View source for Henry Liu

{{Short description|Taiwanese-American writer and journalist}}
{{For|the American civil engineer|Henry Liu (civil engineer)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Henry Liu
| image              = Henry_Liu_(journalist).jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| native_name        = 劉宜良
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hant
| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name above -->
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1932|12|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Jingjiang]], [[Jiangsu]], China
| baptised           = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
| disappeared_date   = <!-- {{disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) -->
| disappeared_place  = 
| disappeared_status = 
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1984|10|15|1932|12|07|df=yes}}
| death_place        = [[Daly City, California]], U.S.
| death_cause        = Assassination
| body_discovered    = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=it}} -->
| monuments          = [[Newseum]] Journalists Memorial<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newseum.org/exhibits/online/journalists-memorial/#search/honoreedetails2/53e54e37347818781f45720d/ |title=Journalists Memorial, Honoree Details: Henry Liu |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Newseum |access-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref>
| nationality        = American, Taiwanese
| other_names        = 
| citizenship        = 
| education          = [[National Chengchi University]]<br/>[[American University]] 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = {{unbulleted list|Journalist|Gift-shop owner}}
| years_active       = 
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| known_for          = [[Unauthorized biography]] of [[Chiang Ching-Kuo]]
| notable_works      = {{lang|zh-Hant|《蔣經國傳》}} (1984)
| style              = 
| height             = <!-- {{height|cm=X}} OR {{height|ft=X|in=Y}}-->
| television         = 
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| criminal_charge    = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
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| spouse             = Helen ({{zh|c=崔蓉芝|p=Cuī Róng Zhī|labels=no}}, m.1967-1984)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/10/25/2003384629 |title=Chen calls for new probes of murders |author1=Ko, Shu-ling |author2=Shih, Hsiu-chuan |date=25 October 2007 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=HCONRES>{{cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002766246 |title=The Murder of Henry Liu: Hearings and Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs |author=Ninety-Ninth Congress |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>
| partner            = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children           = 2
| parents            = 
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| website            = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| footnotes          = 
| module             = {{Infobox Chinese
|child=yes
|t=劉宜良 |s=刘宜良
  |p=Liú Yíliáng |w=Liu Yi-liang
  |poj=Lâu Gî-liông
|altname=Pen name
|c2={{linktext|lang=zh|江南}}
|p2=Jiāng Nán
|w2=Chiang Nan
|poj2=Kang Lâm
|l2="South of the Yangtze River" (''cf.'' [[Jiangnan]])
}}
}}

'''Henry Liu''' ({{zh|t=劉宜良|p=Liú Yíliáng}}; 7 December 1932 – 15 October 1984), often known by his [[pen name]] '''Chiang Nan''' ({{zh|labels=no|c=江南|p=Jiāng Nán}}), was a Taiwanese-American writer and journalist. He was a vocal critic of the [[Kuomintang]] (Chinese Nationalist Party), then the single ruling party of the Republic of China in Taiwan, and was most famous for writing an [[unauthorized biography]] of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], then [[president of the Republic of China]].<ref name="Bishop">{{cite news|title=California Jury Is Told Defendant Admitted Slaying Journalist|work=The New York Times|last=Bishop|first=Katherine|date=1988-03-09|access-date=2007-11-13|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF1230F93AA35750C0A96E948260}}</ref> He later became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States, and resided in [[Daly City, California]], where he was assassinated by [[Bamboo Union]] members who had been reportedly trained by the Kuomintang's military intelligence division.

==Biography==
Liu was born on {{birth date|1932|12|07|df=yes}} in [[Jingjiang]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Republic of China (1912-49)|Republican China]]. When he was nine years old, his father was killed by [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]].<ref name=HCONRES /> When he turned sixteen, he was drafted into the [[Nationalist Revolutionary Army]], and he left for Taiwan in 1949.<ref name=HCONRES /> After leaving the military, he worked for the state-run radio and later as a reporter for the ''[[Taiwan Daily|Taiwan Daily News]]'',<ref name=NYT841102>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/02/us/death-of-critic-of-taiwan-leader-stirs-fear-among-chinese-in-us.html |title=Death of critic of Taiwan leader stirs fear among Chinese in U.S. |author=Butterfield, Fox |date=2 November 1984 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 January 2015 }}</ref> where he was sent on assignment to Hong Kong, Manila, and the Vietnam War. After marrying his wife Helen Cui Rong-Zhi, he became a foreign correspondent in 1967, and moved to Washington DC, where he took graduate classes at [[American University]] and worked part-time as an interpreter for the State Department.<ref name=HCONRES />

Later, his emigration to the United States was said to be motivated in part because he felt the government of Taiwan was suppressing him.<ref name="1985-01-28">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XjVUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Oo0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5609%2C6111101 |title=Liu's widow says her husband spoke loudly |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Boca Raton News |date=28 January 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> He became a United States citizen in 1973–74, around the same time he left the ''Taiwan Daily News''.<ref name=HCONRES /><ref name=LAT19850303 /> After leaving the newspaper, Liu published articles, essays and books that were critical of the Chiang family and associated people, including [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Soong Mei-ling]], [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], [[K. C. Wu]] and [[Wang Sheng (general)|Wang Sheng]], with books on [[Long Yun]] and K. C. Wu planned at the time he was assassinated.<ref name=HCONRES />

