View source for Haplogroup C-M130

{{Short description|Human Y chromosome DNA grouping found primarily in Asia}}
{{About|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|the human mtDNA haplogroup|Haplogroup C (mtDNA)}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name =C
| map = Haplogroup C (Y-DNA) 2017.png

| origin-date = 53,000 years BP [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/extref/nature13810-s1.pdf] 
| origin-place = [[Southwest Asia]], via [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out-of-Africa migrations]]<ref name="ReferenceA">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)</ref><ref name=HuaZhong2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB|display-authors=etal |title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=428–35 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20448651 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>"At present, most of the archaeological and genetic evidence supports that the earliest African exodus went out of Africa via the Red Sea and then rapidly migrated to mainland Southeast Asia through the Indian coastline, and eventually reached Oceania.36, 37, 38, 39 Recent Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analysis in Australia and New Guinea has shown that Hg C is likely one of the earliest Out-of-Africa founder types,12 which was also proposed in another study,6 and that mitochondrial DNA lineages consisting of the founder types (M and N) are dated to approximately 50–70 KYA.12" ... "We propose that Hg C was derived from the African exodus and gradually colonized South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania and East Asia by a single Paleolithic migration from Africa to Asia and Oceania, which occurred more than 40 KYA."</ref>

| ancestor =[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|CF]]
| descendants = [[Haplogroup C-F3393|C1]] F3393/Z1426 (previously CxC3) <br /> [[Haplogroup C-M217|C2]] (previously C3*) M217<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html|title = ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup C}}</ref>
| mutations =M130/RPS4Y<small>711</small>, P184, P255, P260
}}

'''Haplogroup C''' is a major [[Y-chromosome]] [[haplogroup]], defined by [[Unique-event polymorphism|UEP]]s M130/RPS4Y<small>711</small>, P184, P255, and P260, which are all [[SNP mutation]]s. It is one of two primary branches of [[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup CF]] alongside [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]]. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to [[East Asia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Siberia]], [[North America]] and [[Australia]] as well as a some populations in [[European early modern humans|Europe]], the [[Levant]], and  later [[Jōmon people|Japan]].<ref name="ReferenceA">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)</ref> 

The haplogroup is also found with moderate to low frequency among many present-day populations of [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]], and [[Southwest Asia]].

In addition to the basal [[paragroup]] C*, this haplogroup now has two major branches: [[Haplogroup C-F3393|C1]] (F3393/Z1426; previously CxC3, i.e. old C1, old C2, old C4, old C5 and old C6) and [[Haplogroup C-M217|C2]] (M217; the former C3).

==Origins==
Haplogroup C-M130 likely originates from an exodus of modern humans [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out of Africa]], which spread east from Southwest Asia and gradually colonized South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. Research is divided as to how this migration took place; most studies support a Northern Route through Siberia while others support a Southern Route hypothesis, in which the carriers of haplogroup C migrated along the coasts of India and Southeast Asia to get to China.<ref name=HuaZhong2010 />

Haplogroup C-M130 seems to have come into existence shortly after [[SNP mutation]] M168 occurred for the first time, bringing the modern [[Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup CT]] into existence, from which [[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup CF]], and in turn Haplogroup C, derived. This was probably at least 60,000 years ago.

Haplogroup C-M130 attains its highest frequencies among the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] populations of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]], the [[Russian Far East]], [[Polynesia]], certain groups of [[indigenous Australians|Australia]], and at moderate frequency in [[Korea]] and [[Manchu people]]. It is therefore hypothesized that Haplogroup C-M130 either originated or underwent its longest period of evolution in the greater Central Asian region or in Southeast Asian regions. Its expansion in East Asia is suggested to have started approximately 40,000 years ago.<ref name=HuaZhong2010 />

Males carrying C-M130 are believed to have [[Models of migration to the New World|migrated to the America]]s some 6,000-8,000 years ago, and was carried by [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]-speaking peoples into the northwest Pacific coast of [[North America]].

Asia is also the area in which [[Haplogroup D-M174]] is concentrated. However, D-M174 is more closely related to haplogroup E than to C-M130 and the geographical distributions of Haplogroups C-M130 and D-M174 are entirely and utterly different, with various subtypes of Haplogroup C-M130 being found at high frequency amongst modern [[Kazakhs]] and [[Mongols|Mongolians]] as well as in some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], [[Manchu]]rians. It is also found at a medium frequency in [[Koreans]], indigenous inhabitants of the [[Russian Far East]], certain [[Aboriginal Australians]] groups and at moderate frequencies elsewhere throughout Asia and Oceania. Carriers of Haplogroup C among the later [[Jōmon people]] of Japan and certain Paleolithic and Neolithic Europeans carried C1a, C1b, and C1a2. Whereas Haplogroup D is found at high frequencies only amongst Tibetans, Japanese peoples, and Andaman Islanders, and has been found neither in India nor among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas or Oceania.<ref name="ReferenceA">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)</ref>

