View source for Harmony (ISS module)

{{Short description|American module of the International Space Station}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox space station module
| spelling               = us
| module                 = ''Harmony'' 
| module_image           = Node 2 - STS-134.jpg
| module_image_caption   = ''Harmony'' shown connected to ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'', ''[[Kibō (ISS module)|Kibō]]'', and ''[[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]]''. [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA-2]] faces towards the camera. The [[nadir]] and [[zenith]] locations are open.
| station                = [[International Space Station]]
| launch                 = 23 October 2007, 15:38:19{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="Launch Log">{{cite web|url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log |publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
| launch_vehicle         = {{OV|103}}
| berthed                = 26 October 2007 ([[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']]&nbsp;forward)
| mass                   = {{cvt|14300|kg}}
| length                 = {{cvt|7.2|m}}
| width                  = 
| height                 = 
| diameter               = {{cvt|4.4|m}}
| volume                 = {{cvt|70|m3}}
| stats_ref              = <ref name="NASA_harmony">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/harmony|title=Harmony module|date=14 November 2018 |publisher=NASA|access-date=30 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| configuration_image    = Harmony detail.jpg
| configuration_caption  = Graphic showing the six CBMs on ''Harmony''
}}

'''''Harmony''''', also known as '''''Node 2''''', is the "utility hub" of the [[International Space Station]]. It connects the laboratory modules of the [[United States]], [[Europe]] and [[Japan]], as well as providing electrical power and electronic data. Sleeping cabins for four of the crew are housed here.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Sunita Williams (presenter), Corrado Mazzola (project manager)|title=Station Tour: Harmony, Tranquility, Unity|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukws3oLMDc8|date=19 May 2005|access-date=30 January 2021|time=0.06-0.35|publisher=NASA|quote=So this is Node 2 ... this is where four out of six of us sleep.}}</ref>

''Harmony'' was successfully launched into space aboard [[Space Shuttle]] flight [[STS-120]] on 23 October 2007.<ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html|title=STS-120 MCC Status Report #01|publisher=NASA|date=October 23, 2007|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=28 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028131000/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="lat">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-24-sci-shuttle24-story.html|title=Space Shuttle Discovery lifts off|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=John Johnson Jr.|date=October 24, 2007|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> After temporarily being attached to the port side of the [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'' module]],<ref name="harmmate"/><ref name="room">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/science/26cnd-shuttle.html?hp|title=New Room Added to Space Station|access-date=October 26, 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|author=John Schwartz|date=October 26, 2007}}</ref> it was moved to its permanent location on the forward end of the [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'' module]] on 14 November 2007.<ref name="pma3">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|title=PMA-3 Relocation|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235655/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Harmony'' added {{cvt|70|m3||abbr=}} to the station's living volume, an increase of almost 20%, from {{cvt|420|m3}} to {{cvt|490|m3}}. Its successful installation meant that from [[NASA]]'s perspective, the station was considered to be "U.S. Core Complete".

== Origin of name ==
[[Image:Interior of Harmony Node.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Interior of ''Harmony'']]

