View source for Haplogroup L1

{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=L1
|origin-date=107,600–174,300 YBP<ref name="Soares">{{cite journal|title=Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=4 Jun 2009|first=Pedro|last=Soares |author2=Luca Ermini |author3=Noel Thomson |author4=Maru Mormina |author5=Teresa Rito |author6=Arne Röhl |author7=Antonio Salas |author8=Stephen Oppenheimer |author9=Vincent Macaulay |author10=Martin B. Richards|volume=84|issue=6|pages=82–93|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001|pmid=19500773|pmc=2694979}}</ref>
|origin-place=[[Central Africa]]
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup L1-6 (mtDNA)|L1-6]]
|descendants=L1b, L1c
|mutations=3666, 7055, 7389, 13789, 14178, 14560<ref name="vanOven">{{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|pmid=18853457 |s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Interpolation maps for L1 haplogroup total.png|thumb|Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L1 in Africa.]]

'''Haplogroup L1''' is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in [[Central Africa]] and [[West Africa]].
It diverged from [[Macro-haplogroup L#L1-6|L1-6]] at about 140,000 years ago ({{val|140.6|33.7|33.0|u=kya}} [[95% CI]]).<ref name="soares_supplementary">{{cite journal|title=Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |page=82 |year=2009|url=http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229152305/http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-29}}</ref>
Its emergence is associated with the early [[peopling of Africa]] by anatomically modern humans during the [[Eemian]], and it is now mostly found in [[Central African foragers]].

==Ancient DNA==

Among the less than 1% of subgroups of [[macro-haplogroup L]] found among the [[demographics of Europe|population in Europe]], haplogroup L1b is present; haplogroup L1b in [[Europe]], which is often found in [[West Africa]], has been dated to 10,000 BP.<ref name="Borbély">{{cite journal |last1=Borbély |first1=Noémi |title=Phylogenetic insights into the genetic legacies of Hungarian‑speaking communities in the Carpathian Basin |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2024 |volume=14 |page=11480 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-61978-4 |pmid=38769390 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-61978-4.pdf |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11106325 |oclc=10243951083 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1411480B |s2cid=269928158}}</ref>

==Distribution==

Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in [[Central Africa]] and [[West Africa]]. It reaches its highest frequency among the [[Mbenga people]].
It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the [[Bantu migration]] (which is largely associated with haplogroup [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Silva | first1 = Marina | last2 = Alshamali | first2 = Farida | last3 = Silva | first3 = Paula | last4 = Carrilho | first4 = Carla | last5 = Mandlate | first5 = Flávio | last6 = Jesus Trovoada | first6 = Maria | last7 = Černý | first7 = Viktor | last8 = Pereira | first8 = Luísa | last9 = Soares | first9 = Pedro | year = 2015 | title = 60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2 | journal = Sci. Rep. | volume = 5 | page = 12526 | doi = 10.1038/srep12526 | pmid = 26211407 | pmc = 4515592 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...512526S }}</ref>
Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in [[Kulubnarti]], [[Sudan]], which date from the [[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] period (AD 550–800).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sirak, Kendra |author2=Frenandes, Daniel |author3=Novak, Mario |author4=Van Gerven, Dennis |author5=Pinhasi, Ron|title=Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing|journal=Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 |date=2016|page=115 |publisher=IUAES|url=https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=824672}}</ref>
An ancient [[Beaker culture]] individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in [[Spain]] (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; [I4245 / RISE695] F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.<ref name="IOlalde">''Iñigo Olalde'' et al. [http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/05/09/135962 The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe], 2017</ref>

