View source for Hashim ibn Abd Manaf

{{Short description|Great-grandfather of Muhammad (c. 464–497)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Hāshim ibn 'Abd Manāf<br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}}}
| birth_name   = ʿAmr al-'Ulā
| birth_date   = {{circa|464}}
| birth_place  = [[Makkah]], [[Arabia]]
| death_date   = {{circa}} {{death year and age|497|464}}
| death_place  = [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Byzantine Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]], Gaza
| succession   = 3rd Major [[Tribal chief|Chief Leader]] of [[Quraysh]]
| predecessor  = [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]
| successor    = [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]
| occupation   = Business
| spouse       = [[Salma bint ʿAmr]]
| issue        = * [[Asad ibn Hashim]] 
* [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
| issue-type   = Children
| father       = [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]
| mother       = [[Atikah bint Murrah]]
}}

'''Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf''' ({{langx|ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}; {{circa|464–497}}), born '''ʿAmr al-ʿUlā''' ({{lang|ar|عمرو العلا}}), was the great-grandfather of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the progenitor of the ruling [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe in [[Mecca]]. At some point in his life before his father's death, ʿAmr chose for himself the name ''Hāshim'', as it was the name God used for Abraham (ʿAmr was a [[Hanif]], follower of the "religion of [[Abraham]]"). The narrations from Islamic hagiographists to explain this name change are varied: A narration suggests that ʿAmr was called Hashim because Hashim translates as ''pulverizer'' in Arabic. As a generous man, he initiated the practice of providing crumbled [[bread]] in [[broth]] that was later adapted for the [[pilgrim]]s to the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] in [[Mecca]]. Another narration claims the name derives from the Arabic root ''Hashm'', ''to save the starving'', because he arranged for the feeding of the people of Mecca during a seasonal famine, and he thus came to be known as "the man who fed the starved" ({{langx|ar|هشم الجياع}}).

==Birth legend==
Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim. This narration states that Hashim and [['Abd Shams]] were [[conjoined twins]] born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. It says that they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn. Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother's forehead.<ref name="Jafar Subhani">{{cite book|last1=Subhani|first1=Jafar|title=The Message|publisher=Islamic Seminary Publications|location=P O Box 5425 Karachi, Pakistan|url=https://www.al-islam.org/the-message-ayatullah-jafar-subhani/chapter-4-ancestors-prophet#4-hashim|access-date=10 September 2017|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Ancestors of The Prophet|date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> Legend says that their father, '[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]], separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between [[Abbasid Caliphate|Bani al'Abbas]] and [[Umayyad Caliphate|Bani Ummaya]] [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|ibn 'Abd Shams]] in the year 750 CE).<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Kathir|last2=Le Gassick|first2=Trevor|last3=Fareed|first3=Muneer|title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya|page=132}}</ref> The astrologers of Arabia predicted that Abd Manaf had committed a grave error when he separated both of them by means of a sword. Hashim was born to an [[Adnanite]] Arabian tribe.<ref name="Razvi">{{cite book|last=Razvi|first=Haafiz Mohammed Idrees|title=Manifestations of the Moon Of Prophethood|url=http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|year=2009|publisher=Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre Overport|page=18|access-date=2014-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012711/http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Life==
Hashim was the son of Abd Manaf, who argued with his brother [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|'Abd ad-Dar]] over the inheritance. 'Abd ad-Dar was supported by their cousins Makhzum, Sahm, Jumah, their uncle Adi and their families. Abd Manaf contested his inheritance and was supported by their nephew Asad, their uncle [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]], their father's uncle [[Taym ibn Murrah]], and al-Harith ibn Fihr.<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite book |last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=2001|publisher=Phoenix|page=66|isbn=0946621330}}</ref> The effects of this conflict continued among their descendants, especially and affected the internal history of [[Mecca]] right up to Muhammad's time.<ref name="Armstrong"/>

The conflict escalated under Hashim, who demanded that the rights be transferred from the clan of [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|Abd ad-Dar]] to his clan. Those who supported Hashim and his brothers were the descendants of [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab|Zuhrah]] and [[Taym ibn Murrah]], and all Qusay's descendants except those of the eldest line. The descendants of Makhzum and of the other remoter cousins maintained that the rights should remain in the family of Abd ad-Dar.

