View source for Hans-Hermann Hoppe

{{Short description|German-American anarcho-capitalist academic (born 1949)}}
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{{Infobox economist
| name             = Hans-Hermann Hoppe
| image            = Hans-Hermann Hoppe 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption          = Hoppe in 2024
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1949|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Peine]], [[West Germany]]
| spouse           = Gülçin Imre Hoppe<ref name= Deist>{{cite magazine|last=Deist|first=Jeff|date=March–April 2020|title=Vol 6, No 2|url=https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Austrian%20March%20April%202020_0.pdf|magazine=The Austrian|location=Auburn, AL|page=12|publisher=Mises Institute|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118090249/https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Austrian%20March%20April%202020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Margaret Rudelich (div.)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Block |first1=Walter E. |last2=Futerman |first2=Alan G. |date=May 2024 |title=Rejoined to Hoppe on Israel Versus Hamas |url=https://www.meste.org/mest/MEST_Najava/XXIV_Block_Futerman.pdf |journal=MEST Journal |volume= |issue= |pages=1–57 |doi=10.12709/mest.12.12.01.01 |access-date=May 8, 2024|quote="Hoppe is himself divorced. This, presumably, renders him 'abnormal and perverse.' Also, this is hypocrisy."}}</ref>
| field            = {{plainlist |
* [[Political philosophy|Politics]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Epistemology]]
* [[Philosophy and economics]]
* [[Philosophy of culture|Culture]]
}}
| influences       = {{hlist|[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]|[[Karl Ludwig von Haller|Haller]]|[[Gustave de Molinari|Molinari]]|[[Ludwig von Mises|Mises]]|[[Bertrand de Jouvenel|Jouvenel]]|[[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn|Kuehnelt-Leddihn]]|[[Paul Lorenzen|Lorenzen]]|[[Karl-Otto Apel|Apel]]|[[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard]]|[[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas]]}}
| institutions     = Business school of [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]]<br>[[Mises Institute]]<br>[[Property and Freedom Society]]
| alma_mater       = [[Goethe University Frankfurt]]
| school_tradition = [[Austrian School]]<br>[[Continental philosophy]]
| movement         = [[Anarcho-capitalism]]<br>[[Cultural conservatism]]<br>[[Paleolibertarianism]]
| contributions    = [[Argumentation ethics]]<br>[[Democracy: The God That Failed|Capitalist critique of democracy]]
| awards           = The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize (2006)<ref>{{cite news|title=The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize|url=https://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum|work=Mises Institute Awards|date=18 August 2014|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute|author1=Kanopiadmin|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110151603/http://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Franz Cuhel Memorial Prize (Prague Conference on Political Economy 2009)<ref>[http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/en/Section/pcpe/history+of+pcpe/ History of PCPE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525041259/http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/en/Section/pcpe/history+of+pcpe/ |date=25 May 2015 }}, [[:cs:CEVRO Institut|CEVRO Institute]], Prague</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=September 2023|reason=needed for [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]}}
|signature        = Hans-Hermann Hoppe signature.svg
| website         = http://www.hanshoppe.com
}}
{{Libertarianism US|people}}
{{Conservatism US|intellectuals}}
{{anarcho-capitalism sidebar|people}}
{{Austrian School sidebar|people}}
'''Hans-Hermann Hoppe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|p|ə}};<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUzkZaD1xDs "Hans-Hermann Hoppe: Why Democracy Fails"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625142751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUzkZaD1xDs |date=25 June 2017 }}<!--at 1:49--></ref> {{IPA|de|ˈhɔpə|lang}}; born 2 September 1949) is a [[German Americans|German-American]] academic associated with [[Austrian School]] economics, [[anarcho-capitalism]], [[Right-libertarianism|right-wing libertarianism]], and [[Criticism of democracy|opposition]] to [[democracy]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Dieterle|title=Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia|publisher=Greenwood|date=2013|isbn=978-0313397462|page=145}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Olsen |first1=Niklas |last2=Slobodian |first2=Quinn |date=April 2022 |title=Locating Ludwig von Mises: Introduction |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855166 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |language=en |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=257–267 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2022.0012 |pmid=35603613 |s2cid=248987154 |issn=1086-3222 |access-date=31 August 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531140710/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855166 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Plehwe |first1=Dieter |title=Nine Lives of Neoliberalism |last2=Slobodian |first2=Quinn |publisher=Verso |year=2020 |isbn=978-1788732550 |location=London |pages=16}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=George |title=Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2017 |isbn=978-0700625796 |location=United States |pages=167–170 |quote=In order to restore private property rights and truly erode the state, libertarians must actually be "radical and uncompromising conservatives". He insisted that libertarians must always favor the right to discriminate, even on the basis of race, and further argued that as long as states exist, states should have the right to restrict or completely ban foreign immigration.}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> From 1986 until 2008 he was professor of economics at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] (UNLV). He is a senior fellow of the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute|Mises Institute]] think tank. In 2006 he emigrated to Turkey and founded the [[Property and Freedom Society]].<ref name="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">{{cite web|url=https://www.mises.org/profile/hans-hermann-hoppe|title=Hans-Hermann Hoppe|date=20 June 2014|publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113010941/https://mises.org/profile/hans-hermann-hoppe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNLV cat">{{cite web|title=UNLV Catalog|url=http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf|access-date=19 April 2013|page=47|archive-date=5 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605222237/http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the speakers at the organization's conferences in Turkey have been [[white nationalism|white nationalists]].<ref name=":23">Mower, Lawrence (May 11, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313193453/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2007/Mar-11-Sun-2007/news/13063858.html "Researchers tied to hate groups get invitations."] ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]''</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Hoppe has written extensively in opposition to democracy, notably in his 2001 book ''[[Democracy: The God That Failed]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Slobodian |first=Quinn |author-link=Quinn Slobodian |title=Crack-Up Capitalism: Market Radicals and the Dream of a World Without Democracy |year=2023 |publisher=Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-1250753908 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="gordondemocracy" /><ref name=":9" /> The book favors exclusionary "covenant communities" that are "founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin".<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Jacob |date=April 2022 |title=Repurposing Mises: Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |language=en |volume=83 |issue=2 |page=332 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2022.0015 |issn=1086-3222 |pmid= 35603616|s2cid= 248985277|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160927/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=April 17, 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A section of the book favoring exclusion of democrats and homosexuals from society helped popularize Hoppe on the [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name="Snyder" />