According to Sakitani et al., haplogroup C-M130 originated in [[Central Asia]] and spread from there into other parts of Eurasia and into parts of Australia. It is suggested that C-M130 was found in [[Eastern Eurasian]] hunter gatherers as well as in ancient samples of East and Southeast Asia and Europe.<ref name="ReferenceA">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)</ref>

==Structure==
'''C* (M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216)'''
*'''[[Haplogroup C-F3393|C1]] (F3393)''' 
**'''C1a (CTS11043)'''
***'''[[Haplogroup C-M8|C1a1]] (M8)'''
****'''C1a1a (P121)'''
*****'''C1a1a1 (CTS9336)'''
******'''C1a1a1a (CTS6678)''' ''Japan, South Korea (Seoul)''
******'''C1a1a1b (Z1356)''' ''Japan''
*****'''C1a1a2 (Z45460)''' ''China (Liaoning)''
***'''[[Haplogroup C-V20|C1a2]] (previously C6) - (V20)'''
****'''C1a2a (V182)'''
*****'''C1a2a1 (V222)'''
*****'''C1a2a2 (Z29329)'''
****'''C1a2b (Z38888)''' ''Ukraine''
**'''C1b (F1370)'''
***'''C1b1 (K281)'''
****'''C1b1a (B66/Z16458)''' 
*****'''C1b1a1 (previously C5) - (M356)'''
*****'''C1b1a2 (B65)'''
***'''[[Haplogroup C-B477|C1b2]] (B477/Z31885)'''
****'''C1b2a (previously C2) - (M38)'''
*****'''C1b2a1 (M208)'''
******'''C1b2a1a (P33)'''
******'''C1b2a1b (P54)'''
****'''[[Haplogroup C-M347|C1b2b]] (previously C4) - (M347)'''
*****'''C1b2b1 (M210)'''
*'''[[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|C2]] (previously C3) - (M217)''' 
**'''C2a (M93)''' 
** '''C2b (L1373/F1396)'''
***'''C2b1'''
****'''C2b1a'''
*****'''C2b1a1'''
******'''C2b1a1a (P39)'''
*****'''[[Haplogroup C-M48|C2b1a2]] (previously C3c) - (M48)'''
** '''C2c (C-F1067)'''
***'''C2c1 (F2613/Z1338)''' 
****'''C2c1a (Z1300)'''
*****'''C2c1a1'''
******'''C2c1a1a'''
*******'''C2c1a1a1 (M407)'''
* '''''Other, untaxonomised subclades''''':
** '''C-P343''': outside C1a1 (M8), C1b2a (M38), C1b1a1 (previously C5; M356), C1b2b (previously C4; M347), and C2 (ex-C3; M217), but its relation to other branches is not yet tested.<ref name = "Tumonggor2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Tumonggor | first1 = Meryanne K | last2 = Karafet | first2 = Tatiana M | last3 = Downey | first3 = Sean |display-authors=etal | title = Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | year = 2014 | issue = 9| pages = 1–10 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2014.62 | volume=59 | pmid=25078354 | pmc=4521296}}</ref>
**'''C-P55''': outside C1b2a (M38), but its relation to other branches has not yet been verified, and;<ref name=Scheinfeldt2006>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheinfeldt | first1 = L. | last2 = Friedlaender | first2 = F | last3 = Friedlaender | first3 = J | last4 = Latham | first4 = K | last5 = Koki | first5 = G | last6 = Karafet | first6 = T | last7 = Hammer | first7 = M | last8 = Lorenz | first8 = J | title = Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 1628–41 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16754639 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl028 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

(The above phylogenetic structure of haplogroup C-M130 subclades is based on the ISOGG 2015 tree, YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.<ref name="isogg2015">[http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015"] (15 September 2015).</ref><ref name=Karafet>{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |journal=Genome Research |year=2008 |volume=18 |pages=830–8 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008 |url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1 |pmid=18385274 |issue=5 |pmc=2336805}}</ref>)

==Distribution==
[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups C in East Asia.png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup C in East Asia.<ref name="pmid23731529">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=CC|last2=Li|first2=H|year=2013|title=Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes|journal=Investig Genet|volume=4|page=11|doi=10.1186/2041-2223-4-11|pmc=3687582|pmid=23731529|number=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
The distribution of Haplogroup C-M130 is generally limited to populations of Siberia, parts of East Asia, Oceania, and the [[Americas]]. Due to the tremendous age of Haplogroup C, numerous secondary mutations have had time to accumulate, and many regionally important subbranches of Haplogroup C-M130 have been identified.