While assembled at the Ka'aba, Hashim and his brothers and all their allies dipped their hands in a bowl of rich perfume with nutmeg powder and swore that they would never abandon one another, rubbing their scented hands over the stone of the Ka'aba in confirmation of their pact. Hashim and his allies were thereafter known as the ''"Hilf al-Mutayyabun"'' ("Alliance of the Scented Ones"), while their rivals also swore an oath of union and organised themselves into the ''"Hilf al-Ahlaf"'' ("Alliance of the Confederates"). As neither side wanted a full-scale conflict, they reached a compromise whereby The Scented Ones retained control of the charity tax and the food and drink for pilgrims, where as the Confederates retained the keys to the Ka'aba and the running of the House of Assembly.<ref>Ibn Kathir 1.186.</ref> Hashim's brothers agreed that he should have the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims.<ref name="Lings">{{cite book |last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]]|page=7|isbn=0946621330}}</ref> Their descendants in the clans named after them tended to keep this old alliance.<ref name="Armstrong"/>

Hashim was accepted as the overall leader, with the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims in the Ka'aba precincts, with the support of his brothers [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf|'Abd Shams]] and [[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], and his half-brother [[Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf|Nawfal]]. The only person who challenged Hashim's authority was Umayyah, the son of his brother 'Abd Shams, but he had no real support and shifted to live out his life in Syria. Makkah became the acknowledged capital of Arabia, and markets were established around the city to deal with all the business.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4">{{cite news|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqaiyyah Waris|url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|title=The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites|publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah|access-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213146/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|archive-date=30 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Hashim was held in much honour, both at home and abroad. It was he who first realised the potential for his family of taking part in the lucrative trade between [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] that passed through Arabia. Trading was the most important means of livelihood for the inhabitants of Mecca, a barren 'valley without cultivation'.

He initiated and established the two great trade caravan journeys of Quraish from Mecca, the Caravan of Winter to [[Yemen]] and the Caravan of Summer to north-west Arabia, and beyond it to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and Syria, which were then under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule as part of the [[Roman Empire]]. After obtaining privileges from the [[Ghassanids|Ghassanid]] king of Syria, even went in person to [[Byzantium]] and procured an edict from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Roman Caesar, exempting Quraish from duties or taxes when operating in the countries under his domain. Caesar also wrote to the [[Aṣḥama ibn Abjar|King Negus]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Abyssinia]] to admit the Quraish there for trade, and Hashim's brother 'Abd Shams had a special permit with him. Muttalib had his treaty with the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarites of Yemen]], and their half-brother Nawfal with the Persian governments of Iraq and Iran.<ref name="Lings"/>

He commenced by going in person to [[Aden]] in Yemen to meet the ships coming from [[India]], purchased the stock and transported it first to Mecca and then on to Syria, [[Gaza City|Gaza]] or Egypt. There he bought up goods of local manufacture and brought them back to Mecca, mainly selling them at the various Arab markets and fairs. Thus, the Quraish engaged in trade in Yemen, Syria and [[Ankara]] which allowed them to flourish economically. The Quraysh were so respected and popular that they felt no fears for their caravans being robbed or harmed along the way, and the various tribes did not even attempt to charge them the usual heavy transit taxes they demanded from other caravans.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4"/>

He was generous to a fault, and it was his practical compassion in one year of drought that earned him his famous nickname of ''Hashim, the Crusher''. This was not for crushing or oppressing anyone, but because when the people were starving and emaciated he provided food at his own expense for the entire population of Mecca, personally fetching an immense stock of flour from Syria by camel-caravan, then slaughtering the camels and crushing the bread and meat to provide a soup-kitchen for his people.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tharid al Baraka at Aljamea |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222001/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |archive-date=28 May 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref> His descendants are still proudly called [[Hashemite]]s to this day.<ref>'Lata'if al-ma'arif, Tha'alibi, Edinburgh, 1968, p.42; Ibn Kathir 1.132, from Ibn Ishaq; Ibn Sa'd vol 1 p.77</ref>

==Death==
According to Muslim tradition, Hashim died after falling ill on a journey returning from [[Syria]], in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], Palaestina Prima, (a name of Greek origin) in 497. According to tradition, Hashim's tomb is located beneath the dome of [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]] in the [[al-Daraj]] neighborhood of Gaza which is named in his honor. The mosque itself was built around the 12th century.<ref name="thisweekinpalestine">{{cite magazine |last=Hooda|first=Samreen|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1911&ed=130&edid=130|title=Mosque of Sayyed Hashim - Gaza|location=Palestine|magazine=This Week In Palestine|date=September 2006|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>

His business passed to none of his sons, but to his brothers, the sons of [[Atikah bint Murrah]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

==Family==
His father was 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai who according to Islamic tradition is a descendant of [[Islamic view of Abraham|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]) through his son [[Ishmael#Islamic view|Ismail]] ([[Ishmael]]){{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}. His mother was [[Atikah bint Murrah|ʻĀtikah bint Murrah ibn Hilāl ibn Fālij ibn Dhakwān]]. Hashim had two full brothers, the elder was 'Abd Shams and younger was [[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Muttalib]] who would succeed him, and half-brother [[Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf|Nawfal]] whose mother was Waqida bint ʿAmr.