Hoppe was a protégé of [[Murray Rothbard]], who established him at UNLV, where Hoppe taught from 1986 to 2008.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2004, a student's complaint about Hoppe's lecture comments regarding homosexuals and [[time preference]] led to an investigation and non-disciplinary letter to Hoppe by UNLV,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoppe |first=Hans-Hermann |date=2005-04-12 |title=My Battle With The Thought Police |url=https://mises.org/mises-daily/my-battle-thought-police |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=[[Mises Institute]] |language=en}}</ref> which was subsequently withdrawn after a controversy over [[academic freedom]].<ref name="Snyder" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Beito |first1=David |author-link1=David T. Beito |last2=Luker |first2=Ralph |author-link2=Ralph Luker |last3=Johnson |first3=Robert David |author-link3=KC Johnson |date=May 2005 |title=Consulting All Sides on "Speech Codes" |url=https://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2005may/beito.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.thefire.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/5607_3824.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-05 |website=[[Organization of American Historians]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:MurrayBW.jpg|thumb|upright|125px|[[Murray Rothbard]], whom Hoppe called his [[mentor]] and master]]
Hoppe was born in 1949 in [[Peine]], [[West Germany]].<ref name=":12" /> His parents had settled there in 1946 after fleeing from [[East Elbia]], which after WW2 came under Soviet occupation. He has stated the expropriation of his mother’s family who were East Elbean [[Junker]]s has been a lasting trauma, and that he was raised with a [[Protestant ethic]].<ref name="Deist" />

Hoppe completed his undergraduate studies at [[Saarland University]]<ref name=":12">[http://thegodthatfailed.org/2011/10/01/jeff-tucker-interviews-hans-hermann-hoppe/ ''Jeff Tucker interviews Hans-Hermann Hoppe''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003232639/http://thegodthatfailed.org/2011/10/01/jeff-tucker-interviews-hans-hermann-hoppe/|date=3 October 2011}} (1 October 2011)</ref> and received his MA and PhD degrees in Philosophy from [[Goethe University Frankfurt]].<ref name="UNLV cat" /> He studied under [[Jürgen Habermas]], a leading German intellectual of the post-WWII era, but came to reject Habermas's ideas and European leftism generally.<ref>[[Lew Rockwell]], introduction to Hoppe's ''A Short History of Man'' (2015), Auburn, Mississippi: Mises Institute, p. 9</ref>

He was a post-doctoral fellow at the [[University of Michigan]], in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], from 1976 to 1978 and earned his [[habilitation]] in Foundations of Sociology and Economics from the University of Frankfurt in 1981.

== Career ==
From 1981-1985 he taught in West Germany and Italy.<ref name=":2" /> 
In 1986 Hoppe came to the United States through [[Murray Rothbard]] on a scholarship from the [[Center for Libertarian Studies]], and Rothbard also established Hoppe at [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Slobodian |first1=Quinn |title=Mutant Neoliberalism: Market Rule and Political Rupture.  |last2=Plehwe |first2=Dieter |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0823285730 |editor-last=William Callison, Zachary Manfredi |location=United Kingdom |pages=2019 |chapter=Neoliberals Against Europe}}</ref> From 1986<ref name=":1" /> until his retirement in 2008,<ref name=":2" /> Hoppe was a professor in the School of Business at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the [[Mises Institute]], a libertarian think tank that is publisher of much of his work, and was editor of various Mises Institute periodicals.<ref>Hans Herman Hoppe, ''[https://mises.org/books/economicsethics.pdf The Economics and Ethics of Private Property] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126121624/http://mises.org/books/economicsethics.pdf |date=26 November 2013 }}'', 2nd Ed., [[Mises Institute]], p. xii, {{ISBN|978-0945466406}}.</ref>

Hoppe has said that Rothbard was his "principal teacher, mentor and master".<ref name="Bell1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/1936/Anthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy/|publisher=The Daily Bell|last=Wile|first=Anthony|title=Dr. Hans-Hermann Hoppe on the Impracticality of One-World Government and the Failure of Western-style Democracy|date=27 March 2011|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912140049/http://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/1936/Anthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Hoppe said he was "working and living side-by-side with him, in constant and immediate personal contact," and said that from 1985 until Rothbard's 1995 death, he considered Rothbard his "dearest fatherly friend".<ref>Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1995). L. Rockwell (Ed.), from ''[https://mises.org/books/memoriam.pdf Murray Rothbard, In Memoriam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123150626/http://www.mises.org/books/memoriam.pdf |date=23 January 2014 }}''. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 33–37</ref>

=== Mises Institute and John Randolph Club ===

The [[Mises Institute]] was founded in 1982 by [[Lew Rockwell]], [[Burton Blumert]], and Murray Rothbard,<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2018 |title=The Story of the Mises Institute |url=https://mises.org/wire/story-mises-institute |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823180918/https://mises.org/wire/story-mises-institute |url-status=live }}</ref> following a split between the [[Cato Institute]] and Rothbard, who had been one of the founders of the Cato Institute.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Think Tanks and Liberty |url=https://mises.org/library/think-tanks-and-liberty |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826113217/https://mises.org/library/think-tanks-and-liberty |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}} After Rothbard's death in 1996, Hoppe was a leading anarcho-capitalist figure at the Mises Institute.<ref name=":4" />

Hoppe was active in the [[John Randolph Club]], a far-right alliance of [[Paleolibertarianism|paleolibertarians]] and [[Paleoconservatism|paleoconservatives]] that was organized by Rothbard and associated with the [[Rockford Institute]].<ref name=":1" /> The club was known for promoting [[secession]]ist and [[Neo-Confederates|neo-Confederate]] views in the 1990s.<ref name=":1" />

