View source for Harbin Y-12

{{Short description|Utility transport aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Y-12
| image = Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg
| caption = Harbin Y-12 II of the Iranian [[Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]]
| type = Twin-engine turboprop [[utility aircraft]]
| manufacturer = [[Harbin Aircraft Industry Group]]
| national_origin = China
| designer = 
| first_flight = 14 July 1982
| introduction = 
| retired = 
| status = Active, In production
| primary_user = [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] 
| more_users = [[Myanmar Air Force]] <br/> [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Iran Revolutionary Guard Air Force]] <br/> [[Zambian Air Force]]
| produced = 1985–present
| number_built = 
| developed_from = [[Harbin Y-11]]
| variants = 
}}

The '''Harbin Y-12''' ({{lang-zh|c=运-12|p=Yùn-12}}) is a [[high wing]] twin-engine [[turboprop]] [[utility aircraft]] built by [[Harbin Aircraft Industry Group]] (HAIG). It is the first Chinese-designed and produced aircraft to receive a type certificate from the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) in March 1995. Around 300 aircraft were delivered by 2023.<ref name="Airdata">{{cite web |title=Harbin Y-12F turboprop is certified in Europe - Air Data News |url=https://www.airdatanews.com/harbin-y-12f-turboprop-is-certified-in-europe/ |website=www.airdatanews.com |access-date=29 August 2025 |date=18 July 2023}}</ref>

==Design and development==
The Y-12 started as a development of the [[Harbin Y-11]] [[airframe]]
called Y-11T in 1980.<ref name = "CA">Gordon, Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Chinese Aircraft. Hikoki Publications. Manchester. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-902109-04-6}}</ref> The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned [[wing]] with a new low [[aerodynamic drag|drag]] section, a larger [[fuselage]] and bonded rather than [[rivet]]ed [[manufacturing|construction]]. It also replaced the [[radial engine|radial]] [[reciprocating engine|piston]] [[engines]] with [[turboprops]].<ref name = "CA"/>

The [[prototype]] first flew in 1982,<ref name=CAANZTA>{{cite web |title=HAI Y12 IV Type Acceptance Report |url=https://www.aviation.govt.nz/assets/aircraft/type-acceptance-reports/Harbin_Y12_IV.pdf |website=Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) [[aircraft]] before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of [[leading edge slats]], first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year.<ref name="Janes 88 p38">[[#JWRT88|Taylor, John W. R. 1988]], p.38.</ref>

China and the US signed a bilateral airworthiness agreement to  allow the FAA and General Administration of Civil Aviation of China overseeing the manufacture of US aircraft in China in 1991. Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) applied for Part 23 certification of the Y-12 in September 1992. Modifications are made to the Y-12 (II) to meet US requirements, including a larger, reshaped, wing with wing-lets and landing gear reinforced with stronger struts.<ref name="FAAapproval">{{cite news |title=FAA breaks new ground with Y-12 approval |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/faa-breaks-new-ground-with-y-12-approval/16646.article |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=Flight Global |date=11 Apr 1995 |language=en}}</ref> The [[propulsion|power plants]] are two locally made [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A|Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops]] with [[Hartzell Propeller|Hartzell]] [[propellers]]. The Y-12 has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700&nbsp;kg (12,600&nbsp;lb) with seating for 17 [[passengers]] and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light [[regional airline|commuter]] and [[transport aircraft]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} The Y-12 (IV) received its type certificate from the FAA in March 1995, a first for an aircraft designed and produced in China.<ref name="FAAapproval"/><ref name=CAANZTA/> According to an FAA official: the Y-12 programme was a vehicle to demonstrate the CAAC's compatibility with FAR Part 23 and most Chinese CCAR-23 certification procedures for small-category aircraft are recognised by the FAA.<ref name="FAAapproval"/> In early 1995, it is reported overseas sales totaled 61 aircraft to 13 countries including Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal and Peru.<ref name="FAAapproval"/>

In 1999, HAMC was reorganised into Hafei Aviation Industry (HAI).<ref name=CAANZTA/>

