View source for Hampi

{{short description|Ancient and medieval monuments, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|a world heritage site|the city|Hampi (town)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|WHS         = Groups of Monuments at Hampi
| image         = {{Photomontage
 |photo1a       = Wide angle of Galigopuram of Virupaksha Temple, Hampi (04) (cropped).jpg
 |photo2a       = Flat elevation of Lotus Mahal, Hampi (Closeup).jpg
 |photo2b       = Hampi - Vittala Temple - Entrance Gopuram.jpg
 |photo3a       = Wide angle of the Galigopuram in Achyutaraya complex.jpg
 |photo3b       = Garbhagriha of Hazara Rama Temple from the West part of the complex.jpg
 |photo4a       = Panorama of Elephant Stables, Hampi.jpg
 |spacing       = 1
 |size          = 250
 |position      = center
 |border        = 0
 |color         = #000000
 |foot_montage  = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], Vittala Temple, Hazara Rama Temple, Elephant Stables, Achyutaraya temple, and Lotus Mahal
 }}
|Location    = [[Hampi (town)]], [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ballari-set-to-lose-hampi-and-more/article33136164.ece|title = Ballari set to lose Hampi and more|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 November 2020|last1 = Buradikatti|first1 = Kumar}}</ref>
|Criteria    = Cultural: i, iii, iv
|Includes    = [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]]
|ID          = 241
|Year        = 1986
|Danger      = 1999–2006
|Area        = 4,187.24 ha
|Buffer_zone = 19,453.62 ha 
|Coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E}}
|locmapin    = India Karnataka#India
|map_caption = Location of Hampi
|Website     = {{URL|http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp|Archaeological Survey of India – Hampi}}
}}
'''Hampi''' or '''Hampe''' ({{IPA|kn|hɐmpe|lang}}), also referred to as the '''Group of Monuments at Hampi''', is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] located in the town of [[Hampi (town)|Hampi]] in [[Vijayanagara district]], east-central [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241|title=Group of Monuments at Hampi|publisher=World Heritage|access-date=20 December 2006}}</ref> Hampi predates the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]; it is mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the [[Purana]]s of Hinduism as [[Parvati|Pampa]] Devi Tirtha Kshetra.<ref name="Verghese2002p1" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=John M. Fritz|author2=George Michell|author3=Clare Arni|title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Trx8UH1UbG4C|year=2001|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4|pages=1–7}}</ref> Hampi continues as a religious centre, with the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], an active [[Adi Shankara]]-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city.<ref name="Fritz2015p11">{{harvnb|Fritz | Michell| 2016|pp=11–23, backpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250–1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=234–236}}</ref>

Hampi was the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1336 to 1565 (as [[Vijayanagara]]), when it was abandoned.<ref name="Verghese2002p1" /> It was a fortified city. Chronicles left by [[Persian Gulf|Persian]] and European travellers, particularly the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the [[Tungabhadra River]], with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. Hampi-Vijayanagara is estimated to be the world's second-largest city by 1500, after [[Beijing]], and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and [[Portugal]].<ref name="Howard2011p77">{{cite book|author=Michael C. Howard|title=Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA77| year=2011|publisher =McFarland|isbn= 978-0-7864-8625-0| pages=77–78}}</ref><ref name="Gier2014p11" /> The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a [[Deccan sultanates|coalition of Muslim sultanates]]; its capital was [[Battle of Talikota#Aftermath|conquered, pillaged and destroyed]] by Muslim armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in ruins.<ref name="Verghese2002p1">{{harvnb|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=1–18}}</ref><ref name="Fritz2015p11" /><ref name="Lycett 2013 433–470">{{cite journal | last1=Lycett | first1=Mark T. | last2=Morrison | first2=Kathleen D. | title=The Fall of Vijayanagara Reconsidered: Political Destruction and Historical Construction in South Indian History 1 | journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient | volume=56 | issue=3 | year=2013 | doi=10.1163/15685209-12341314 | pages=433–470}}</ref>

Situated in Karnataka, close to the contemporary town of Hampi with the city of [[Hosapete]] {{convert|13|km|miles}} away, Hampi's ruins are spread over {{convert|4100|ha|sqmi}} and it has been described by UNESCO as an "austere, grandiose site" of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu kingdom in South India that includes "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others".<ref name="unescosum">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 Group of Monuments at Hampi], UNESCO</ref>

==Etymology==
The name was derived from the old name of the [[Tungabhadra River]] which was Pampa, so the name Hampi is the English version of the [[Kannada]] name Hampe.<ref name="unescosum" />

==Location==
[[File:Hampi Vijayanagara in early 16th century, South India.jpg|thumb|Hampi Vijayanagara in early 16th century. The sacred centre featured major Hindu temples and attached markets; the urban core included the royal centre; suburban satellites were spread from what is now Gangawati to Hosapete.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anila |last=Verghese|title=Archaeology, Art and Religion: New Perspectives on Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZzpAAAAMAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564890-4|pages=vi–viii}}</ref><ref name=morrison423>KD Morrison and CM Sinopoli (2006), ''Vijayanagara: Archaeological Explorations'', J. Fritz et al (eds.), VPR Monograph, Manohar, pages 423–434</ref>]]