Liu ran two gift shops in [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]] and [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]]<ref name=NYT841102 /> and was a freelance journalist for several publications in Hong Kong and the ''San Francisco Journal,'' a US-based Chinese-language newspaper published by Maurice Chuck.<ref name="1985-01-28" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Maurice H. Chuck and the ''San Francisco Journal'': Promoting U.S.-China Friendship and Asian American Issues |author1=Xiong, Guohua |author2=Hong, Diana (trans.) |author3=Lai, Him Mark (intro.) |journal=Chinese America: History & Perspectives |date=2009 |page=137 }}</ref> After publishing several articles about the Chiang family, he received a letter from General Wang Sheng warning him from publishing a biography of Chiang Ching-kuo.<ref>''The Murder of Henry Liu'' (1985), p.48.<br/>"He was told to consult with as many people as possible before publishing, to think of what was good for Taiwan, and should 'move cautiously, and think twice,' before publishing [his biography of Chiang Ching-kuo]."</ref> He proceeded to publish an [[unauthorized biography]] of Chiang Ching-kuo in 1975, which was formed from three articles he had written in 1975 about Chiang's life prior to 1949. Liu planned to update the biography to cover more recent history, but was once again warned against writing about the Chiang family by Admiral Wang Hsi-ling in 1977.<ref name=HCONRES /> Liu finally revised the biography after a meeting late in 1983 where he favorably received a suggestion to tone down the criticism of the Chiang family from a family friend, former intelligence agent, and his former publisher on the ''Taiwan Daily News'', Hsia Hsiao-hua. Following the suggestion, Liu received {{USD|17000|1984|round=-2}} from Taiwan.<ref name="1985-02-07">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FvZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4340%2C1613523 |title=Payment by Taiwan told |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Los Angeles Times |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |date=7 February 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref>

==Assassination==
On 15 October 1984, Liu was shot to death in the garage of his home in [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], [[California]] shortly after 9 a.m.<ref name="Bishop"/><ref name=LAT19850303 /> Helen Cui, Henry's wife, had noticed two Asian men riding bicycles near their house that morning and the morning before; she heard loud noises in the garage and discovered her husband had been killed.<ref name="1985-01-28" /> The assassination had been planned by [[Chen Chi-li]], leader of the Bamboo Union Triad, and carried out by two Bamboo Union members, Wu Tun and [[Tung Kuei-sen]]. Chen was acting on the request of the head of the Kuomintang's Military Intelligence Bureau, Vice Admiral [[Wang Hsi-ling]], who had requested that Liu be "[given] a lesson" after writing articles critical of the Kuomintang government. Wu and Tung cornered Liu in his garage, and the three men struggled, ending after Wu shot Liu in the head and Tung shot Liu twice in the abdomen.

Some of Liu's friends suggested the "somewhat gossipy"<ref name=NYT841102 /> biography of Chiang Ching-kuo delved into the background of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s mother too deeply, while others suggested he was about to publish some works harmful to some governmental officials.<ref name=NYT841104>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/04/world/around-the-world-paper-says-slain-author-wrote-of-rift-in-taiwan.html |title=AROUND THE WORLD; Paper Says Slain Author Wrote of Rift in Taiwan |agency=Associated Press |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 November 1984 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 January 2015 }}</ref> Police ruled out robbery early in the investigation and an ROC spokesman denied government involvement.<ref name=NYT841102 />

===Confession of Chen Chi-li===
Preparations for the assassination of Liu started in July 1984, according to the tape-recorded confession of [[Chen Chi-li]], leader of the Bamboo Union Triad.<ref name=LAT19850303>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-03-mn-32691-story.html |title=Rooted in Taiwan Connection: The Plot to Kill Henry Liu — Slayers Confess Details |author1=Arax, Mark |author2=Holley, David |date=3 March 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> Earlier, in the wake of the 1979 [[Kaohsiung Incident]], Chen had reorganized the Bamboo Union to assist the Kuomintang-led government in gathering information and suppressing dissidents. In July 1984, Chen and an unnamed "prominent Taiwan movie producer" received espionage training after being inducted into the service of military intelligence.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

On 14 August 1984, Chen and the movie producer met with Vice Admiral [[Wang Hsi-ling]], the head of the Kuomintang's Military Intelligence Bureau,<ref name=LAT19850303 /> and two of Wang's officials, Major General Hu Yi-min ({{zh|t=胡儀敏|labels=no}}) and Colonel {{Interlanguage link multi|Chen Hu-men|zh|3=陳虎門}} (no relation).<ref name=LAT19850303 /><ref name="1985-03-21">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r_RjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5388%2C5083979 |title=Taiwan official blamed for murder of journalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |date=21 March 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> During the meeting, Chen Chi-li and the movie producer were told that Liu had betrayed the Republic of China as an agent of the People's Republic of China with his criticism.