Up to 46% of [[indigenous Australian|Aboriginal Australian]] males carried either [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] C* (C-M130*), [[Haplogroup C-M347|C1b2b*]] (C-M347*) or C1b2b1 (C-M210), before [[European maritime exploration of Australia|contact]] with and significant immigration by Europeans, according to a 2015 study by Nagle et al.<ref name="nagle">{{cite journal | last1 = Nagle | first1 = N. | display-authors = etal  | year = 2015 | title = Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume =  159| issue = 3| pages =  367–81| pmid = 26515539 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886| s2cid = 2225529 }}</ref> That is, 20.0% of the Y-chromosomes of 657 modern individuals, before 56% of those samples were excluded as "non-indigenous". C-M130* was apparently carried by up to 2.7% of Aboriginal males before colonisation; 43% carried C-M347, which has not been found outside Australia. The other haplogroups of Aboriginal Australians is similar to Papuans and other Negritos ([[Haplogroup S-M230]] and [[Haplogroup M-P256|M-P256]]).<ref name="nagle"/><ref name=Hudjashov2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA|display-authors=etal |title=Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=21 |pages=8726–30 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17496137 |pmc=1885570 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702928104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8726H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Low levels of C-M130* are carried by males:
* from the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southeast Asia]],<ref name="isogg2015"/> and;
* in [[Europe]] among males with the surname [[Llach (disambiguation)|Llach]] originating from [[Garrotxa]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]] (but not males with the same surname from other areas).<ref>[http://cognoms.upf.edu/resultats/ Cognoms Catalans, n.d., ''Resultat''] (15 September 2015). (The Cognoms Catalans project, which researches "genetic surnames" in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands, is based at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.)</ref>

Basal C1a* (CTS11043) was found in the Upper Paleolithic European ([[Aurignacian]]), GoyetQ116-1.<ref name="urlThe genetic history of Ice Age Europe">{{cite journal |title=The genetic history of Ice Age Europe |journal = Nature|volume = 534|issue = 7606|pages = 200–205|pmc = 4943878|year = 2016|last1 = Fu|first1 = Q.|last2 = Posth|first2 = C.|last3 = Hajdinjak|first3 = M.|last4 = Petr|first4 = M.|last5 = Mallick|first5 = S.|last6 = Fernandes|first6 = D.|last7 = Furtwängler|first7 = A.|last8 = Haak|first8 = W.|last9 = Meyer|first9 = M.|last10 = Mittnik|first10 = A.|last11 = Nickel|first11 = B.|last12 = Peltzer|first12 = A.|last13 = Rohland|first13 = N.|last14 = Slon|first14 = V.|last15 = Talamo|first15 = S.|last16 = Lazaridis|first16 = I.|last17 = Lipson|first17 = M.|last18 = Mathieson|first18 = I.|last19 = Schiffels|first19 = S.|last20 = Skoglund|first20 = P.|last21 = Derevianko|first21 = A. P.|last22 = Drozdov|first22 = N.|last23 = Slavinsky|first23 = V.|last24 = Tsybankov|first24 = A.|last25 = Cremonesi|first25 = R. G.|last26 = Mallegni|first26 = F.|last27 = Gély|first27 = B.|last28 = Vacca|first28 = E.|last29 = González Morales|first29 = M. R.|last30 = Straus|first30 = L. G.|display-authors = 29|pmid = 27135931|doi = 10.1038/nature17993|bibcode = 2016Natur.534..200F}}</ref>

C1b was identified in prehistoric remains, dating from 34,000 years BP, found in Russia and known as "[[Kostyonki (palaeolithic site)|Kostenki 14]]".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Seguin-Orlando | first1 = A. | display-authors = etal  | year = 2014 | title = Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years | url = http://www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2014_Seguin_Orlando_et_al_Science.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6213 | pages = 1113–1118 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaa0114 | pmid = 25378462 | bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1113S | s2cid = 206632421 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829071409/http://www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2014_Seguin_Orlando_et_al_Science.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-29 }}</ref>