The latest development is the Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, landing gear, fuselage, more powerful engines, and extended payload and range. The Y-12F made its maiden flight on December 29, 2010,<ref>{{cite web|author1=霍尼韦尔航空航天|title=【纪录】运-12F背后的霍尼韦尔力量|url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/333/333384.html|website=CARNOC.com (民航资源网)|access-date=26 February 2016|language=zh|date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306052629/http://news.carnoc.com/list/333/333384.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> received [[Civil Aviation Administration of China|CAAC]] type certification on December 10, 2015, [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] type certification on February 22, 2016,<ref name="Y-12F certification">{{cite web|last1=Ge|first1=Lena|title=China-Made Y12F Turboprop Aircraft Gets FAA Type Certification|url=http://www.chinaaviationdaily.com/news/51/51061.html|website=China Aviation Daily|access-date=26 February 2016|date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000346/http://www.chinaaviationdaily.com/news/51/51061.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and type certification from the [[EASA]] on July 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASA.IM.A.679 - Y12F |url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/document-library/type-certificates/aircraft-cs-25-cs-22-cs-23-cs-vla-cs-lsa/easaima679-y12f |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=EASA |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, [[Kenmore Air]] announced that they would begin development of floats for the Y-12 for FAA certification.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stepen Trimble|title=AVIC launches seaplane conversion for Y-12|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/avic-launches-seaplane-conversion-for-y-12-417342/|website=www.flightglobal.com|publisher=[[Flight International]]|access-date=12 February 2017|date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001042/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/avic-launches-seaplane-conversion-for-y-12-417342/|archive-date=13 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Y-12 completed the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] evaluation flight tests for its automatic flight control system on June 30, 2018, with its performance meeting the requirements, said AVIC Harbin Aircraft Industry Company Ltd (AVIC HAFEI).<ref name="China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/30/WS5b378bc3a3103349141dff20.html|title=China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn|last=江巍|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2018-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707062450/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/30/WS5b378bc3a3103349141dff20.html|archive-date=2018-07-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Variants==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Harbin Y-12 (II).jpg|thumb|Harbin Y-12 (II) at China Aviation Museum, Beijing]]
[[File:Y12e.jpg|thumb|Harbin Y-12E]]
[[File:AVIC Harbin Y12F.jpg|thumb|Harbin Y-12F]]
* '''Y-12 (I)''': Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Seating for 17 passengers and a MTOW of 5,000&nbsp;kg.<ref name=CAANZTA/>
* '''Y-12 (II)''': Fitted with more powerful 600-hp PT6A-27 engines, received type certificate from UK CAA in 1990, with aircraft operate in Malaysia and Fiji.<ref name=CAANZTA/>
* '''Y-12 (III)''': Planned version to be fitted with [[Turbomeca Arriel|WJ-9]] turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed.
* '''Y-12 (IV)''': Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2&nbsp;m (63&nbsp;ft)) and increased max.  takeoff weight to 5,700&nbsp;kg. 18-19 passengers.<ref name=CAANZTA/> This version is the first aircraft in the series certified by the FAA in 1995.<ref name="FAATC1">[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322012703/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf |date=2015-03-22 }} retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref>
* '''Y-12C''': Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, used by PLAAF for aerial survey.
* '''Y-12D''': Domestically deployed military version with upgraded engines driving four-bladed propellers, used by PLA Airborne Corps for parachute training.
* '''Y-12E''': Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.<ref name="FAATC">[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322012703/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf |date=2015-03-22 }} retrieved 12 November 2009.</ref>
* '''Y-12F''': The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful PT6A-65B engines.<ref>Francis, Leithen. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/20/216909/beijing-expo-harbin-y-12-turboprop-to-be-bigger.html "Harbin Y-12 turboprop to be bigger" ''Flight International'' 20 September 2007 (online version)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031020400/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/20/216909/beijing-expo-harbin-y-12-turboprop-to-be-bigger.html |date=31 October 2007 }} retrieved 12 November 2009</ref> The Y-12F has higher cruise speed, longer range and can accommodate 19 passengers or 3x LD3 containers.<ref name="AVIC Y-12F webpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US&cid=466|title=ok365.com便民导航－最为便捷的上网导航服务|work=y-12.com.cn|access-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110232840/http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US&cid=466|archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> Design started in April 2005 and the maiden flight was on 29 December 2010.<ref name="AVIC website">{{cite web|url=http://avic-aircar.com/pub-768001-7680010005001.html|title=Y12F|date=10 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110212307/http://avic-aircar.com/pub-768001-7680010005001.html|archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> [[Civil Aviation Administration of China|CAAC]] type certification was received on 10 December 2015 and [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] certification on 22 February 2016.<ref name="Y-12F certification" /> The Y-12F passed flight tests for its automatic flight control system by the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] on 30 June 2018.<ref name="China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn" /> It was demonstrated during the 2012 [[Zhuhai Airshow]].
* '''Y-12G''': Proposed cargo version of Y-12F.
* '''Turbo Panda''': Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification.
* '''Twin Panda''': Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12 (IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly are received by 2000 but production did not proceed.

