View source for Handley Page Jetstream

{{short description|Turboprop regional and commuter airliner family}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = Jetstream<!--please avoid stating manufacturer in this field; it's stated two lines below -->
  |image = File:G-GLOS (13938042758).jpg
  |caption = 
  |type = [[Regional airliner]]
  |manufacturer = [[Handley Page]]<br />[[Scottish Aviation]]
  |designer =
  |first_flight = 18 August 1967
  |introduction = 1969
  |retired = 2011
  |status = Retired
  |primary_user =
  |more_users =
  |produced = 1967–1975
  |number_built = 66
  |unit cost =
  |developed_from =
  |variants =
  |developed_into = [[British Aerospace Jetstream|BAe Jetstream 31]]<br />[[BAe Jetstream 41]]
}}
The '''Handley Page HP.137 Jetstream''' is a small twin-[[turboprop]] [[airliner]], with a [[Cabin pressurisation|pressurised]] [[fuselage]]. The aircraft was designed to meet the requirements of the United States commuter and [[regional airline]] market. The design was later improved and built by [[British Aerospace]] as the [[BAe Jetstream 31]] and [[BAe Jetstream 32]], featuring different turboprop engines.

==Development==
[[Handley Page]] was in an awkward position in the 1960s, wishing to remain independent of the "big two" British companies ([[Hawker Siddeley]] and the [[British Aircraft Corporation]]), but without the money needed to develop a large new airliner that would keep it in the market. After studying the market it decided that its next product would be a highly competitive small airliner instead, filling a niche it identified for a 12–18 seat high-speed design. Compared to its three closest rivals, the [[Beechcraft King Air]], [[Aero Commander]] Turbo Commander and [[Swearingen Merlin]] it offered "more capacity, better range-payload, higher speed and greater comfort".<ref>article "Handley Page Jetstream",Flight International, 11 May 1967, p.737</ref> American salesman and modification engineer Jack Riley claimed to have written the design specifications.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air PRogress|date=September 1989|page=67|title=The Man that invented the STC}}</ref> The design garnered intense interest in the US when it was first introduced, and an order for 20 had been placed even before the drawings were complete. [[Charles Joy (engineer)|Charles Joy]] was responsible for the design.

The original design dates from 1965 as a 12-seat (six rows with a centre aisle) aircraft. The aircraft was a low-wing, [[Cruciform tail|high-tail]] [[monoplane]] of conventional layout. Considerable attention was paid to streamlining in order to improve performance, which led to one of the design's more distinctive features, a long nose profile. The fuselage had a circular cross-section to minimize the structural weight required for the pressurisation which enabled much higher altitude and consequent higher speed and comfort than competing unpressurised designs. The aisle between the seats had a 5&nbsp;ft 11in headroom<ref>article "Handley Page Jetstream",Flight International, 11 May 1967, p.738</ref> but the [[spar (aviation)|main spar]] formed a step in the aisle, which was a tripping hazard.

Final assembly took place in a new factory at the [[Radlett]] aerodrome, but large portions of the structure were subcontracted, including complete wings being built by [[Scottish Aviation]] at [[Prestwick]], Scotland and the tail section by Northwest Industries of [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada. The original design used [[Turbomeca Astazou]] XVI engines of approximately 840&nbsp;hp (626&nbsp;kW), and flew on 18 August 1967 as the '''Jetstream 1'''.<ref name = "Jacksonv2 p263">Jackson 1973, p. 263.</ref> Throughout the test program the engines proved to be a weak point, being generally underpowered for the design, and surprisingly temperamental for what was then a mature and widely used turboshaft design. Testing was eventually moved to the Turboméca factory airfield in the south of France, both to allow faster turnaround with engine work, and in order to improve the schedule by taking advantage of the better weather.

