View source for Head-on collision

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Short description|Traffic collision type}}
{{for|the single by New Found Glory|Head on Collision}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}

[[File:Verkehrsunfall1.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of a head-on collision between two cars]]

[[File:Californiaofframpwrongwaysignage.jpg|thumb|Standard wrong-way sign package used on all freeway off-ramps in the state of California to prevent head-on collisions<ref>{{cite book |author1 = California Department of Transportation |title = California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 2 Signs |date = 2014 |publisher = State of California |location = Sacramento |pages = 162–165 |url = https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/safety-programs/documents/ca-mutcd/rev6/camutcd2014-part2-rev6.pdf |access-date = 27 May 2021 |format = Section 2B.41 |archive-date = 29 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629164930/https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/safety-programs/documents/ca-mutcd/rev6/camutcd2014-part2-rev6.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>]]

A '''head-on collision''' is a [[traffic collision]] where the front ends of two vehicles such as cars, trains, ships or planes hit each other when travelling in opposite directions, as opposed to a [[side collision]] or [[rear-end collision]].

== Rail transport ==

{{multiple image
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| image1 = A part of a R. R. Reck (Wreck) on the Houston and Sreaves Poart (Shreaveport) R. R. 8 Miles North of Lufkin, Texas in 1893 (16510749725).jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Wreck on the Houston, Eastern, and Western Texas R. R. (16509723522).jpg
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| footer = A part of a R. R. Reck (Wreck) on the Houston and Sreaves Poart (Shreaveport) R. R. 8 Miles North of Lufkin, Texas 27 February 1895.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGk-AQAAMAAJ&dq=Train+Wreck+Lufkin+Texas&pg=PA214 |title=Railroad Gazette April 5, 1895 p.214 |year=1895 |publisher=Railroad gazette. |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303085835/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Railroad_Gazette/NGk-AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Train+Wreck+Lufkin+Texas&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover#spf=1591228487846 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

With railways, a head-on collision occurs most often on a [[Single track (rail)|single line]] railway.  This usually means that at least one of the trains has [[Signal passed at danger|passed a signal at danger]], or that a signalman has made a major error.  Head-on collisions may also occur at junctions, for similar reasons. In the early days of railroading in the United States, such collisions were quite common and gave to the rise of the term "Cornfield Meet".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=68013249&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Train wrecks; a pictorial history of accidents on the main line |website=LC Catalog }}</ref> As time progressed and signalling became more standardized, such collisions became less frequent.  Even so, the term still sees some usage in the industry. The origins of the term are not well known, but it is attributed to crashes happening in rural America where farming and cornfields were common. The first known usage of the term was in the mid-19th century.

The distance required for a train to stop is usually greater than the distance that can be seen before the next blind curve, which is why signals and safeworking systems are so important.

