=rw16/> Lytton's performance won critical approval,<ref name=wg>"'His Majesty' Revisited", ''The Westminster Gazette'', 16 April, 1897, p. 2</ref> but the piece did not please the public and was withdrawn after sixty-one performances.<ref name=rw16>Rollins and Witts, p. 16</ref> Such comedy as there was in ''His Majesty'' was given to the performer [[Walter Passmore]].<ref name=wg/> He had succeeded Grossmith as the Savoy's principal comedian and was principal exponent of the patter roles there until 1903. After ''His Majesty'' closed, Lytton remained in the Savoy company – joined the following year by his wife – playing a wide range of other baritone roles, from comic to romantic and serious.<ref name=rw16/> His only patter role during this period was Major General Stanley in a revival of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' (1900), in which Passmore took the part of the Sergeant of Police.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 18</ref>

Between 1897 and 1903 Lytton's Gilbert and Sullivan roles at the Savoy were Wilfred Shadbolt in ''The Yeomen of the Guard'', Giuseppe in ''The Gondoliers'', the Learned Judge in ''[[Trial by Jury]]'', Dr Daly in ''The Sorcerer'', Captain Corcoran in ''H.M.S. Pinafore'', Grosvenor in ''Patience'', and Strephon in ''Iolanthe''.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 16–19</ref> In operas not by Gilbert and Sullivan he created nine roles: Prince Paul in ''[[La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein|The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein]]'' (1897), Simon Limal in ''[[The Beauty Stone]]'' (1898), Baron Tabasco in ''[[The Lucky Star]]'' (1899), Sultan Mahmoud in ''[[The Rose of Persia]]'' (1899), Charlie Brown in the [[curtain raiser]] ''[[Pretty Polly (play)|Pretty Polly]]'' (1899), Ib's Father in ''[[Ib and Little Christina]]'' (1901), Pat Murphy in ''[[The Emerald Isle]]'' (1901), the Earl of Essex in ''[[Merrie England (opera)|Merrie England]]'' (1902), and William Jelf in ''[[A Princess of Kensington]]'' (1903).<ref name=rw1620>Rollins and Witts, pp. 16–20; and Lytton (1922), p. 85</ref>

While appearing at the Savoy, Lytton made a brief and unsuccessful attempt at theatrical production. He and some partners leased the [[Criterion Theatre]] to stage ''The Wild Rabbit'', a [[farce]] by [[George Arliss]], which had done well in a provincial tour. The reviews were reasonably favourable,<ref>"'The Wild Rabbit' at the Criterion", ''The Pall Mall Gazette'', 26 July 1899, p. 4; "The Wild Rabbit", ''The Globe'', 26 July 1899, pp. 3–4; and "The Wild Rabbit", ''The Era'', 29 July 1899, p. 9</ref> but the production opened during a heat wave in the summer of 1899 and played for only three weeks, sustaining over £1,000 in losses ({{Inflation|UK|1000|1899|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).<ref>Jones, p. 89</ref> A second investment later in the year, in ''Melnotte'', an operatic version of the comedy ''[[The Lady of Lyons]]'', also lost money, after which Lytton abandoned thoughts of being  an impresario.<ref>Lytton (1922), pp. 110–112</ref>

===West End: 1903 to 1909===
After the run of ''A Princess of Kensington'' ended in May 1903 the company toured the piece and then dispersed. After 1903 a single D'Oyly Carte touring company continued to appear in the provinces.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 120–135</ref> The Savoy closed, reopening the following year under a different management.<ref name=rw20>Rollins and Witts, p. 20</ref>

[[File:The-earl-and-the-girl-passmore-lytton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=man in comic version of peer's robes, smoking a cigar, next to an elegantly-dressed man in smart lounge suit|Lytton, r, with [[Walter Passmore]] in ''[[The Earl and the Girl]]'' (1903)]]
Many of the former Savoy company, including [[Isabel Jay]], [[Robert Evett]], Barrington, Passmore and Lytton continued to appear in the [[West End theatre|West End]] in [[Edwardian musical comedy|musical comedies]], many of which had long runs.<ref>Gaye, pp. 1531, 1535 and 1538–1539</ref> Between 1903 and 1907 Lytton appeared in West End productions by [[William Greet]], [[George Edwardes]], [[Seymour Hicks]] and [[Frank Curzon]], starring in ''[[The Earl and the Girl]]'' and as the Real Soldier in ''[[Little Hans Andersen]]'' (both 1903, alongside Passmore);<ref>Wearing, p. 163</ref> as Reggie in ''The Talk of the Town'' (1905, also with Passmore);<ref>Wearing, p. 217</ref> Aristide in ''[[Les p'tites Michu#Revivals and adaptations|The Little Michus]]'' (1905, with Evett);<ref>Wearing, p. 230</ref> Reginald in ''[[The White Chrysanthemum]]'' (1905, with Barrington and Jay);<ref>Wearing, p. 253</ref> Boniface in ''[[The Spring Chicken]]'' (1905); and Jack in ''My Darling'' (1907).<ref>Wearing, pp. 163, 217, 230, 253 and 335; and Parker ''et al'', pp. 1559–1560</ref>