In order to improve sales prospects in the US, the fifth prototype was fitted with the US-built [[Garrett TPE-331]] in place of the French Astazou. Changing to the US-built engine was enough to allow the [[United States Air Force]] to consider it for cargo use. It eventually placed an order for 11, fitted with a cargo door and accommodation for 12 passengers or six stretcher cases, to be known as the C-10A, or '''Jetstream 3M'''. The US Air Force cancelled its order in October 1969 citing late delivery.<ref name="Jacksonv2 p264">Jackson 1973, p. 264.</ref>

The first production model Jetstream 1 flew on 6 December 1968,<ref name="Barnes p591">Barnes 1976, p. 591.</ref> and over the next year 36 would be delivered. However, by this point Handley Page had given up on the original engine, and the '''Jetstream 2''' was launched with the larger 965&nbsp;hp (720&nbsp;kW) Astazou XVI, starting deliveries in late 1969. The late delivery and engine problems had driven development costs to over £13&nbsp;million, far more than the original £3&nbsp;million projections. Only three Jetstream 2s would be completed before Handley Page went bankrupt, and the production line was eventually shut down in 1970.

There was enough interest in the design that it was first picked up by a collaboration of investors and Scottish Aviation which formed a company called "Jetstream Aircraft" to produce the aircraft. Initially production moved to Sywell Aerodrome in Northamptonshire, the CEO being Bill Bright. A further ten Jetstream 1s were produced by this team. Scottish Aviation continued production of the Jetstream 2 as well, although referring to it as the '''Jetstream 200'''. In February 1972, 26 Jetstream 201s were ordered by the [[Royal Air Force]], which used them as multi-engine [[Trainer (aircraft)|trainers]] as the''' Jetstream T.1'''. Fourteen of these were modified as observer trainers for the [[Royal Navy]], receiving the [[British military aircraft designation systems|designation]] '''Jetstream T2'''.

==Variants==

=== Jetstream Mk 1 ===

=== Jetstream 200 ===

=== Jetstream 3M ===
:Improved variant with TPE331 engines for the United States Air Force.

=== C-10A ===
:United States Air Force military designation for the Jetstream 3M. Production started but the order was cancelled and none was delivered.

=== Riley Jetstream ===
: A few early Jetstream 1 aircraft were converted by Riley Aircraft of Carlsbad, California, to this version. The aircraft were fitted with two [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|PT6A]] turboprop engines.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/flightpdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%202549.html Dallas debuts] Flight, 11 October 1973, p. 598</ref>

=== Jetstream T.1 ===
:United Kingdom military designation of Mk 1s for the Royal Air Force as multi-engine trainers.

=== Jetstream T.2 ===
:Conversion of T1s for the Royal Navy as rear-crew trainers.

=== Century III ===
:Conversions with TPE331 engines.

==Operators==
The aircraft was used mainly by corporate operators and scheduled passenger commuter/regional airlines.

===Civil operators===
;{{flag|Argentina}}
* [[Aero VIP (Argentina)|Aero VIP]]
;{{flag|Libya}}
* [[Buraq Air]]
;{{COL}}
* [[Aerolínea de Antioquia|ADA]]
* [[SARPA]]
* [[Vertical de Aviación]]
;{{DEN}}
* [[Newair]]
;{{GER}}
* [[Bavaria Fluggesellschaft]]
;{{USA}}
* [[Air Illinois]]
* Air US
* Apollo Airways (''subsequent name change to'' Pacific Coast Airlines)
* [[Big Sky Airlines]]
* [[Dorado Wings]] (''operated in the Caribbean from Puerto Rico'')
* Cal-State Air Lines
* JetAire Airlines
* Interstate Airlines
* [[Sierra Pacific Airlines]]
* South Central Air Transport (SCAT) (''aircraft subsequently acquired by'' [[Air Illinois]])
* Sun Airlines (''announced by the airline but may have not been actually delivered or operated'')
* Texas Star Airways
* Western Air Stages
* Zia Airlines

===Military operators===
[[File:JetstreamXX500.JPG|thumb|right|Jetstream T1 of the Royal Air Force]]
[[File:XX486-JetstreamT2-0195.jpg|thumb|right|Jetstream T2 of the Royal Navy]]

;{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}
[[File:Frontal View Apollo Airways 1981 07 04.jpg|thumb|Apollo Airways Fleet, Santa Barbara California]]
* [[Royal Air Force]] retired 2003.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* [[Royal Navy]] retired 2011.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
;{{Flagu|Uruguay}}
* [[Uruguayan Navy]] former Royal Navy T2s. Retired 2010.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