=== List of collisions ===

Note: if the collision occurs at a station or junction, or trains are travelling in the same direction, then the collision is not a pure head-on collision
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Name
!Location
!Cause
!Deaths
!Injuries
!Ref
|-
|17 July 1856
|[[Great Train Wreck of 1856]]
|[[Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania|Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania, United States]]
|Human error
|Approx 60
|Over 100
|
|-
|10 September 1874
|[[Thorpe rail accident]]
|[[Thorpe St Andrew|Thorpe St Andrew, Norfolk, England]]
|Single-line telegraphic working error
|25
|75
|
|-
|7 August 1876
|[[Radstock rail accident]]
|[[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway|Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, England]]
|Single-line telegraphic working error
|15
|
|
|-
|15 September 1896
|[[Crash at Crush]]
|"Crush", [[McLennan County, Texas|McLennan County, Texas, United States]]
|Intentional [[publicity stunt]] to dispose of obsolete engines
|2
|6+
|
|-
|24 September 1904
|[[New Market train wreck]]
|[[New Market, Tennessee|New Market, Tennessee, United States]]
|Engineer error
|56 - 113
|106
|
|-
|9 July 1918
|[[Great Train Wreck of 1918]]
|[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville, Tennessee, United States]]
|Human error
|101
|171
|
|-
|26 January 1921
|[[Abermule train collision]]
|[[Abermule|Abermule, Montgomeryshire, Wales]]
|Single-line token error
|17
|36
|
|-
|5 December 1921
|[[Bryn Athyn Train Wreck]]
|[[Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania|Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, United States]]
|Human error
|27
|70
|
|-
|12 March 1940
|[[Turenki rail accident]]
|[[Turenki]], [[Finland]]
|Signalling error
|39
|69
|-
|20 October 1957
|[[Yarımburgaz train disaster]]
|Yarımburgaz, [[Küçükçekmece|Küçükçekmece, İstanbul]]
|Allowing two trains into same occupied block section by signalmen
|95
|150
|
|-
|16 November 1960
|[[Stéblová train disaster]]
|[[Stéblová|Stéblová, Czechoslovakia]]
|Collision
|118
|110
|
|-
|7 February 1969
|[[Violet Town rail accident]]
|[[Violet Town|Violet Town, Victoria, Australia]]
|Driver heart attack
|9
|117
|
|-
|27 May 1971
|[[Dahlerau train disaster]]
|Dahlerau, Radevormwald, West Germany
|Not determined
|46
|25
|
|-
|4 May 1976
|[[1976 Schiedam train accident]]
|Near [[Schiedam|Schiedam, Netherlands]]
|Error by the chief conductor
and the driver of ''Stoptrein'' 4116,
lack of [[Automatische treinbeïnvloeding|ATB]]
|24
|
|
|-
|28 August 1979
|[[Nijmegen train collision]]
|Between [[Wijchen]] and [[Nijmegen]], Netherlands
|
|8
|36
|
|-
|25 July 1980
|[[Winsum train collision]]
|[[Winsum|Winsum, Groningen]]
|Head-on-collision
|9
|21
|
|-
|11 September 1985
|[[Moimenta-Alcafache train crash]]
|[[Mangualde|Mangualde, Portugal]]
|Collision
|49
|
|
|-
|8 February 1986
|[[Hinton train collision]]
|[[Yellowhead County|Dalehurst, Alberta, Canada]]
|Locomotive engineer fatigue
Conductor error
|23
|71
|
|-
|17 February 1986
|[[Queronque rail accident]]
|[[Limache|Limache, Marga Marga Province, Chile]]
|Human error
|58+
|510
|
|-
|19 October 1987
|[[1987 Bintaro train crash]]
|Bintaro, [[Tangerang|Tangerang, Indonesia]]
|Human error
|156
|± 300
|
|-
|6 March 1989
|[[Glasgow Bellgrove rail crash]]
|[[Bellgrove railway station|Bellgrove, Glasgow, Scotland]]
|[[Signal Passed At Danger]]
|2
|
|
|-
|21 July 1991
|[[Newton (South Lanarkshire) rail accident]]
|[[Newton, South Lanarkshire|Newton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland]]
|Signal Passed At Danger,  inadequate junction layout
|4
|22
|
|-
|15 October 1994
|[[Cowden rail crash]]
|[[Cowden railway station|Cowden railway station, Kent, England]]
|Signal Passed At Danger
|5
|13
|
|-
|14 January 1996
|[[Hines Hill train collision]]
|[[Hines Hill, Western Australia]]
|Signal Passed At Danger
|2
|
|
|-
|12 August 1998
|[[Suonenjoki rail collision]]
|[[Suonenjoki|Suonenjoki, Finland]]
|Misinterpretation of signals, possible signal malfunction
|0
|26
|
|-
|2 August 1999
|[[Gaisal train disaster]]
|[[Gaisal railway station|Gaisal, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India]]
|Human error
|285
|>300
|
|-
|5 October 1999
|[[Ladbroke Grove rail crash]]
|[[Ladbroke Grove|Ladbroke Grove, London, England]]
|Signal Passed At Danger
|31
|417
|
|-
|4 January 2000
|[[Åsta accident]]
|[[Åsta|Åsta, Åmot, Norway]]
|
|19
|
|
|-
|7 January 2005
|[[Crevalcore train crash]]
|[[Crevalcore|Crevalcore, Italy]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|22 September 2006
|[[Lathen train collision]]
|[[Lathen]], [[Germany]]
|Human error
|23
|11
|<ref>{{Cite web |date = 22 September 2006 |title = Mag-lev crash kills 23 |url = http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/22/news.germany |access-date = 7 November 2022 |website = The Guardian |language = en |archive-date = 7 November 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221107132619/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/sep/22/news.germany |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|11 October 2006
|[[Zoufftgen train collision]]
|[[Zoufftgen|Zoufftgen, Lorraine, France]]
|Human error
|6
|20
|
|-
|12 September 2008
|[[2008 Chatsworth train collision]]
|[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California, United States]]
|Signal Passed At Danger
|25
|135
|
|-
|15 February 2010
|[[Halle train collision]]
|[[Buizingen|Buizingen, Halle, Belgium]]
|Running of a red signal
|19
|171
|
|-
|29 January 2011
|[[Hordorf train collision]]
|Hordorf, [[Saxony-Anhalt|Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]]
|
|10
|23
|
|-
|19 February 2012
|Air Limau train collision
|Air Limau, [[Muara Enim Regency|Muara Enim]], [[Indonesia]]
|Running of a red signal following locomotive crew fatigue
|4
|2
|
|-
|21 April 2012
|[[Sloterdijk train collision]]
|[[Westerpark (former borough)|Westerpark, Amsterdam, Netherlands]]
|Suspected Signal Passed At Danger
|1
|116
|
|-
|9 February 2016
|[[Bad Aibling rail accident]]
|[[Bad Aibling|Bad Aibling, Bavaria, Germany]]
|Signalman's error
|12
|85
|
|-
|12 July 2016
|[[Andria-Corato train collision]]
|[[Andria|Andria, Apulia, Italy]]
|Under investigation; possible human error
|23
|54
|
|-
|15 November 2017
|[[Joo Koon rail accident]]
|[[Joo Koon MRT station|Joo Koon MRT station, Singapore]]
|Software-related issue
|0
|38
|
|-
|13 December 2018
|[[Marşandiz train collision]]
|[[Marşandiz railway station]], [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]]
|Signal-related issue
|9
|84
|
|-
|24 May 2021
|[[2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision]]
|Between [[Kampung Baru LRT station]] and [[KLCC LRT station]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|Human error
|0
|213
|
|-
|28 February 2023
|[[Tempi train crash]]
|[[Tempi (municipality)|Tempi]], [[Larissa (regional unit)|Larissa]], [[Thessaly]], [[Greece]]
|Unknown
|57
|80
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2023 |title=Fiery train crash in Greece kills 29, injures at least 85 |language=en-US |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-train-crash/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301025549/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-train-crash/ |archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Teddy |last2=Gretsky |first2=Will |last3=Winsor |first3=Morgan |last4=Deliso |first4=Meredith |date=2 March 2023 |title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment |language=en |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779 |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779 |archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> 
|-
|5 January 2024
|[[2024 Cicalengka railway collision]]
|[[Cicalengka Station]], [[Bandung Regency]], [[Indonesia]]
|Signal-related issue
|4
|37
|
|-
|21 October 2024
|[[2024 Talerddig train collision]]
|Talerdigg, [[Powys]], [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom]]
|Low rail adhesion due to leaves and failed sanders
|1
|15
|
|}