Apart from his musical comedy roles, Lytton wrote for and performed in the [[music halls]].  In 1904 he wrote the libretto for a one-act operetta, ''The Knights of the Road'', set to music by [[Alexander MacKenzie (composer)|Sir Alexander MacKenzie]], which was well received at its premiere at the [[Palace Theatre, London|Palace Theatre of Varieties]] in February 1905.<ref>"The Palace Theatre of Varieties", ''The Musical Times'', 1 April 1905, p. 259</ref> ''The Musical Standard'' commented favourably on the piece and its "unmistakably Savoy flavour".<ref>"Sir A. C. MacKenzie's Operetta", ''The Musical Standard'', 4 March 1905, pp. 138–139</ref> Lytton performed in music hall sketches with [[Connie Ediss]] in 1906<ref>"Theatres and  Music Halls", ''The Morning Post'', 13 August 1906, p. 3 and "London Pavilion", ''The Globe'', 14 August 1906, p. 8</ref> and Constance Hyem in 1908.<ref>"New Cross Empire", ''Woolwich Gazette'', 27 March 1908, p. 5</ref>

Lytton wrote that greatly as he enjoyed, and profited from, his musical comedy roles, he found them shallow and superficial compared with the Savoy Operas, to which he was glad to return in 1907.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 84</ref> He appeared at the Savoy in [[Helen Carte]]'s first London repertory season of Gilbert and Sullivan in June of that year, playing Strephon.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 21</ref> When she presented a second London repertory season, from April 1908 to March 1909, he played in all five operas staged, as the Mikado; Dick Deadeye in ''H.M.S. Pinafore''; Strephon; the Pirate King in ''The Pirates of Penzance''; and Giuseppe in ''The Gondoliers''.<ref name=rw22>Rollins and Witts, p. 22</ref> The patter roles were played by [[C. H. Workman|C.{{space}}H.{{space}}Workman]], seconded from the year-round touring company.{{refn|When Workman was away in August 1908, Lytton switched temporarily to take over the roles of Ko-Ko and Sir Joseph, his own roles being covered by [[Leicester Tunks]].<ref name=rw22/>|group=n}} At the end of the season Workman left to pursue a career as an actor-manager;{{refn|Later that year, a quarrel over Workman's production of Gilbert's ''[[Fallen Fairies]]'' ended with Gilbert banning Workman from appearing in any of his works on stage in the United Kingdom.<ref>Morrison, Robert. [https://www.gsarchive.net/gilbert/plays/fallen_fairies/article.html "The Controversy Surrounding Gilbert's Last Opera"], The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 2 August 2011, accessed 29 September 2020</ref>|group=n}} Lytton took over the patter roles in the touring company, in which his fellow principals included [[Fred Billington]], [[Clara Dow]], [[Sydney Granville]], [[Louie René]] and [[Leicester Tunks]].<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 126</ref>

=== Principal comedian: 1909 to 1934===
Helen Carte died in 1913, and the opera company was inherited by her stepson [[Rupert D'Oyly Carte]]. Although he wrote in 1922 that "the scope and versatility" of Lytton's work was unique,<ref>Lytton (1922) ''Foreword''</ref> three years earlier, when planning the company's first London season after more than ten years exclusively on tour, Carte had hoped to persuade Workman, who was in Australia, to return.<ref>Joseph, p. 198</ref> Workman declined, and Lytton remained in possession of the patter roles both in London and on tour for the rest of his career. After the opening night of the 1919–20 London season at the [[Shaftesbury Theatre|Prince's Theatre]], in which he played the Duke of Plaza-Toro, ''[[The Observer]]'' commented:
[[File:Lytton-Lewis-Patience-Parkslee.png|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=White woman in Victorian "aesthetic" costume carrying off a white man, who looks comically terrified|With [[Bertha Lewis]] in ''[[Patience (opera)|Patience]]'', 1922]]
{{blockindent|When Mr Henry Lytton, who will obviously be the mainstay of the season, descended from his gondola the audience really let itself go, and even an experienced player like Mr Lytton might have been excused had the ovation put him off his stride. But, happily, Mr Lytton was in great form, and he soon had his audience in transports of joy.<ref>"At the Play", ''The Observer'', 5 October 1919, p. 7</ref>|}}
Lytton starred in later seasons at the Prince's (1921, 1924 and 1926), in tours of Canada in 1927 and 1928 and the US in 1929, and in London seasons at the Savoy in 1929–30 and 1932–33.<ref>Parker ''et al'', pp. 1559–1560</ref>

