View source for Health in Nigeria

{{Short description|Overview of health in Nigeria}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

[[File:Primus International Superspeciality Hospital.jpg|thumbnail|A hospital in Abuja, Nigeria's capital]]

In [[Nigeria]], significant progress has been made in health improvement since 1950. However, [[lower respiratory tract infection|lower respiratory infections]], neonatal disorders, and [[HIV/AIDS]] remain the leading causes of death in the country.<ref name="MP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthdata.org/nigeria|title=What causes the most premature death in Nigeria?|date=9 September 2015|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> Diseases such as [[monkeypox]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Driving and Public Health |date=2021-11-23 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756797-0211 |journal=Public Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199756797-0211 |isbn=978-0-19-975679-7 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> [[polio]], [[malaria]], and [[tuberculosis]] have shown improvement due to various interventions. Other major health concerns include [[malnutrition]], [[pollution]], and [[road traffic accident]]s. In 2020, Nigeria recorded the highest number of cases of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria|COVID-19]] in Africa.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The [[Human Rights Measurement Initiative]] (HRMI) estimates that Nigeria fulfills 48.2% of the expected obligations for the right to health, based on its income.<ref name="Nigeria - HRMI Rights Tracker">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - HRMI Rights Tracker |url=https://rightstracker.org/ |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=rightstracker.org |language=en}}</ref> For children's health, Nigeria achieves 66.6% of what is expected, while for adults, the figure is 61.7%. Reproductive health performance is particularly low, at 16.3% of the expected level.<ref name="Nigeria - HRMI Rights Tracker"/>

== Life expectancy and under-5 mortality rate ==

[[Life expectancy at birth]] in Nigeria increased from 49.4 years in 2007 to approximately 54 years in 2017.<ref name="LE">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=NG|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years)|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) per 1,000 live births decreased from 145.7 in 2007 to 100.2 in 2017.<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT|title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> When compared with other countries and global averages, Nigeria's health indicators remain poor.  

[[File:Life expectancy development in Nigeria.svg|thumb|Life expectancy at birth in Nigeria]]

'''Top 10 causes of death in Nigeria (2007–2017)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top 10 causes of death in Nigeria
! Cause of death
! IHME rank 2007
! IHME rank 2017
! Percentage change (2007–2017)
|-
| Malaria || 1 || 4 || -35.8
|-
| Diarrheal disease || 2 || 5 || -39.5
|-
| HIV/AIDS || 3 || 3 || -25.7
|-
| Lower respiratory infection || 4 || 1 || -10.7
|-
| Neonatal disorders || 5 || 2 || -1.5
|-
| Tuberculosis || 6 || 6 || -15.2
|-
| Meningitis || 7 || 7 || -2.0
|-
| Cirrhosis || 8 || 10 || +1.3
|-
| Ischemic heart disease || 9 || 8 || +24.5
|-
| Stroke || 10 || 9 || +15.0
|}
'''Source''': Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)<ref name="MP" />

[[File:Under-5 child mortality rate (1964 - 2017) and life expectancy at birth (1960 - 2017) in Nigeria.jpg|Under-5 child mortality rate (1964–2017) and life expectancy at birth (1960–2017) in Nigeria]]

'''Source''': Under-5 Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) and Life Expectancy at Birth (years). Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division).<ref name="LE" />

'''Comparison of health indicators in Nigeria and reference countries/regions'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of health indicators
! Country/Region !! Life expectancy at birth (2007) !! Life expectancy at birth (2017) !! U5MR (2007) !! U5MR (2017) !! Estimated population (2018)
|-
| Nigeria || 49 || 54 || 146 || 100 || 195 million+
|-
! Reference countries
| Ghana || 60 || 63 || 82 || 49 || 29 million+
|-
| Malawi || 53 || 64 || 103 || 55 || 18 million+
|-
| Rwanda || 59 || 67 || 88 || 38 || 13 million+
|-
| Sudan || 61 || 67 || 84 || 63 || 41 million+
|-
| Norway || 80 || 83 || 4 || 3 || 5 million+
|-
| United States || 78 || 79 || 8 || 7 || 327 million+
|-
| China || 75 || 76 || 20 || 9 || 1.393 billion
|-
| Australia || 81 || 82 || 5 || 4 || 24 million
|-
! Reference regions & world
| East Asia & Pacific || 74 || 76 || 26 || 16 || 2.328 billion
|-
| Europe & Central Asia || 75 || 78 || 15 || 9 || 918 million+
|-
| Latin America & the Caribbean || 73 || 76 || 24 || 18 || 641 million+
|-
| Middle East & North Africa || 72 || 74 || 31 || 23 || 448 million+
|-
| South Asia || 66 || 69 || 71 || 45 || 1.814 billion
|-
| Sub-Saharan Africa || 55 || 61 || 116 || 76 || 1.078 billion
|-
| World || 70 || 72 || 58 || 39 || 7.594 billion
|}
'''Source''': United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision; The World Bank Group.<ref name="data.worldbank.org"/>
== Maternal mortality ==

[[File:Emergency Cesarean Section.jpg|thumb|Successful emergency [[Caesarean section]] performed in Nigeria.]]