== Sea transport ==

With shipping, there are two main factors influencing the chance of a head-on collision.  Firstly, even with [[radar]] and radio, it is difficult to tell what course the opposing ships are following. Secondly, big ships have so much [[momentum]] that it is very hard to change course at the last moment.

== Road transport ==
{{Globalize|section |date=February 2016 |discuss=Talk:Head-on collision#Globalize}}

[[File:Escort wreck 006.jpg|thumb|A [[Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] [[automobile]] that has been involved in a head-on collision with a [[sport utility vehicle]]]]

[[File:Car with frontal collision.jpg|thumb|A [[Honda Civic]] that has been involved in a head-on collision with a [[Fiat Panda]]]]

Head-on collisions are an often fatal type of road traffic collision. The NHTSA defines a head-on collision thusly:

{{blockquote|quote=Refers To A Collision Where The Front End Of One Vehicle Collides With The Front End Of Another Vehicle While The Two Vehicles Are Traveling In Opposite Directions.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Help/Terms.aspx |title = FARS Encyclopedia: Help - Terms |access-date = 20 December 2019 |archive-date = 20 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220104318/https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Help/Terms.aspx |url-status = live }}</ref>}}

In Canada, in 2017, 6,293 vehicles and 8,891 persons were involved in head-on collision, injuring 5,222 persons and killing 377 other.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/NCDB-BNDC/p.aspx?i=1157&l=en#o18 |title = National Collisions Database Online, Error - National Collision Database Online 1.0 - Transport Canada |date = 11 August 2021 |access-date = 20 December 2019 |archive-date = 3 March 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303085839/https://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/NCDB-BNDC/p.aspx?i=1157&l=en&i=1157&l=en#o18 |url-status = live }}</ref>

U.S. statistics show that in 2005, head-on crashes were only two per cent of all crashes, yet accounted for ten per cent of U.S. fatal crashes. A common misconception is that this over-representation is because the [[relative velocity]] of vehicles travelling in opposite directions is high. While it is true (via [[Galilean relativity]]) that a head-on crash between two vehicles traveling at 50&nbsp;mph is equivalent to a moving vehicle running into a stationary one at 100&nbsp;mph, it is clear from basic [[Newtonian Physics]] that if the stationary vehicle is replaced with a solid wall or other stationary near-immovable object such as a bridge abutment, then the equivalent collision is one in which the moving vehicle is only traveling at 50&nbsp;mph.,<ref name="dev.physicslab.org">{{Cite web |title = PhysicsLab: Head-on Collisions 2 |url = http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=5&filename=Compilations_NextTime_HeadOnCollision2.xml |access-date = 9 May 2012 |archive-date = 15 August 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182554/http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=5&filename=Compilations_NextTime_HeadOnCollision2.xml |url-status = live }}</ref> except for the case of a lighter car colliding with a heavier one. The television show [[MythBusters]] performed a demonstration of this effect in a 2010 show.<ref name="dsc.discovery.com">{{Cite web |title = MythBusters: Mythssion Control – Head-on Collision Experiment |url = http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/mythbusters-mythssion-control/ |access-date = 6 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100504214739/http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/mythbusters-mythssion-control/ |archive-date = 4 May 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In France, in the years 2017 and 2018, 2563 and 2556 head-on collisions (''collision frontales'') outside built-up area outside motorways killed 536 and 545 people respectively.<ref>ONISR source</ref> They represent about 16% of all the fatalities including the ones on motorways and within built-up area.