===Property and Freedom Society===
{{Main|Property and Freedom Society}}

In 2006, Hoppe founded The Property and Freedom Society (PFS), with annual conferences in [[Bodrum, Turkey]]. It and the Mises Institute represent a [[Paleolibertarianism|paleolibertarian]] challenge to the [[Mont Pelerin Society]] and [[Atlas Network]] of think tanks.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1vbd2mv |title=Market Civilizations |year=2022|publisher=Zone Books |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1vbd2mv |isbn=978-1942130680 |s2cid=249073465 |editor-last=Slobodian |editor-first=Quinn |editor-last2=Plehwe |editor-first2=Dieter}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Figures of the [[European New Right]] and the American [[alt-right]] have attended PFS conferences.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Wasserman |first=Janek |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbxwf |title=The Marginal Revolutionaries |year=2019|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300249170 |pages=281|doi=10.2307/j.ctvnwbxwf |s2cid=203312066 }}</ref> Quinn Slobodian and Dieter Plehwe describe Hoppe as a "racialist right-wing libertarian", and Slobodian writes that the conferences have included members of the former [[John Randolph Club]] along with "new advocates of stateless libertarianism and racial secession".<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2011, on the fifth anniversary of PFS, Hoppe reflected on its goals: "On the one hand, positively, it was to explain and elucidate the legal, economic, cognitive and cultural requirements and features of a free, state-less natural order. On the other hand, negatively, it was to unmask the State and showcase it for what it really is: an institution run by gangs of murderers, plunderers and thieves, surrounded by willing executioners, propagandists, sycophants, crooks, liars, clowns, charlatans, dupes and useful idiots – an institution that dirties and taints everything it touches."<ref name="4H PFS">{{cite web |last=Hoppe |first=Hans Hermann |title=The Property And Freedom Society – Reflections After Five Years |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/hans-hermann-hoppe/my-life-on-the-right/ |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=lewrockwell.com |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628180012/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/hans-hermann-hoppe/my-life-on-the-right/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Hoppe was criticized for inviting [[white nationalist]] speakers such as [[Jared Taylor]] and [[neo-Nazi]] [[Richard B. Spencer]] to speak at the PFS, where also venture capitalist [[Peter Thiel]] spoke.<ref name=":23"/><ref name="Ganz" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Piggott |first=Stephen |date=June 9, 2016 |title=PayPal Co-Founder Peter Thiel to Address White Nationalist-Friendly "Property and Freedom Society" Conference in September |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/06/09/paypal-co-founder-peter-thiel-address-white-nationalist-friendly-%E2%80%9Cproperty-and-freedom |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080809/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/06/09/paypal-co-founder-peter-thiel-address-white-nationalist-friendly-%E2%80%9Cproperty-and-freedom |url-status=live }}</ref> Describing the PFS, the Southern Poverty Law Center said in 2016 that "in Hoppe one can see the connection between the ultra-Libertarians and white nationalists".<ref name=":3" /> ''[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]]'' in 2017 described the annual PFS meeting as "Davos, but for racists".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Read |first=Simon Van Zuylen-Wood, Noreen Malone, Max |date=2017-04-30 |title=Beyond Alt: Understanding the New Far Right |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/04/beyond-alt-understanding-the-new-far-right.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816005024/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/04/beyond-alt-understanding-the-new-far-right.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Slobodian wrote in 2023 that "prophets of racial and social breakdown share the stage with investment advisors and financial consultants" at the conferences.<ref name=":1" />

==Views==

=== On democracy ===
{{Main|Democracy: The God That Failed}}

Hoppe's book ''[[Democracy: The God That Failed]]'', published in 2001, argues that democracy is a cause of civilizational decline.<ref>{{Cite book |first= |title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy.  |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0190877606 |editor-last=Sedgwick |editor-first=Mark |location=United States |pages=191 |chapter=Mencius Moldbug and Neoreaction}}</ref> Passages in the book oppose [[universal suffrage]] and favor "natural elites".<ref name=":1" /> In the book, Hoppe blames democratic forms of government for various social and economic problems, and attributes democracy's failures to pressure groups which seek to increase government expenditures and regulations. Hoppe proposes alternatives and remedies, including [[secession]], decentralization of government, and "complete freedom of contract, occupation, trade and migration".<ref>R.M. Pearce, [http://www.nationalobserver.net/2003_autumn_br5.htm Book Review: Democracy: the God That Failed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828060727/http://www.nationalobserver.net/2003_autumn_br5.htm |date=28 August 2023 }}, [[National Observer (Australia)|''The National Observer'' (Australia)]], No. 56, Autumn 2003.</ref> Hoppe argues that monarchy would preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.<ref name="gordondemocracy">[[David Gordon (philosopher)|David Gordon]], [https://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=199 Review of Hans-Hermann Hoppe, ''Democracy: The God that Failed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919231436/http://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=199 |date=19 September 2014 }}, "The Mises Review" of [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2002; Volume 8, Number 1.</ref> The book helped popularize Hoppe in the [[Far-right politics|far-right]], particularly a section of the book that called for the exclusion of political rivals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Ketcham |first=Christopher |date=2021-02-04 |title=What the Far-Right Fascination With Pinochet's Death Squads Should Tell Us |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/02/04/pinochet-far-right-hoppean-snake/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=[[The Intercept]] |language=en-US |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703015036/https://theintercept.com/2021/02/04/pinochet-far-right-hoppean-snake/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Janek Wasserman writes that Hoppe "reimagined the Austrian legacy as one of authoritarianism, conservatism, antidemocracy, and anti-Enlightenment".<ref name=":9" /> [[Steven Horwitz]] called the approaches of Hoppe and his Mises Institute colleague [[Joseph T. Salerno|Joseph Salerno]] "a fascist fist in a libertarian glove".<ref name=":9" /> The political scientist George Hawley writes that Hoppe "may be the most important bridge between libertarianism and the Alt-Right".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=George |title=Making Sense of the Alt-Right |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2017 |location=United States}}</ref> Hawley notes that Hoppe has argued that "libertarians must actually be radical conservatives", and that libertarians must favor a right to [[discrimination]], including on the basis of [[Racial discrimination|race]].<ref name=":10" />

In Hoppe's view, Wasserman writes, "the successes of the [[fin-de-siecle]] age—and the Austrian school—were not the product of liberal predominance or cosmopolitan virtues but of the ancien régime and its restrictive social order".<ref name=":9" /> Regarding democracy and the arts, Hoppe argued in 2013 that "democracy leads to the subversion and ultimately disappearance of the notion of beauty and universal standards of beauty. Beauty is swamped and submerged by so-called '[[modern art]]'."<ref>Fonseca, Joel (1 August 2013). [http://www.mises.org.br/Article.aspx?id=1644 "The Brazilian Philosophy Magazine Dicta & Contradicta Interviews Hans-Hermann Hoppe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704215655/https://www.mises.org.br/Article.aspx?id=1644 |date=4 July 2022 }}. Mises Institute Brazil</ref>

Reviewing ''Democracy: The God That Failed'', [[Walter Block]], a colleague of Hoppe's at the [[Mises Institute]], wrote that Hoppe's arguments shed light "on historical occurrences, from wars to poverty to inflation to interest rates to crime". While Hoppe concedes that 21st-century democracies are more prosperous than the monarchies of old, Hoppe argues that if nobles and kings replaced today's political leaders, their ability to take a long-term view of a country's well-being would "improve matters", Block wrote. Block shared what he called minor criticisms of Hoppe's theses regarding [[time preference]]s, immigration and the gap between libertarianism and conservatism.<ref>[[Walter Block]], [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1946360 Review of ''Democracy: The God that Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order''], [[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]], Vol. 61, No. 3, July 2002.</ref>