[[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C2]] (M217) – the most numerous and widely dispersed C lineage – was once believed to have originated in [[Central Asia]], spread from there into [[Northern Asia]] and [[the Americas]] while other theory it originated from East Asia.<ref name="isogg2015"/> C-M217 stretches longitudinally from [[Central Europe]] and [[Turkey]], to the [[Wayuu|Wayuu people]] of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]], and latitudinally from the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]] peoples of [[Alaska]] to [[Vietnam]] to the [[Malay Archipelago]]. Found at low concentrations in [[Eastern Europe]], where it may be a legacy of the invasions/migrations of the [[Hunnic Empire|Huns]], [[Turkic migration|Turks]] and/or [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] during the Middle Ages. Found at especially high frequencies in [[Buryats]], [[Daur people|Daur]]s, [[Hazaras]], [[Itelmens]], [[Kalmyks]], [[Koryaks]], [[Manchu]]s, [[Mongols|Mongolians]], [[Oroqen people|Oroqens]], and [[Xibe people|Sibes]], with a moderate distribution among other [[Tungusic peoples]], [[Koreans]], [[Ainu people|Ainus]], [[Nivkhs]], [[Altay people|Altaians]], [[Tuvinians]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Han Chinese]], [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Hani people|Hani]], and [[Hui people|Hui]].<ref name=Xue2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W|display-authors=etal |title=Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times |journal=Genetics |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=2431–9 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16489223 |pmc=1456369 |doi=10.1534/genetics.105.054270 }}</ref><ref name=Hammer2006/><ref name=Tajima2004>{{cite journal | last1 = Tajima | first1 = Atsushi | last2 = Hayami | first2 = Masanori | last3 = Tokunaga | first3 = Katsushi | last4 = Juji | first4 = T| year = 2004 | last5 = Matsuo | first5 = M | last6 = Marzuki | first6 = S | last7 = Omoto | first7 = K | last8 = Horai | first8 = S | title = Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | pmid=14997363| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Sengupta2006/><ref name=Lell2002/><ref name=Wells2001>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R|display-authors=etal |title=The Eurasian heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–9 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11526236 |pmc=56946 |doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9810244W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Nasidze2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Kokshunova L, Stoneking M |title=Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=846–54 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16028228 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20159 |s2cid=27115596 }}</ref> The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C-M217 are found among the populations of [[Mongolia]] and [[Far East Russia]], where it is the [[modal haplotype|modal]] haplogroup. Haplogroup C-M217 is the only variety of Haplogroup C-M130 to be found among [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], among whom it reaches its highest frequency in [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] populations.
It would also make sense that this lineage may have originated in the Americas as that is the only Variety found amongst the aboriginal population.

Other subclades are specific to certain populations, within a restricted geographical range; even where these other branches are found, they tend to appear as a very low-frequency, minor component of the palette of Y-chromosome diversity within those territories:

* [[Haplogroup C-M8|C-M8]] (C1a1), is now found regularly only with low frequency (approximately 5%; range 3.3% — 10% of all samples) in Japan. It also has been found in an academic study in one individual on Jeju Island and in commercial testing in one individual who has reported an origin in Liaoning province of China and one individual who has reported an origin in Seoul. The ancient Jōmon people had a frequency of about 30% of C1a1.
* [[Haplogroup C-V20|C-V20]] (C1a2; previously C6) is found at low frequencies amongst Europeans.<ref name = "Scozzari2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scozzari R, Massaia A, D'Atanasio E, Myres NM, Perego UA|display-authors=etal | year = 2012 | title = Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11| page = e49170 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0049170 | pmid=23145109 | pmc=3492319|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749170S |doi-access=free }}</ref> The 7,000-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from [[La Braña]] (modern [[Asturias]], Spain) carried it,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2014/01/brown-skinned-blue-eyed-y-haplogroup-c.html | title=Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Brown-skinned, blue-eyed, Y-haplogroup C-bearing European hunter-gatherer from Spain (Olalde et al. 2014)| date=2014-01-26}}</ref> and C1a2 was also present in [[Hungary]] at around the same time.<ref name="isogg2015"/><ref>http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> In 2016, a 35,000-year-old remains of a hunter gatherer from the [[Goyet Caves]] ([[Namur (province)|Namur]], Belgium) and a 30,000-year-old remains of a hunter gatherer from [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|Dolni Vestonice]] (Vestonice16, [[Moravia]], Czech Republic) were found with this haplogroup.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = Qiaomei | display-authors = etal  | year = 2016 | title = The genetic history of Ice Age Europe | journal = Nature | volume =  534| issue = 7606| pages =  200–5| doi = 10.1038/nature17993 | pmid=27135931 | pmc=4943878| bibcode = 2016Natur.534..200F }}</ref>
* C-B66/Z16458 (C1b1a) is found at low frequencies in [[South Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref name=Sengupta2006/><ref name=Gayden2007 /><ref name=Fornarino2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Fornarino | first1 = Simona | last2 = Pala | first2 = Maria | last3 = Battaglia | first3 = Vincenza | display-authors = etal  | year = 2009 | title = Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 154 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 | pmid = 19573232 | pmc=2720951 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009BMCEE...9..154F }}</ref><ref name=Cadenas2008>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 | last1 = Cadenas | first1 = Alicia M | last2 = Zhivotovsky | first2 = Lev A | last3 = Cavalli-Sforza | first3 = Luca L | last4 = Underhill | year = 2008 | first4 = PA | last5 = Herrera | first5 = RJ | title = Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 374–386 | pmid = 17928816 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=AbuAmero2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Abu-Amero | first1 = Khaled K | last2 = Hellani | first2 = Ali | last3 = González | first3 = Ana M | last4 = Larruga | first4 = Jose M | last5 = Cabrera | first5 = Vicente M | last6 = Underhill | first6 = Peter A | title = Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 10 | pages = 59 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 | pmc = 2759955 | pmid=19772609 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Karafet2008>{{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=T. M. |last2=Mendez |first2=F. L. |last3=Meilerman |first3=M. B. |last4=Underhill |first4=P. A. |last5=Zegura |first5=S. L. |last6=Hammer |first6=M. F. |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |journal=Genome Research |volume=18 |pages=830–8 |year=2008 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008 |pmc=2336805 |pmid=18385274 |issue=5}}</ref>
* C-M356 (C1b1a1; previously C5) has been detected with low frequency in samples from [[India]], [[Nepal]],<ref name=Gayden2007 /><ref name=Fornarino2009/> [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Arabia]],<ref name=Cadenas2008/><ref name=AbuAmero2009/> and northern [[China]].<ref name=HuaZhong2010/><ref name="isogg2015"/>
* [[Haplogroup C-B477|C-M38]] (C1b2a; previously C2), among some local populations within [[Indonesia]], [[Melanesia]] (especially [[New Guinea]]), [[Micronesia]], and some islands of [[Polynesia]], C-M38 has become the modal haplogroup, probably due to severe [[founder effect]]s and [[genetic drift]].<ref name="isogg2015"/>
* C-P33 (C1b2a1a): found at high frequencies among [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] males.<ref name=Hammer2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H|display-authors=etal |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Cox2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM|display-authors=etal |title=A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania |journal=Hum. Biol. |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=525–35 |date=October 2007 |pmid=18478968 |doi=10.1353/hub.2008.0004|hdl=1808/13585 |s2cid=4834817 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* C-P55 (C1b3) is found at low frequency in the [[New Guinea Highlands]].<ref name=Scheinfeldt2006/>
* C-M93 (C2a) is found sporadically in [[Japanese people]].<ref name=Sengupta2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R|display-authors=etal |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=202–21 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |doi=10.1086/499411 }}</ref><ref name=Underhill2000>{{cite journal |vauthors=Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA|display-authors=etal |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–61 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11062480 |doi=10.1038/81685 |s2cid=12893406 }}</ref>
* C-L1373/F1396 (C2b) has been identified in Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
* C-P39 (C2b1a1a) is found among several indigenous peoples of North America, including some [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]-, [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]- and [[Siouan languages|Siouan]]-speaking populations.<ref name="isogg2015"/><ref name=Zegura2004>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF |title=High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=164–75 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14595095 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh009 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[haplogroup C-M48|C-M48]] (C2b1b; previously C3c) is found at high frequencies in northern [[Tungusic peoples]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Oirats]], [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyks]], [[Mongols|Mongolians]], [[Yukaghirs]], [[Nivkhs]], [[Koryaks]], [[Itelmens]], and [[Udege people|Udegeys]], with a moderate distribution among southern [[Tungusic peoples]], [[Buryats]], [[Tuvinians]], [[Yakuts]], [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Karakalpaks]], and [[Tājik people|Tajiks]]<!-- Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts, Brigitte Pakendorf et al., ''Human Genetics'' (2006) 120: page 345 -->.<ref name=Lell2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB|display-authors=etal |title=The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=192–206 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11731934 |pmc=384887 |doi=10.1086/338457 }}</ref><ref name=Pakendorf2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M |title=Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=334–53 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16845541 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2 |s2cid=31651899 }}</ref><ref name=Kharkov2008>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedev OF|display-authors=etal |title=[The origin of Yakuts: analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes] |language=ru |journal=Mol. Biol. (Mosk.) |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=226–37 |year=2008 |pmid=18610830 }}</ref>
* C-P53.1 (C2c) is borne by about 10% of Xinjiang [[Xibe people|Sibe]] males, with low frequency in Mongolia and among [[Evenks]], Ningxia [[Hui people|Hui]], Xizang [[Tibetans|Tibetan]], Xinjiang [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], and Gansu [[Han Chinese|Han]].<ref name=HuaZhong2010/>