Chen Chi-li and the movie producer arrived in the United States on 14 September 1984, but the producer unexpectedly backed out shortly afterward for personal reasons, leaving Chen Chi-li to recruit two other Bamboo Union members who had also recently arrived in the US to assist him in the assassination, {{Interlanguage link multi|Wu Tun|zh|3=吳敦}} and [[Tung Kuei-sen]]. Wu had left Taiwan earlier in September, after local police had found a gun in his tea shop. Tung had arrived in July to explore business opportunities in southern California. The original plot would have used local northern California Bamboo Union members to carry out the assassination, but the head of the San Francisco branch failed to meet them in late September as planned.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

On 9 October 1984, Chen Chi-li and two other men drove from Los Angeles to San Francisco. Tung joined the group on 12 October 1984. Chen Chi-li was observed while conducting surveillance in Liu's Daly City neighborhood, being later identified as "the Asian man who couldn't speak English" by neighborhood children who had found him feeding candy to their lost dog on 13 October 1984.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

After the assassination, Liu's killers fled to Los Angeles, where Chen Chi-li telephoned officials in Taiwan to confirm the hit<ref name=LAT19850303 /> prior to boarding a plane to [[Taiwan]].<ref name=MoJo1985>{{cite journal |author1=Dowie, Mark |author2=Millman, Joel |author3=Harding, John (photographer) |date=May 1985 |title=A Brazen Act of Terrorism: The Killing of Henry Liu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |pages=16–23; 48–49 |journal=Mother Jones |volume=X |issue=IV |location=San Francisco |publisher=Foundation for National Progress |access-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref> After reading news accounts of the murder, Chen Chi-li realized he had been duped into believing that Liu was a communist agent, and he recorded his confession on 18 October 1984.<ref name=LAT19850303 /> The killers were reportedly offered {{USD|20000|1984|round=-2}} each by Wang for the successful killing, but they refused the money.<ref name="1985-03-21" />

Chen's October confession mentions the existence of a second recording of a conversation between Chen and "high officials" in the Kuomintang government.<ref name=LAT0320>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-20-mn-22639-story.html |title=FBI Looking for Links in Taiwan to Liu Killing |author1=Arax, Mark |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=20 March 1985 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The FBI sought the second recording, but the existence of the second recording was never conclusively proven. Although the FBI did not comment officially, friends of Chen Chi-li claimed they were questioned about the whereabouts of the second recording, as well as about any links between Chen and Chiang Hsiao-wu.<ref name=LAT0320 />

==Legal actions==
Chen and Wu were arrested in Taiwan along with 300 other members of the Bamboo Union during a 13 November 1984 government crackdown on organized crime. Chen reportedly confessed to his and Wang's roles while imprisoned, and two days later, on 15 January 1985, the three officials named in the confession were relieved of their duties and placed under arrest. At that time, an investigation by the FBI and Daly City police surfaced; they had been quietly questioning Los Angeles-area Bamboo Union members, seeking a copy of Chen's October recording.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-16-mn-8433-story.html |title=Liu Case Intrigue: County Quietly Searched for Mystry [sic] Murder Tape |author=Arax, Mark |date=16 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The government of Taiwan continued to deny culpability in the death of Liu, claiming that Wang and his subordinates were not acting as agents of the Taiwanese government.<ref name=LAT19850303 /> The existence of the tape-recorded October confession remained a rumor<ref name="1985-01-21">{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/01/20/east-west-intrigue-in-writers-death/ |title=East-west Intrigue In Writer's Death |author=Worthington, Rogers |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=20 January 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> until the ''Los Angeles Times'' obtained a copy of the recording in March 1985 from [[Chang An-lo]], a friend of Tung who had hosted him in September 1984.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

Daly City Police Lieutenant Thomas Reese was allowed to interview Wu and Chen in prison, later filing an affidavit in January 1985 to support a warrant for Wu's arrest. The affidavit provided the motive for Liu's murder, with Wu stating that Chen had told him that "Liu had written some bad things about Taiwan and its president," and Chen had asked him to help "beat up or fix up" Liu.<ref name=LAT0131>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-31-mn-5006-story.html |title=Anti-Taiwan Articles Cited in Liu's Murder |date=31 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

Chen Chi-li's associates claimed that Chen was a close friend of [[Chiang Hsiao-wu]], Chiang Ching-kuo's second son. Chiang Hsiao-wu was also claimed to have close ties to the Taiwanese security network, but Chiang denied both claims in a statement to the ''Times''.<ref name=LAT19850303 /> Wang would later deny that Chiang Hsiao-wu was involved.<ref name="ERG-1985-05-11" />

Chen and Wu had been in custody in Taiwan since November 1984, and the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) was pushing for their return to the United States to face criminal charges. Daly City Police had requested the fingerprints and photographs of the suspects. Officials from Taiwan refused to remand the suspects to United States custody pending the results of their own investigation and possible trial, citing the fact that Taiwan and the US had no formal extradition treaty.<ref name=LAT0105>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-05-mn-11492-story.html |title=Taiwan Won't Return 3 in Murder Case |author=Morain, Dan |date=5 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-02-mn-9024-story.html |title=Taiwan Won't Extradite 2 Suspects in Liu Slaying |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |date=2 February 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