==Operators==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}

===Military operators===
[[File:Namibian Air Force - Harbin Y12-II.jpg|thumb|right| Namibian Air Force Harbin Y-12]]
;{{AFG}}
* [[Afghan Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345|title = World Air Forces 2021|publisher= FlightGlobal |date= 4 December 2020 |access-date= 5 January 2021}}</ref>
;{{CAM}}
* [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p32">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 32.</ref>
;{{CHN}}
* [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] - 12 Y-12D operated by the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps|Airborne Corps]]{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=260}}
;{{DJI}}
* [[Djibouti Air Force]] - 2 as of December 2016.<ref name="fiwaf16 p34">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 34.</ref>
;{{ERI}}
* [[Eritrean Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p35">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 35.</ref>
;{{GHA}}
* [[Ghana Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p36">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 36.</ref>
;{{GUY}}
* [[Guyana Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p36"/>
[[File:Sri Lanka 70th Independence - SLAF (cropped).jpg|thumb|Harbin Y-12 II of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
;{{IRN}}
* [[Air Force of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p37">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 37.</ref>
;{{KEN}}
* [[Kenya Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p39">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 39.</ref> To be replaced by the [[PZL M28 Skytruck|C-145 Skytruck]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/april/7231-kenya-air-force-commissioned-newly-acquired-c-145-skytruck-aircraft.html |title=Kenya Air Force commissioned newly acquired C-145 Skytruck aircraft |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194124/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/april/7231-kenya-air-force-commissioned-newly-acquired-c-145-skytruck-aircraft.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
; {{MLI}}
*[[Military of Mali Air Force|Mali Air Force]] – 2<ref>{{cite web|last1=de Cherisey|first1=Erwan|title=Mali receives new aircraft|url=http://www.janes.com/article/74541/|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171003065623/http://www.janes.com/article/74541/mali-receives-new-aircraft|archive-date=3 October 2017|date=2 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;{{MRT}}
* [[Mauritania Islamic Air Force|Mauritanian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p40">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 40.</ref>
;{{MYA}}
* [[Myanmar Air Force]] - 20 as of 2020.<ref name="fiwaf16 p41">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 41.</ref>
;{{NAM}}
* [[Namibian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p41"/>
;{{PAK}}
* [[Pakistan Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p43">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 43.</ref>
* [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p44">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 44.</ref>
;{{PER}}
* ''[[National Police of Peru|Policía Nacional del Perú]]''<ref name="jawa03 p82">Jackson 2003, p. 82.</ref>
* [[Peruvian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p57">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 57.</ref>
;{{SRI}}
* [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p47">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 47.</ref>
;{{TAN}}
* [[Tanzanian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p48">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 48.</ref>
;{{ZAM}}
* [[Zambian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p53">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 53.</ref>

===Government operators===
;{{CRC}}
* [[Air Vigilance Service]]  (2)
;{{CHN}}
* [[China Marine Surveillance]]  (3) (Former)
;{{CGO}}
* [[Ministry of Transport]]  (2)
;{{FSM}}
* [[Federated States of Micronesia]] (1)
;{{SEY}}
* [[Republic of Seychelles]] (2)