The maternal mortality rate in Nigeria is over 800 per 100,000 live births.<ref name="MH">{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Maternal health in Nigeria: generating information for action|url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/maternal-health-nigeria/en/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=WHO}}</ref> In 2013, the rate was recorded at 560 deaths per 100,000 live births, slightly higher than the 516 deaths per 100,000 live births reported in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$state$time$value=2013;&marker$select@$country=nga&trailStartTime=1980;;&axis_x$which=time&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&scaleType=time&spaceRef:null;&axis_y$which=maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100000_live_births&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&scaleType=genericLog&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles|title=Maternal mortality|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> Contributing factors include inadequate healthcare infrastructure, limited access to quality medical services,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011|title=The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems|journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=470–8|doi=10.4103/0975-7406.90100|issn=0975-7406|pmc=3249694|pmid=22219580|last1=Welcome|first1=Menizibeyaosain|doi-access=free}}</ref> malnutrition linked to poverty, displacement due to [[Boko Haram]] insurgency,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49154953/boko-haram-a-decade-of-terror-explained|title=Boko Haram: A decade of terror explained|work=BBC News|date=2019-07-30}}</ref> unsafe abortions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.unijos.edu.ng/jspui/handle/123456789/1443|title=Health Challenges in the Present Democratic Era in Nigeria: The Place of Technology|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> and harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation.

In Nigeria, the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 22.<ref name="MH" /> The country has restrictive abortion laws, limiting access to safe procedures and increasing risks associated with unsafe abortions.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Iyioha|first1=Irehobhude O.|title=Comparative health law and policy: Critical perspectives on Nigerian and global health law|date=2015-11-02|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-4724-3675-7}}</ref> A 2019 study highlighted insufficient skills in emergency obstetric care among healthcare providers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Okonofua|first1=F.|last2=Ntoimo|first2=L.F.C.|last3=Ogu|first3=R.|last4=Galadanci|first4=R.|last5=Gana|first5=M.|display-authors=etal|title=Assessing the knowledge and skills on emergency obstetric care among health providers: Implications for health systems strengthening in Nigeria|journal=PLOS ONE|date=April 2019|volume=14|issue=4|pages=e0213719|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213719|doi-access=free|pmid=30958834|pmc=6453439|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413719O}}</ref> Regional disparities also exist, with maternal mortality declining in southern Nigeria but remaining high in the north due to lower educational levels and access to services.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meh|first1=Catherine|last2=Thind|first2=Amardeep|last3=Ryan|first3=Bridget|last4=Terry|first4=Amanda|date=2019-11-12|title=Levels and determinants of maternal mortality in northern and southern Nigeria|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=19|issue=1|pages=417|doi=10.1186/s12884-019-2471-8|issn=1471-2393|pmc=6852989|pmid=31718572|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Maternal mortality impacts Nigeria's socioeconomic development.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olonade|first1=Olawale|last2=Olawande|first2=Tomike I.|last3=Alabi|first3=Oluwatobi Joseph|last4=Imhonopi|first4=David|date=2019-03-14|title=Maternal Mortality and Maternal Health Care in Nigeria: Implications for Socio-Economic Development|journal=Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences|volume=7|issue=5|pages=849–855|doi=10.3889/oamjms.2019.041|doi-broken-date=2024-11-01|issn=1857-9655|pmc=6447322|pmid=30962850}}</ref> [[Sustainable Development Goal]] 3, target 1, aims to reduce the maternal mortality ratio to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Achieving this goal requires awareness campaigns, improved healthcare access, and accountability from government and local leaders.

== Water supply and sanitation ==
{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria}}

Access to improved water sources in Nigeria increased from 47% in 1990 to 54% in 2010. Urban access, which had decreased from 80% to 65% in 2006, recovered to 74% by 2010.<ref name="water">WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2010 estimates for [http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/NGA_wat.pdf water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203000624/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/NGA_wat.pdf|date=2012-12-03}} and [http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/NGA_san.pdf sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203001852/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/NGA_san.pdf|date=2012-12-03}}</ref>

Sanitation infrastructure remains inadequate. Most households rely on septic tanks as centralized sewage systems are limited to [[Abuja]] and parts of [[Lagos]].<ref name="USAID">USAID: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730015346/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile], ca. 2007</ref> A 2006 study revealed that only 1% of Lagos households were connected to sewer systems.<ref>Matthew Gandy:[http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/papers/Gandy%20Matthew.pdf Water, Sanitation, and the Modern City: Colonial and post-colonial experiences in Lagos and Mumbai], Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, 2006</ref> In 2016, unsafe water, poor sanitation, and hygiene accounted for 68.6 deaths per 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.WASH.P5?locations=NG|title=Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (per 100,000 population)|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

== Disease ==

=== HIV/AIDS ===
{{Further|HIV/AIDS in Nigeria}}

The 2018 Nigeria [[HIV/AIDS]] Indicator and Impact Survey revealed that the national HIV prevalence rate among adults aged 15–49 is 1.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New survey results indicate that Nigeria has an HIV prevalence of 1.4%|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2019/march/20190314_nigeria|website=UNAIDS|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Prevalence varies significantly across regions and states. [[Akwa Ibom State]] has the highest prevalence at 5.6%, followed by [[Benue State]] (4.9%) and [[Rivers State]] (3.8%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Prevalence Rate – NACA Nigeria|url=https://naca.gov.ng/nigeria-prevalence-rate/|website=NACA|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> In contrast, [[Jigawa State]] and [[Katsina State]] have the lowest prevalence at 0.3%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://naca.gov.ng/nigeria-prevalence-rate/|title=Nigeria Prevalence Rate|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

The epidemic is primarily driven by high-risk behaviors such as multiple sexual partnerships, low risk perception, limited access to healthcare,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=National Agency for the Control of AIDS|title=Global AIDS Response Country Progress Report 2015|journal=NACA}}</ref> and certain socioeconomic factors, including street hawking near military and police checkpoints.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nnadozie|first1=Prince|last2=Onyenanu|first2=Sylva|date=2018-10-24|title=Sero-Prevalence of HIV in Hawkers: A Rural Community-Based Cohort in Ilesa, Nigeria|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328611494|journal=Global Health Day Proceedings|pages=16}}</ref> Other contributing factors include prostitution, high rates of sexually transmitted infections, clandestine high-risk sexual practices, and human trafficking.<ref name="us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pepfar.gov/pepfar/press/81548.htm|title=2008 Country Profile: Nigeria|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|date=2008|access-date=2008-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816141500/http://www.pepfar.gov/pepfar/press/81548.htm|archive-date=2008-08-16}}</ref> Young women are particularly vulnerable compared to young men.<ref name="us"/>

