View source for Haplogroup

{{Short description|Group of similar haplotypes}}
{{genetic genealogy}}
A [[haplotype]] is a group of [[allele]]s in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent,<ref name=cox2016/><ref name=editorial2012/> and a '''haplogroup''' ([[haploid]] from the {{langx|el|ἁπλοῦς}}, ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and {{langx|en|group}}) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] [[mutation]].<ref name=ISGS2015/> More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of [[allele]]s at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single [[kinship|line of descent]]. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.

[[File:World Map of Y-DNA Haplogroups.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Y-DNA haplogroups map of the world]]
Each haplogroup originates from, and remains part of, a preceding single haplogroup (or [[paragroup]]). As such, any related group of haplogroups may be precisely modelled as a [[Hierarchy#Nested hierarchy|nested hierarchy]], in which each [[Set (mathematics)|set]] (haplogroup) is also a [[subset]] of a single broader set (as opposed, that is, to biparental models, such as human family trees).  Haplogroups can be further divided into subclades.

Haplogroups are normally identified by an initial letter of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, such as (for example) {{nowrap|A → A1 → A1a}}. The alphabetical nomenclature was published in 2002 by the [[Y Chromosome Consortium]].<ref name="Consortium 2002 pp. 339–348">{{cite journal | last=Consortium | first=The Y Chromosome | title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups | journal=Genome Research | publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | volume=12 | issue=2 | date=2002-02-01 | issn=1088-9051 | doi=10.1101/gr.217602 | pages=339–348| pmid=11827954 | pmc=155271 }}</ref>

In [[human genetics]], the haplogroups most commonly studied are [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups|Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups]] and [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups]], each of which can be used to define [[Population genetics|genetic populations]]. Y-DNA is passed solely along the [[patrilineal]] line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the [[matrilineal]] line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither [[Genetic recombination|recombines]], and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.

== Haplogroup formation ==
[[File:Molecular lineage.png|thumb|250px|right|{{legend|#959595|Ancestral haplogroup}} {{legend|#ff7a7a|Haplogroup A (Hg A)}}{{legend|#0085ff|Haplogroup B (Hg B)}} All of these molecules are part of the ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the ancestral molecule, mutation A, which produced a new lineage; this is haplogroup A and is defined by mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new mutation, mutation B, happened in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is a subgroup, or [[subclade]] of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subclades of the ancestral haplogroup.]]

[[Mitochondria]] are small [[organelle]]s that lie in the [[cytoplasm]] of [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic cells]], such as those of humans. Their primary function is to provide energy to the cell. Mitochondria are thought to be reduced descendants of [[symbiotic]] [[bacteria]] that were once free living. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular [[DNA]], called [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see [[endosymbiotic theory]]). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the [[chromosome]]s in the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception.
An individual inherits their cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm exclusively from the maternal ovum (egg cell); [[sperm]] only pass on the chromosomal DNA, all paternal mitochondria are digested in the [[oocyte]]. When a [[mutation]] arises in a mtDNA molecule, the mutation is therefore passed down in a direct female line of descent. Mutations are changes in the nitrogen bases of the [[DNA sequence]]. Single changes from the original sequence are called [[single nucleotide polymorphism]]s (SNPs).{{Dubious|Talk SNP as 'mistake', Mutations as 'copy mistake' - dubious?|date=July 2019}}

Human [[Y chromosome]]s are male-specific [[XY sex-determination system|sex chromosomes]]; nearly all humans that possess a Y chromosome will be [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] male. Although Y chromosomes are situated in the cell nucleus and paired with [[X chromosome]]s, they only [[Genetic recombination|recombine]] with the X chromosome at the [[Y chromosome#Recombination inhibition|ends of the Y chromosome]]; the remaining 95% of the Y chromosome does not recombine. Therefore, the Y chromosome and any mutations that arise in it are passed down in a direct male line of descent.