* C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e): both [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]].<ref name="isogg2015"/>
* C-M407 (C2e1a1a) has been found with high frequency among [[Barga Mongols|Barghuts]], [[Buryats]], [[Soyots]], and [[Hamnigan|Khamnigans]], moderate frequency among other [[Mongols]] and [[Kalmyks]], and low frequency in [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Bai people|Bai]], [[Cambodia]]n, [[Evenks|Evenk]],<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, ''et al.'', "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2010) 74,539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x.</ref> [[Han Chinese]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Koreans|Korean]], [[Manchu]], [[Teleuts|Teleut]],<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010" /> [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Tuvans|Tuvinian]],<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010" /> [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], and [[Yakuts|Yakut]] populations.<ref name=HuaZhong2010/><ref name=Sengupta2006/>
* C-P343 occurs at a high frequency among males from [[Lembata]] (17.4% of 92 samples), with lower frequencies in [[Flores]], [[Pantar]], and [[Timor]]''.<ref name="Tumonggor2014"/> ''P343 is outside C1a1 (M8), C1b2a (M38), C2 (ex-C3; M217), C1b2b (previously C4; M347), or C1b1a1 (previously C5; M356), but its relation to other branches is not yet tested.<ref name="Tumonggor2014"/>
* Unspecified instances of C-M130, which possibly may belong to one of the above subclades, include:
** Kayser ''et al.'' (2006) found C-M130(xM38, 390.1del, M217) in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of ethnic minority groups from the Philippines, 10.0% (6/60) of a sample from [[Arnhem Land]], 6.5% (2/31) of a sample from [[Nusa Tenggara]], 5.3% (3/57) of a sample from Sumatra, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast, 2.9% (1/34) of a sample from the [[Moluccas]], 1.9% (1/53) of a sample from Java, and 0.9% (1/107) of a sample from [[Fiji]].<ref name = "Kayser2006">Manfred Kayser, Silke Brauer, Richard Cordaux, ''et al.'' (2006), "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 23(11):2234–2244. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093</ref>
** C-RPS4Y (now C-RPS4Y<small>711</small>) (xM38) Y-DNA is quite common among populations of the Indonesian province of [[East Nusa Tenggara]] and independent [[East Timor]]: 13/31 = 41.9% [[Lembata]], 16/71 = 22.5% [[Flores]], 5/43 = 11.6% [[Solor]], 10/96 = 10.4% [[Adonara]], 3/39 = 7.7% [[East Timor]], 1/26 = 3.8% [[Alor Island|Alor]], 1/38 = 2.6% [[Pantar]]. All C-RPS4Y(xM38) individuals except the singleton from Alor were described as [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] speakers.<ref name = "Mona2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Mona | first1 = Stefano | last2 = Grunz | first2 = Katharina E. | last3 = Brauer | first3 = Silke |display-authors=etal | year = 2009 | title = Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 26 | issue = 8| pages = 1865–1877 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp097 | pmid=19414523| doi-access = free }}</ref>
** C-RPS4Y (now C-RPS4Y<small>711</small>) (xM38, M217) Y-DNA occurs, according to a study published in 2010, at rather high frequencies in most populations of central [[Indonesia]] (115/394 = 29.2% Flores, 21/92 = 22.8% Lembata, 19/86 = 22.1% Borneo, 6/54 = 11.1% [[Mandar people|Mandar]], 1/9 = 11.1% Timor, but only 1/350 = 0.3% Sumba). C-RPS4Y(xM38, M217) Y-DNA generally becomes rare toward the west (2/61 = 3.3% Java, 1/32 = 3.1% Malaysia, 9/641 = 1.4% Balinese, 0/38 Batak Toba, 0/60 Nias, but 10/74 = 13.5% Mentawai) and toward the east (1/28 = 3.6% Alor, 0/30 Moluccas, 1/15 = 6.7% PNG Coast, 0/33 PNG Highland, 0/10 Nasioi, 0/44 Maewo (Vanuatu), 1/16 = 6.3% Micronesia, 0/64 Polynesia).<ref name = "Karafet2010">{{cite journal |author=Karafet Tatiana M. |author2=Hallmark Brian |author3=Cox Murray P. |display-authors=etal | year = 2010 | title = Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 8| pages = 1833–1844 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq063 | pmid=20207712|s2cid=4819475 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** C-RPS4Y<small>711</small>(xM8, M217) Y-DNA has been found in 17% (6/35) of a sample of [[Yao people|Yao]] from [[Bama Yao Autonomous County|Bama]], [[Guangxi]] in south-central China, 4/35 = 11% of a sample of [[Hui people|Hui]] and 2/70 = 3% of a pair of samples of [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] from northwestern China, and 3/45 = 7% of a sample of [[Nani people|Hezhe]] and 1/26 = 4% of a sample of [[Evenks|Ewenki]] from northeastern China.<ref name=Xue2006/>
** C-RPS4Y<small>711</small>(xM8, M38, M217) has been found in 48.5% (16/33) of a sample of [[indigenous Australians]], 20% (12/60) of a sample of [[Yao people|Yao]], 6.1% (3/49) of a sample of [[Tujia people|Tujia]], 5.9% (1/17) of a sample of [[Micronesians]], 5.5% (3/55) of a sample of eastern [[Indonesians]], 4.0% (1/25) of a sample of western Indonesians, 3.3% (3/91) of a sample of [[Sri Lanka]]ns, 3.1% (1/32) of a sample of [[Malay people|Malays]], 2.5% (10/405) of a sample of [[India]]ns, 2.2% (1/46) of a sample of [[Papua New Guinea]]ns, 1.7% (1/58) of a sample of [[Miao people|Miao]], and 1.5% (1/67) of a sample of [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]].<ref name=Hammer2006/>
** Zhong ''et al.'' (2010) have found C-M130(xM8, M38, M217, M347, M356, P55) Y-DNA in 9.09% (1/11) of a sample of Mulao from Guangxi, 8.20% (5/61) of a sample of Hui from Ningxia, 7.96% (9/113) of a sample of Yao from Guangxi, 7.69% (2/26) of a sample of Tujia from Hubei, 6.90% (2/29) of a sample of Shui from Guizhou, 3.28% (2/61) of a sample of Xibe from Xinjiang, 1.45% (1/69) of a sample of Zhuang from Guangxi, 0.92% (1/109) of a sample of Buyi from Guizhou, 0.87% (2/231) of a sample of Han from Guizhou, and 0.74% (1/136) of a sample of Han from Yunnan.<ref name = "HuaZhong2010" /> A majority of these individuals share an identical 8-loci Y-STR haplotype: DYS19=15, DYS389I=12, DYS389b=16, DYS388=13, DYS390=21, DYS391=10, DYS392=11, DYS393=12.<ref name = "HuaZhong2010" />
** Di Cristofaro ''et al.'' (2013) have found C-M130(xC2-PK2/M386, C1b1a1-M356) in 1.9% (1/53) of a sample of Pashtun from Kunduz, Afghanistan and in 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hazara from Bamiyan, Afghanistan.<ref name="Cristofaro2013">J D Cristofaro et al., 2013, "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge", http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076748</ref>
** Wang ''et al.'' (2014) have found C-M130(xM105, M38, M217, M347, M356) in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample of Horpa Qiang from Danba County of Sichuan, China and in 2.2% (1/46) of a sample of Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County of Sichuan, China.<ref name = "Wang2014">Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, ''et al.'' (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." ''PLoS ONE'' 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772</ref> The Y-STR haplotypes of these two individuals match the modal C* haplotype from the study by Zhong ''et al.'' (2010) at every comparable locus.<ref name = "Wang2014" />
** "C-M216", an SNP that is now regarded as synonymous with C-M130 – (xM8, M38, M217, M210, M356) have been found in 3.9% (3/77) of a sample of the general population of [[Kathmandu]], Nepal.<ref name=Gayden2007>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/516757 | last1 = Gayden | first1 = Tenzin | last2 = Cadenas | first2 = Alicia M. | last3 = Regueiro | first3 = Maria | last4 = Singh | year = 2007 | first4 = NB | last5 = Zhivotovsky | first5 = LA | last6 = Underhill | first6 = PA | last7 = Cavalli-Sforza | first7 = LL | last8 = Herrera | first8 = RJ | title = The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 80 | issue = 5| pages = 884–894 | pmid = 17436243 | pmc = 1852741 }}</ref> Other examples of C-M216 have been reported among [[Mongol]] and [[Turkic peoples]], including the: [[Jalairs]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Merkit]]s, [[Jochid]]s and [[Uzbeks]];{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Phylogenetics==