Alberto Benegas-Lynch Jr., a professor of economics at the [[University of Buenos Aires]] who is associated with the libertarian [[Cato Institute]],<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/alberto-benegas-lynch "Alberto Benegas Lynch."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828093425/https://www.cato.org/people/alberto-benegas-lynch|date=28 August 2023}} Cato.org</ref> criticized Hoppe's thesis that monarchy is preferable to democracy.<ref name="Reply2ABL">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1997). [http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf "On Theory and History. Reply to Benegas-Lynch Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222342/https://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf |date=24 March 2023 }}. Published in Gerard Radnitzky, ed., ''Values and the Social Order'', Vol. 3 (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997).</ref> Benegas-Lynch provided evidence that modern monarchies tend to be far poorer than modern democracies. In response, Hoppe argued that comparing mostly African monarchies with mostly European democracies led to a distortion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoppe|first=Hans-Hermann|date=1997|title=On Theory and History. Reply to Benegas-Lynch Jr.|url=http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf|journal=Values and the Social Order|volume=3|pages=1–8|via=HansHoppe.com|access-date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222342/https://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2023}}

Asked by ''[[The Intercept]]'' in 2021 about his incorporation into far-right [[internet meme]]s celebrating political murder, Hoppe responded that the question was ignorant, writing, "I have been an intellectual champion of private property right, free markets, freedom of contract and association, and peace", and, "What do I know? There are lots of crazy people out there!"<ref name=":13" />

=== Covenant communities and discrimination ===
In ''Democracy: The God That Failed,'' Hoppe argues in favor of property owners' right to establish communities with exclusive criteria for admission and acceptance.<ref name="pp. 216–2182" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police|title=My Battle With The Thought Police|last=kanopiadmin|date=11 April 2005|newspaper=Mises Institute|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926200243/https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoppe describes a society of "[[Covenant (law)#Exclusionary covenants|covenant communities]]" made up of residents who have signed an agreement defining the nature of that community. Hoppe believes that these covenant communities should have the right to certain forms of discrimination, including the physical separation of people whose lifestyle is deemed incompatible with the norms of that community.{{cn|date=May 2024}} He writes that "There would be little or no 'tolerance' and 'openmindedness' so dear to [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarians]]. Instead, one would be on the right path toward restoring the freedom of association and exclusion implied in the institution of [[private property]]".<ref name="Hoppe211">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2001). ''Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order'', Transaction Publishers, p. 211. {{ISBN|1412815290}}</ref><ref name=":5">Block, Walter (2007). [http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/29/rp_29_10.pdf "Plumb-Line Libertarianism: A Critique of Hoppe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200940/https://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/29/rp_29_10.pdf |date=1 June 2023 }}. Reason Papers.</ref>

Hoppe writes: "In a covenant concluded among proprietor and community tenants for the purpose of protecting their [[private property]], no such thing as a right to free (unlimited) speech exists, ... naturally no one is permitted to advocate ideas contrary to the very purpose of the covenant of preserving and protecting private property, such as [[democracy]] and [[communism]]. There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] social order. They will have to be physically separated and expelled from society. Likewise, in a covenant founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin, there can be no tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal. They – the advocates of alternative, non-family and kin-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual [[hedonism]], parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or [[communism]] – will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] order."<ref name="pp. 216–2182">Hoppe, ''Democracy: The God That Failed'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA216e pp. 216–218]</ref><ref name="Snyder" />

Commenting on this passage, Martin Snyder of the [[American Association of University Professors]] said Hoppe's words will disturb "[t]hose with a better memory than Hoppe for [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]], [[apartheid]], internment facilities and concentration camps, for yellow stars and pink triangles".<ref name="Snyder" /> [[Walter Block]] describes Hoppe as calling for homosexuals and others to be banned from polite society, and says of Hoppe's statement: "it is stark, it is well written, it is radical...it is still exceedingly difficult to reconcile with [[libertarianism]]."<ref>[[Walter Block]] ([[Loyola University New Orleans]]), [https://mises.org/journals/scholar/block15.pdf "Libertarianism is unique; it belongs neither to the right nor the left: a critique of the views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the left, Hoppe, Feser and Paul on the right"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011107/http://www.mises.org/journals/scholar/block15.pdf |date=21 October 2014 }}, undated, published at [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] website, pp. 22–23.</ref>

Critics such as Phillip Magness have argued that Hoppe's cultural [[Conservatism|conservative]] views were not derived from [[Ludwig von Mises|Mises's]] [[Austrian school of economics|Austrian economics]], but rather from outside philosophical traditions such as other right-wing political thought and the [[Frankfurt School]].<ref> "Magness, P.W. (2019). Racial Determinism and Immigration in the Works of Ludwig von Mises: A Critique of Slobodian's Alt-Right Thesis. Social & Political Philosophy eJournal. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3490778</ref>

=== Support for immigration restrictions ===
{{Capitalism sidebar}}
Although a self-described [[Anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] who favors abolishing the nation-state, Hoppe also garners controversy due to his support for governmental enforcement of [[immigration law]]s, which critics argue is at odds with [[libertarianism]] and [[anarcho-capitalism]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ganz">{{cite news |last=Ganz |first=John |date=19 September 2017 |title=Perspective – Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/ |access-date=16 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |via= |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807155429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hoppe argues that as long as states exist, they should impose some restrictions on immigration. He has equated free immigration to "forced integration" which violates the rights of native peoples, since if land were privately owned, immigration would not be unhindered but would only occur with the consent of private property owners.<ref name="migrations">Hans Hoppe, [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/hermann-hoppe1.html On Free Immigration and Forced Integration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828083808/https://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/hermann-hoppe1.html |date=28 August 2023 }}, [[LewRockwell.com]], 1999.</ref>

Hoppe's [[Mises Institute]] colleague [[Walter Block]] has characterized Hoppe as an "anti-open immigration activist" who argues that, though all [[public property]] is "stolen" by the state from [[taxpayer]]s, "the state compounds the injustice when it allows immigrants to use [public] property, thus further "invading" the private property rights of the original owners".<ref name="mises2">Anthony Gregory and Walter Block On [https://mises.org/journals/jls/21_3/21_3_2.pdf Immigration: Reply to Hoppe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817034202/http://mises.org/journals/jls/21_3/21_3_2.pdf |date=17 August 2014 }}, [[Journal of Libertarian Studies]], Volume 21, No. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 25–42.</ref> However, Block rejects Hoppe's views as incompatible with [[libertarianism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Block |first = Walter |title = Rejoinder to Hoppe on Immigration |journal = Journal of Libertarian Studies |volume = 22 |issue = 1 |year = 2011 |pages = 771–792 |url = https://cdn.mises.org/22_1_38.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220313084905/https://cdn.mises.org/22_1_38.pdf |archive-date = 2022-03-13 |access-date=2025-04-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> He argues that Hoppe's logic implies that flagrantly unlibertarian laws such as regulations on prostitution and drug use "could be defended on the basis that many tax-paying property owners would not want such behavior on their own [[private property]]".<ref name="BlockLaborEcon">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Walter |title=Labor Economics From A Free Market Perspective: Employing The Unemployable |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mXICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |access-date=13 July 2018 |isbn=978-9814475860 |year= 2008 |publisher=World Scientific }}</ref> Another libertarian author, Simon Guenzl, writing for ''Libertarian Papers,'' argues that: "supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with [[Murray Rothbard|Rothbardian]] and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Guenzl|first=Simon|date=23 June 2016|title=Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate|journal=Libertarian Papers|volume= 8|quote=I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society.}}</ref>