Carte attempted to balance respect for tradition with the desire to keep productions fresh.<ref>Joseph, pp. 182 and 206–208</ref><ref name=t26/> Lytton approved of the new costumes commissioned by Carte,<ref>Lytton (1933), p. 142</ref> but strongly disapproved of, and battled against, the brisk tempi imposed by [[Malcolm Sargent]], the young conductor brought in as musical director for the London seasons of 1926 and 1929–30. Lytton, who never mastered the skill of reading music, had learnt his parts by rote, and had trouble with what he called "the twiddly bits" − Sullivan's [[Ornament (music)#Turn|turns]] and [[Ornament (music)|ornaments]];<ref>Reid, p. 144</ref> ''The Times'' commented in 1926 that he "shows more respect for Gilbert's words than for [[Arthur Sullivan|Sullivan's]] notes, though he still manages to give the gist even of the latter".<ref name=t26>"Prince's Theatre", ''The Times'', 21 September 1926, p. 12</ref> Sargent studied Sullivan's manuscripts, and for some numbers set tempi that Lytton found difficult to cope with. There were rows at rehearsal and sometimes open disagreement in performances, with Lytton deliberately lagging behind Sargent's beat.<ref>Reid, pp. 144–145</ref>

Lytton was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1930 Birthday Honours]]; he is the only person to have received the accolade for achievements as a Gilbert and Sullivan performer.<ref name=ww>Stone, David. [https://gsarchive.net/whowaswho/L/LyttonHenryA.htm "Henry A. Lytton"], ''Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company'', Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2020</ref> The award was marked by newspapers in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the US.<ref>"Savoyard Knighted", ''The Herald'' 22 July 1930, p. 10"; "Mr Henry Lytton", ''The Scotsman'', 3 June 1930, p. 10; "King's Birthday Honors", ''The Ottawa Citizen'', 3 June 1930, p. 13; [https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19300823.2.101.18.3.1 "Popular Savoyard Knighted"], ''Waikato Times'', 23 August 1930, p. 5; and "King offers honors list", ''The Los Angeles Times'', 3 June 1930, p. 2</ref> In May the following year Lytton, driving in heavy rain, crashed his car; his passenger, his fellow D'Oyly Carte principal [[Bertha Lewis]], was killed, and he was injured.<ref name=odnb/> He was absent for six weeks, during which [[Martyn Green]], his understudy and eventual successor, took over his roles.<ref>Rollins and Witts, p. 155; and "Famous Savoyard's Return", ''Gloucester Journal'', 20 June 1931, p. 10</ref> In August 1931 Lytton permanently handed over two of his roles to Green – Robin Oakapple and the Major General.<ref name=rw156>Rollins and Witts, p. 156</ref>