He had at least five wives, four sons, and six daughters. His first three wives were his grandmother [[Hubba bint Hulail]]'s niece Qaylah (or Hind) bint ʿAmr ibn Malik of the [[Banu Khuza'a]], Halah (Hind) bint ʿAmr ibn Thalabah al-Khazrajiyah, and a woman from the [[Banu Quda'a]], the people of Qusai's stepfather who had been so supportive of his cause. For his fourth wife, he married his father's widow, Waqida bint ʿAmr (Abu Adiy) al-Maziniyyah, who was the mother of his half-brother Nawfal. His fifth wife was [[Salma bint ʿAmr]], a woman from [[Yathrib]], one of the most influential women of the [[Banu Khazraj]] tribe and the daughter of ʿAmr of the [[Banu Najjar]] clan.

By Qaylah, he had a son [[Asad ibn Hashim|Asad]] ([[Ali]]'s maternal grandfather). By Halah, he had the son Abu Saifi, and daughter Hayyah (or Hannah). By Waqida, he had the daughters Khalidah and Da'ifa. By the woman of [[Banu Quda'a]], he had the son Nadla (or Nadh) and daughter Ash-Shifa. By [[Salma bint ʿAmr]] he had [[Shaiba ibn Hashim|Shaiba]]/'Abd al-Muṭṭalib, the paternal grandfather of [[Muhammad]], and a daughter Ruqayyah. There was another son Sayfayyah and another daughter Jannah.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4"/>

==Notable descendants==

=== Family tree ===

{{Quraysh tree}}

=== Dynasties ===
The following [[Royal family|royal]] and [[Empire|imperial]] dynasties claim descent from Hashim:

''Europe''
* [[Hammudid dynasty|Hummudid dynasty]] (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]])
''Arabia''
* [[Hashemite dynasty]](through [[Qatadah ibn Idris]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Abbasid dynasty]] of the Abbasid Empire (through [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Muttalib]])
* [[Fatimid dynasty]] of the Fatimid dynasty including the later Agha Khans. (through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rassid dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Mutawakkilite dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]] as cadets of the Rassid dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
''Africa''
* [[Alaouite dynasty|Aluoite dynasty of Morocco]] (through [[Muhammad Nafs Zakiya|Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah]] bin Abdullah al Kamal ) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Idrisid dynasty]] of West Africa (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236}}</ref>
* [[Senussi dynasty]] of Libya (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]] as cadets of the Idrisid dynasty)
*[[Isaaq|Ishaqids]]:
**[[Habr Je'lo|Tolje'lo dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref>
** [[Guled Abdi (Sultan)|Guled dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd" />
** [[Rer Ainanshe|Ainanshe dynasty]] of the [[Habr Yunis Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd"/>

''Indo-Persia'':

* [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] 
* [[Shah Jalal]] after the [[conquest of Sylhet]].
* [[Safavid dynasty]] of Persia (through Abul Qasim Humza bin [[Musa al-Kadhim|Musa al Kadhim]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morimoto |first1=Kazuo |title=The Earliest ʿAlid Genealogy for the Safavids: New Evidence for the Pre-dynastic Claim to Sayyid Status |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=447–469 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2010.495561 |jstor=23033219 |s2cid=161191720 }}</ref>
* [[Alid dynasties of northern Iran|Alid]] of Tabaristan (through Zayd bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthana]])
* Zaydi dynasty of Tabarstan (through [[Zayd ibn Ali]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Agha Khans (Through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]] as cadets of the Fatimid dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sabzwari dynasty]] (through [[Ali al reza|Ali al Reza]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shah Nawaz |title=Maasir al Umara |date=1952 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |location=Calcutta |pages=259–262}}</ref>
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Najafi dynasty of Bengal]]. Including the later Nawabs of Murshidabad and the Tabatabai family of Iran (through Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj)
''East Asia''
* [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura|Sultans of Siak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bendahara dynasty]] of Pahang and Terengannu (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Bolkiah|Bolkiah dynasty]] of Brunei (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[House of Jamalullail (Perak)|Jamal al layl dynasty]] of Perak and Perlis (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Sultanate of Pontianak|Sultans of Pontianak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Temenggong of Johor|House of Temenggong]] of Johor (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Bendahara dynasty)

==See also==
*[[Family tree of Muhammad]]
*[[List of notable Hijazis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Gerald de Gaury]], ''[[Rulers of Mecca (book)|Rulers of Mecca]]''

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064624/http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/4.htm al-islam.org]

{{Adam to Muhammad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd Manaf, Hashim Ibn}}
[[Category:460s births]]
[[Category:497 deaths]]
[[Category:5th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Ancestors of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Quraysh]]