Hampi is situated on the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]] in the eastern part of central Karnataka near the state border with [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is {{convert|140|km}} southeast of the [[Badami cave temples|Badami]] and [[Aihole]] archaeological sites.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=85–87}}

The synonym ''Hampi''—traditionally known as ''Pampa-kshetra'', ''Kishkindha-kshetra'' or ''Bhaskara-kshetra''—is derived from Pampa, another name of the goddess [[Parvati]] in Hindu theology. According to mythology, the maiden Parvati (who is a reincarnation of Shiva's previous wife, Sati) resolves to marry the loner ascetic [[Shiva]].{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Her parents learn of her desire and discourage her, but she pursues her desire. Shiva is lost in yogic meditation, oblivious to the world; Parvati appeals to the gods for help to awaken him and gain his attention. Indra sends [[Kamadeva]] — the Hindu god of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection—to awake Shiva from meditation. Kama reaches Shiva and shoots an arrow of desire.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns Kama to ashes.

Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva; she begins to live like him and engage in the same activities—asceticism, [[yogi]]n and [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapasya]]—awakening him and attracting his interest. Shiva meets Parvati in disguised form and tries to discourage her, telling her Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Parvati refuses to listen and insists in her resolve. Shiva finally accepts her and they get married.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Kama was later brought back to life after the marriage of Shiva and Parvati. According to [[Sthala Purana]], Parvati (Pampa) pursued her ascetic, yogini lifestyle on Hemakuta Hill, now a part of Hampi, to win and bring ascetic Shiva back into householder life.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}} Shiva is also called Pampapati (meaning "husband of Pampa").{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}} The river near the Hemakuta Hill came to be known as Pampa river.<ref name="Verghese2002p6">{{harvnb|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=6–7, 40, 92}}</ref> The Sanskrit word Pampa morphed into the [[Kannada]] word Hampa and the place Parvati pursued Shiva came to be known as Hampe or Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}}<ref name="Verghese2002p6"/><ref name=ASI>{{cite book|author=D. Devakunjari|title=World Heritage Series: Hampi|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Ltd., New Delhi – for [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|isbn=978-81-87780-42-7|page=8|year=2007}}</ref>

The site was an early medieval era pilgrimage place known as Pampakshetra. Its fame came from the [[Kishkindha]] chapters of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], where [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] meet [[Hanuman]], [[Sugriva]] and the monkey army in their search for kidnapped [[Sita]]. The Hampi area has many close resemblances to the place described in the epic. The regional tradition believes that it is that place mentioned in the Ramayana, attracting pilgrims.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75">{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99742-3|pages=75–76}}</ref> It was brought to light by an engineer named colonel [[Colin Mackenzie (British Army officer)|Colin Mackenzie]] during the 1800s.

===Ancient to 14th century CE===

Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edicts]] in Nittur and Udegolan—both in [[Bellary]] district 269-232 BCE—suggest this region was part of the [[Maurya Empire]] during the 3rd century BCE. A [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] inscription and a terracotta seal dating to about the 2nd century CE have been found during site excavations.<ref name="Stein1989p31">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA31|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name="D Devakunjari 2007 11">{{cite book|author=D. Devakunjari|title=World Heritage Series Hampi|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Ltd., New Delhi - for Archaeological Survey of India|year=2007|page=11|isbn=978-8187780427|url=http://asi.nic.in/|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town is mentioned in [[Badami]] Chalukya's inscriptions as Pampapura, dating from between the 6th and 8th centuries.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/>

By the 10th century, it had become a centre of religious and educational activities during the rule of the Hindu kings [[Chalukya dynasty|Kalyana Chalukyas]], whose inscriptions state that the kings made land grants to the Virupaksha temple.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/><ref name=devraj112/> Several inscriptions from the 11th to 13th centuries are about the Hampi site, with a mention of gifts to goddess Hampa-devi.<ref name="Stein1989p31"/> Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Hindu kings of the [[Hoysala Empire]] of South India built temples to [[Durga]], Hampadevi and Shiva, according to an inscription dated about 1,199 CE. Hampi became the second royal residence; one of the Hoysala kings was known as ''Hampeya-Odeya'' or "lord of Hampi".<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/><ref name=devraj112>{{cite book|author1=D.V. Devaraj |author2=C.S. Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icdPjpdrkWwC|year=1987|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=112–113}}</ref> According to [[Burton Stein]], the Hoysala-period inscriptions call Hampi by alternate names such as Virupakshapattana, Vijaya Virupakshapura in honour of the old Virupaksha (Shiva) temple there.<ref name="Stein1989p31"/>