The unit formerly known as ''Node 2'' was renamed ''Harmony'' in March 2004.<ref name="harm">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/harmony.html|title=NASA Space Station Module In Perfect "Harmony" With New Name|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The name was chosen in a competition where more than 2,200 students from 32 states participated.<ref name="esa1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAWEL0VMOC_iss_0.html|title=Node 2: Connecting Module|access-date=2007-09-28|publisher=[[ESA]]|year=2007|author=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref name="name1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/news/070315_issnode2_harmony.html|title=Students Name Next U.S. Space Station Module 'Harmony' |access-date=2007-09-28|editor=SPACE.com|year=2007|author=Tariq Malik|website=[[Space.com]] }}</ref>  The ''Node 2 Challenge'' required students to learn about the space station, build a scale model, and write an essay explaining their proposed name for the module, which will serve as a central hub for science labs. The six winning classes were: Paul Cummins' 8th grade class at Browne Academy, Alexandria, Va.; Mrs.Sue Wilson's 3rd grade class at Buchanan Elementary School, Baton Rouge, La.; Brigette Berry's 8th grade class at League City Intermediate School, League City, Texas; Bradley Neu's 9th grade science class at Lubbock High School, Lubbock, Texas; Russell Yocum 's 3rd grade class at West Navarre Intermediate School, Navarre, Fla.; and, David Dexheimer's students at the World Group Home School, Monona, Wisconsin.<ref name="Harmony-NASA">{{Cite web| url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/harmony.html| title=NASA Space Station Module In Perfect 'Harmony' With New Name| access-date=17 September 2022| archive-date=20 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170400/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/harmony.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
[[Image:ISS-27 American crew quarters.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Crew members hanging out of the USOS crew quarters]]
[[Image:ISS Node 2 module.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|''Harmony'' during assembly at the [[Space Station Processing Facility]]]]

''Harmony'' is the second of three node modules on the [[United States Orbital Segment]] (USOS).<ref name="ESA1">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Node_2_Connecting_Module|title=Node 2: Connecting Module|access-date=23 January 2020|publisher=ESA|year=2007|author=European Space Agency}}</ref> It is composed of a cylindrical, {{cvt|5.1|cm}} thick [[2219 aluminium alloy|2219-T851 aluminium alloy]] [[Pressure vessel|pressure shell]] with two endcones and is thermally insulated by a [[Metallised film|goldised]] [[Kapton]] [[Space blanket|blanket]]. It is protected from [[micrometeoroid]]s by 98 panels, each made from a composite sandwich of [[stainless steel]] and [[6061 aluminium alloy|6061-T6 aluminium alloy]], and a secondary barrier of [[Kevlar]]/[[Synthetic resin|resin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/192719main_sts120_presskit.pdf|title=STS-120 Press Kit|date=October 2007|publisher=NASA|pages=33|access-date=January 23, 2020|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504105904/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/192719main_sts120_presskit.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="ESA_factsheet">{{cite web|url=http://wsn.spaceflight.esa.int/docs/Factsheets/5%20Node%202%20LR.pdf|title=Node-2 Harmony Factsheet|pages=4–5|publisher=ESA|access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> The design is based on the existing [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]], as well as the [[European Space Agency]]'s ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'' module (both of which have only one passive [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] [CBM]).<ref name="ESA1"/> There are six CBMs on ''Harmony'': the aft CBM that connects it to ''Destiny'' is passive; the rest are active.<ref name=her>{{cite web|title=ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110010964_2011009594.pdf|page=23|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 4, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

''Harmony'' is managed by NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. Its deployment expanded the Space Station, allowing it to grow from the size of a three-bedroom house, to the space equivalent of a typical five-bedroom house, once the Japanese ''[[Kibō (ISS module)|Kibō]]'' and European ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'' laboratories are attached. The Space Station robotic arm, [[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]], is able to operate from a powered [[grapple fixture]] on the exterior of ''Harmony''.<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/node2.html|title=Space Station Assembly: Harmony Node 2|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226201728/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/node2.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Harmony'' is equipped with eight [[International Standard Payload Rack]]s: four avionics racks and four for stowage or crew quarters.<ref name="ESA_factsheet"/> The first two were delivered on [[STS-126]] and the second two on [[STS-128]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/287211main_sts126_press_kit2.pdf|title=STS-126 Press Kit|date=November 2008|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 26, 2011|archive-date=9 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209063050/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/287211main_sts126_press_kit2.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/379392main_STS-128_Press_Kit.pdf|title=STS-128 Press Kit|date=August 2009|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 26, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> After the cancellation of the [[Habitation Module]], ''Harmony'' was chosen to house the American Crew Quarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4dG9vSyUFQ|title=At Home with Commander Scott Kelly (Video)|date=December 6, 2010|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 8, 2011|location=International Space Station}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=James Lee|last1=Broyan |first2=Melissa Ann |last2=Borrego|first3=Juergen F. |last3=Bahr|title=International Space Station USOS Crew Quarters Development|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20080013462|date=January 1, 2008|access-date=November 2, 2022|publisher=SAE International}}</ref>