===Civil operators===
[[File:YJAV5.JPG|thumb|An [[Air Vanuatu]] Harbin Y-12 with revised wingtips]]
;{{CHN}}
* [[China Flying Dragon Aviation]]
* China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation
* Donghua General Aviation
* Jiangnan General Aviation
* Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd.
* Shuangyang General Aviation
* Xinjiang General Aviation<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/>
* [[Ying'an Airlines]]<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/>
* Zhong Fei General Aviation Company
;{{COL}}
* [[SATENA]] (2, 1 on order)<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/>
;{{COG}}
* [[Trans Air Congo]] (10 on order)
;{{DRC}}
* [[Lignes Aériennes Congolaises|LAC]]
* [[Congo Airways]] - 2 on order as of July 2016.<ref name="fiwac16 p42">Thisdell and Fafard ''Flight International'' 9–15 August 2016, p. 42.</ref>
;{{FSM}}
*[[Caroline Islands Air]]
;{{FIJ}}
*[[Air Fiji]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Fiji Aircraft Register {{!}} Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAF) |url=https://caaf.org.fj/fiji-aircraft-register |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130165222/https://caaf.org.fj/fiji-aircraft-register |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=caaf.org.fj |at=Registrations DQ-FHC, DQ-FHF}}</ref>
;{{IDN}}
* [[Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter]] (SMAC)
* [[Dirgantara Air Service]] (DAS)
;{{IRN}}
* [[Pouya Air]]
;{{KIR}}
* [[Air Kiribati]]
;{{MAS}}
* [[Berjaya Air]]
;{{MGL}}
* [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]]- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer.
;{{NEP}}
* [[Nepal Airlines]] - 4 Delivered in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/14/c_136973655.htm|title=Two new Chinese-made planes delivered to Nepal|author=Xinhua|date=14 Feb 2018|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200906/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/14/c_136973655.htm|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.<ref name="Nepal">{{cite news|date=17 July 2020|title=Nepal Airlines retires MA-60s, Y12Es|publisher=Ch-Aviation|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/93228-nepal-airlines-retires-ma-60s-y12es}}</ref>
;{{PAK}}
* Air Eagle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aireagle.pk/fleet.php|title=Air Eagle|website=www.aireagle.pk|access-date=2017-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517112942/http://www.aireagle.pk/fleet.php|archive-date=2017-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
;{{SRI}}
* [[Helitours]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p60">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 60.</ref>
;{{TON}}
* [[Lulutai Airlines]] (1) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/travel-troubles/300926766/tongas-only-available-domestic-aircraft-is-flying-again | title=Stuff }}</ref>
;{{UGA}}
* [[Uganda Air Cargo]] (2)

