View source for Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter

{{Short description|English admiral (1430–1475)}}
{{other people||Henry Holland (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Henry Holland
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1430|6|27|df=y}}
| birth_name         = 
| birth_place        = [[Exeter]], [[England]]
| death_date         = September 1475
| death_place        = [[English Channel]]
| body_discovered    = 
| education          = 
| occupation         = Duke of Exeter
| spouse             = [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter|Anne of York]]
| children           = Anne Holland
| partner            = 
| father             = [[John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter]]
| mother             = Anne Stafford
| known_for          = Leader during the [[War of the Roses]]
}}
[[Image:Arms_of_John_Holland,_2nd_Duke_of_Exeter.svg|thumb|200px| Arms of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter: [[Armorial of Plantagenet|England]], a bordure of [[Royal arms of France|France]]]]
'''Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, 3rd Earl of Huntington''' (27 June 1430 – September 1475) was a [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] leader during the English [[Wars of the Roses]]. He was the only son of [[John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter]], and his first wife, Anne Stafford.

==Career==
He inherited the [[Duke of Exeter|Dukedom of Exeter]] and [[Earl of Huntington]] when his father died in 1447. However, he was cruel, savagely temperamental and unpredictable, and so had little support. P.M. Kendall describes him as "dangerous", and was seen as "cruel and fierce" by contemporary Italian observers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Warwick the Kingmaker|last=Kendall|first=P.M.|pages=305}}</ref>

==Constable of the Tower==
Exeter was for a time [[Constable of the Tower of London]], and afterwards the [[Rack (torture)|rack]] there came to be called "the Duke of Exeter's daughter".<ref>However, Stubbs says it was named after the 2nd duke, who was also constable of the Tower, in his ''The Constitutional History of England in Its Origin and Development'', vol. 3, p. 302</ref>

==Wars of the Roses==
In 1447 he married [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter|Anne]], the eight-year-old daughter of [[Richard of York]]. However, in the [[Wars of the Roses]], he remained loyal to [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] against the [[Yorkists]]. He was imprisoned at [[Wallingford Castle]] when York briefly seized power after the [[First Battle of St Albans]] in 1455. In 1458 he participated in [[Loveday (1458)|the Love Day]], an attempt at reconciliation between the rival factions. He was a commander at the Lancastrian victories at the [[Battle of Wakefield]] in 1460 and the [[Second Battle of St Albans]] in 1461, and in the decisive defeat at [[Battle of Towton|Towton]] in 1461. He fled to Scotland after the battle, and then joined [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret]] in her exile in France. He was [[attainted]] in 1461, and his estates were given to his wife, who separated from him in 1464. During the brief period of Henry VI's restoration he was able to regain many of his estates and posts.

At the [[Battle of Barnet]], Exeter commanded the Lancastrian left flank. He was badly wounded and left for dead, but survived. Afterwards he was imprisoned, and Anne divorced him in 1472. He "volunteered" to serve on Edward IV's [[Treaty of London (1474)#Outcome|1475 expedition]] to France. On the return voyage he fell overboard and [[List of drowning victims|drowned]], his body being found in the sea between Dover and Calais, Fabyan saying "but how he drowned, the certainty is not known".<ref name="fabyan">Robert Fabyan. ''The new chronicles of England and France, in two parts, '' p. 663. [https://archive.org/details/newchroniclesofe00fabyuoft/page/663]</ref> However, Giovanni Panicharolla, the Milanese envoy to the Burgundian court, was told by [[Charles the Bold|Duke Charles]] that the [[Edward IV of England|King of England]] had given specific orders for the sailors to throw his former brother-in-law overboard.<ref name="seward">Desmond Seward. ''The Wars of the Roses and the Lives of Five Men and Women in the Fifteenth Century,'' Constable & Robinson, 2002. p. 240.</ref><ref>Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts in the Archives and Collections of Milan 1385-1618, p. 220 [https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/milan/1385-1618/pp189-220]</ref>

==Family==
On 30 January 1446, in the chapel of the Bishop of Ely, [[Hatfield, Herefordshire]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pidgeon |first1=Lynda |title=Anne of York and her Loyal Yorkist: Sir Thomas St Leger (ex. 1483) |journal=The Ricardian |date=2023 |volume=XXXIII |page=107}}</ref> he married [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter|Anne of York]], the eldest child of [[Richard, Duke of York]], and [[Cecily Neville]].<ref name="richardson">Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' Genealogical Publishing, 2005. pp.  299–301. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p_yzpuWi4sgC&q=Henry+Holland%2C+3rd+Duke+of+Exeter&pg=PA300 ''Google eBook'']</ref> She was an older sister of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] and [[Richard III of England|Richard III]].

He had one legitimate child:<ref name="richardson" />
*Anne Holland (1461<ref>Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 57, fol. 2*r</ref> – between 26 August 1467 and 6 June 1474), who married [[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset]].

Since Henry had no legitimate male issue the disposition of his estates became a complex matter for his widow, the dowager [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter|Duchess of Exeter]].

==See also==
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]
*[[List of unsolved deaths]]

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter'''
|2= 2. [[John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter]]
|3= 3. Lady Anne Stafford
|4= 4. [[John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter]]
|5= 5. [[Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter|Lady Elizabeth of Lancaster]]
|6= 6. [[Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford]]
|7= 7. [[Anne of Gloucester|Lady Anne of Gloucester]]
|8= 8. [[Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent]]
|9= 9. [[Joan of Kent|Lady Joan, 4th Countess of Kent]]
|10= 10. [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]]
|11= 11. [[Blanche of Lancaster|Lady Blanche of Lancaster]]
|12= 12. [[Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford]]
|13= 13. [[Philippa de Beauchamp|Lady Philippa de Beauchamp]]
|14= 14. [[Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester]]
|15= 15. [[Eleanor de Bohun|Lady Eleanor de Bohun]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |last=Griffiths |date=1968 |first=R.A. |title=Local Rivalries and National Politics: The Percies, the Nevilles, and the Duke of Exeter, 1452–55 |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=589–632 |doi=10.2307/2855323 |jstor=2855323 |s2cid=155012397 |author-link=Ralph A. Griffiths }}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Hicks |date=2004 |first=Michael |title=Holland, Henry, second duke of Exeter (1430–1475), magnate |url=https://archive.today/20190917181250/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50223 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50223 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) }}
* {{cite journal |last=Pugh |date=1990 |first=T.B. |title=Richard, Duke of York, and the Rebellion of Henry Holand, Duke of Exeter, in May 1454 |journal=[[Historical Research]] |volume=63 |issue=152 |pages=248–262 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1990.tb00888.x }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk|The Duke of Suffolk]]}}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Lord High Admiral of England|Lord High Admiral]] | years=1450–1461}}
{{s-aft | after  = [[William Neville, Earl of Kent|The Earl of Kent]]}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef | before = [[John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter|John Holland]]}}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Duke of Exeter]] |years=1447–1461}}
{{s-vac|forfeit}}
{{S-end}}

{{Wars of the Roses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exeter, Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of}}
[[Category:1430 births]]
[[Category:1475 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century English Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Dukes of Exeter|103]]
[[Category:Earls of Huntingdon]]
[[Category:Formerly missing British people]]
[[Category:Heirs to the English throne]]
[[Category:Holland family|Henry]]
[[Category:House of Lancaster|Henry]]
[[Category:Lord high admirals of England]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Exeter]]
[[Category:People lost at sea]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in the United Kingdom]]