Lytton's last central London appearance was as Ko-Ko at the Savoy in January 1933.<ref name=rw157>Rollins and Witts, p. 157</ref> He then toured with the D'Oyly Carte company until 30 June 1934, making his final appearance at the [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin]] as Jack Point.<ref name=rw158>Rollins and Witts, p. 158</ref> He was the last remaining member of the company to have performed under the direction of both Gilbert and Sullivan.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. 18 and 21</ref> In his memoirs he listed thirty different roles in Gilbert and Sullivan operas he had played during his career.{{refn|Lytton listed his Gilbert and Sullivan roles as Counsel, Usher and the Learned Judge in ''Trial by Jury'', Hercules, Sir Marmaduke, Dr Daly and John Wellington Wells in ''The Sorcerer''; Captain Corcoran, Dick Deadeye and Sir Joseph Porter in ''H.M.S. Pinafore''; Samuel, the Pirate King and Major-General Stanley in ''Pirates''; Bunthorne and Grosvenor in ''Patience''; Strephon, Lord Mountararat and the Lord Chancellor in ''Iolanthe''; Florian and King Gama in ''Princess Ida''; Ko-Ko and the Mikado in ''The Mikado''; Robin in ''Ruddigore''; the Lieutenant, Jack Point and Wilfred Shadbolt in ''The Yeomen of the Guard''; Giuseppe and the Duke of Plaza-Toro in ''The Gondoliers''; King Paramount in ''Utopia Limited''; and Ludwig in ''The Grand Duke''.<ref>Lytton (1922), p. 83</ref> Jones adds the Foreman in ''Trial by Jury'', but notes that no records have been found of Lytton's appearing as Mountararat or the Lieutenant.<ref>Jones, pp. 218–220</ref>|group=n}}
{{multiple image
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|width1=176
|alt=Man in top hat, laughing gleefully
|caption1=John Wellington Wells
| image3= Lytton-as-Jack-Point-1922.png
| width3 =194
|alt3=Man in medieval jester's costume, looking sad
|caption3=Jack Point
|image2= Lytton-as-General-Stanley-1922.png
|width2=140
|alt2=Man in British army General's uniform, moustached, looking authoritative
|caption2=Major-General Stanley
|image4=Lytton-Lord-Chancellor-Parkslee-1921.jpg
|width4=138
|caption4=The Lord Chancellor
|alt4=Man in long wig and black and gold legal robes
| image5 = Lytton-as-Gama.png
| width5 =142
|alt5=Man in elaborate medieval costume with ornate hat
| caption5 =King Gama
| image6 = Lytton-as-Ko-Ko.png
| width6 =149
|alt6=Man in Japanese costume
| caption6 =Ko-Ko
}}

===Last years===
After retiring from the D'Oyly Carte company Lytton made his last stage appearance, as the Emperor of China in ''Aladdin'', the Christmas pantomime at the Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham in 1934–35.<ref name=odnb/> It was also his last broadcast performance, being relayed by the [[BBC]] on New Year's Day, 1935.<ref>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/54de8d6d370c453eb5d7ce471edb4ea4 "Emile Littler presents"], ''Radio Times'', 1 February 1935, p. 36</ref>

Lytton died at his home in [[Earls Court]], London, in 1936 at the age of 71; he was survived by his wife, Louie Henri, who died in 1947, their two sons, including [[Henry Lytton, Jr.]] (1906–1965), whose high-profile marriage to [[Jessie Matthews]] in 1926 ended in divorce in 1929, and two daughters, Bessie Ena Lytton Elverston (1904–1995)<ref>[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_06972_0063_03?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=7a1dbf4a82af6db89ae924906c787d2d&usePUB=true&_phsrc=djv3829&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.4231217.363287415.1599039021-1197399642.1515349816&pId=39754604 1911 England Census for Henry A Lytton], Middlesex, Acton, Ancestry.com {{subscription required}}</ref> and Ida Louise Lytton-Gay (1883–1979).<ref>[https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=4829&h=76467426&tid=&pid=&queryId=695eeed2fee81a9781a1bd23997b8424&usePUB=true&_phsrc=djv3836&_phstart=successSource Ida L Lytton-Gay] in the Surrey, England, Electoral Registers, 1832–1962, Ancestry.com {{subscription required}}</ref> Another son, Percy Arthur Bertram Lytton (1893–1918), was killed in February 1918 while serving in the [[Royal Flying Corps]],<ref>[https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2706&h=509672&tid=&pid=&queryId=a058c95a79bc26a881398663070d5e84&usePUB=true&_phsrc=djv3832&_phstart=successSource Percy Arthur Bertram Lytton], UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1914–1921 and 1939–1947, Ancestry.com {{subscription required}}</ref> and two others died in infancy.<ref name=odnb/>

In an appreciation in  ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'', the critic [[Neville Cardus]] wrote:
{{blockindent|Old men with long memories have been known to maintain that Lytton was not as great a comic actor in the Savoy operas as Grossmith was, or George Thorne. The truth is that Lytton could never be estimated purely and simply as an actor. There was indeed a touch about him of the inspired amateur; that is to say, he usually seemed able to win his audience without help of the tricks of the footlights. On or off the stage he was the least theatrical of men; his art was indeed nothing but his nature. ... He cannot be replaced; he has left no successor. His public was conquered by a winning geniality which was his mortal self.<ref>Cardus, Neville. "The late Sir Henry Lytton", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 17 August 1936, p. 6</ref>|}}