===Phylogenetic history===
{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#c63;"|'''YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(α)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(β)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(γ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(δ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ε)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ζ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''(η)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''YCC 2002 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2005 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2008 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2010r (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2007'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2008'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2009'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2010'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2011'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2012'''
|-
| C-M216||10||V||1F||16||Eu6||H1||C||C*||C||C||C||C||C||C||C||C||C||C
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-M8 (Y-DNA)|C-M8]]||10||V||1F||19||Eu6||H1||C||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1||C1
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-M38 (Y-DNA)|C-M38]]||10||V||1F||16||Eu6||H1||C||C2*||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2||C2
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-P33 (Y-DNA)|C-P33]]||10||V||1F||18||Eu6||H1||C||C2a||C2a||C2a1||C2a1||C2a||C2a||C2a1||C2a1||C2a1||removed||removed
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-P44 (Y-DNA)|C-P44]]||10||V||1F||17||Eu6||H1||C||C3*||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3||C3
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-M93 (Y-DNA)|C-M93]]||10||V||1F||17||Eu6||H1||C||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a||C3a1
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-M208 (Y-DNA)|C-M208]]||10||V||1F||17||Eu6||H1||C||C3b||C2b||C2a||C2a||C2b||C2b||C2a||C2a||C2a||C2a||C2a
|-
| [[Haplogroup C-M210 (Y-DNA)|C-M210]]||36||V||1F||17||Eu6||H1||C||C3c||C2c||C4a||C4a||C4b||C4b||C4a||C4a||C4a||C4a||C4a
|-
|}