In March 1985, the FBI discovered the October tape recording made by chief [[hitman]] [[Chen Chi-li]] implicating [[Republic of China]] military intelligence in the killing, whereupon they began to pressure the government to bring Liu's killers to trial.<ref name="AsiaSentinel">{{cite news|title=King Duck Goes to His Taiwanese Reward|work=Asia Sentinel|date=2007-10-24|access-date=2007-11-13|last=O'Neill|first=Mark|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/king-duck-goes-to-his-taiwanese-reward/}}</ref> <!--It's not clear from the contemporary news sources that this is true. Chen and Wu were in Taiwanese custody as early as November 1984, but it's not clear (1) if extradition had been requested by the US (with no extradition treaty in place, after dissolving formal diplomatic ties in 1979, there would be no recourse) and (2) if Chen and Wu were detained as part of the general roundup or specifically targeted along with other Bamboo Union members--> The FBI investigation was confirmed by [[United States Attorney]] [[Joseph Russoniello]]. The investigation was conducted with the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] serving as go-between for the FBI and the government of Taiwan.<ref name=LAT0320 /> Meanwhile, the House of Representatives passed a non-binding resolution urging Taiwan to remand custody of the murder suspects to the United States for trial.<ref>{{USBill|99|hconres|110}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-18-mn-23924-story.html |title=The State |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 April 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

Chen and Wu went on trial in April 1985, with Tung being tried in absentia.<ref name=LAT0320 /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-23-mn-21114-story.html |title=Trial Set in Taiwan for 2 Liu Murder Suspects |author=Holley, David |date=23 March 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref> The military tribunal of Wang and his subordinates followed in April 1985.<ref name=LAT0413>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-13-mn-12208-story.html |title=Admiral Denies He OKd Liu Killing: Erred in Withholding Information, Former Official Says |author=Holley, David |date=13 April 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

===Criminal trials===
At a pre-trial hearing in Taipei, Chen Chi-li claimed that [[Wang Hsi-ling]] of Kuomintang intelligence ordered the assassination,<ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan Admiral Named at Murder Trial|date=1985-03-21|access-date=2007-11-12|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E5D61638F932A15750C0A963948260&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/China}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=umlQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=71kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2775%2C949325 |title=Suspect: Taiwanese official ordered journalist killed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=The Evening Independent |date=20 March 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> stating that Liu was a double agent who had spied for both Taiwan and China.<ref name="1985-03-21" /> However, Chen claimed he instructed his associates to disobey Wang's orders and instead wanted Liu to be injured, not killed, after learning that Liu's parents had been killed by Chinese communists.<ref name="1985-03-21" /> Chen and Wu were convicted in April 1985 and sentenced to life imprisonment,<ref name="Spok1985-04-09" /> after tearfully begging to avoid the death penalty.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-02-mn-19275-story.html |title=Trial in Henry Liu Murder Ends |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=2 April 1985 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> In May 1985, a month after his conviction, Chen retracted this statement, stating that Wang had only ordered that Liu be taught a lesson, not killed,<ref name="ERG-1985-05-11">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LfFVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6883%2C2695938 |title=Gangster says ex-official didn't order writer killed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |date=11 May 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50716FC3E5F0C728DDDAC0894DD484D81|title=Taiwan Murderer Changes His Story|date=1985-05-11|access-date=2007-11-12|work=The New York Times}}</ref> which brought Chen's story in agreement with Wang's testimony during his nearly-simultaneous military tribunal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-11-mn-9719-story.html |title=Liu Killer Alters Story, 'Clears' Intelligence Chief |author1=Holley, David |author2=Arax, Mark |date=11 May 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The life sentences were upheld under two separate court rulings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-04-mn-6516-story.html |title=Life Sentences Upheld for 2 in Liu Murder |agency=United Press International |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 June 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-06-mn-23501-story.html |title=The State: Liu Killers' Plea Rejected |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 September 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Under Taiwan law, both Chen and Wu were eligible for parole after serving ten years of their sentence.

Meanwhile, Wang and his subordinates were subjected to a military tribunal. Two sessions were held; during the first, on 4 April 1985, Chen Chi-li was called to testify, where he and Wang sparred over who bore greater responsibility for Liu's death.<ref name=LAT0413 /> During the second, Wang denied that he had authorized the killing, only that he had discussed the possibility of "giving [Liu] a lesson" and that his sole mistake was failing to inform his superiors that Chen was responsible when he learned of the killing, effectively shielding any higher governmental officials from blame.<ref name=LAT0413 /> His subordinates stated they contacted Chen only at Wang's request and therefore bore no personal responsibility in following orders.<ref name=LAT0413 /> The tribunal ended with no other witnesses called, resulting in Wang's April 1985 conviction and sentence of life imprisonment; his subordinates were each sentenced at the same hearing to two and a half years in prison for acting as accessories to the murder.<ref name="Tol1985-04-19" /> The life sentence for Wang was upheld during a later review,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-31-mn-14614-story.html |title=Taiwan Court Upholds Life Term for Official in Liu Killing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=31 May 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> although Wang was also eligible for parole after ten years.