Other chromosomes, [[autosomes]] and [[X chromosomes]] (when another X chromosome is available to pair with it), [[Chromosomal crossover|share their genetic material]] during [[meiosis]], the process of [[cell division]] which produces [[Gamete|gametes]]. Effectively this means that the genetic material from these chromosomes gets mixed up in every generation, and so any new mutations are passed down randomly from parents to offspring.

The special feature that both Y chromosomes and mtDNA display is that mutations can accrue along a certain segment of both molecules and these mutations remain fixed in place on the DNA. Furthermore, the historical sequence of these mutations can also be inferred. For example, if a set of ten Y chromosomes (derived from ten different individuals) contains a mutation, A, but only five of these chromosomes contain a second mutation, B, then it is overwhelmingly likely that mutation B occurred after mutation A.

Furthermore, all ten individuals who carry the chromosome with mutation A are the direct male line descendants of the same man who was the first person to carry this mutation. The first man to carry mutation B was also a direct male line descendant of this man, but is also the direct male line ancestor of all men carrying mutation B. Series of mutations such as this form molecular lineages. Furthermore, each mutation defines a set of specific Y chromosomes called a haplogroup.

All humans carrying mutation A form a single haplogroup, and all humans carrying mutation B are part of this haplogroup, but mutation B also defines a more recent haplogroup (which is a subgroup or [[subclade]]) of its own to which humans carrying only mutation A do not belong. Both mtDNA and Y chromosomes are grouped into lineages and haplogroups; these are often presented as tree-like diagrams.

===Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups===
{{Main|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup}}
Human [[Y chromosome]] DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ | title = Y Chromosome Consortium | access-date = 2005-07-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116195823/http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ | archive-date = 2017-01-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{Y-DNA}}

[[Y-chromosomal Adam]] is the name given by researchers to the male who is the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans.

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to
the recent European colonization), include:

==== Groups without mutation M168 ====

* [[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup A]] (M91) (Africa, especially the [[Khoisan]] and [[Nilotes]])
* [[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup B]] (M60) (Africa, especially the [[Pygmies]] and [[Hadzabe]])

==== Groups with mutation M168 ====

(mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp)
* [[Haplogroup C-M130 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C]] (M130) (Oceania, North/Central/East Asia, North America and a minor presence in South America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and Europe)
* [[YAP (genetics)|YAP+]] haplogroups
** [[Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup DE]] (M1, M145, M203)
*** [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup D]] (CTS3946) (Tibet, Nepal, Japan, the Andaman Islands, Central Asia, and a sporadic presence in Nigeria, Syria, and Saudi Arabia)
*** [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E]] (M96)
**** [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E1b1a]] (V38) West Africa and surrounding regions; formerly known as E3a
**** [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E1b1b]] (M215) Associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages; now concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as parts of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans; formerly known as E3b

==== Groups with mutation M89 ====

(mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp)
* [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]] (M89) Oceania, Europe, Asia, North and South America
** [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup FT]] (P14, M213) (China, Vietnam,<ref name = "Poznik2016">{{cite journal |first1=G. David |last1=Poznik |first2=Yali |last2=Xue |first3=Fernando L. |last3=Mendez |display-authors=etal |title=Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |year=2016 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=593–599 |doi=10.1038/ng.3559 |pmid=27111036 |pmc=4884158 }}</ref> Singapore<ref name = "Karmin2015">{{cite journal |first1=Monika |last1=Karmin |first2=Lauri |last2=Saag |first3=Mário |last3=Vicente |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |journal=Genome Research |volume=25 |issue= 4|pages=459–466 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |pmid=25770088 |pmc=4381518 }}</ref>)
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup G]] (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the [[Iranian plateau]], and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Greece, Italy, [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], the Tyrol, Bohemia; rare in Northern Europe)
* [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] (L901/M2939)
**H1'3 (Z4221/M2826, Z13960)
***H1 (L902/M3061)
****H1a (M69/Page45) India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia
****H1b (B108) Found in a [[Bamar people|Burmese]] individual in [[Myanmar]].<ref name = "Karmin2015" />
***H3 (Z5857) India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar
**H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Found with low frequency in Europe and western Asia.
* [[Haplogroup IJK (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup IJK]] (L15, L16)