In terms of specific immigration restrictions, Hoppe argued that an appropriate policy will require immigrants to the United States to display proficiency in English in addition to "superior (above-average) intellectual performance and character structure as well as a compatible system of values".<ref>Walter Block and Gene Callahan, [http://www.walterblock.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/block-callahan_right-immigrate-2003.pdf Is There a Right to Immigration?: A Libertarian Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220132/http://www.walterblock.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/block-callahan_right-immigrate-2003.pdf |date=10 May 2023 }}, [[Human Rights Review]], October–December 2003.</ref> He suggested that these criteria would lead to a "systematic pro-European immigration bias". Jacob Hornberger of the ''Future of Freedom Foundation'' argued that the immigration test Hoppe advocated would probably be prejudiced against Latin American immigrants to the United States.<ref>Jacob Hornberger, [http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/lets-stick-traditional-american-values/ Let's Stick with Traditional American Values!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017160823/https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/lets-stick-traditional-american-values/ |date=17 October 2022 }}, The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1 February 2000.</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2023}}

=== Remarks about homosexuals and academic investigation ===
{{Overly detailed|nosplit=y|details=details of the chronology should be summarized|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Hans-Hermann Hoppe by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|125px|Hoppe at an event in New York City in 2017.]]
Hoppe's statements and ideas concerning [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and [[homosexuality]] have repeatedly provoked controversy among his libertarian peers and his colleagues at UNLV. Following a 4 March 2004, lecture on [[time preference]] at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] (UNLV), a student complained that Hoppe created a hostile classroom environment by asserting that homosexuals tend to be more shortsighted than heterosexuals in their ability to save money and plan economically, in part because they tend not to have children.<ref name="Snyder_a">{{Cite news | issn = 0190-2946 | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 127 | last = Snyder | first = Martin | title = Birds of a Feather? | work = Academe | quote=So what ignited the controversy in Nevada? In March 2004, a student formally accused Hoppe of creating a hostile classroom environment during a lecture on time preference, a notion in economics identifying individuals' varying degrees of willingness to defer the immediate consumption of goods in favor of saving and investment. Hoppe opined that certain demographic groups, for instance homosexuals, tend to be more shortsighted in their economic outlook than those who have children.}}</ref> Hoppe also suggested that [[John Maynard Keynes]]'s homosexuality might explain his economic views, with which Hoppe disagreed.<ref>{{Cite news | issn = 0190-2946 | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 127 | last = Snyder | first = Martin | title = Birds of a Feather? | work = Academe | quote=He also suggested that the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes might be explained by Keynes's reputed homosexuality.}}</ref> Hoppe also stated that very young and very old people, and couples without children, were less likely to plan for the future. Hoppe told a reporter that the comments lasted only 90 seconds of a 75-minute class, no students questioned the comments, and that in 18 years of giving the lecture he had not received a complaint about them. At the request of university officials, Hoppe apologized to the class. He said, "Italians tend to eat more spaghetti than Germans, and Germans tend to eat more sauerkraut than Italians" and said that he was speaking in generalities. The student alleged that Hoppe did not take the complaint seriously and filed a formal complaint. Hoppe told the reporter that he felt as if he was the victim in the incident and that the student should have been told to "grow up".<ref name="Lake">Richard Lake, {{cite web |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Feb-05-Sat-2005/news/25808494.html |title=UNLV accused of limiting free speech |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209040615/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Feb-05-Sat-2005/news/25808494.html |archive-date=9 February 2005 }} [[Las Vegas Review-Journal]], 5 February 2005.</ref>

An investigation was conducted, and the university's provost, [[Raymond W. Alden III]], issued Hoppe a non-disciplinary letter of instruction on 9 February 2005, with a finding that he had "created a hostile or intimidating educational environment in violation of the University's policies regarding discrimination as to sexual orientation". Alden also instructed Hoppe to "... cease mischaracterizing opinion as objective fact" and said that Hoppe's opinion was not supported by peer-reviewed academic literature.<ref name="alden2005">{{cite news|last=Alden, III|first=Raymond W.|title=Findings and non-disciplinary letter of instruction|newspaper=Mises Institute|url=https://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf|author-link=Raymond W. Alden III|date=9 February 2005|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114191328/http://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2023}}

Hoppe appealed the decision, saying the university had "blatantly violated its contractual obligations" toward him, and described the action as "frivolous interference with my right to academic freedom".<ref>Justin Chomintra, ''[http://archive.mises.org/3137/the-thought-police-and-hoppe/ Professor, ACLU may sue UNLV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112107/http://archive.mises.org/3137/the-thought-police-and-hoppe/ |date=3 September 2013 }}'', ''The Rebel Yell'', 10 February 2005; reprinted by [[Stephen Kinsella]] at Mises.org, 10 February 2005.</ref> He was represented by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], which threatened legal action.<ref name="LVSFeb8">{{cite news|title=Efforts to punish UNLV professor gains exposure|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/08/effort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure/#axzz2UBIVranP|access-date=23 May 2013|newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=8 February 2005|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174148/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/08/effort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure/#axzz2UBIVranP|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lake" /> The Nevada ACLU executive director said, "We don't subscribe to Hans' theories and certainly understand why some students find them offensive ... But academic freedom means nothing if it doesn't protect the right of professors to present scholarly ideas that are relevant to their curricula".<ref name="Lake" /> Alden's decision was picked up by [[Fox News]] and several blogs and libertarians organized a campaign to contact the university.<ref name="LVSFeb8" /> The university received two weeks of bad publicity and the Interim Chancellor ([[Nevada System of Higher Education]]) [[James E. Rogers (attorney)|Jim Rogers]] expressed concerns about "any attempts to thwart free speech".<ref>{{cite news|title=Exoneration sought for UNLV professor|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/21/exoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor/#axzz2UBIVranP|access-date=23 May 2013|newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=21 February 2005|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174151/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/21/exoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor/#axzz2UBIVranP|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jim Rogers rejected Hoppe's request for a one-year paid sabbatical.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rogers nixes Hoppe sabbatical|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/23/rogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical/#axzz2UBIVranP|access-date=23 May 2013|newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=23 February 2005|archive-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409055207/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/23/rogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical/#axzz2UBIVranP|url-status=live}}</ref> UNLV President [[Carol Harter]] acted upon Hoppe's appeal on 18 February 2005, deciding that Hoppe's views, even if non-mainstream or controversial, should not be cause for reprimanding him. She dismissed the discrimination complaint against Hoppe, and the non-disciplinary letter was withdrawn from Hoppe's personnel file.<ref name="Snyder">{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Martin D. |date=2005 |title=State of the Profession: Birds of a Feather? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40253419 |journal=Academe |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=127 |doi=10.2307/40253419 |jstor=40253419 |issn=0190-2946 |quote="In his 2001 book Democracy: The God That Failed, the Chronicle of Higher Education reports, Hoppe maintains that in a libertarian Utopia dissidents would be unwelcome: "There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and removed from society."|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She wrote, "In the balance between freedoms and responsibilities, and where there may be ambiguity between the two, academic freedom must, in the end, be foremost."<ref>{{cite web |author=Carol Harter |author-link=Carol Harter |date=February 18, 2005 |title=Statement of Dr. Carol Harter, President of UNLV, regarding Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe |url=https://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-date=31 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331230511/https://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2023}}