=== Malaria ===
[[Malaria]], a mosquito-borne disease, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. While there has been a slight decline in transmission and deaths since 2007,<ref name="ME">{{Cite journal|last1=Feachem|first1=Richard G A|last2=Chen|first2=Ingrid|last3=Akbari|first3=Omar|date=2019|title=Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary|url=http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/30836/|journal=The Lancet|volume=394|issue=10203|pages=1056–1112|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31139-0|pmid=31511196}}</ref> it remains the top cause of death in the country. As of 2012, the malaria prevalence rate was 11%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_nga_en.pdf|title=Nigeria Malaria Profile|website=WHO|access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref> The [[President's Malaria Initiative]] identifies Nigeria as a high-burden country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmi.gov/where-we-work|title=Where We Work|website=PMI|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> The National Malaria Control Program has adopted the global campaign theme, "End Malaria for Good."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmcp.gov.ng/|title=National Malaria Control Program|website=NMCP|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref>

In 2017, malaria ranked as the fourth leading cause of death in Nigeria, with under-five mortality and infant mortality rates of 103.2 and 62.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively.<ref name="MP" /> High transmission persists in various states, compounded by challenges such as drug and insecticide resistance and the socioeconomic costs of eradication efforts.<ref name="ME" /> Effective mosquito control, accurate diagnosis, and treatment are critical to tackling the disease. Strong leadership, transparency, and accountability at all levels of government are necessary to ensure success in malaria control and eradication efforts.<ref name="ME" />

===Tuberculosis===
{{excerpt|Tuberculosis in Nigeria}}

=== Endemic Diseases ===
In 1985, an outbreak of [[yellow fever]] in Nigeria resulted in the deaths of over 1,000 people. The epidemic spread over five years, causing further fatalities. The [[yellow fever vaccine]] has been available since the 1930s.<ref name=Nor2007>{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Yellow fever and Max Theiler: the only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=204 |issue=12 |pages=2779–84 |date=November 2007 |pmid=18039952 |pmc=2118520 |doi=10.1084/jem.20072290}}</ref> Other endemic diseases in Nigeria include [[malaria]], [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]], [[typhoid]], [[meningitis]], and [[Lassa fever]].<ref name="TN">{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/nigeria|title=Health Information for Travelers to Nigeria - Traveler view {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coker |first1=A. O. |last2=Isokpehi |first2=R. D. |last3=Thomas |first3=B. N. |last4=Fagbenro-Beyioku |first4=A. F. |last5=Omilabu |first5=S. A. |date=2000-07-21 |title=Zoonotic infections in Nigeria: overview from a medical perspective |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10913768/ |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=59–63 |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00091-7 |issn=0001-706X |pmid=10913768}}</ref> Travelers to Nigeria are generally advised to get vaccines and medicines to protect against these diseases.<ref name="TN" />

===COVID-19===
{{See also|COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria}}
Nigeria's response to the COVID-19 pandemic included a range of measures aimed at controlling the spread of the virus, including lockdowns, travel restrictions, and increased testing. The government also collaborated with international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the African Union to secure vaccines. Despite these efforts, Nigeria faced challenges in terms of vaccine distribution and public health infrastructure. The pandemic exacerbated existing health issues, putting a strain on the country's already limited resources.

===Neglected tropical diseases===
[[File:Elephantiasis.jpg|Elephantiasis|thumb]]
Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of infectious diseases caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and toxins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neglected tropical diseases -- GLOBAL |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neglected tropical diseases |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/neglected-tropical-diseases |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ca |first1=Jayashankar |last2=Kumar P |first2=Venkata Bharat |last3=Kandi |first3=Venkataramana |last4=N |first4=Girish |last5=K |first5=Sanjana |last6=Dharshini |first6=Divya |last7=Batchu |first7=Satya Vijaya Chandana |last8=Bhanu |first8=Prakash |date=2024-02-09 |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=e53933 |language=en |doi=10.7759/cureus.53933 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10925483 |pmid=38468991}}</ref> These diseases disproportionately affect impoverished communities, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In Nigeria, neglected tropical diseases are a significant public health concern due to their widespread prevalence and socio economic impact.

Nigeria has one of the highest burdens of neglected tropical diseases in [[Africa]]. The epidemiology of these diseases in the country is influenced by environmental conditions, poverty, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and a high reliance on subsistence agriculture. Many neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria are vector borne, have animal reservoirs, and exhibit complex life cycles, which pose significant challenges for public health interventions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochola |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Karanja |first2=Diana M. S. |last3=Elliott |first3=Susan J. |date=February 2021 |title=The impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) on health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A case study of Kenya |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=e0009131 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009131 |doi-access=free |pmc=7904142 |pmid=33571200 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria—Integrated Approach to Neglected Tropical Diseases (UNITED) · DAI: International Development |url=https://www.dai.com/our-work/projects/nigeria-integrated-approach-to-neglected-tropical-diseases-united |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.dai.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