==== Groups with mutations L15 & L16 ====

* [[Haplogroup IJK (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup IJK]] (L15, L16)
** [[Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup IJ]] (S2, S22)
*** [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] (M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, found infrequently in parts of the Middle East, and virtually absent elsewhere<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Barać L, Pericić M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M, Zhivotovsky LA, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R, Cinnioğlu C, Khusnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W, Simonescu M, Brehm A, Goncalves R, Rosa A, Moisan JP, Chaventre A, Ferak V, Füredi S, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzić R, Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Villems R, Semino O | title = Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–37 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15162323 | doi = 10.1086/422196 | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | pmc = 1181996 | access-date = 2007-03-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624135411/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf | archive-date = 2009-06-24 | url-status = dead }}</ref>)
**** [[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I1]] (M253, M307, P30, P40) (Northern Europe, dominant in Scandinavia)
**** [[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I2]] (S31) (Central and Southeast Europe, Sardinia, Balkans)
*** [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] (M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North Africa)
**** [[Haplogroup J* (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J*]] (Mainly found in [[Socotra]], with a few observations in [[Pakistan]], [[Oman]], [[Greece]], the [[Czech Republic]], and among [[Turkic peoples]])
**** [[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J1]] (M267) (Mostly associated with Semitic peoples in the Middle East but also found in; Mediterranean Europe, Ethiopia, North Africa, Pakistan, India and with [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] peoples in [[Dagestan]]; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia)
**** [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J2]] (M172) (Mainly found in West Asia, Central Asia, Iran, Italy, Greece, the Balkans and North Africa)
** [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup K]] (M9, P128, P131, P132)

==== Groups with mutation M9 ====

(mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 [[Before Present|bp]])
* [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup K]]
** [[Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup LT]] (L298/P326)
*** [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup L]] (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean)
*** [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup T]] (M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272) (North Africa, Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, South Asia); formerly known as Haplogroup K2
** [[Haplogroup K(xLT) (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup K(xLT)]] (rs2033003/M526)

===== Groups with mutation M526 =====

** [[Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup M]] (P256) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)
** [[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup NO]] (M214)
*** [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] (M231) (northernmost Eurasia)
*** [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O]] (M175) (East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia)
**** Haplogroup O1 (F265)
***** [[Haplogroup O-MSY2.2|Haplogroup O1a]] (M119)
***** [[Haplogroup O-P31|Haplogroup O1b]] (P31, M268)
**** [[Haplogroup O-M122|Haplogroup O2]] (M122)
** [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup P-M45]] (M45) (M45 occurred ~35,000 bp)
*** [[Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q-M242]] (M242) (Occurred ~15,000–20,000 bp. Found in Asia and the Americas)
**** [[Haplogroup Q-M3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q-M3]] (M3) (North America, Central America, and South America)
*** [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R]] (M207)
**** [[Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1]] (M173)
***** [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] (M17) (Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe)
***** [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (M343) (Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, Central Africa)
**** [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R2]] (M124) (South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia)
** [[Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup S]] (M230, P202, P204) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)

===Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups===
[[File:Human migrations and mitochondrial haplogroups.PNG|thumbnail|Human migrations and mitochondrial haplogroups]]
{{Main|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}
Human [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] haplogroups are lettered:
[[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]],
[[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]],
[[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]],
[[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|CZ]],
[[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]],
[[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]],
[[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]],
[[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]],
[[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]],
[[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]],
[[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]],
[[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]],
[[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>JT]],
[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]],
[[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]],
[[Haplogroup L0|L0]],
[[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]],
[[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]],
[[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]],
[[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]],
[[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]],
[[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]],
[[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]],
[[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]],
[[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|O]],
[[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]],
[[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]],
[[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]],
[[Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA)|R0]],
[[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]],
[[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]],
[[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]],
[[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]],
[[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]],
[[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]],
[[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]], and
[[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Z]]. 