====Research publications====
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*'''α''' {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
*'''β''' {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
*'''γ''' {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
*'''δ''' {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
*'''ε''' {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
*'''ζ''' {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
*'''η''' {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}
}}

==Notable members==
One particular [[haplotype]] within Haplogroup C-M217 has received a great deal of attention for the possibility that it may represent direct [[patrilineal]] [[descent from Genghis Khan]].

A research paper published in 2017 - "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty" confirmed that the [[Aisin Gioro]] clan belongs to haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951, a brother branch of C3*-Star Cluster (currently named as C3b1a3a1-F3796, once linked to [[Genghis Khan]]).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty. |journal=J Hum Genet |volume=62 |date=2017 |issue=Mar 62(3) |pages=407–411 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2016.142 |pmid=27853133 |last1=Wei |first1=Lan-Hai |last2=Yan |first2=Shi |last3=Yu |first3=Ge |last4=Huang |first4=Yun-Zhi |last5=Yao |first5=Da-Li |last6=Li |first6=Shi-Lin |last7=Jin |first7=Li |last8=Li |first8=Hui |s2cid=7685248 }}</ref>

==See also==

===Genetics===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[genetic genealogy]]
*[[Haplogroup]]
*[[Haplotype]]
*[[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]
*[[molecular phylogeny]]
*[[Paragroup]]
*[[Subclade]]
*[[Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania]]
}}

===Y-DNA C Subclades===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|Mega-Haplogroup CF]]
*[[Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)|Mega-Haplogroup CT]]
*C-M130
*[[Haplogroup C-M208 (Y-DNA)|C-M208]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M210 (Y-DNA)|C-M210]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M216 (Y-DNA)|C-M216]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|C-M217]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M38 (Y-DNA)|C-M38]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M8 (Y-DNA)|C-M8]]
*[[Haplogroup C-M93 (Y-DNA)|C-M93]]
*[[Haplogroup C-P33 (Y-DNA)|C-P33]]
*[[Haplogroup C-P44 (Y-DNA)|C-P44]]
}}

===Y-DNA backbone tree===

{{Y-DNA}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources for conversion tables===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |display-authors=4 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276 |ref={{harvid|Capelli|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Jarjanazi |first4=Hamdi |last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first5=Silvana |display-authors=4 |title=Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 July 2001 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |pmid=11420360 |ref={{harvid|Hammer|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
*{{citation |last1=Jobling |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6 |title=New uses for new haplotypes |first1=Mark A. |last2=Tyler-Smith |first2=Chris |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=356–62 |pmid=10904265 |ref={{harvid|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaladjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |display-authors=4 |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |ref={{harvid|Kaladjieva|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Xu |first2=Liping |last3=Du |first3=Ruofu |last4=Wang |first4=William |last5=Feng |first5=Shi |display-authors=4 |title=Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2001 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=615–628 |doi=10.1086/323299 |pmid=11481588 |pmc=1235490 |ref={{harvid|Karafet|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last1=Semino |year=2000 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155  |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |first1=O. |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |pmid=11073453 |last2=Passarino |first2=G |last3=Oefner |first3=PJ |last4=Lin |first4=AA |last5=Arbuzova |first5=S |display-authors=4 |last6=Beckman |bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S |ref={{harvid|Semino|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Bing |last2=Xiao |first2=Junhua |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter |last4=Deka |first4=Ranjan |last5=Zhang |first5=Weiling |display-authors=4 |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 1999 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1718–1724 |doi=10.1086/302680 |pmid=10577926 |pmc=1288383 |ref={{harvid|Su|1999}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |display-authors=4 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2000}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Haplogroup C of Y-DNA}}
* [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/C3 C3-M217 FTDNA]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202740/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my028 Spread of Haplogroup C], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
* https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/mintamil/k1GofGgPfXY

{{Y-DNA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup C-M130 (Y-Dna)}}
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|C-M130]]