In Quebec, head-on collisions are involved in eight per cent of work-related issues, but this figure rises to 23 per cent when the vehicles involved are in a rural zone where the maximum speed is greater than {{cvt|70|km/h}}.<ref>[https://medias.irsst.qc.ca/videos/1403_ps_cr_HD_0099-4460_fr_pdf.pdf Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215215920/https://medias.irsst.qc.ca/videos/1403_ps_cr_HD_0099-4460_fr_pdf.pdf |date=15 December 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:E20 2plus1 west of Skara.jpg|thumb|[[2+1 road]] with [[cable barrier]], on the European route E20 near Skara, Sweden. The first median barrier on a 2+1 road installed in 1998 helped to avoid many head-on collisions<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/20151210_1_sweden.pdf |title = Road Safety: Vision Zero on the move |access-date = 15 December 2019 |archive-date = 4 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604064001/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/20151210_1_sweden.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>]]

Head-on collisions, sideswipes, and run-off-road crashes all belong to a category of crashes called lane-departure or road-departure crashes. This is because they have similar causes, if different consequences. The driver of a vehicle fails to stay centered in their lane, and either leaves the roadway, or crosses the centerline, possibly resulting in a head-on or sideswipe collision, or, if the vehicle avoids oncoming traffic, a run-off-road crash on the far side of the road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadway Departure Crashes |url=https://highways.dot.gov/safety/other/roadway-departure-crashes |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=highways.dot.gov}}</ref>

Preventive measures include [[traffic sign]]s and [[road surface marking]]s to help guide drivers through curves, as well as separating opposing lanes of traffic with wide central reservation (or [[Median (road)|median]]) and median barriers to prevent crossover incidents. Median barriers are physical barriers  between the lanes of traffic, such as concrete barriers or [[cable barrier]]s.  These are actually roadside hazards in their own right, but on high speed roads, the severity of a collision with a median barrier is usually lower than the severity of a head-on crash.

The [[EuroRAP|European Road Assessment Programme]]'s Road Protection Score ([http://www.eurorap.net/rps RPS]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) is based on a schedule of detailed road design elements that correspond to each of the four main crash types, including head-on collisions.  The Head-on Crash element of the RPS measures how well traffic lanes are separated.  Motorways generally have crash protection features in harmony with the high speeds allowed. The Star Rating results show that motorways generally score well with a typical 4-star rating even though their permitted speeds are the highest on the network. But results from Star Rating research in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden have shown that there is a pressing need to find better median (central reservation), run-off and junction protection at reasonable cost on single carriageway roads.

Another form of head-on crash is the [[Wrong-way driving|wrong-way entry crash]], where a driver on a surface road turns onto an off-ramp from a motorway or [[freeway]], instead of the on-ramp. They can also happen on divided arterials if a driver turns into the wrong side of the road. Considerable importance is placed on designing ramp terminals and intersections to prevent these incidents. This often takes to form of special signage at freeway off-ramps to discourage drivers from going the wrong way.  Section 2B.41 of the [[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]] describes how such signs should be placed on American highways.

Neither vehicle in a head-on collision need be a "car"; the [[Puisseguin road crash]] was between a truck and a coach.

=== Sideswipe collisions ===
{{Main|Side collision}}

'''Sideswipe collisions''' are where the sides of two vehicles travelling in the same or opposite directions touch. They differ from head-on collisions only in that one vehicle impacts the side of the other vehicle rather than the front. Severity is usually lower than a head-on collision, since it tends to be a glancing blow rather than a direct impact. However, loss of control of either vehicle can have unpredictable effects and secondary crashes can dramatically increase the expected crash severity.

== See also ==
* [[Collision]]
* [[Lists of rail accidents]]
* [[Road collision types]]
* [[Train wreck]]

== References ==

{{Wiktionary|head-on collision|cornfield meet}}
{{clear}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Rail accidents}}
{{Road accidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Head-On collision}}
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Road collisions by type]]
[[Category:Train collisions]]