These diseases include:
* [[Lymphatic filariasis]]: Also known as elephantiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by worms such as ''Wuchereria bancrofti'', ''Brugia malayi'', and ''Brugia timori''. It is transmitted through mosquito bites from species like ''[[Anopheles]], [[Culex]], [[Aedes]],'' and ''[[Mansonia annulifera|Mansonia]]''. The infection affects the lymphatic system, leading to severe swelling (lymphedema) in the limbs, genitals, and breasts. Over time, the skin thickens, and the affected areas become painful, making movement difficult.  The disease can result in significant complications, including disability, secondary infections, and psychological distress. Many individuals suffering from lymphatic filariasis face social stigma due to their appearance, which can impact their mental health and quality of life. In severe cases, the condition limits mobility and daily activities, contributing to long-term physical and emotional suffering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lymphatic filariasis |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/lymphatic-filariasis |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Onchocerciasis]], commonly known as river blindness, is caused by ''[[Onchocerca volvulus]]'', a parasitic worm transmitted through the bites of infected blackflies ([[Simulium|''Simulium'' species]]). These blackflies breed in fast-flowing rivers, making communities near such areas particularly vulnerable. Once inside the human body, the worms produce microfilariae, which migrate through the skin and eyes, leading to severe health issues. The symptoms of onchocerciasis include intense itching, skin rashes, and depigmentation, often referred to as "leopard skin." Infected individuals may also develop nodules under the skin where adult worms reside. Over time, the disease can cause vision impairment, eventually leading to irreversible blindness. Beyond physical suffering, the disease creates social and economic burdens, as affected individuals may struggle with daily activities and employment.  Prevention and treatment of onchocerciasis primarily involve the administration of [[ivermectin]], which kills the microfilariae and helps control the disease's progression. Additionally, efforts to reduce the blackfly population through vector control methods, such as insecticide spraying, play a crucial role in minimizing transmission. Continuous treatment and preventive measures are essential to reducing the impact of this debilitating disease, particularly in endemic regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (river blindness) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasis |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (river blindness) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/onchocerciasis#tab=tab_1 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Schistosomiasis]], also known as [[bilharzia]], is a parasitic disease caused by various species of ''Schistosoma'', including ''[[Schistosoma mansoni|S. mansoni]]'', ''[[Schistosoma haematobium|S. haematobium]]'', and ''[[Schistosoma japonicum|S. japonicum]]''. The infection occurs when individuals come into contact with freshwater contaminated by infected snails that release parasitic larvae. Once inside the body, the parasites mature and migrate to different organs, leading to symptoms such as blood in urine (urinary schistosomiasis), [[diarrhea]], [[Liver disease|liver damage]], and in severe cases, kidney failure. If left untreated, schistosomiasis can cause serious complications, including bladder cancer, [[liver fibrosis]], anemia, and growth retardation in children.  Preventing schistosomiasis involves avoiding contact with contaminated water sources and implementing snail control measures to reduce the spread of infection. Mass drug administration with praziquantel is an effective treatment strategy to eliminate the parasites and prevent long-term complications. Public health efforts focus on improving water sanitation, educating at-risk communities, and promoting early diagnosis and treatment to minimize the disease’s impact. Through sustained preventive measures and treatment programs, schistosomiasis can be effectively controlled and its burden significantly reduced.

[[File:Ascaris infection in X-ray image- Pica, the practice of eating soil (South Africa) (16424840111).jpg|Ascaris_infection_in_X-ray_image-_Pica,_the_practice_of_eating_soil_(South_Africa)_(16424840111)|thumb]]
* [[Soil-transmitted helminth]]s, including roundworms (''[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]''), hookworms (''[[Necator americanus]]'', ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]''), and [[Trichuris trichiura|whipworms]] (''Trichuris trichiura''), are parasitic worms that infect humans through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected soil. These parasites cause significant health issues such as malnutrition, stunted growth, anemia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. In children, chronic infections can lead to cognitive impairment and reduced school performance, further impacting their development. The transmission of these worms is primarily linked to poor sanitation and hygiene practices, making them prevalent in regions with inadequate access to clean water and proper waste disposal.  Preventing soil transmitted helminth infections requires a combination of improved sanitation, hygiene education, and mass deworming programs. Promoting proper handwashing, wearing protective footwear, and ensuring access to clean water can significantly reduce infection rates. Deworming treatments, such as albendazole and mebendazole, are widely used in public health initiatives to control and eliminate infections, especially among school-aged children. Addressing these parasitic infections is crucial for improving overall health, enhancing educational outcomes, and breaking the cycle of poverty in affected communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Trachoma 1.png|Trachoma_1|thumb]]
* [[Trachoma]] is an infectious eye disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]''. It spreads through direct contact with eye discharge from infected individuals or via flies acting as vectors. The infection initially causes redness, irritation, and pus discharge in the eyes. If left untreated, repeated infections lead to trichiasis, a condition where the eyelashes turn inward and scrape against the cornea, resulting in scarring. Severe cases can cause irreversible blindness, making trachoma a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide.  Preventing and treating trachoma involves the SAFE strategy, Surgery to correct [[trichiasis]], Antibiotics like [[azithromycin]] to eliminate the infection, Facial cleanliness to reduce transmission, and Environmental improvements such as better sanitation and reduced fly breeding. Public health initiatives targeting hygiene and access to clean water play a crucial role in reducing the disease’s prevalence. With sustained efforts, trachoma can be eliminated as a public health concern in affected regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trachoma - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Leprosy]], also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'', a slow growing bacterium that primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is transmitted through prolonged close contact with an infected person, typically via nasal droplets. The disease manifests through symptoms such as skin lesions, loss of sensation, nerve damage, and muscle weakness. If left untreated, leprosy can lead to severe complications, including deformities, permanent disabilities, and social discrimination due to misconceptions surrounding the disease. Despite its historical stigma, leprosy is a curable disease, and early detection plays a crucial role in preventing long-term complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends multidrug therapy using a combination of rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine, which effectively eliminates the bacteria and stops transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perron |first1=Gabriel G |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Andrew |last3=Buckling |first3=Angus |title=Source–sink dynamics shape the evolution of antibiotic resistance and its pleiotropic fitness cost |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=22 September 2007 |volume=274 |issue=1623 |pages=2351–2356 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0640|pmc=2288555 }}</ref> Raising awareness, improving access to healthcare, and reducing social stigma are essential steps in eradicating leprosy and ensuring that affected individuals receive timely and effective treatment.