== Construction agreement ==
In an agreement between [[NASA]] and the [[European Space Agency]], the company [[Thales Alenia Space]], built ''Harmony'' at its facility in [[Turin]], [[Italy]].<ref name="NASA"/> ''Harmony'' arrived on 1 June 2003 at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in [[Florida]] after its flight in an [[Airbus Beluga]] oversize cargo vehicle. Following post transportation inspection, the [[Italian Space Agency]] (ASI) formally handed over ''Harmony''  to the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA). From there, ESA formally transferred ownership of ''Harmony'' to NASA on 18 June 2003, taking place in the [[Space Station Processing Facility]] (SSPF) of the Kennedy Space Center.<ref name="esa2">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMBVOWO4HD_Life_0.html|title=European Node officially handed to NASA|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=ESA |year=2003}}</ref> The handover of ''Harmony'' completed a major element of the barter agreement, between ESA and NASA, that was signed in Turin, Italy on 8 October 1997.<ref name="esa2"/>

[[Paolo Nespoli]], an ESA astronaut born in [[Milan]], Italy, accompanied the ''Harmony'' module aboard [[STS-120]] as a mission specialist.

== Launch ==

''Harmony'' was launched on 23 October 2007 aboard of the [[STS-120]], as the primary component of assembly [[STS-120|mission ISS-10A]].<ref name="STS120">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/mission_overview.html|title=STS-120 to Deliver Harmony Node to ISS|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603040355/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/mission_overview.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="harmony2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/harmony_payload.html|title=STS-120 Bringing Space Station 'Harmony'|access-date=September 28, 2004|publisher=NASA |year=2007}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="manifest">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|title=Launch Schedule: Consolidated Launch Manifest|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|archive-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307191348/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

On 26 October 2007, the station's [[Mobile Servicing System|Space Station Remote Manipulator System]] (SSRMS) removed ''Harmony'' from the shuttle cargo bay and temporarily mated it to the port side of ''[[Unity Module|Unity]]'' and, on 27 October 2007, the crew entered in ''Harmony''.<ref name="harmmate">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/current.html|title=Harmony module pulled from cargo bay|access-date=October 26, 2007|work=CBS News|year=2007|author=William Harwood}}</ref><ref name="entered">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts120/071027fd5/index.html |title=Astronauts enter Harmony|access-date=October 27, 2007|publisher=Spaceflight Now|year=2007|author=William Harwood for CBS News}}</ref> After the Space Shuttle departed, ''Harmony'' was relocated to the forward dock of the ''Destiny'' laboratory. It required three [[Extravehicular activity|EVAs]] by the station crew to complete the installation.<ref name="entered"/><ref name="VARA">{{cite web |url=http://www.qsl.net/w2vtm/shuttle.html|title=Upcoming Shuttle Missions and ARISS Operations|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=Victor Amateur Radio Association|year=2007}}</ref>

== Connecting modules and visiting vehicles ==
[[File:Harmony node in Space Shuttle Discovery's payload bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|''Harmony'' inside the payload bay of [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] while on its way to the ISS.]]

''Harmony'' was the first permanent living space enlargement to the ISS after the [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'' docking compartment]] was added in 2001. The [[Expedition 16]] crew moved the [[Pressurized Mating Adapter]] (PMA-2) on 12 November 2007 from ''Destiny'' to the forward berth of ''Harmony''. The combined PMA-2/''Harmony'' unit was subsequently berthed to its final destination at the forward end of ''Destiny'' on 14 November 2007.<ref name="pma3"/> All the following Space Shuttle missions would dock at this location.