Hoppe later wrote about the incident and the UNLV investigation in an article entitled "My Battle With the Thought Police".<ref name="ThoughtPolice">Hans-Hermann Hoppe, [https://mises.org/daily/1792 "My Battle With the Thought Police"], [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] web site, 12 April 2005.</ref> Martin Snyder of the [[American Association of University Professors]] wrote that he should not be "punished for freely expressing his opinions".<ref name="Snyder" />

Various controversies about [[academic freedom]], including the Hoppe matter and remarks made by [[Harvard University]] President [[Lawrence Summers]], prompted the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, to hold a conference on academic freedom in October 2005.<ref>The role of [[Tenure (academic)|academic tenure]] was included during the conference. {{cite news|title=Teachers' tenure on front burner|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/oct/13/teachers-tenure-on-front-burner/#axzz2UBIVranP|access-date=23 May 2013|newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=13 October 2005|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010326/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/oct/13/teachers-tenure-on-front-burner/#axzz2UBIVranP|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 UNLV proposed a new policy that included the encouragement of reporting by people who felt that they had encountered bias.<ref name="Hsu">The proposed policy defined "bias incidents" as "'verbal, written, or physical acts of intimidation, coercion, interference, frivolous claims, discrimination, and sexual or other harassment motivated, in whole or in part, by bias" based on characteristics including actual or perceived race, religion, sex (including gender identity or gender expression or a pregnancy-related condition), physical appearance and political affiliation.' {{cite news|last=Hsu|first=Charlotte|title=ACLU airs free speech concerns on bias policy: Faculty express concern; UNLV official says proposal would encourage expression|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/apr/25/aclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy/#axzz2UBIVranP|access-date=23 May 2013|newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=25 April 2009|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031004609/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/apr/25/aclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy/#axzz2UBIVranP|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed policy was criticized by the Nevada ACLU and some faculty members who remembered the Hoppe incident as adverse to academic freedom.<ref name="Hsu" /><ref>[http://media.lasvegassun.com/media/pdfs/blogs/documents/2009/04/24/unlv_bias_policy.pdf Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes (Final draft)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200613/http://media.lasvegassun.com/media/pdfs/blogs/documents/2009/04/24/unlv_bias_policy.pdf |date=29 October 2013 }}, [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]], Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, Department of Police Services, Office of the Vice President for Diversity and Inclusion Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes.</ref>

==Argumentation ethics==
[[File:Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Hoppe in 2005]]{{Third-party|section|date=July 2023}}
In the September 1988 issue of [[Liberty (libertarian magazine)|''Liberty'']],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoppe |first=Hans-Hermann |date=September 1988 |title=The Ultimate Justification of the Private Property Ethic |url=http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf |journal=Liberty |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=20–22 |quote=The mere fact that an individual argues presupposes that he owns himself and has a right to his own life and property. This provides a basis for libertarian theory radically different from both natural rights theory and utilitarianism. |access-date=16 July 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209153242/http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Hoppe attempted to establish an ''[[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]]'' and [[Value judgment|value-neutral]] justification for libertarian ethics by devising a new theory which he named ''argumentation ethics''.<ref name="libertymag">{{cite journal |author=Symposium |date=November 1988 |title=Hans-Hermannn Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics: Breakthrough or Buncombe? |url=http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf |journal=Liberty |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=44–54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012233723/http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> Hoppe asserted that any argument which in any respect purports to contradict libertarian principles is logically incoherent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Robert |last2=Callahan |first2=Gene |title=Hans-Hermann Hoppe's Argumentation Ethic: A Critique |journal=Journal of Libertarian Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=53–64 |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731150816/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2014 |archive-format=PDF|via=[[Wayback Machine]] |access-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live}} Relevant text on Page 3: "Therefore, [Hoppe] concludes that the libertarian view of property rights is the only one that can possibly be defended by rational argument."</ref>

Hoppe argued that, in the course of having an argument about politics (or indeed any subject), people assume certain norms of argumentation, including a prohibition on initiating violence. Hoppe then extrapolated this argument to political life in general, arguing that the norms governing argumentation should apply in all political contexts. Hoppe claimed that, of all political philosophies, only anarcho-capitalist libertarianism prohibits the initiation of aggressive violence (the [[non-aggression principle]]); therefore, any argument for any political philosophy other than anarcho-capitalist libertarianism is logically incoherent.{{Third-party inline|date=June 2023}}

In the following issue, ''Liberty'' published comments by ten libertarians,<ref name="blog.mises">{{cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Stephan |author-link=Stephan Kinsella |date=March 13, 2009 |title=Revisiting Argumentation Ethics |url=https://www.stephankinsella.com/2009/03/revisiting-argumentation-ethics/ |work=Mises Economics Blog |publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] |quote=[A] number of thinkers weighed in, including [[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard]], ... [[David Conway (academic)|Conway]], ... [[David D. Friedman|D. Friedman]], ... [[Tibor R. Machan|Machan]], ... [[Loren Lomasky|Lomasky]], ... [[Leland B. Yeager|Yeager]], ...[[Douglas B. Rasmussen|Rasmussen]], and others.... |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828083808/https://www.stephankinsella.com/2009/03/revisiting-argumentation-ethics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a rejoinder from Hoppe.<ref name="libertymag" /> In his comment for ''Liberty'', Hoppe's friend and [[Mises Institute]] supervisor [[Murray Rothbard]] wrote that Hoppe's theory was "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular" and that Hoppe "has managed to transcend the famous [[is/ought]], [[Fact–value distinction|fact/value]] dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the [[Scholasticism|Scholastics]], and that had brought modern [[libertarianism]] into a tiresome deadlock".<ref name="libertymag" /> However, the majority of Hoppe's colleagues surveyed by ''Liberty'' rejected his theory.<ref>{{cite web | last=Friedman | first=David D. | title=The Trouble with Hoppe | magazine=Liberty | volume=2 | issue=2 | page=44 | date=November 1988 | url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/On_Hoppe.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131085454/http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/On_Hoppe.html | archive-date=2025-01-31 | access-date=2025-06-12 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Robert |last2=Callahan |first2=Gene |title=Hans-Hermann Hoppe's Argumentation Ethic: A Critique |journal=Journal of Libertarian Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=53–64 |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731150816/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2014 |archive-format=PDF|via=[[Wayback Machine]] |access-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his response, Hoppe derided his critics as "[[utilitarians]]".<ref name="libertymag" />{{Third-party inline|date=July 2023|reason=independent source needed for [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]}}