==== Challenges ====
* Inadequate funding: One of the major challenges in controlling Neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria is funding. The financial resources allocated to Neglected tropical diseases programs are often insufficient to sustain long-term intervention efforts. Many initiatives rely heavily on international donors, and when funding is inconsistent or insufficient, essential programs such as mass drug administration, vector control, and surveillance suffer setbacks. Without adequate investment in research, treatment, and preventive measures, progress toward eliminating these diseases remains slow, and affected communities continue to suffer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENDING THE NEGLECT: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ELIMINATING NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES IN NIGERIA BY 2030 |url=https://end.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/EndFund-Report-Dec21st-2022.pdf |website=end.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Onasanya |first1=Adeola |last2=Oladepo |first2=Oladimeji |last3=Forje |first3=Gima Humphrey |last4=Abua |first4=Eucheria Ekugeni |last5=Amazigo |first5=Uche Veronica |title=Evaluating stakeholder coordination and partnerships for NTD elimination in Taraba state, Nigeria: a multi-level analysis |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |date=27 January 2025 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=125 |doi=10.1186/s12879-025-10553-x |doi-access=free |pmc=11770909 |pmid=39871204 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases Health Financing Landscape and Fund Flow Analysis in Cross River State |url=https://r4d.org/wp-content/uploads/Nigeria-FFA-Report-Final_09.27.23-1.pdf |website=r4d.org}}</ref>
* Weak healthcare infrastructure: Nigeria's healthcare system, particularly in rural and underserved areas, faces significant challenges in providing adequate services for control of neglected tropical diseases. Many communities lack well equipped health facilities, trained personnel, and essential medical supplies, making it difficult for individuals to receive timely diagnosis and treatment. In some regions, healthcare centers are located far from affected populations, further complicating access to necessary interventions. This weak infrastructure limits the effectiveness of disease monitoring, early detection, and management efforts, allowing neglected tropical diseases to persist and spread.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marchal |first1=Bruno |last2=Van Dormael |first2=Monique |last3=Pirard |first3=Marjan |last4=Cavalli |first4=Anna |last5=Kegels |first5=Guy |last6=Polman |first6=Katja |title=Neglected tropical disease (NTD) control in health systems: The interface between programmes and general health services |journal=Acta Tropica |date=September 2011 |volume=120 |pages=S177–S185 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.017 |pmid=21439930 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Resistance and re-infection: The control of neglected tropical diseases is complicated by the challenges of parasite resistance and re infection. Many neglected tropical diseases, such as [[schistosomiasis]] and lymphatic filariasis, have complex transmission cycles that make complete eradication difficult. Environmental factors, including poor sanitation and inadequate waste management, contribute to ongoing transmission. Even after treatment, individuals living in high risk areas are often exposed to the same conditions that led to infection in the first place, increasing the likelihood of re-infection. In some cases, drug resistance develops, making treatment less effective and necessitating the development of new [[therapeutic]] strategies.
* Limited community engagement: Effective control of neglected tropical diseases requires participation from local communities, but sociocultural beliefs and a lack of awareness hinder engagement efforts. In some areas, misconceptions about disease causes and treatments lead to resistance against medical interventions. For example, traditional beliefs may attribute neglected tropical diseases to supernatural causes rather than environmental or [[biological factors]], leading individuals to seek alternative treatments instead of medical care. Additionally, some communities are unaware of available healthcare services or fear stigmatization, which prevents them from seeking treatment. Enhancing health education and involving community leaders in awareness campaigns are crucial steps toward overcoming these barriers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community engagement in neglected tropical disease treatment - Treatment in Nigeria: Rethinking the needs of varying contexts |url=https://countdown.lstmed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/content/centre_page/attachments/Community%20Engagement_final.pdf |website=countdown.lstmed.ac.uk}}</ref>

=== Opioid addiction ===
{{Main|Opioid addiction in West Africa#Nigeria}}

In 2024, opioids were the leading cause of fatal drug overdose in Nigeria.<ref name=NigeriaSSA2024>{{cite journal |last1=Oladapo |first1=Rasaq |last2=Oladapo |first2=Mariam |title=Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability |journal=Society for the Study of Addiction |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16710 |access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> In 2024, opioids such as tramadol and [[codeine]] were widely available in Nigeria.<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024/> Other opiates available include [[pentazocine]] and [[morphine]].<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024/> Opiate use is widespread, in both urban and rural areas.<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024/> In some communities, opioid use is normalised, and seen as a non-stigmatised way to address personal stress.<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024/>

In 2024, there were few treatment centres available.<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024/> Law enforcement action has focused upon the criminalisation of drug use, rather than interdicting supply of the drugs.<ref name=NigeriaLancet2024>{{cite journal |last1=Alare |first1=Kehinde |last2=Muili |first2=Abdulbasit |title=The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions |journal=The Lancet |date=October 19, 2024 |volume=404 |issue=10462 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01855-5/fulltext |access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>

== Food ==
Nutrition, especially in northern Nigeria, is often inadequate. Since 2002, food staples have been required to be fortified with nutrients such as vitamin A, folic acid, zinc, iodine, and iron. However, some Nigerian industries have opposed this, citing reduced profit margins. The [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] is contributing {{When|date=May 2022}} $5 million over four years to enforce a rigorous testing regime to ensure the standards are met. The initiative aims to provide critical nutrients to children, particularly those who consume mainly cereal and beans, at low cost. This would help reduce the risk of stunting and death from diseases like measles and diarrhea. Nearly half of child deaths under five are attributed to malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian food sector commits to nutrient fortification |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a5712ca-9819-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d?emailId=5b6873a4a1ccf60004083fa6 |access-date=21 September 2018 |publisher=Financial Times |date=5 August 2018}}</ref> Additionally, [[Aliko Dangote]], whose companies supply salt, sugar, and flour, has called for a crackdown on the importation of low-quality food products, often smuggled into local markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian food sector commits to nutrient fortification |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a5712ca-9819-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d?emailId=5b6873a4a1ccf60004083fa6 |access-date=21 September 2018 |publisher=Financial Times |date=5 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Pollution ===
[[Traffic congestion]] in Lagos, [[environmental pollution]]—including [[water pollution]], [[air pollution]], and [[noise pollution]]—are major health issues.

