View source for Heavenly Stems

{{Short description|System of ten ordinals native to China}} 
{{Infobox Chinese 
| c = 天干 
| p = tiāngān 
| poj = thian-kan 
| j = tin1 gon1 
| y = tīn gōn 
| hiragana = じっかん
| romaji = jikkan 
| kanji = 十干 
| hangul = 천간 
| rr = cheongan 
| hanja = 天干 
| qn = thiên can 
| chuhan = 天干 
}} 
 
The ten '''Heavenly Stems''' (or '''Celestial Stems''') are a system of [[ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinals]] indigenous to China and used throughout East Asia, first attested {{circa|1250&nbsp;BCE}} during the [[Shang dynasty]] as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-era rituals in the names of dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. Stems are no longer used as names for the days of the week, but have acquired many other uses. Most prominently, they have been used in conjunction with the associated set of twelve [[Earthly Branches]] in the compound [[sexagenary cycle]], an important feature of historical [[Chinese calendar]]s.{{sfn|Jonathan Smith|2011}}

==Origin==
 {{Multiple image|total_width = 500
<!-- Layout parameters -->
|perrow=5
|maxwidth=300px
<!--image 1-->
| image1            = 甲-bronze.svg
| image2            = 乙-bronze.svg
| image3            = 丙-bronze.svg
| image4             = 丁-bronze.svg
| image5            = 戊-bronze.svg
| image6            = 己-bronze.svg
| image7            = 庚-bronze.svg
| image8            = 辛-bronze.svg
| image9            = 壬-bronze.svg
| image10            = 癸-bronze.svg
| caption1            = 甲 (1), 'turtle-shell'
| caption2            = 乙 (2), 'fish guts'
|caption3            = 丙 (3), 'fish tail'
| caption4             = 丁 (4), 'nail'
| caption5            = 戊 (5), 'halberd'
| caption6            = 己 (6), 'thread'
| caption7            = 庚 (7), 'flail and threshing device'
| caption8            = 辛 (8), 'branding tool'
| caption9            = 壬 (9), 'double-blade axe'
| caption10            = 癸 (10), 'four-handled plow'

| footer            = The Heavenly Stems in their original [[Chinese bronze inscriptions|bronze script]] form.}}
Some scholars believe the Heavenly Stems, and the associated ten-day week, are connected to a story from [[Chinese mythology]] where ten suns appeared in the sky, whose order comprised a ten-day cycle ({{zhi|c=旬|p=xún}}); the Heavenly Stems are conjectured to be the names for each of these ten suns.{{sfn|Allan|1991|pp=36–38}} They were found in the [[given name]]s of the kings of the Shang in their temple names. These consisted of a relational term ('father', 'mother', 'grandfather', 'grandmother') which was added to one of the ten Stems—e.g. 'Grandfather Jia'. These names are often found on Shang bronzes designating whom the bronze was honoring (and on which day of the week their rites would have been performed, that day matching the day designated by their name). The sinologist [[David Keightley]], who specialized in ancient Chinese bronzes, believes that the Stems were chosen posthumously through divination.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=David Keightley |title=Ancient Mortuary Traditions of China: Papers on Chinese Ceramic Funerary sculptures |publisher=Far Eastern Art Council, Los Angeles County Museum of Art |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-87587-157-8 |editor-last=Kuwayama |editor-first=George |editor-link=George Kuwayama |pages=16–17 |chapter=The Quest for Eternity in Ancient China: The Dead, Their Gifts, Their Names}}</ref>  Some historians think the ruling class of the Shang had ten clans, but it is not clear whether their society reflected the myth or vice versa. Their association with the concepts of [[yin and yang]] and ''[[wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|wuxing]]'' developed following the collapse of the Shang.