The versions of the mtDNA tree was maintained by Mannis van Oven on the PhyloTree website up to 2016.<ref name = "phylotree.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.phylotree.org/ | title = PhyloTree.org }}</ref>
When the number of new mtDNA tests started to heavily increase, other companies started to develop the mtDNA halpotree. First the company YFull introduced their MTree<ref>https://www.yfull.com/mtree/</ref>. In 2025 [[FamilyTreeDNA]] introduced their MitoTree(Beta).<ref>https://dna-explained.com/2025/02/25/mitotree-is-born/</ref>


{{MtDNA}}

[[Mitochondrial Eve]] is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans.

===Defining populations===
[[File:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg|340px|right|thumb|Map of human haplotype migration, according to [[mitochondrial DNA]], with key (coloured) indicating periods in numbered thousands of years before the present.]]
Haplogroups can be used to define [[Genetics|genetic]] populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:
* African: [[Haplogroup L0|L0]], [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]], [[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]], [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]], [[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]]
* West Eurasian: [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]] (all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]])<ref name="pmid15254257">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Tolk HV, Parik J, Pennarun E, Laos S, Lunkina A, Golubenko M, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky OP, Gusar V, Khusnutdinova EK, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Rudan P, Balanovska EV, Grechanina E, Richard C, Moisan JP, Chaventré A, Anagnou NP, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis EN, Claustres M, Gölge M, Mikerezi I, Usanga E, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–21 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15254257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh209  | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* East Eurasian: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]], [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]], [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]], [[haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]], [[haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Z]] (note: C, D, E, G, and Z belong to macro-haplogroup [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]])
* Native American: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]]
* [[Australasia|Australo-Melanesian]]: [[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]], [[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]], [[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]]

The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into three main groups, which are designated by the sequential letters L, M, N.
Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1-6. L1-6 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group.

The M group comprises the first wave of human migration which is thought to have evolved outside of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may represent another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N.

Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas.

'''The L type''' consists of nearly all Africans.

'''The M type''' consists of:

M1 – Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

CZ – Many Siberians; branch C – Some Amerindian; branch Z – Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations.

D – Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians

E – Malay, Borneo, Philippines, [[Taiwanese aborigines]], Papua New Guinea

G – Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians

Q – Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations

'''The N type''' consists of:

A – Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians

I – 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe

S – Some Indigenous Australian (First Nations People of Australia)

W – Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians

X – Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans

Y – Most [[Nivkhs]] and people of [[Nias]]; many Ainus, [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic people]], and [[Austronesians]]; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia

'''R''' – Large group found within the N type. Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups (See above). Below are '''subclades of R''':

B – Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians

F – Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially [[Vietnam]]; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolk HV, Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Campbell H, Rudan I, Kivisild T, Villems R, Rudan P | title = The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = 717–23 | date = Sep 2001 | pmid = 11571562 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200709 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

R0 – Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV (branch H; branch V) – Europe, Western Asia, North Africa;

Pre-JT – Arose in the Levant (modern Lebanon area), found in 25% frequency in Bedouin populations; branch JT (branch J; branch T) – North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean

U – High frequency in West Eurasia, Indian sub-continent, and Algeria, found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe; U5 in particular shows high frequency in Scandinavia and Baltic countries with the highest frequency in the [[Sami people]].

==Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignment==
Here is a list of Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignment proposed by Bekada et al. 2013.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM | title = Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56775 | pmid = 23431392 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 | pmc=3576335 | year=2013| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856775B | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Y-chromosome===
According to SNPS haplogroups which are the age of the first extinction event tend to be around 45–50 kya. Haplogroups of the second extinction event seemed to diverge 32–35 kya according to [[Mal'ta-Buret' culture|Mal'ta]]. The ground zero extinction event appears to be Toba during which haplogroup CDEF* appeared to diverge into C, DE and F. C and F have almost nothing in common while D and E have plenty in common. Extinction event #1 according to current estimates occurred after Toba, although older ancient DNA could push the ground zero extinction event to long before Toba, and push the first extinction event here back to Toba. Haplogroups with extinction event notes by them have a dubious origin and this is because extinction events lead to severe bottlenecks, so all notes by these groups are just guesses. Note that the SNP counting of ancient DNA can be highly variable meaning that even though all these groups diverged around the same time no one knows when.<ref>{{cite web|title=Common genetic ancestors lived during roughly same time period|date=1 Aug 2013|url=http://phys.org/news/2013-08-common-genetic-ancestors-roughly-period.html|access-date=23 Jan 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, Stafford TW, Orlando L, Metspalu E, Karmin M, Tambets K, Rootsi S, Mägi R, Campos PF, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova E, Litvinov S, Osipova LP, Fedorova SA, Voevoda MI, DeGiorgio M, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Brunak S, Demeshchenko S, Kivisild T, Villems R, Nielsen R, Jakobsson M, Willerslev E | title = Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 87–91 | date = Jan 2014 | pmid = 24256729 | doi = 10.1038/nature12736 | pmc=4105016| bibcode = 2014Natur.505...87R }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"
! Origin
! Haplogroup
! Marker
|-
|-
| Europe (Second Extinction Event?)||I||M170, M253, P259, M227, M507
|-
| Europe||I1b||P215, M438, P37.2, M359, P41.2
|-
| Europe||I1b2||M26
|-
| Europe||I1c||M223, M284, P78, P95
|-
| Europe||J2a1||M47
|-
| Europe||J2a2||M67, M166
|-
| Europe||J2a2a||M92
|-
| Europe||J2b||M12, M102, M280, M241
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a||M412, P310
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1||L11
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1a||U106
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1b||U198, P312, S116
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1b1||U152
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1b2||M529
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1b3,4||M65, M153
|-
| Europe||R1b1b1a1b5||SRY2627
|-
| South Asia or Melanesia||C1(formerly known as CxC3)||Z1426
|-
| North Asia||C2 (formerly known as C3)||M217+
|-
| Indonesia or South Asia ||F ||M89, M282
|-
| Europe (Caucasus) ||G||M201, M285, P15, P16, M406
|-
| South Asia||H||M69, M52, M82, M197, M370
|-
| Europe or Middle East ||J1||M304, M267, P58, M365, M368, M369
|-
| Europe or Middle East||J2||M172, M410, M158, M319, DYS445=6, M339, M340
|-
| West of Burma in Eurasia (First Extinction Event?)<ref name="Karafet_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF | title = Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–73 | date = Mar 2015 | pmid = 24896152 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 | pmc=4326703}}</ref>
|-
| Indonesia (First Extinction Event?) <ref name="Karafet_2015"/>||K2 (NOPS) ||M526
|-
| South Asia||L||M11, M20, M27, M76, M317, M274, M349, M357
|-
| East Asia, South East Asia||N||M231, M214, LLY22g, Tat, M178
|-
|East Asia, South East Asia, South Asia ||O||M175, M119
|-
| Indonesia, Philippines ||P (xQR) ||92R7, M207, M173, M45
|-
| South Asia, Siberia ||R and Q (QR) split <ref name="Karafet_2015"/>||MEH2, M242, P36.2, M25, M346
|-
| Middle East, Europe, Siberia, South Asia||R1a1||M420, M17, M198, M204, M458
|-
|Anatolia, South East Europe ?||R1b||M173, M343, P25, M73
|-
| Europe ||R1b1b||M269
|-
| Europe ||R1b1b1||L23
|-
| Pakistan, India ||R2||M479, M124
|-
| Middle East||T||M70
|-
| North Africa ||E1b1b1  ||M35
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1a||M78
|-
| West Asia||E1b1b1a2||V13
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1a1||V12
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1a1b||V32
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1a3||V22
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1a4||V65
|-
| North Africa||E1b1b1b||M81
|-
| North Africa ||E1b1b1c||M123, M34
|-
| West Africa, North Africa||A||M91, M13
|-
| East Africa||B||M60, M181, SRY10831.1, M150, M109, M112
|-
| Asia, Africa||DE||M1, YAP, M174, M40, M96, M75, M98
|-
| East Asia, Nepal||D||M174
|-
| West Africa (First Extinction Event?)||E1a ||M33
|-
| East Africa (First Extinction Event is the split between E1b1 and E1a, second extinction event is the split between E1b1b and E1b1a)||E1b1||P2, M2, U175, M191
|-
| Middle East||J1||P58
|-
|}