===Jetstream in the film "Moonraker"===

A Jetstream operated by Apollo Airways, a commuter airline based at the [[Santa Barbara Airport]] in [[California]], appeared in the 1979 film "[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]" starring [[Roger Moore]] where British secret agent [[James Bond]] ([[007]]) is thrown out of the aircraft while it is in flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamesbondlocations.blogspot.com/2012/10/back-from-african-job-apollo-airways.html|title=James Bond Locations: Back from the African job - Apollo Airways|date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* 17 April 1981, Century III conversion ''N11360'' operating Air US Flight 716 collided with a private [[Cessna 206]] carrying skydivers after taking off from [[Fort Collins-Loveland Municipal Airport]], killing all 13 passengers and crew on board the Century III and the two people in the Cessna 206.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR81-18.pdf|title=National Transportation Safety Board : Aircraft Accident Report : Mid-Air Collision|date=April 17, 1981|website=Libraryonline.erau.edu|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

==Aircraft on display==
;Germany 
* Jetsteam T.2 ''XX476''/''CU-561'' at [[Flugausstellung Hermeskeil]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ronaldv_tm/50358534781/in/dateposted-public/ | title=Jetstream | date=11 August 2016 }}</ref>

;Netherlands
* Jetstream T.2 ''XX481''/''CU-560'' at Speelpark & Maisdoolhof [[Voorthuizen]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ronaldv_tm/52102191146/in/dateposted-public/ | title=Jetstream | date=7 May 2022 }}</ref>

;United Kingdom
* Jetstream T.1 ''XX492'' at [[Newark Air Museum]], Nottinghamshire.<ref name="war186">Ellis 2016, p. 186</ref>
* Jetstream T.1 ''XX494'' at [[East Midlands Aeropark]], Leicestershire.<ref name="war132">Ellis 2016, p. 132</ref>
* Jetstream T.1 ''XX495'' at [[South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum]], Doncaster, South Yorks.
* Jetstream T.1 ''XX496'' at [[Royal Air Force Museum Cosford]], Shropshire.<ref name="war193">Ellis 2016, p. 193</ref>
* Jetstream T.1 ''XX499'' at [[Brooklands Museum]], Surrey.<ref name="war262">Ellis 2016, p. 262</ref>
* Jetstream 200 G-RAVL (G-AWVK, N1035S) at [[Sywell Aviation Museum]], Northamptonshire<ref>{{cite web |title=Handley-Page Jetstream G-RAVL |url=http://www.sywellaviationmuseum.org.uk/exhibits/external-displays/handley-page-jetstream-g-ravl |website=Sywell Aviation Museum |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

==Specifications (Series 200)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77.''<ref name="JAWA76 p193-4">Taylor 1976, pp. 193–194.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=two
|capacity=16 passengers
|length m=14.37
|span m=15.85
|height m=5.32
|wing area sqm=25.08
|empty weight kg=3485
|max takeoff weight kg=5700
|fuel capacity=384 Imp Gallons (1,745 L)
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Turbomeca Astazou]] XVIC
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]]
|eng1 kw=687
|eng1 hp=921
<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=282
|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=269<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed note=(econ cruise)
|never exceed speed mph=345
|stall speed mph=88
|stall speed note=(flaps down)
|range km=
|range miles=1380
|range nmi=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=25000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=2500
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[British Aerospace Jetstream]]
* [[British Aerospace Jetstream 41]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante]]
* [[Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner]]
* [[Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector]]
* [[Beechcraft 1900]]
|lists=
* [[List of civil aircraft]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Handley Page Jetstream}}
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=C.H.|title=Handley Page Aircraft since 1907 |year=1976 |publisher=Putnam|location=London |isbn=978-0-370-00030-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Ken|title=Wrecks and Relics 25th Edition|year=2016|publisher=Crecy Publishing|location=Manchester, England|isbn=978-191080-9037}}
* {{cite book |last= Jackson|first= A J |title= British Civil Aircraft Since 1919, Volume 2 |edition= Second |year= 1973|publisher=Putnam |isbn= 978-0-370-10010-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77|year=1976|publisher=Jane's Yearbooks|location=London|isbn=978-0-354-00538-8|author-link=John W. R. Taylor}}

{{Handley Page aircraft}}
{{Scottish Aviation aircraft}}
{{USAF transports}}
{{British military aircraft since World War II}}

[[Category:1960s British airliners]]
[[Category:Handley Page Jetstream]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Scottish Aviation aircraft|Jetstream]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]