Jonathan Smith has proposed that the heavenly stems predate the Shang and originally referred to ten [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]s along the [[ecliptic]], of which their [[oracle bone script]] characters were drawings; he identifies similarities between these and asterisms in the later [[Four Symbols|Four Images]] and [[Twenty-Eight Mansions]] systems. These would have been used to track the moon's progression along its monthly circuit, in conjunction with the earthly branches referring to its phase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jonathan M. |date=2011 |title=The ''Di Zhi'' 地支 as Lunar Phases and Their Coordination with the ''Tian Gan'' 天干 as Ecliptic Asterisms in a China before Anyang |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/early-china/article/abs/di-zhi-as-lunar-phases-and-their-coordination-with-the-tian-gan-as-ecliptic-asterisms-in-a-china-before-anyang/CFF9A84C9625BB04F0466F8C46CFBC9F |journal=Early China |volume=33 |pages=199–228 |doi=10.1017/S0362502800000274 |s2cid=132200641 |access-date=January 29, 2022 |ref={{sfnref|Jonathan Smith|2011}}|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The literal meanings of the characters were, and are now, roughly as follows.<ref>William McNaughton. ''Reading and Writing Chinese.'' Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1979.</ref>  Among the modern meanings, those deriving from the characters' position in the sequence of Heavenly Stems are in italics.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Heavenly Stem 
! rowspan="2" |Pinyin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2010-12/21/content_402062_3.htm |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=en.chinaculture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Notes |url=https://chinesenotes.com/ref_heavenly_stems.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=chinesenotes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=Chinese Culture: 12 Heavenly Stems & 10 Earthly Branches |url=https://www.echineselearning.com/blog/12-heavenly-stems-10-earthly-branches |access-date=2025-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>!! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Meaning
|-
! scope="col" | Original !! scope="col" | Additional
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1 
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|甲}} 
|jiǎ|| 'turtle shell'
|
* ''{{'}}first''' (ordinal)
* ''{{'}}[[methyl group]]'''
* 'helmet'
* 'armor'
* words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|乙}} 
|yǐ|| 'fish guts' 
| 
* ''{{'}}second''' (ordinal)
* ''{{'}}[[ethyl group]]'''
* 'twist'
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|丙}} 
|bǐng|| '[[caudal fin|fish tail]]'
| 
* ''{{'}}third''' (ordinal)
* 'bright'
* 'fire'
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|丁}} 
|dīng|| 'nail' (fastener)
| 
* ''{{'}}fourth''' (ordinal)
* 'male adult'
* 'robust'
* 'T-shaped'
* 'to strike'
* a surname
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|戊}} 
|wù
| '[[halberd]]' || {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|己}}
|jǐ
| 'thread on a loom'
| 'self'
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 7
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|庚}} 
|gēng||  'evening star' ([[Venus]])
| 'age' (of a person)
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|辛}} 
|xīn|| 'to offend superiors'
|
* 'bitter'
* 'piquant'
* 'toilsome'
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|壬}} 
|rén|| 'burden'
|
* 'to shoulder'
* 'to trust with office'
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 10
| style="text-align:center" | {{ZH|癸}} 
|guǐ|| 'four-handled plow' || {{N/A}}
|}

== Current usage ==
The Heavenly Stems remain widely used as ordinals throughout the [[Sinosphere]], similarly to the way the alphabet is used in languages like English.