===mtDNA===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"
! Origin
! Haplogroup
|-
| Europe||H1
|-
| Europe||H11a
|-
| Europe||H1a
|-
| Europe||H1b
|-
| Europe||H2a
|-
| Europe||H3
|-
| Europe||H5a
|-
| Europe||H6a
|-
| Europe||H7
|-
| Europe||HV0/HV0a/V
|-
| Europe||I4
|-
| Europe||J1c7
|-
| Europe||J2b1
|-
| Europe||T2b*
|-
| Europe||T2b4
|-
| Europe||T2e
|-
| Europe||U4c1
|-
| Europe||U5*
|-
| Europe||U5a
|-
| Europe||U5a1b1
|-
| Europe||U5b*
|-
| Europe||U5b1b*
|-
| Europe||U5b1c
|-
| Europe||U5b3
|-
| Europe||X2c'e
|-
| Middle East|| I
|-
| Middle East||A
|-
| Middle East||B
|-
| Middle East||C/Z
|-
| Middle East||D/G/M9/E
|-
| India||F
|-
| Middle East||H*
|-
| Middle East||H13a1
|-
| Middle East||H14a
|-
| Middle East||H20
|-
| Middle East||H2a1
|-
| Middle East||H4
|-
| Middle East||H6b
|-
| Middle East||H8
|-
| Middle East||HV1
|-
| Middle East||I1
|-
| Middle East||J / J1c / J2
|-
| Middle East||J1a'b'e
|-
| Middle East||J1b1a1
|-
| Middle East||J1b2a
|-
| Middle East||J1d / J2b
|-
| Middle East||J1d1
|-
| Middle East||J2a
|-
| Middle East||J2a2a1
|-
| Middle East||K*
|-
| Middle East||K1a*
|-
| Middle East||K1b1*
|-
| Middle East||N1a*
|-
| Middle East||N1b
|-
| Middle East||N1c
|-
| Middle East||N2
|-
| Middle East||N9
|-
| Middle East||R*
|-
| Middle East||R0a
|-
| Middle East||T
|-
| Middle East||T1*
|-
| West Asia||T1a
|-
| Middle East||T2
|-
| Middle East||T2c
|-
| Middle East||T2i
|-
| Middle East||U1*
|-
| Middle East||U2*
|-
| Middle East||U2e
|-
| Eurasia||U3*
|-
| Middle East||U4
|-
| Middle East||U4a*
|-
| Middle East||U7
|-
| Middle East||U8*
|-
| Middle East||U9a
|-
| Middle East||X
|-
| Middle East||X1a
|-
| Middle East||X2b1
|-
| North Africa||L3e5
|-
| North Africa||M1
|-
| North Africa||M1a1
|-
| North Africa||U6a
|-
| North Africa||U6a1'2'3
|-
| North Africa||U6b'c'd
|-
| East Africa||L0*
|-
| East Africa||L0a1
|-
| East Africa||L0a1b
|-
| East Africa||L0a2*
|-
| East Africa||L3c/L4/M
|-
| East Africa||L3d1a1
|-
| East Africa||L3d1d
|-
| East Africa||L3e1*
|-
| East Africa||L3f*
|-
| East Africa||L3h1b*
|-
| East Africa||L3i*
|-
| East Africa||L3x*
|-
| East Africa||L4a'b*
|-
| East Africa||L5*
|-
| East Africa||L6
|-
| East Africa||N* / M* / L3*
|-
| West Africa||L1b*
|-
| West Africa||L1b3
|-
| West Africa||L1c*
|-
| West Africa||L1c2
|-
| West Africa||L2*
|-
| West Africa||L2a
|-
| West Africa||L2a1*
|-
| West Africa||L2a1a2'3'4
|-
| West Africa||L2a1b
|-
| West Africa||L2a1b'f
|-
| West Africa||L2a1c1'2
|-
| West Africa||L2a1(16189)
|-
| West Africa||L2a2
|-
| West Africa||L2b*
|-
| West Africa||L2c1'2
|-
| West Africa||L2d
|-
| West Africa||L2e
|-
| West Africa||L3b
|-
| West Africa||L3b1a3
|-
| West Africa||L3b(16124!)
|-
| West Africa||L3b2a
|-
| West Africa||L3d*
|-
| West Africa||L3e2'3'4
|-
| West Africa||L3f1b*
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[International HapMap Project]]
* [[Molecular evolution]]
* [[Molecular phylogenetics]]
* [[Human evolutionary genetics]]
* [[Race (biology)]] / [[Race (human categorization)]]
* [[Genetic genealogy]]
* [[Genealogical DNA test]]
* [[List of genetic genealogy topics]]
* [[List of haplogroups of notable people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=cox2016>By C. Barry Cox, Peter D. Moore, Richard Ladle. Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-118-96858-1}} p. 106. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b6fQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1106 Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach]</ref>
<ref name=editorial2012>Editorial Board, V&S Publishers, 2012, {{ISBN|9381588643}} p. 137. [https://books.google.com/books?id=62SfTzdUS1cC&pg=PA137 Concise Dictionary of Science]</ref>
<ref name=ISGS2015>International Society of Genetic Genealogy 2015 [http://isogg.org/wiki/Genetics_Glossary Genetics Glossary]</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Haplogroups}}