Tung Kuei-sen had been rumored to be living in the Philippines,<ref name="1985-03-21" /> as he was not detained during the November 1984 Taiwan crackdown on Bamboo Union members when Chen and Wu had been arrested. Tung was eventually captured in Brazil<ref name=Lodi88 /> in September 1985, and was extradited to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-16-mn-15051-story.html |title=The State |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 October 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> He first stood for federal trial in 1986 in New York,<ref name=NYT86>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/30/us/11-reputed-bamboo-gang-members-go-on-trial.html |title=11 reputed Bamboo Gang members go on trial |author=Lubasch, Arnold H. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 July 1986 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> where he was found innocent of [[racketeering]] but convicted of conspiring to import and distribute heroin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RrUqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7035%2C3494448 |title=Taiwan mob boss dealt 20-year term |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |date=10 January 1987 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> At the 1986 trial, Tung's defense attorneys argued that Tung had been duped into murdering Liu by appealing to his sense of patriotism.<ref name=NYT86 /> Tung testified that he was following government orders to assassinate Liu.<ref name="Bishop"/>

Following the trial in New York, Tung was extradited to California in March 1987 to stand trial for the murder of Henry Liu.<ref name="1987-02-27" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/08/us/taiwanese-to-be-tried-in-west-in-murder-of-writer.html |title=Taiwanese to Be Tried in West in Murder of Writer |author=Bishop, Katherine |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 March 1987 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> Based on testimony that he had killed Henry Liu in the 1986 federal trial, Tung was ordered to stand trial in June 1987,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uy8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cs4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5802%2C3281853 |title=Alleged gangster ordered to stand trial |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Herald-Journal |date=13 June 1987 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> with the actual trial commencing in March 1988, where despite his earlier testimony, he pleaded innocent to the murder charge.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KAkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YWUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2933%2C1216248 |title=Trial starts in journalist's death |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun |date=8 March 1988 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> Tung testified during the trial that Chen Chi-li was relaying the order to kill Liu from Chiang Hsiao-wu, a "big boss," but he was found guilty of first-degree murder after just forty-five minutes of deliberation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4LkiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4194%2C5146143 |title=Thug guilty of killing journalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=The Bulletin |date=17 March 1988 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/17/us/taiwan-gangster-convicted-of-killing-writer.html|title=Taiwan Gangster Convicted of Killing Writer|date=1988-03-17|access-date=2009-06-24|work=The New York Times}}</ref>  Because Tung had been extradited from Brazil, he was not eligible for the death penalty.<ref name="Bishop"/> Instead, he was sentenced to twenty-seven years in prison, to run consecutively after the twenty-year federal sentence for drug smuggling charges.<ref name=Lodi88 /> Tung was the only one of the six named conspirators to stand trial in the United States, despite State Department requests to have Chen Chi-li and Wu Tun stand trial as well.<ref name="1987-02-27">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HDspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TWUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2859%2C4949090 |title=Taiwanese man is arraigned in murder of California journalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun |date=27 February 1987 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref>

Tung later filed an appeal for his murder conviction and sentence, which stated that the trial court should have requested a manslaughter verdict rather than murder, as he was acting out of patriotism. The appeal was rejected and his sentence upheld in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-10-mn-103-story.html |title=CALIFORNIA IN BRIEF: SAN FRANCISCO: Sentence in Murder of Writer Upheld |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=10 February 1990 |access-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref>

===Summary of penalties===
* Chen Chi-li, sentenced to life in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Spok1985-04-09">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAdMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5868%2C2031481 |title=2 get life terms |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Spokane Chronicle |date=9 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> commuted to 15 years and granted parole (January 1991)<ref name="UPI-91">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/01/01/Taiwan-releases-prisoners/3580662706000/ |title=Taiwan releases prisoners |author=Curtis, Bryan |work=UPI |date=1 January 1991 |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="LAT-91">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-21-mn-610-story.html |title=WORLD: Taiwan Frees Newsman's Killers |date=21 January 1991 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>
* Wu Tun, sentenced to life in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Spok1985-04-09" /> commuted to 15 years and granted parole (January 1991)<ref name="UPI-91" /><ref name="LAT-91" />
* Tung Kuei-sen, sentenced to 27 years to life in prison (May 1988);<ref name=Lodi88>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZN8zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3168%2C1279543 |title=Mobster sentenced in murder of Chinese-American writer |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel |date=12 May 1988 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> stabbed to death while in prison (1991)<ref name=BCT>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b7siAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340%2C1363587 |title=Inmate pleads guilty in man's stabbing death |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Beaver County Times |date=7 September 1994 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref>
* Wang Hsi-ling, sentenced to life in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Tol1985-04-19">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ajJPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6844%2C4427225 |title=Taiwan Admiral Gets Life In Killing Of U.S. Journalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=19 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> commuted to 15 years and granted parole (January 1991)<ref name="UPI-91" />
* Hu Yi-min, sentenced to 2.5 years in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Tol1985-04-19" /> 
* Chen Hu-men, sentenced to 2.5 years in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Tol1985-04-19" /> after release, changed his name to Chen Yi-chiao ({{zh|t=陳弈樵|p=Chén Yìqiáo|labels=no}})<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/11/27/2003633453 |title=Republic Party announces its at-large candidate list |author=Gerber, Abraham |date=27 November 2015 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> and later promoted to director of a Military Intelligence Bureau department<ref>{{cite news |url=http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87556&CtNode=420 |title=Ex-intelligence head urges release of spies |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by line.--> |agency=China Times |date=17 December 2009 |newspaper=Taiwan Today |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