== Recordings, film and broadcasts ==
[[File:Henry-Lytton-c-1900.png|thumb|upright|alt=Head and shoulders photograph of young, clean-shaven white man in neat morning wear|Lytton c. 1900]]
Lytton featured prominently in early [[gramophone]] recordings. As early as 1902–03 the [[Gramophone Company]] (HMV) was promoting him as one of its stars along with performers ranging from [[Enrico Caruso]], [[Edvard Grieg]] and [[Joseph Joachim]] to [[Dan Leno]], [[Marie Lloyd]] and [[George Robey]].<ref>"Gramophonists", ''Pearson's Weekly'', 27 November 1902, p. 23; and "Gramophones", ''Leeds Mercury'', 5 December 1903, p. 17</ref> His recordings between 1901 and 1905 include "My Cosy Corner Girl" from ''The Earl and the Girl'', which was something of a best-seller.<ref>Jones, p. 99</ref> Twenty-five of his recordings were collected on the 1982 LP set "The Art of Henry Lytton".<ref name=art>''The Art of Henry Lytton'', Pearl, GEMM197, 1982 {{oclc|12877006}}.</ref> It contains eight Gilbert and Sullivan numbers from five operas, and songs from three other shows in which he appeared – ''Merrie England'', ''A Princess of Kensington'' and ''The Earl and the Girl'' – and three he did not appear in – ''[[A Country Girl]]'', ''[[The Toreador]]'' and ''[[The Girl from Kay's]]''. The set also contains four non-show songs, including one of his own composition.{{refn|The Gilbert and Sullivan tracks are: "Time was when love and I were well acquainted" (''The Sorcerer''); "None shall part us" (''Iolanthe'', with Louie Henri); "If you give me your attention" and "Whene'er I spoke sarcastic joke" (''Princess Ida''); "As some day it may happen" and "On a tree by a river" (''The Mikado''); "In enterprise of martial kind" (''The Gondoliers''); and "When I was a lad" (''H.M.S. Pinafore''). The other tracks are "Imagination" and "The Yeomen of England" (''Merrie England''); "Four jolly sailormen" (''A Princess of Kensington'') "Two little chicks", "Me and Mrs Brown", "Quarrelling" and "Peace, peace" (''A Country Girl''); "Everybody's awfully good to me", "When I marry Amelia" and "Archie, Archie" (''The Toreador''); "By the shore of the Mediterranean" and "My cosy corner girl" (''The Earl and the Girl''); "Make it up" (''The Girl from Kay's'') and four stand-alone songs: "He was a sailor" (anon), "The dotlet of my eye" (music by [[Johann Strauss II]]), "You'd better ask me" (by Hermann Lohr) and Lytton's own "The laughing song".<ref name=art/>|group=n}}

[[George Baker (baritone)|George Baker]], who sang several of Lytton's roles in HMV recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, later described Lytton's voice as "light, tenory, thinnish", but added that in the theatre "he persuaded me that he was a good baritone – he wasn't, really, but he was such a supreme actor … that he could persuade you he could sing splendidly".<ref>"George Baker Recollects", Side one, track three of Pearl LP set "The Art of the Savoyard", 1974 {{oclc|10140535}}</ref> By the time HMV began using D'Oyly Carte principals in its recordings of the Savoy operas in the mid-1920s, Lytton's voice was not thought suitable for the gramophone, and he was included in only ''Princess Ida'' in 1924 ([[Sound recording and reproduction#Disc|acoustic]]) and 1932 ([[Sound recording and reproduction#Electrical|electrical]]), ''The Mikado'' in 1926, ''The Gondoliers'' in 1927, and ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' in 1930, his other roles being sung by Baker.<ref>Rollins and Witts, pp. XI–XIII</ref> When the 1930 ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' was released, Cardus wrote in ''The Manchester Guardian'', "It was high time something was done to send down to posterity the genius of the greatest of all surviving artists in Gilbert and Sullivan. The omission of Lytton's voice from the [1930] ''Iolanthe'' was a blunder of the first importance … there is no mistaking the Lytton accent, the old kindly yet pungent tones".<ref>Cardus, Neville. "Gramophone Music", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 27 August 1930, p. 7</ref>