On 11 February 2008, ESA's ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'' laboratory was attached to the starboard hatch of the ''Harmony'' module during space shuttle mission [[STS-122]]. On 14 March 2008, the Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) of [[Kibō (ISS module)|Kibō]] was attached to its interim location: the [[zenith]] hatch of ''Harmony''. During [[STS-124]], a Space Shuttle mission flown by [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']], the Pressurized Module of Kibō was added to the port side of ''Harmony'' and the ELM-PS was moved, leaving the zenith hatch empty. The zenith hatch was originally intended to be the permanent docking connector for the now canceled [[Centrifuge Accommodations Module]] (CAM).

When the Space Shuttle flew the [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]]s (MPLMs) to the station, the MPLM would be temporarily berthed to the [[nadir]] mechanism of ''Harmony''.<ref name="src">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/iss/elements/node2.html|title=Space Station User's Guide: ISS Elements: Node 2|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=SpaceRef.com|year=2007|archive-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216130522/http://www.spaceref.com/iss/elements/node2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Japanese [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] and the American [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services|Commercial Resupply Service]] (COTS) vehicles, [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] and [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]], are temporarily berthed to either the nadir or zenith mechanism.

In August 2016, the forward docking port was equipped with the [[International Docking Adapter]] (IDA) delivered with the [[SpaceX CRS-9|CRS-9]] mission. This adapter was used for the first time for the automatic docking of the [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] spacecraft during its [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|uncrewed test mission]] on 3 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA, SpaceX Launch First Flight Test of Space System Designed for Crew|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-launch-first-flight-test-of-space-system-designed-for-crew|website=nasa.gov|date=2 March 2019 |publisher=NASA|access-date=2 March 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="400">
File:STS-132 Atlantis at ISS 1.jpg|Space Shuttle docked to PMA-2
File:MPLM berthed to Node 2.jpg|MPLM berthed to Node 2 nadir
File:HTV-3 berthed to Harmony nadir.jpg|HTV being berthed to Node 2 nadir
File:COTS2 Dragon is berthed.jpg|Dragon being berthed to Node 2 nadir
File:Orb CRS-1 unberthing - crop.jpg|Cygnus being unberthed from Node 2 nadir
File:Canadarm2 moving Harmony node into position.jpg|[[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] moving the ''Harmony'' module into position on the ISS
File:Both commercial Crew vehicles Crew Dragon and Starliner docked to ports on harmony module at the same time.png|Both Commercial Crew vehicles Crew Dragon and Starliner docked to zenith and forward ports on harmony module at the same time
File:Commercial Crew Program vehicles.jpg|Commercial Crew Program vehicles Starliner and Dragon
</gallery>

On 26 March 2017, PMA-3 was robotically removed from the ''Tranquility'' module and attached to the zenith port of the ''Harmony'' module after being prepared during a successful spacewalk on 24 March 2017. A second spacewalk was conducted on 30 March 2017 to finalize the PMA-3 cable connections on ''Harmony''. PMA-3 is linked to the [[International Docking Adapter]]-3 adapter, delivered on the [[SpaceX CRS-18]] mission in July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRS-18 Dragon arrives at the ISS following Falcon 9 launch|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/falcon-9-launch-dragon-third-crs-18/|first=Chris|last=Gebhardt |date=July 27, 2019|access-date=June 9, 2020}}</ref> IDA-3 was fully linked to PMA-3 during an EVA on 21 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=EVA-55 installs second IDA to allow for additional commercial crew vehicle options|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/eva-55-ida-additional-commercial-crew-options/|first1=Chris|last1=Bergin|first2=Pete|last2=Harding|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=August 21, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Harmony (ISS module)}}
* [http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAWEL0VMOC_iss_0.html Node 2 specifications from the ESA]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/index.html STS-120 mission page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115010454/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/index.html |date=15 November 2008 }}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/node2.html NASA - ''Harmony'' Node 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226201728/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/node2.html |date=26 December 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707002115/http://www.thalesaleniaspace-issmodules.com/node-2 Thales Alenia Space page for Node 2]

{{ISS modules}}
{{Orbital launches in 2007}}

[[Category:Components of the International Space Station]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2007]]