===Civil suit===
Liu's widow Helen filed a {{US$|245000000|1985|round=-4}} suit in a [[United States district court]] against the Republic of China and the six named conspirators, alleging that his murder had been arranged by Taiwanese officials acting in an official capacity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-12-mn-14455-story.html |title=Taiwan Sued for $245 Million in Liu Murder |date=12 October 1985 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=13 June 2016 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Although the suit survived an early motion to dismiss as an act of state grounds,<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=642|reporter=F.Supp |opinion=297 |court=N.D. Cal. |date=11 August 1986 |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/642/297/2398391/}}</ref> Judge [[Eugene F. Lynch]] dropped Taiwan from the suit in 1987 based on Wang's military tribunal, which had concluded that Wang was not acting on behalf of the government of Taiwan, nor could his superiors have predicted his actions.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=1987 |reporter=WL |opinion=49413 |court=N.D. Cal. |date=27 August 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-28-mn-3033-story.html |title=Taiwan Dropped From Liu Death Suit |date=28 August 1987 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=13 June 2016 |agency=United Press International |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The [[Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals]] reversed Lynch's decision, ruling (''Liu v. Republic of China'') that the ROC government was liable under the doctrine of [[respondeat superior]];<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=892 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=1419 |court=9th Cir. |date=1989-12-29 |url=http://openjurist.org/892/f2d/1419}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-30-mn-986-story.html|title=Court Says Taiwan Can Be Liable in U.S. Killing |author=Hager, Philip |date=30 December 1989 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/31/us/taiwan-held-liable-in-killing-of-us-journalist.html|title=Taiwan Held Liable in Killing of U.S. Journalist|date=1989-12-31|access-date=2009-06-24|work=The New York Times}}</ref> a petition for [[certiorari]] from the ROC government to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] was subsequently rejected.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Republic of China v. Liu |vol=497 |reporter=US |opinion=1058 |court=U.S. |date=1990-09-28 |url=http://openjurist.org/497/us/1058}}</ref> The suit was finally settled out of court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-25-mn-4264-story.html|title=Suit Alleging Taiwan Government Plot to Kill Man Dismissed|date=1990-10-25|access-date=2009-06-24|work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

==Fallout==
The assassination became a major political [[scandal]] in Taiwan, and American officials were critical of the Kuomintang for allegedly orchestrating an assassination on United States soil.

In a December 1985 speech, Chiang Hsiao-wu's father Chiang Ching-kuo declared ″If someone asks me whether anyone in my family would run for the next presidential term, my reply is, ′It can't be and it won't be.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAU9JjMcfsQC&pg=PA72 |title=Democratizing Taiwan |author=Jacobs, J. Bruce|author-link1=J. Bruce Jacobs |chapter=Three: The Lee Teng-Hui presidency to early 1996 |page=72 |date=2012 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |access-date=19 May 2016 |isbn=978-90-04-22154-3 |quote=On February 13, 1990 a group of National Assembly members proposed Lin Yang-kang for president and the following day Chiang Wego denied that his brother Chiang Ching-kuo had said, ″Members of the Chiang family cannot and will not run for president.″ Footnote 19: [...] Chiang Ching-kuo made this statement on December 25, 1985.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan-chief-rules-out-chance-family-member-will-succeed-him.html |title=Taiwan chief rules out chance family member will succeed him |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=26 December 1985 |agency=AP |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite speech |url=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=117721&CtNode=103 |title=Constitution to Determine His Successor |author=Chiang Ching-kuo |author-link=Chiang Ching-kuo |event=Constitution Day |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=25 December 1985 |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114036/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=117721&CtNode=103 |archive-date=8 August 2016 }}</ref> Prior to the Henry Liu murder, Chiang Hsiao-wu was the only one of Chiang Ching-kuo's sons mentioned as a potential successor to his father; the younger Chiang later served on the trade mission to Singapore, a move seen as soft exile.<ref name=Jun86>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NIxGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2721%2C2598703 |title=Aging Taiwan President Prepares To End Dynasty, Talks With Foes |author=Brown, Phil |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=12 June 1986 |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The assassination was the subject of the book ''Fires of the Dragon'' by [[David E. Kaplan (author)|David E. Kaplan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-15-bk-610-story.html |author=Chin, Frank |author-link=Frank Chin |title=A Contract on Henry Liu: FIRES OF THE DRAGON: Politics, Murder, and the Kuomintang, ''By David E. Kaplan (Atheneum: $25; 604 pp.)'' |date=15 November 1992 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref> A fictionalized version of the assassination was portrayed in the 2009 film ''[[Formosa Betrayed (film)|Formosa Betrayed]]''.