===General===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130122064832/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/about/ The Genographic Project]

===all DNA haplogroups===
Y-Chromosome
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040728005528/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf World Haplogroups Maps] (PDF)

===Y chromosome DNA haplogroups===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170116195823/http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ Y Chromosome Consortium]
* [http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree ]
* [http://www.phylotree.org/Y/ PhyloTree's Y-tree] A minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y-chromosome
* [http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/hapest5a/hapest5.htm Haplogroup Predictor]
* The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002), [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/12/2/339 A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups], Genome Research, Vol. '''12'''(2), 339–48, February 2002. (Detailed hierarchical [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content-nw/full/12/2/339/F1 chart] has conversions from previous naming schemes)
* Semino et al. (2000), [https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans], Science, Vol '''290''' (paper which introduced the "Eu" haplogroups).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150506090224/http://dna.xyvy.info/ Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation]

===Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups===
* [https://www.phylotree.org/ PhyloTree – The phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation]
* [https://phylod3.mtdna.science PhyloD3 – D3.js-based phylogenetic tree based on PhyloTree]
* [http://www.mitotool.org/ MitoTool – a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619111340/http://www.mitotool.org/ |date=2016-06-19 }}
* [https://haplogrep.uibk.ac.at/ HaploGrep – automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups based on PhyloTree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612075145/http://haplogrep.uibk.ac.at/ |date=2016-06-12 }}
* [https://haplofind.unibo.it/ HaploFind – fast automatic haplogroup assignment pipeline for human mitochondrial DNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611123801/https://haplofind.unibo.it/ |date=2016-06-11 }}
* [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/images/skeleton07-08-02.jpg graphical mtDNA haplogroup skeleton]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080504045831/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)60403-0 The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080504045835/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)61263-4 Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?]

===Software===
* [https://archive.today/20121231055641/http://projects.fc.id.au/haplogroup-browser Y-DNA Haplogroup Browser]

[[Category:DNA]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Phylogenetics]]
[[Category:Population genetics]]
[[Category:Classical genetics]]
[[Category:Types of groupings]]