Mises Institute Senior Fellow Roderick T. Long stated that Hoppe's ''a priori'' formulation of [[libertarianism]] denied the fundamental principle of Misesean [[praxeology]]. On the issue of utilitarianism, Long wrote, "Hoppe's argument, if it worked, would commit us to recognizing and respecting libertarian rights regardless of what our goals are – but as a [[Praxeology|praxeologist]], I have trouble seeing how any practical requirement can be justified apart from a means-end structure."<ref name="Long Hoppriori">{{cite web |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |title=The Hoppriori Argument |url=http://praxeology.net/unblog05-04.htm#10 |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024064542/http://praxeology.net/unblog05-04.htm#10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Libertarian philosopher [[Jason Brennan]] rejected Hoppe's argument, saying, "Hoppe's argument illicitly conflates a [[Claim rights and liberty rights|liberty right with a claim right]], and so fails."<ref>{{cite web |author=Jason Brennan |date=2013-12-12 |title=Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics Argument Refuted in Under 60 Seconds |url=https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/hoppes-argumentation-ethics-argument-refuted-in-under-60-seconds/ |access-date=2019-12-27 |publisher=Bleeding Heart Libertarians |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218144516/https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/hoppes-argumentation-ethics-argument-refuted-in-under-60-seconds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=July 2023|reason=independent source needed for [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]}}

J. Mikael Olsson argued that Hoppe had not provided any non-circular reasons why we "have to regard moral values as something that ''must'' be regarded as being established through (consensual) argument instead of 'mere' subjective preferences for situations turning out in certain ways". In other words, the theory relies "on the existence [of] certain intuitions, the acceptance of which cannot itself be the result of 'value-free' reasoning."<ref>J. Mikael Olsson, [http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:775605/FULLTEXT01.pdf ''Austrian Economics as Political Philosophy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131001145/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:775605/FULLTEXT01.pdf |date=31 January 2021 }}, Stockholm Studies in Politics 161, pp. 157, 161.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Van der Linden |first = Niels |title = A Critique of Hoppean Ethics |date        = 26 January 2012 |url         = http://nielsio.tumblr.com/post/16528520459/a-critique-of-hoppean-ethics-argumentation-ethics |website = Tumblr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120725130632/http://nielsio.tumblr.com/post/16528520459/a-critique-of-hoppean-ethics-argumentation-ethics |archive-date = 25 July 2012 |access-date = 17 June 2025 |url-status  = dead}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=July 2023|reason=independent source needed for [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]}}

According to commentators, his [[original appropriation]] theory based on argumentation ethics initially tended toward the [[labor theory of property]], but later moved toward the [[first possession theory of property]] perspective.<ref> Kinsella, Stephan. 2008. Against Intellectual Property. Auburn: Mises Institute.</ref><ref name = "Dominiak2023">{{cite journal |last=Dominiak |first=Łukasz |year=2023 |title=Mixing Labor, Taking Possession, and Libertarianism: Response to Walter Block |journal= Studia z Historii Filozofii |volume= 14 |issue= 3 |pages= 169–195 |doi= 10.12775/szhf.2023.026 |url= https://repozytorium.umk.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/ca04b8ba-40df-4c1f-8b46-1acc0f84213b/content |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251121112652/https://repozytorium.umk.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/ca04b8ba-40df-4c1f-8b46-1acc0f84213b/content |archive-date= 21 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Influence ==
Hoppe was an influence on the [[neoreactionary]] [[Monarchism|monarchist]] blogger [[Curtis Yarvin]], also known by the pen name Mencius Moldbug.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tait |first=Joshua |title=Key thinkers of the radical right: behind the new threat to liberal democracy |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190877606 |editor-last=Sedgwick |editor-first=Mark |location=New York, NY |pages=187–203 |chapter=Mencius Moldbug and Neoreaction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanard |first=Noah |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Newly uncovered emails show Blake Masters' long history of hating democracy |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/09/blake-masters-anti-democratic-stanford-emails-arizona-kelly-thiel/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |language=en-US |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907151821/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/09/blake-masters-anti-democratic-stanford-emails-arizona-kelly-thiel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Javier Milei]], the president of Argentina, has cited Hoppe as one of his major influences and has recommended his bibliography in the past, despite recent grievances between both about the ideologic purity of [[Presidency of Javier Milei|Milei's administration]] and the [[Praxis (process)|praxis]] for a libertarian on a democratic system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agra |first=Rubén Folguera |date=2024-04-14 |title="Mi norte son Rothbard y Hoppe": Javier Milei se reafirma en sus convicciones libertarias |url=https://www.libremercado.com/2024-04-14/mi-norte-son-rothbard-y-hoppe-javier-milei-se-reafirma-publicamente-en-sus-convicciones-libertarias-7116082/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Libre Mercado |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dura crítica de Hans- Hermann Hoppe a Javier Milei: lo tildó de "showman y payaseco" |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/dura-critica-hans-hermann-hoppe-javier-milei-lo-tildo-showman-y-payaseco-n6067417 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.ambito.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hoppe resides in Turkey with his wife Gülçin Imre Hoppe, an Austrian school economist and hotelier.<ref name="Hans-Hermann Hoppe" /><ref>Salihovic, Elnur (2015). Major Players in the Muslim Business World. Universal Publishers.</ref><ref name=":1" />
According to her, she comes from a family of medical doctors and she studied economic theory in 2003 at University of Istanbul and became a Miesian. In 2006, Hoppe left Las Vegas and they "started a life together". As of 2024 their patchwork family consisted of four children and seven grandchildren. Emily Hoppe Dalton lives with her husband and children in California while his son Nick with wife and two daughters moved to Austria in 2019.<ref name="liber">{{Cite book |last=Jörg Guido Hülsmann and Stephan Kinsella |url=https://stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/hoppe-life-in-liberty-2024-09-12.pdf |title=A Life in LibertyLiber Amicorum in Honor of Hans-Hermann Hoppe |year=2024 |isbn=979-8-9890306-4-4}}</ref>

Ther PFS Congress series takes place at their family-owned hotel, the Karia Princess in [[Bodrum]].<ref name="liber"/>

==Selected works==

===Books (authored)===
'''German'''
* ''Handeln und Erkennen'' [''Action and Cognition''] (in German). Bern (1976). {{ISBN|978-3261019004}}. {{OCLC|2544452}}.
* [https://www.mises.ch/library/Hoppe_KritikKauswissenschaftlichenSoz.pdf ''Kritik der kausalwissenschaftlichen Sozialforschung''] [''Critique of Causal Scientific Social Research''] (in German). Opladen: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Westdeutscher Verlag]] (1983). {{ISBN|978-3531116242}}. {{OCLC|10432202}}.
* [https://www.mises.ch/library/Hoppe_Eigentum_Anarchie_Staat.pdf ''Eigentum, Anarchie und Staat''] [https://www.mises.ch/library/Hoppe_Eigentum_Anarchie_Staat.pdf ''Property, Anarchy, and the State''] (in German). Opladen: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Westdeutscher Verlag]] (1987). {{ISBN|978-3531118116}}. {{OCLC|18226538}}.