==See also==
* [[List of journalists killed in the United States]]
* [[Bai Wanxiang]], who masterminded Liu’s assassination
* [[Chen Wen-chen]], another noted dissident who died under mysterious circumstances, potentially also a late example of [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]] suppression
* [[Lin Yi-hsiung]], whose twin daughters and mother died after his arrest in another incident cited as an example of White Terror
*[[Kashmir Princess]], another case of the Taiwanese government likely being involved in an overseas assassination

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |script-title=zh:蔣經國傳 |trans-title=Biography of Chiang Ching-Kuo |last1=Liu |first1=Henry |date=1984 |publisher=美國論壇報 |location=Los Angeles |oclc=502063546 |language=zh }}
* {{cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002766246 |title=The Murder of Henry Liu: Hearings and Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs |author=Ninety-Ninth Congress |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=13 June 2016}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Dowie, Mark |author2=Millman, Joel |author3=Harding, John (photographer) |date=May 1985 |title=A Brazen Act of Terrorism: The Killing of Henry Liu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |pages=16–23; 48–49 |journal=Mother Jones |volume=X |issue=IV |location=San Francisco |publisher=Foundation for National Progress |access-date=23 December 2014 }}
* {{cite book |title=Fires of the Dragon: Politics, Murder and the Kuomintang |author=Kaplan, David E. |author-link=David E. Kaplan (author) |date=1992 |publisher=Atheneum |location=New York |isbn=978-0-68912-066-4 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1213&context=aalj |title=The Murder of Henry Liu: A Tale of Espionage, Dissidence, and the American Torts System |author=Lee, Cynthia S. |date=2015 |journal=Asian American Law Journal |pages=131–136 |volume=22 |issue=1 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |title=In Taiwan, Many Questions Remain: The Murder of Henry Liu |author=Smith, Patrick |date=18 May 1985 |newspaper=The Nation }}
* {{cite book |title=Jade Warrior: The Murder of Henry Liu |author=Wang, George K. F. |date=2000 |publisher=Writers Club Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-595-14907-3 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://cpj.org/regions_07/americas_07/CPJ-SilencedReport.pdf |title=Silenced: The Unsolved Murders of Immigrant Journalists |chapter=The Murder of Henry Liu: A Taiwanese Hit - Justice Is Stonewalled |author=Wang, L. Ling-chi |date=December 1994 |isbn=0-944823-14-9 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |location=New York City |pages=47–56 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415134904/https://cpj.org/regions_07/americas_07/CPJ-SilencedReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |title=Can Chinese Americans Afford to Lose the Fight to Obtain Justice for Henry Liu? Statement of the Committee to Obtain Justice for Henry Liu |author=Wang, L. Ling-chi |date=2007 |volume=33 |number=1 |pages=63–74 |doi=10.17953/amer.33.1.b07m55023p73147q |journal=Amerasia Journal|s2cid=147351116 }}

===Taiwan Communiqué===
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc17-int.pdf |title=Washington Post: "Taiwan role probed in killing" |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=November 1984 |number=17 |pages=25–26 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc18-int.pdf |title=The murder of Henry Liu |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=February 1985 |number=18 |pages=3–5 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc19-int.pdf |title=The murder of Henry Liu |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=April 1985 |number=19 |pages=1–26 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc20-int.pdf |title=The murder of Henry Liu, the cover-up continues |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=June 1985 |number=20 |pages=6–10 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc22-int.pdf |title=Notes: The Henry Liu affair: "getting away with murder?" |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=October 1985 |number=22 |pages=21–22 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc34-int.pdf |title=The Henry Liu Murder Case Closed? |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=May 1988 |number=34 |pages=13–14 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc44-int.pdf |title=Justice at last for Henry Liu? |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=April 1990 |number=44 |page=17 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc47-int.pdf |title=Taiwan's "sympathy" payment to widow of Henry Liu |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal=Taiwan Communiqué |issn=1027-3999 |publisher=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan |location=The Hague, The Netherlands |date=December 1990 |number=47 |pages=17–18 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}