* The Chinese mathematician [[Li Shanlan]] (1810–1882) developed a system using the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to stand in for Latin letters in their use as labels for [[mathematical variable]]s. In Li's system, the letters {{mvar|a}} – {{mvar|j}} are represented by the ten Heavenly Stems, {{mvar|k}} – {{mvar|v}} are represented by the twelve Earthly Branches, and the final four letters {{mvar|w}}, {{mvar|x}}, {{mvar|y}} and {{mvar|z}} are represented by {{lang|zh|物}} ('matter'), {{lang|zh|天}} ('Heaven'), {{lang|zh|地}} ('earth'), and {{lang|zh|人}} ('human') respectively.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O54oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17] (pages 147 and 148)</ref> The {{kxr|mouth|link=yes}} radical may be added to any of the aforementioned character to indicate the upper case form of the corresponding letter: e.g. {{mvar|a}} →&nbsp;{{lang|zh|甲}}, {{mvar|A}} →&nbsp;{{lang|zh|呷}}; {{mvar|d}} →&nbsp;{{lang|zh|丁}}, {{mvar|D}} →&nbsp;{{lang|zh|叮}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Ziqiang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O54oDwAAQBAJ |publisher=獨立作家－新銳文創 |year=2017 |isbn=978-986-94864-1-5 |pages=147–148 |language=zh |script-title=zh:李善蘭: 改變近代中國的科學家 |author-mask=Yang Ziqiang (楊自強)}}</ref>
* [[Organic nomenclature in Chinese|Names for organic chemicals]]—e.g. [[methanol]] ({{zhi|c=甲醇|p=jiǎchún}}), [[ethanol]] ({{zhi|c=乙醇|p=yǐchún}}).
* Diseases—e.g. [[Hepatitis A]] ({{zhi|c=甲型肝炎|p=jiǎxíng gānyán}}), [[Hepatitis B]]: ({{zhi|c=乙型肝炎|p=yǐxíng gānyán}}).
* Sports leagues—e.g. [[Serie A]] is rendered as {{zhi|c=意甲|p=Yìjiǎ}}.
* Students' grades in Taiwan, with the {{zhp|p=yōu|c=優|l=excellence}} inserted prior to the Heavenly Stems in the list—i.e. the American grades A, B, C, D and F correspond to {{lang|zh|優}}, {{lang|zh|甲}}, {{lang|zh|乙}}, {{lang|zh|丙}} and {{lang|zh|丁}}.
* In [[astrology]] and [[feng shui]], the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches form the [[Four Pillars of Destiny|four pillars]] of Chinese metaphysics in [[Qimen Dunjia]] and [[Daliuren]].
* In Korea and Japan, the Heavenly Stems are used in legal documents: the Korean renderings {{tlit|ko|gap}} ({{lang|ko-Hani|甲}}) and {{tlit|ko|eul}} ({{lang|ko-Hani|乙}}) are used to indicate the larger and the smaller parties to a legal contract, respectively—and are sometimes used as synonyms for such. This use is also common in the Korean IT industry.

== See also ==
*[[Chinese numerals]]
*[[Organic nomenclature in Chinese]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allan |first=Sarah |title=The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7914-0459-1 |location=Albany}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barnard |first=Noel |title=Studies of Shang Archaeology: Selected Papers from the International Conference on Shang Civilization |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-300-03578-0 |editor-last=Kwang-chih Chang |location=New Haven, CT |pages=141–206 |chapter=A New Approach to the Study of Clan-Sign Inscriptions of Shang}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-hsuin |title=Ancient China: Studies in Early Civilization |last2=Chang |first2=Kwang-chih |author-link2=Kwang-chih Chang |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-962-201-144-1 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=David |location=Hong Kong |pages=13–42 |chapter=T'ien kan: a key to the history of the Shang |authorlink1=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chang Tai-Ping |year=1978 |title=The role of the t'ien-kan ti-chih terms in the naming system of the Yin |journal=Early China |volume=4 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.1017/S0362502800005897 |s2cid=161397647}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keightley |first=David |title=The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China, ca. 1200-1045 B.C. |publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, University of California |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55729-070-0 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norman |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist) |title=Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan Area: The State of the Art: Papers Presented to Paul K. Benedict for his 71st Birthday |publisher=Australian National University |year=1985 |isbn=0-85883-319-0 |editor-last=Thurgood |editor-first=Graham |location=Canberra |pages=85–89 |chapter=A Note on the Origins of the Chinese Duodenary Cycle}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |year=1995 |title=The ''Ganzhi'' as Phonograms |journal=Early China News |volume=8 |pages=29–30 |issn=0362-5028 |jstor=23351501}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Adam |url=http://cangjie.info/public/papers/SmithAdam_2010_sexagenary.pdf |title=Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World |publisher=Oxbow |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84217-987-1 |editor-last=Steele |editor-first=John |location=Oxford |pages=1–37 |chapter=The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar |ref={{sfnref|Adam Smith|2011}} |access-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813033543/http://cangjie.info/public/papers/SmithAdam_2010_sexagenary.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 |url-status=dead}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/stemsandbranches.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621091045/http://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/stemsandbranches.htm |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=Hong Kong Observatory}}

{{Calendars|collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heavenly Stems}}
[[Category:Chinese calendars]]
[[Category:Eastern esotericism]]
[[Category:Chinese character lists]]