==== Water ====
Aquatic systems in Nigeria are reservoirs for toxic chemicals. Activities in the oil and gas industries, along with the widespread discharge of effluents into waterways, have caused significant environmental damage.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=2019-12-06|title='This place used to be green': the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/06/this-place-used-to-be-green-the-brutal-impact-of-oil-in-the-niger-delta|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Toxic substances such as [[polyaromatic hydrocarbons]], per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and [[heavy metals]] contaminate oceans, rivers, and streams.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adeogun|first1=Aina O.|last2=Ibor|first2=Oju R.|last3=Adeduntan|first3=Sherifat D.|last4=Arukwe|first4=Augustine|date=May 2016|title=Corrigendum to "Intersex and alterations in reproductive development of a cichlid, Tilapia guineensis, from a municipal domestic water supply lake (Eleyele) in Southwestern Nigeria" [Sci. Total Environ. 541 (2016) 372–382]|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=551-552|pages=752|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.069|issn=0048-9697|bibcode=2016ScTEn.551..752A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibor|first1=Oju R.|last2=Adeogun|first2=Aina O.|last3=Fagbohun|first3=Olusegun A.|last4=Arukwe|first4=Augustine|date=December 2016|title=Gonado-histopathological changes, intersex and endocrine disruptor responses in relation to contaminant burden in Tilapia species from Ogun River, Nigeria|journal=Chemosphere|volume=164|pages=248–262|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.087|pmid=27591376|issn=0045-6535|bibcode=2016Chmsp.164..248I}}</ref><ref name="ND">{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Essa A.|last2=Bertotto|first2=Luisa B.|last3=Dale|first3=Karina|last4=Lille-Langøy|first4=Roger|last5=Yadetie|first5=Fekadu|last6=Karlsen|first6=Odd André|last7=Goksøyr|first7=Anders|last8=Schlenk|first8=Daniel|last9=Arukwe|first9=Augustine|date=2019-05-15|title=Modulation of Neuro-Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Female Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Perfluoroalkyl Substances|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=53|issue=12|pages=7036–7044|doi=10.1021/acs.est.9b00637|pmid=31090407|issn=0013-936X|bibcode=2019EnST...53.7036K|hdl=1956/22362| s2cid=206583654 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> 

In 2018, ''The Nation'' newspaper reported on improper waste disposal in the country, noting the lack of a proper waste management system, which leads to indiscriminate dumping of refuse, used polythene bags, plastic bottles, and other waste materials in the environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/improper-waste-disposal-a-threat-to-our-survival/|title=Improper waste disposal: A threat to our survival|date=2018-04-25|website=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> The Huffington Post in May 2017 raised an alarm about the pervasive dumping of plastics in the ocean, stating that "the oceans are drowning in plastics – and no one is paying attention to the menace." The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, in partnership with the World Economic Forum, predicted that by 2050, plastic in the oceans will outweigh fish. This surge in consumption is expected to increase the negative externalities associated with plastics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-waste-oceans_n_58fed37be4b0c46f0781d426|title=The Oceans Are Drowning In Plastic -- And No One's Paying Attention|last=Mosbergen|first=Dominique|date=2017-04-27|website=HuffPost|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> Many waste materials contain estrogenic and androgenic chemicals, which can leach into the environment, affecting the [[ecosystem]] and potentially disrupting hormonal functions.<ref name="ND" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arukwe|first=Augustine|date=2008-04-09|title=Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc)-regulated steroidogenesis as an organ-specific molecular and cellular target for endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish|journal=Cell Biology and Toxicology|volume=24|issue=6|pages=527–540|doi=10.1007/s10565-008-9069-7|pmid=18398688|s2cid=30275813|issn=0742-2091}}</ref> These contaminants are toxic to aquatic life, affecting their lifespan and reproductive capabilities, and they bioaccumulate up the food chain.