===External links===
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KgwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aHMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=894%2C3467023 |title=Bamboo Gang Linked To Journalist's Killing |author=Ryckman, Larry |agency=AP |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=29 November 1984 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VjFfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LU8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2915%2C7053528 |title=Members of international gang sought in slaying of journalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Bangor Daily News |date=30 November 1984 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wpBTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5517%2C3425316 |title=Liu murder suspect wins release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=The Bulletin |date=30 November 1984 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_bYfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5437%2C7086517 |title=Consumer chairman sides with toy industry [EDITORIAL] |author=Anderson, Jack |newspaper=Gadsden Times |date=28 December 1984 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cFosAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yc4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6742%2C4074706 |title=Investigation Ordered Into Journalist's Death |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal |date=16 January 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eF0vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2116%2C32401 |title=Taiwan continues the harassment of its critics [EDITORIAL] |author=Anderson, Jack |agency=United Feature Syndicate |newspaper=Beaver County Times |date=1 February 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* <!--{{cite news |author=Staff writer(s); no by-line. |access-date=16 May 2016 }}-->
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k5lUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=R48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5885%2C4010857 |title=House panel seeks extradition |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=Ellensburg Daily Record |date=8 February 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mJlUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=R48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4378%2C4702066 |title=Americans upset by secret trials |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=Ellensburg Daily Record |date=14 February 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kaxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zzIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5935%2C6244591 |title=Reputed gang boss indicted in murder |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel |date=28 February 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JqBaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Sk8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5469%2C4307856 |title=Accused murderer says killing ordered by intelligence chief |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=The Courier |date=20 March 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAdMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5868%2C2031481 |title=2 get life terms |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Spokane Chronicle |date=9 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bZorAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4086%2C2386207 |title=Former Taiwan intelligence head says he recruited murdered writer |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=11 April 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LyAyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t6UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=951%2C994600 |title=Taiwan chief admits error over killing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Reuter |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=13 April 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NsNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hAYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6866%2C4400361 |title=Taiwan officer denies ordering writer's murder |author=Chang, Kathy |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Gainesville Sun |date=13 April 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OB0vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6NoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5694%2C3235204 |title=Journalist's killer sentenced |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Beaver County Times |date=18 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=argfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1355%2C3761947 |title=Tribunal gives former official life |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Gadsden Times |date=19 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nD9PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3759%2C1365866 |title=Decision Slated On Easing Terms Of Liu's Slayers |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=28 May 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hQxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zwIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5612%2C5373872 |title=Taiwan's Defense Unit Altered Following Officers' Convictions |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=1 July 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/2e8a4e02d59c334570ad1e4790637784 |title=Arrest 10 in Asian crime mob; link it to Henry Liu murder |author=Doyle, John M. |work=AP News |date=16 September 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/20/us/widow-says-asian-gang-arrests-may-show-wider-plot-in-murder.html |title=Widow says Asian gang arrests may show wider plot in murder |author=Bishop, Katherine |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 September 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://taiwanheute.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=116476&ctNode=103 |title=Suspect in Henry Liu Case Arrested By Brazil Police |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Taiwan heute |date=29 September 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623220729/http://taiwanheute.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=116476&ctNode=103 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/10/11/The-wife-of-slain-Chinese-journalist-Henry-Liu-charged/5834497851200/ |title=The wife of slain Chinese journalist Henry Liu charged the government of Taiwan |author=MacLean, Pamela A. |work=UPI |date=11 October 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nrlQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qvMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1229%2C2523945 |title=Asiatic mobsters moving in on former Mafia operations |author=Butterfield, Fox |agency=New York Times News Service |newspaper=The Times-News |date=30 November 1986 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nrlQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qvMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1229%2C2523945 |title='Bamboo' ring sentenced |author=Doyle, John M. |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Lewiston Journal |date=18 December 1986 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4LkiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4194%2C5146143 |title=Judge sentences man for prison slaying |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Beaver County Times |date=22 November 1994 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Grassroots-ethnic-reporting-a-perilous-calling-3230086.php |title=Grassroots Ethnic Reporting a Perilous Calling |author=Kuruvila, Matthai |date=31 January 2008 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2014 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/03/25/2003439340 |title=KMT government murdered Henry Liu, Kuo says |author=Shih, Hsiu-chuan |date=25 March 2009 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=23 January 2015 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.worldjournal.com/105118/article-%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E9%81%BA%E5%AD%80%E5%B4%94%E8%93%89%E8%8A%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%AD%89%E5%BE%85%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%8F%BE/ |script-title=zh:江南遺孀崔蓉芝：等待真相浮現 |trans-title=Jiang Nan's widow Cui Rongzhi: Waiting for the truth to emerge |author1=陳運璞 |date=14 October 2014 |newspaper=World Journal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609164643/http://www.worldjournal.com/105118/article-%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E9%81%BA%E5%AD%80%E5%B4%94%E8%93%89%E8%8A%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%AD%89%E5%BE%85%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%8F%BE/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Henry}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1984 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Taiwanese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American writers of Taiwanese descent]]
[[Category:Assassinated American journalists]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People murdered by Chinese-American organized crime]]
[[Category:People murdered in California]]
[[Category:Writers from Taizhou, Jiangsu]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in California]]
[[Category:Crimes in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Journalists killed in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American biographers]]
[[Category:People from Daly City, California]]
[[Category:Fu Hsing Kang College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century journalists]]
[[Category:1984 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:American male biographers]]
[[Category:White Terror (Taiwan)]]
[[Category:People killed in intelligence operations]]