'''English'''
* [https://cdn.mises.org/Theory%20of%20Socialism%20and%20Capitalism,%20A_4.pdf ''A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism''.] [[Springer Science and Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]] (1988). {{ISBN|0898382793}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101104003/http://www.hanshoppe.com/publications/Soc%26Cap.pdf Archived] from [http://www.hanshoppe.com/publications/Soc%26Cap.pdf the original.] [https://mises.org/library/theory-socialism-and-capitalism-audiobook Audiobook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724074122/https://mises.org/library/theory-socialism-and-capitalism-audiobook |date=24 July 2022 }} narrated by Jim Vann.
* [https://mises.org/pdf/esam.pdf ''Economic Science and the Austrian Method''.] Auburn, AL: [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] (1995). {{ISBN|094546620X}}. [https://mises.org/library/economic-science-and-austrian-method-audiobook-0 Audiobook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724074124/https://mises.org/library/economic-science-and-austrian-method-audiobook-0 |date=24 July 2022 }}, narrated by Gennady Stolyarov II.
* [[Democracy: The God That Failed|''Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order.'']] New Brunswick, NJ: [[Transaction Publishers]] (2001). {{ISBN|0765808684}}. {{OCLC|46384089}}.
* [https://mises.org/books/economicsethics.pdf ''The Economics and Ethics of Private Property''.] Auburn, AL: [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], 2006. [2nd ed.] {{ISBN|0945466404}}.
* ''Economy, Society, & History.'' Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judy |date=2021-07-22 |title=Economy, Society, and History |url=https://mises.org/library/economy-society-and-history-0 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Mises Institute |language=en}}</ref>

===Books (edited)===
* [https://mises.org/etexts/defensemyth.pdf ''The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production''.] [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] (2003). {{ISBN|978-0945466376}}. {{OCLC|53401048}}.

===Book contributions===
* [https://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/hoppeintro.pdf "Introduction."] [1998]. In: ''[[The Ethics of Liberty]]'', by [[Murray N. Rothbard]]. [[New York University Press]] (1998). {{ISBN|978-1610166645}}. [https://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/hoppeintro.asp Audiobook available.]
* [https://cdn.mises.org/Myth%20of%20National%20Defense,%20The%20Essays%20on%20the%20Theory%20and%20History%20of%20Security%20Production_3.pdf "Government and the Private Production of Defense."] In: [https://mises.org/etexts/defensemyth.pdf ''The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production''.] Auburn, AL: [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] (2003), pp.&nbsp;335–368. {{ISBN|978-0945466376}}. {{OCLC|53401048}}. [https://mises.org/library/myth-national-defense-essays-theory-and-history-security-production-audiobook Audiobook] narrated by George Pickering.

=== Articles ===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=June 2023}}
* [http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf "On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property."] ''[[Liberty (libertarian magazine)|Liberty]]'', vol. 2, no. 1 (September 1988): 20–22.
* [http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf "Symposium: Breakthrough or Buncombe?"] ''[[Liberty (libertarian magazine)|Liberty]]'', vol. 2, no. 2 (November 1988): 44–54. Symposium proceedings featuring [[Murray N. Rothbard]], D. Friedman, L. Yeager, D. Gordon and D. Rasmussen.
* "Socialism: A Property or Knowledge Problem?" ''[[Review of Austrian Economics]]'', vol. 9 (March 1996): 143–149. {{doi|10.1007/BF01101888}}.
* "Small is Beautiful and Efficient: The Case for Secession." ''[[Telos (journal)|Telos]]'', vol. 107 (Spring 1996).
* "The Libertarian Case for Free Trade and Restricted Immigration." ''[[Journal of Libertarian Studies]]'', vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998). [[Center for Libertarian Studies]].
* [https://www.mises.ch/library/HoppeBlock_JVM_Property_and_Exploitation.pdf "On Property and Exploitation,"] with [[Walter Block]]. ''[[International Journal of Value-Based Management]]'', vol. 15 (2002): 225–236.
* [https://mises.org/daily/1792 "My Battle with the Thought Police."] ''Mises Daily'' (12 April 2005). [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]].

===Book reviews===
* [https://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae3_1_16.pdf "In Defense of Extreme Rationalism: Thoughts on D. McCloskey's ''The Rhetoric of Economics''."] Review of ''The Rhetoric of Economics'' by [[Donald McCloskey]]. ''[[Review of Austrian Economics]]'', vol. 3 (1989): 179–214.

===Collected works===
* Jacob, Thomas (editor). [https://f6380357-d009-4731-bd85-51ff98739253.filesusr.com/ugd/548cc9_45bbce75c66c4c6dbcd30a7593e7d8e0.pdf ''Hoppe Unplugged: Ansichten, Einsichten und Provokationen aus Interviews und Reden von Prof. Hans-Hermann Hoppe''] [in German]. Hamburg: [[Kohlhammer Verlag|tredition]] [[GmbH]] (2021). [https://www.hoppeunplugged.com/bibliothek Online supplement.] "Views, insights and provocations from interviews and speeches by Prof. Hans-Hermann Hoppe."

== See also ==
{{Portal|Anarchism|Economics|Libertarianism|Politics}}
{{cols|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Anti-democratic thought]]
* [[Argumentation theory]]
* [[Austrian School]] of Economics
* [[Criticism of democracy]]
* [[Dark Enlightenment]]
* [[Dialectic]]
* [[Market anarchism]]
* [[Propertarianism]]
* [[Right-libertarianism]]
* [[Soft despotism]]
* [[Totalitarian democracy]]
* [[Tyranny of the majority]]
* [[Voluntaryism]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}
{{Commons and category|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}
* {{official website|http://www.hanshoppe.com/ }}
* [https://www.mises.org/fellows.asp?control=7 Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Mises Institute]
* [http://www.propertyandfreedom.org/ The Property & Freedom Society]
* Hoppe's archives at [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe-arch.html LewRockwell.com]

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