==== Air ====
Nigeria has some of the worst air quality in the world (ranked 4th globally), with four major cities—[[Onitsha]], [[Aba, Nigeria|Aba]], [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], and [[Umuahia]]—ranking among the most polluted cities due to particulate matter (PM10). A recent WHO report found Nigeria's annual mean PM2.5 concentration at 72 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, well above the recommended limit of 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phoebe |first1=Parke |title=Dirty by success? Nigeria is home to cities with worst PM10 levels |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/05/Africa/Nigeria-cities-pollution/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=2016}}</ref> According to the World Health data report, air pollution is a leading cause of death and disability in Nigeria, contributing to chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and communicable diseases. Environmental risks, including indoor air pollution and ambient air pollution, account for significant morbidity and mortality in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyellai |first1=Pona |last2=Duan |first2=Xiali |last3=Olusola |first3=Ayantobo |last4=Narh |first4=Tetteh |title=Environmental health situation in Nigeria: current status & future needs |journal=Heliyon |year=2021 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e06330 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06330 |doi-access=free |pmid=33851039 |pmc=8022161 |bibcode=2021Heliy...706330P}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table showing the proportion of deaths attributed to air pollution in Nigeria (2019) for all ages and sexes<ref name="GBD compare/ viz hub">{{cite web |last1=IMHE |title=GBD compare/ viz hub |url=https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/}}</ref>
|-
! Disease/disorder !! Air pollution attributable share of total death in percentages
|-
| Ischemic heart disease || 4.37
|-
| Stroke || 3.98
|-
| Lung cancer || 0.39
|-
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease || 0.89
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table showing the proportion of DALYs attributed to air pollution in Nigeria (2019) for all ages and sexes<ref name="GBD compare/ viz hub"/>
|-
! Disease/disorder !! Air pollution attributable share of total DALYs in percentages
|-
| Ischemic heart disease || 1.3
|-
| Stroke || 1.47
|-
| Lung cancer || 0.13
|-
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease || 0.41
|-
|}
==== Causes ====
[[File:Dafo Yellow Bus coursing Smoke Pollution in Lagos State. Nigeria.jpg|alt=An image of a yellow Danfo bus causing air pollution in Lagos State, Nigeria|thumb|A yellow Danfo bus causing air pollution in Lagos State, Nigeria]]
Nigeria is home to many automobiles, including cars, motorbikes, and heavy-duty vehicles such as buses and lorries, many of which are old and inefficient in terms of energy consumption. These vehicles emit harmful fumes, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and others. A significant amount of waste across the country, both household and industrial, is disposed of by combustion, releasing fumes from organic materials, synthetic materials such as plastic and rubber, and hazardous items like batteries and e-waste. Many households also contribute to air pollution through the use of inefficient kerosene stoves, firewood, and charcoal for cooking, often indoors with poor ventilation. Additionally, many offices and residences contribute to air pollution by using generators as substitutes for unreliable public power supply, with fumes released in poorly ventilated areas. Other major sources of pollution include emissions from factories and industries, which release similar fumes as automobiles, but primarily use diesel instead of gasoline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fargorite |first1=Victor |last2=Aderemi |first2=Anifowose |last3=Nnamdi |first3=Chiokwe |title=Air pollution, causes, effect & remediation in Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Advanced Academic Research |date=2021 |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref>

== Road traffic accidents ==
Every year, 1.25 million people die in road traffic crashes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Snakebite envenoming|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/road-safety|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> Between 20 and 50 million more people suffer non-fatal injuries, many of which lead to permanent disabilities. Road traffic injuries cause significant economic losses for individuals, their families, and countries, due to treatment costs and lost productivity from those killed or disabled, as well as for family members who need to take time off work or school to care for the injured. Road traffic crashes cost many countries about 3% of their gross domestic product. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among people aged 15 to 29 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/road-safety|title=Road Safety|website=WHO &#124; Regional Office for Africa|date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

Over 3,400 people die on the world’s roads every day, and tens of millions are injured or disabled annually. Children, pedestrians, cyclists, and older individuals are particularly vulnerable. The World Health Organization (WHO) collaborates with governmental and non-governmental partners globally to highlight the preventability of road traffic injuries and to promote practices that address key behavioral risk factors, including speed, drink-driving, motorcycle helmet use, seat-belts, and child restraints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/road-safety|title=Road safety|website=www.who.int}}</ref>

Due to the dangerous trend of road traffic collisions in Nigeria, which, in 2013, ranked it as one of the countries with the highest number of road traffic accidents worldwide (the most in Africa),<ref>[[List of countries by traffic-related death rate]]. Wikipedia. 2018-04-11.{{circular reference|date=May 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/TableA2.pdf?ua=1 World Health Organization. Retrieved 2018-04-18.]</ref> the Nigerian government established the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) in 1988 to address the carnage on the highways.

=== Level and trend of road traffic accidents ===
The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) reported that 456 people died and 3,404 others were injured in 826 accidents recorded nationwide in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FRSC: 456 people died, 3,404 injured in road accidents in January|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/frsc-456-people-died-3404-injured-road-accidents-january-105042|last=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2018-04-12|website=TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

The FRSC report for January was signed by Corps Marshal Boboye Oyeyemi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/264776-nigeria-records-456-road-accident-deaths-in-one-month.html|title=Nigeria records 456 road accident deaths in one month - Premium Times Nigeria|date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

=== The UN Sustainable Development Goals ===
{{Update|date=May 2022}}
In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Building on the principle of "leaving no one behind," the agenda emphasizes a holistic approach to achieving sustainable development for all.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html|title=#Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities &#124; United Nations Enable|website=www.un.org|date=9 February 2016}}</ref> Target 3.6 under Sustainable Development Goal 3 specifically addresses road traffic accidents. It states, "By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents."

The Federal Government of Nigeria has implemented mechanisms to ensure the achievement of the SDGs in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/assessing-sdgs-implementation-in-nigeria/|title=Assessing SDGs implementation in Nigeria|date=4 July 2018|website=punchng.com}}</ref> However, Nigeria is still far from achieving this target.

== Traditional/Alternative medicine ==
[[File:A tray of local herbal products and concoctions.jpg|alt=A tray containing local herbal medicine products and concoctions|thumb|A tray of local herbal medicine products and concoctions]]
Recent reports have highlighted the risks associated with various forms of traditional and alternative medicine. While these treatments have benefits, many consumers lack sufficient information on how to use them safely, leading to potential harm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929084456/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2009 |title=22750_volume.indd |access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> Although traditional medicine contributes significantly to health and the economy, the unregulated sale and misuse of these medicines, including herbs, has resulted in harm and delays in seeking professional healthcare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/excessive-intake-of-local-herbs-causes-kidney-damage-expert.html|title=Excessive intake of local herbs causes kidney damage-Expert|date=19 March 2018|website=Daily Trust}}</ref>

==Climate change==
With a population of around 200 million,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria-population/|title=Nigeria Population (2021) - Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref> Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa. As the continent's leading oil exporter, Nigeria faces the challenge of balancing global energy demands and domestic economic stability while addressing climate and environmental issues. The effects of climate change in Nigeria could include rising temperatures, more intense and frequent extreme weather events, and sea level rise.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/climate-and-health-country-profile-nigeria|title=Climate and health country profile - Nigeria|website=Climate & Clean Air Coalition}}</ref> These changes could result in increased water and food insecurity, higher exposure to heat stress and ultraviolet radiation, shifts in disease transmission, and increased threats to coastal communities vulnerable to sea level rise.<ref name="CH" /> However, adequate adaptation and mitigation measures could help protect the population and present opportunities for improved health outcomes despite the challenges posed by climate change.