Lytton sang Ko-Ko in a 1926 BBC radio broadcast of two half-hour excerpts from ''The Mikado'',<ref>Reid, p. 136</ref> and appeared in the same role in a four-minute-long silent promotional film for the D'Oyly Carte production in the same year.<ref>[https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150000400 "The Mikado"], British Film Institute. Retrieved 18 September 2020</ref> In January 1933 the BBC broadcast the last night of the D'Oyly Carte London season, which marked Lytton's last appearance in the West End.<ref>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/f39faf5eb26a484aa7899594a058e873 "The Last Night of Rupert D'Oyly Carte's Season"], ''Radio Times'', 13 January 1933, p. 108</ref> He sang Ko-Ko in Act 1 of ''The Mikado''.<ref name=rw157/> On Christmas Day of the same year, while the company was playing in the London suburb [[Golders Green]],<ref name=rw158/> Lytton – described by the BBC as the "G&S star of stars" – performed in a broadcast of Act 2 of ''The Mikado'' from a radio studio in London, with [[Isidore Godfrey]] conducting a BBC orchestra and the D'Oyly Carte cast.<ref>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/ef696370e8d94882b110bc7ba0ff42af "Christmas Day Programmes"], ''Radio Times'', 22 December 1933, p. 896</ref>

==Notes, references and sources==

===Notes===

{{Reflist|group=n}}

===References===

{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book | last = Ainger | first = Michael | year = 2002 | title = Gilbert and Sullivan: A Dual Biography | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-514769-8|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon | first= J. M. | others= Elizabeth Benney (ed).|title= The Memoirs of J M Gordon 1856–1944: Stage Director D'Oyly Carte Opera Company|place=Tunbridge Wells|publisher= Richard Pitcairn-Knowles|date= 2014|isbn=978-0-9558591-4-4}}
*{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Brian | year = 2005 | title = Lytton, Gilbert and Sullivan's Jester | location = London | publisher = Trafford | isbn = 978-1-4120-5482-9|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Joseph | first = Tony | year = 1994 | title = The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 1875–1982: An Unofficial History | location = London | publisher = Bunthorne Books | isbn = 978-0-9507992-1-6|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Lytton | first = Henry | year = 1922 | title = The Secrets of a Savoyard | url = https://archive.org/details/secretsofsavoyar00lytt | location = London | publisher = Jarrolds | isbn = 978-81-237-4314-1 | oclc = 1073391942|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Lytton | first = Henry | year = 1933 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208842/page/n27/mode/2up | title = A Wandering Minstrel | location = London | publisher = Jarrolds | oclc = 966803464|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Parker | first = John | author2 = Freda Gale | author3 = Ian Herbert | title = Who Was Who in the Theatre, 1912–1976 | year = 1978 | location = Detroit | publisher = Gale | isbn = 978-0-8103-0406-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/whowaswhointheat02detr |ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last=Reid | first=Charles | title=Malcolm Sargent: A Biography | location=London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | year=1968 | isbn=978-0-241-91316-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmsargentbi0000reid |ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Rollins | first = Cyril | year = 1962 | author2 = R. John Witts | title = The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875&ndash;1961 | location = London | publisher = Michael Joseph | oclc = 504581419|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Stedman | first = Jane W. | year = 1996 | title = W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-816174-5|ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last = Wearing | first = J. P. | title = The London Stage, 1900–1909: A Calendar of Plays and Players | year = 1981 | location = Metuchen, N.J | publisher = Scarecrow | isbn = 978-0-8108-1403-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonstage190010000wear |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Lytton,+Henry+A.}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=( ("Henry Lytton" OR "Lytton, Henry") AND -creator:Bulwer AND -title:Bulwer )}}
* [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/whowaswho/L/LyttonHenryA.htm Henry Lytton at "Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913082804/http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/whowaswho/L/LyttonHenryA.htm |date=13 September 2015 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507125442/http://www.cris.com/~Oakapple/gasdisc/artist/lytton_farewell.htm Henry Lytton's Farewell at The Gilbert & Sullivan Discography]
*{{YouTube|YLEyZ2w_4So|Video of Lytton's 50th anniversary speech and speech by David Lloyd George in 1934}}
* [http://pinafore.www3.50megs.com/h-lytton.html Profile of Lytton]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507125442/http://www.cris.com/~Oakapple/gasdisc/artist/lytton_farewell.htm#broadcast Articles regarding Lytton's farewell from the stage]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lytton, Henry}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]]
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[[Category:English male singers]]
[[Category:English male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Singers awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:Actors awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:Actors from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]]