==Subclades==

===L1c===

L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the [[Mbenga people]].<ref name="Quintana08">{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter–gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 5| pages = 1596–601| pmc = 2234190 | pmid = 18216239 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0711467105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.1596Q | doi-access = free }}</ref> ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234190/figure/F3/ See map].<ref name="Quintana08" />) Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of [[Gyele language|Ba-Kola]], 97% of [[Benzélé|Ba-Benzélé]], and 77% of [[Aka people|Biaka]].<ref name="Tishkoff">Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050807/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/10/2180 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.] Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195</ref> Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the [[Bedzan people|Bedzan (Tikar) people]] (100%), [[Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka people]] from [[Gabon]] (97%) and [[Cameroon]] (90%),<ref>Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris</ref> the [[Bakoya]] (97%), and the [[Bongo people (Gabon)|Ba-Bongo]] (82%).<ref name="Quintana08"/> Common also in [[São Tomé]] (20%) and [[Angola]] (16–24%).<ref name="Batini">Batini, Chiara et al 2006, [http://bhusers.upf.edu/dcomas/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Batini2007.pdf Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa]</ref>

===L1b===

L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in [[West Africa]]. It has also been found in [[Mozambique]] (1%), [[Ethiopia]] (2%), [[Egypt]] (1%), the [[Nile Valley]] (4%), [[Khoisan|Kung]] (1%), [[Cape Verde]] (8%), [[Senegal]] (17–20%), [[Niger]]/[[Nigeria]] (15%), [[Guinea Bissau]] (11%), [[Morocco]] (4–5%), and [[Algeria]] (1–2%).<ref name="Rosa2004">{{cite journal|author=Rosa, Alexandra|display-authors=etal|title=MtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|date=2004|volume=68|issue=4|pages=340–52|url=http://www.uma.pt/abrehm/v1.1/docs/downloads/pdfs/Rosa_AHG_2004_Guinea%20mtDNA.pdf|access-date=5 June 2017|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00100.x|pmid=15225159|s2cid=15391342|hdl=10400.13/3044|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Phylogenetics==
[[File:Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c.png|thumb|Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c.]]

L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been{{year needed|date=September 2019}} re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).

Phylogeny of L1c:<ref name="vanOven" /> 

*L1c
**L1c1'2'4'6
***L1c1
****L1c1a
*****L1c1a1
******L1c1a1a
*******L1c1a1a1
********L1c1a1a1a
********L1c1a1a1b
*********L1c1a1a1b1
*******L1c1a1a2
******L1c1a1b
*****L1c1a2
******L1c1a2a
*******L1c1a2a1
*******L1c1a2a2
******L1c1a2b
******L1c1a2c
****L1c1b'c'd
*****L1c1b
*****L1c1c'd
******L1c1c
******L1c1d
***L1c2'4
****L1c2
*****L1c2a
******L1c2a1
*******L1c2a1a
*******L1c2a1b
******L1c2a2
*****L1c2b
******L1c2b1
******L1c2b2
****L1c4
*****L1c4a
*****L1c4b
***L1c6
**L1c3
***L1c3a
****L1c3a1
****L1c3a1a
***L1c3b'c
****L1c3b
*****L1c3b1
******L1c3b1a
******L1c3b1b
*****L1c3b2
****L1c3c

Phylogeny of L1b:<ref name="vanOven" /> 

*L1b
**L1b1
***L1b1a
****L1b1a1'4
*****L1b1a1
*****L1b1a4
****L1b1a2
*****L1b1a2a
****189
*****L1b1a3
******L1b1a3a
*******L1b1a3a1
****L1b1a5
****L1b1a6
****L1b1a7

==See also==
{{Commons category|Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)}}

* [[Genealogical DNA test]]
* [[Genetic genealogy]]
* [[Human mitochondrial genetics]]
* [[Population genetics]]
* [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups]]

{{MtDNA}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174541/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_L.htm PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L], van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320203150/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm001 Spread of Haplogroup L1], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051128173321/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/10/1843 African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution]
* Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1b.htm Haplogroup L1b.] 
* Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1c.htm Haplogroup L1c.]
* [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/L1/ L1] YFull MTree 1.02.00 (under construction)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|L1]]