The greatest health risks stem from diseases that can result in mortality. Climate change could exacerbate existing diseases and contribute to the emergence of new ones, such as high blood pressure, psychosis, neurosis, and congenital malformations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria-population/|title=Nigeria Population (2021) - Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref> Climate change compounds the challenges faced by an already impoverished population.
[[File:Health_effects_of_pollution.png|left|thumb|Health effects of pollution|454x454px]]

Flooding, driven by rising sea levels and inadequate infrastructure, especially poorly planned drainage systems, poses significant health risks. Southern Nigeria, particularly Lagos—one meter above sea level—is highly susceptible to flooding, with the city facing potential extinction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to check flooding in Lagos |publisher=Businessday Newspaper}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2022}}</ref> The health implications of flooding include waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria, which already place a significant burden on the Nigerian population.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage of Total Deaths and DALYs of common diseases that can be aggravated by flood
|
|Percentage of total deaths
|Percentage of DALYs
|-
|Malaria
|12%
|11.16%
|-
|Typhoid fever
|0.22%
|0.24%
|-
|Diarreal diseases
|11.36%
|11.86%
|-
| colspan="3" |Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME 2019)
|}

The [[WHO]] has identified diseases such as [[Schistosomiasis]], [[African trypanosomiasis]], [[malaria]], [[lymphatic filariasis]], [[onchocerciasis]], and [[leishmaniasis]] as major tropical diseases.<ref name="CH" /> These diseases have a significant public health impact and economic consequences. As former WHO Director General [[Hiroshi Nakajima]] stated, these diseases hinder societal progress, make fertile land uninhabitable, impair intellectual and physical growth, and incur substantial treatment costs.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Onwuliri |first= C.O.E. |year=2009 |title=Climate Change: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaption Strategies in Nigeria |conference=National Conference on the Challenges and Consequences of Climate Change in Nigeria on the Occasion of the Celebration of the 2009 World Maritime Day Held at Abuja, 24th -25th Sept 2009}}</ref>

Increased temperatures also amplify the spread of diseases such as [[meningitis]], [[measles]], [[chicken pox]], high blood pressure, and dehydration in pregnancy. The population in emerging countries is projected to grow from 2.3 billion in 2005 to 4 billion by 2030,<ref>{{cite web|title= UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005 2015|url=http://www.unisdr.org/hfa/hfa.htm |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> leading to more carbon emissions and worsening urbanization issues, including poor housing. These changes increase the risk of heatwaves in cities.

Furthermore, high temperatures impact the spread of vector-borne diseases by accelerating the maturation of pathogens and increasing mosquito populations, which, in turn, raises the likelihood of disease transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00688.x |title=Climate Change and Human Health: Estimating Avoidable Deaths and Disease |year=2005 |last1=Kovats |first1=R. Sari |last2=Campbell-Lendrum |first2=Diarmid |last3=Matthies |first3=Franziska |journal=Risk Analysis |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1409–1418 |pmid=16506971 |bibcode=2005RiskA..25.1409K |s2cid=44398474}}</ref> Malaria parasites, for instance, are highly sensitive to temperature, which accelerates the reproductive cycles of mosquitoes and parasites.<ref>{{Cite conference|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337146101 |year=2019 |title=Health Impact Assessment: A Tool to Advance the Knowledge of Policy Makers Understand Sustainable Development Goals |conference=Association for Environmental Impact Assessment of Nigeria (AEIAN) On Impact Assessment: A Tool for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria, 7th and 8th November 2019 in University of Port Harcourt |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.35999.51366|author1=Morufu Raimi |author2=Omidiji Adedoyin Omidiji |author3=Adio Zulkarnaini Olalekan}}</ref>

Although Nigeria has acknowledged the potential health impacts of climate change, there remain gaps in planning and implementing mitigation strategies. The WHO's Climate and Health Country Profile for Nigeria (2015) highlights successes, such as the identification of a national focal point for climate change and the development of a national health adaptation strategy. However, there have been no significant efforts to strengthen institutional and technical capacities or to implement activities aimed at increasing health infrastructure resilience. Additionally, there have been no financial commitments (either domestic or international) to fund actions that would improve health resilience to climate change.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}</ref>

These gaps present opportunities for effective action. The WHO suggests conducting a comprehensive vulnerability and adaptation assessment that includes relevant stakeholders and an estimation of the costs to implement health resilience strategies, which should cover infrastructure, as well as institutional and technical capacities. Furthermore, actions to "green" the health sector, such as promoting renewable energy, should be prioritized, and the co-benefits to health of climate mitigation policies should be evaluated. This will help monitor progress toward a more resilient future.{{Editorializing|date=May 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Cardiovascular disease in Nigeria]]
* [[Healthcare in Nigeria]]
* [[Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria)|Federal Ministry of Health]]
* [[Smoking in Nigeria]]
* [[Internship placement for health professionals in Nigeria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further consideration==
*[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7810374 Nigeria's Neglected Diseases], [[National Public Radio]], 3-part series. 12–13 March 2007.

==External links==
* [https://www.health.gov.ng/ Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare]
* "[http://www.seattlepi.com/africa/nigeria22.shtml 'A breakdown of our primary health care system']," ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]''

{{Nigeria topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Health in}}

[[Category:Health in Nigeria| ]]