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 13 December 1993, a [[Lao Airlines|Lao Aviation]] (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at [[Phonsavan]], [[Laos]], killing all 18 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= RDPL-34117|id= 19931213-1|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 4 April 1995, a [[TANS Peru|TANS]] Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after [[takeoff]] from [[SPQT|Iquitos Airport]], [[Peru]], killing all three on board.
* On 21 June 1996, a [[China Flying Dragon Aviation]] Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} mountain near [[Changhai Airport]] after the crew began the [[final approach (aeronautics)|final approach]] too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= B-3822|id= 19960621-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 20 January 1997, a [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] Y-12-II, ''CR851'', crashed off [[Jaffna International Airport|Palali Air Base]] while on a [[surveillance]] mission, killing all four on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CR851|id=19970120-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 10 June 1997, a [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]] Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at [[Mandalgobi Airport]] due to [[windshear]], killing seven of 12 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= JU-1020|id=19970610-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, [[1998 MIAT Mongolian Airlines crash|crashed]] into a {{convert|10800|ft|m|abbr=on}} mountain near [[Galt, Khövsgöl|Galt]], [[Mongolia]], en route to [[Tosontsengel, Zavkhan|Tosontsengel]] due to heavy icing, wing [[de-icing|de-ice system]] fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12.
* On 19 October 2000, [[Lao Aviation Flight 703]] crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to [[Nathong Airport|Sam Neua]], killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= RDPL-34130|id=20001019-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 18 May 2005, a [[Zambia Air Force]] Y-12-II, ''AF-216'', crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Mongu Airport]], killing all 13 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= AF-216|id=20050518-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 10 April 2006, a [[Kenya Air Force]] (KAF) Y-12-II, ''132'', [[2006 Kenyan Air Force Harbin Y-12 crash|struck the side]] of [[Mount Marsabit]], killing 14 of 17 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= 132|id=20060410-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= B-3841|id=20080615-0|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
* On 12 July 2012, a Y-12-II of the [[Mauritanian Air Force]] crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20120712-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Harbin Yunshuji Y-12-II 5T-MAE Nouakchott Airport (NKC)|author=Harro Ranter|date=12 July 2012|work=aviation-safety.net|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723234541/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20120712-0|archive-date=23 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in [[El Wak, Kenya]]. The airplane operated on a flight from [[Mandera]] to [[Nairobi]] with stops at [[El Wak, Kenya|El Wak]] and [[Garissa]]. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= registration unknown|id=20140512-0|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>
* On 26 August 2018, a Y-12e of the [[Colombian Air Force]] was damaged in flight as it encountered severe turbulence. The pilot made an emergency landing at [[SKFL|Florencia]]. The aircraft was not repaired, and was scrapped in situ.<ref>AirForces Monthly, Issue 330</ref>
* On 3 January 2020, a Y-12-II of the Sri Lankan Air Force [[2020 SLAF Y-12 Crash|crashed]] to [[Haputale]], [[Sri Lanka]], while on aerial observations, killing all 4 airmen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/59999/four-air-force-personnel-killed-in-aircraft-crash-at-haputale|work=[[Ada Derana]]|title=Four air force personnel killed in aircraft crash at Haputale|date=3 January 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>
* On 4 August 2020, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force resupplying [[African Union Mission to Somalia|AMISOM]] crashed after taking off from [[Dhobley (Gedo Region)|Dhobley]] Airstrip in [[Somalia]]. All 10 occupants survived. The aircraft was seriously damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=Kenya Air Force Harbin Y-12-II Aircraft Crash-landed At Somalia Airstrip|url=https://fighterjetsworld.com/latest-news/aircraft-crash/kenya-air-force-harbin-y-12-ii-aircraft-crash-landed-at-somalia-airstrip/22976/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=Fighter Jets World|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Specifications (Y-12 (II))==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000,<ref name="Brassey World aircraftp189">Taylor 1999, p.189</ref>  Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01<ref name=JAWA00-01>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01 |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul|year=2000 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0710620118 |edition=91st |pages=71–72}}</ref>''
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=17 max / {{cvt|1700|kg|0}} max payload
|length m=14.86
|length note=
|span m=17.235
|span note=
|height m=5.575
|height note=
|wing area sqm=34.27
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=LS(1)-0417
|empty weight kg=2840
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=5300
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1616|L|USgal impgal}} / {{cvt|1230|kg|0}} max usable fuel weight
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27]]
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines
|eng1 kw=462
|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=[[Hartzell Propeller|Hartzell]] HC-B3TN-3B/T10173B-3
|prop dia m=2.49
|prop dia note=constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers (4 and 5 bladed propellers used on some models)
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=328
|max speed note=V<sub>MO</sub> (maximum operating speed) at {{cvt|3000|m}}
|cruise speed kmh=292
|cruise speed note=(max) at {{cvt|3000|m}}
::::{{cvt|250|km/h|mph kn}} (economical) at {{cvt|3000|m}}
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1340
|range note=at econ cruise, 45 min reserves at {{cvt|3000|m}}
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=5 hours 12 minutes at econ cruise
|ceiling m=7000
|ceiling note=<br/>
::::{{cvt|3000|m}} on one engine
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=8.1
|climb rate note=<br/>
::::{{cvt|1.4|m/s}} on one engine
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=145.9
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.106|kW/kg}}
|more performance=<br/>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|370|m}}
*'''Take-off run to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt|490|m}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|340|m}}
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt|630|m}}
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=
* [[Antonov An-28]]/[[PZL M28 Skytruck]]
* [[Beechcraft 1900]]
* [[Beechcraft Model 99]]
* [[Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander]]/[[Britten-Norman Trislander|Britten-Norman BN-2A Trislander]]
* [[CASA C-212 Aviocar]]
* [[Cessna 408 SkyCourier]]
* [[Dornier 228]]
* [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]
* [[IAI Arava]]
* [[Indonesian Aerospace N-219]]
* [[GAF Nomad]]
* [[Let L-410 Turbolet]]/[[Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|Let L-410NG ]]
* [[Let L-610]]
* [[Short 330]]/[[Short 360]]
* [[Short SC.7 Skyvan]]
|lists=
* [[List of Chinese aircraft]]
* List of light transport aircraft
* [[List of civil aircraft]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International''. Vol. 182, No. 5321, 11–17 December 2012, pp.&nbsp;40–64. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}.
* Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International''. Vol. 190, No. 5566, 6–12 December 2016, pp.&nbsp;22–53. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}.
* {{Cite report |title=The Military Balance 2024 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781032780047 |issn=0459-7222 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |editor-last=Wall |editor-first=Robert}}
* Jackson, Paul. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004''. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7106-2537-5}}.
* {{citation | editor-last = Taylor | editor-first = John W. R. | ref = JWRT88 | title = Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89 | location = Coulsdon, Surrey, UK | publisher = Jane's Information Group | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-7106-0867-5}}
* Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). ''Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000''. London: Brassey's, 1999. {{ISBN|1-85753-245-7}}.
* Thisdell, Dan and Fafard, Antoine. "World Airliner Census". ''Flight International''. Vol. 190, No. 5550, 9–15 August 2016, pp.&nbsp;20–43. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Harbin Y-12}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020321/http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US Y-12 website]

{{AVIC Aero Products}}
{{PRC transport aircraft}}
{{PLAAF Aircraft}}
{{Chinese Military Aircraft}}

[[Category:1980s Chinese civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Harbin aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1982]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:STOL aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]