===14th century and after===
{{main|Vijayanagara Empire}}
The armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], those of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq, invaded and pillaged South India. The Hoysala Empire and its capital [[Dvarasamudra]] in southern [[Karnataka]] was plundered and destroyed in the early 14th century by the armies of [[Alauddin Khalji]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|pages=155–157}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2002p195">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2gRUVIF2joC |year=2002|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-333544-3|page=195}}</ref> and again in 1326 CE by the army of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]].<ref name="Knipe2015p38">{{cite book|author=David M. Knipe|title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026673-8|pages=38–39}}</ref><ref name="Rice2001p353">{{cite book|author=B. L. Rice|title=Gazetteer of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&pg=PA353| year=2001| publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0977-8|pages=353–354}}</ref><ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock| author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref>

The [[Kampili kingdom]] in north-central Karnataka followed the collapse of Hoysala Empire. It was a short-lived Hindu kingdom with its capital about {{convert|33|km}} from Hampi.<ref name="Knipe2015p38"/><ref name="Stein1989p18"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> The Kampili kingdom ended after an invasion by the Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The Hindu women of Kampili committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (ritual mass suicide) when the Kampili soldiers faced defeat by Tughlaq's army.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=9788121502245}}</ref> In 1336 CE, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] arose from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom. It grew into one of the famed Hindu empires of South India that ruled for over 200 years.<ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|author2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>

The Vijayanagara Empire built its capital around Hampi, calling it Vijayanagara. Historians propose that [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]], the founders of the empire, were commanders in the army of the [[Hoysala Empire]] stationed in the [[Tungabhadra]] region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India. Some claim that they were Telugu people, who took control of the northern parts of the [[Hoysala Empire]] during its decline.<ref name="reprint" /><ref>{{harvnb|Sastri|1955}}</ref><ref>N. Ventakaramanayya, ''The Early Muslim expansion in South India'', 1942; B. Surya Narayana Rao, ''History of Vijayanagar'', 1993</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}</ref> As per texts such as ''Vidyaranya Kalajana, Vidyaranya Vritanta, Rajakalanirnaya, Pitamahasamhita, Sivatatvaratnakara'', they were treasury officers of Pratap Rudra, the King of Kakatiya Kingdom. When Muhammad Bin Tughlaq came looking for Baha-Ud-Din Gurshasp (who was taking refuge in the court of Pratap Rudra), Pratap Rudra was overthrown and Kakatiya was destroyed. During this time the two brothers Harihara I and Bukka I, with a small army came to the present site of Vijayanagara, Hampi. Vidyaranya, the 12th Jagadguru of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Śringeri Śarada Pītham]] took them under his protection and established them on the throne and the city was called Vidyanagara in A.D. 1336.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=HV Sreenivasa|title=History of Karnataka|last2=Ramakrishnan|first2=R|publisher=S Chand|year=1982|pages=148}}</ref>

[[File:Hampi 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hampi is set in a rocky terrain. Above: one of the many Vijayanagara market ruins, with Tungabhadra River in the background]]
They expanded the infrastructure and temples. According to Nicholas Gier and other scholars,<ref name="Howard2011p77" /> by 1500 CE Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest. Its wealth attracted 16th-century traders from across the [[Deccan]] area, Persia and the Portuguese colony of [[Goa]].<ref name="Gier2014p11">{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Lexington|isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8|pages=11–14}}, Quote:
 "In its peak of glory, ca. 1500, with a population of about 500,000 and sixty square miles in area, Vijayanagara was the second largest city in the world behind Beijing."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rene J. Barendse|title=The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 |year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-45835-7|page=68}}</ref> The Vijayanagara rulers fostered developments in intellectual pursuits and the arts, maintained a strong military and fought many wars with sultanates to its north and east. They invested in roads, waterworks, agriculture, religious buildings and public infrastructure. This included, states UNESCO, "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas (halls for people to sit), memorial structures, gateways, check posts, stables, water structures, and more".<ref name="unescosum" /> The site was multi-religious and multi-ethnic; it included Hindu and [[Jain]] monuments next to each other. The buildings predominantly followed South Indian Hindu arts and architecture dating to the [[Aihole]]-[[Pattadakal]] styles, but the Hampi builders also used elements of Indian architecture in the Lotus Mahal, the public bath and the elephant stables.<ref name="unescosum" />

According to historical memoirs left by Portuguese and Persian traders to Hampi, the city was of metropolitan proportions; they called it "one of the most beautiful cities". While prosperous and in infrastructure, the Muslim-Hindu wars between Muslim Sultanates and Vijayanagara Empire continued. In 1565, at the [[Battle of Talikota]], a [[Vijayanagara#Destruction by the Deccan Sultanate|coalition of Muslim sultanates]] entered into a war with the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name=unescosum/> They captured and beheaded the king [[Aliya Rama Raya]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |year=2004| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=191}}, Quote: "When battle was joined in January 1565, it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly, however, two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides. Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded."</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98, Quote: "Husain (...) ordered him beheaded on the spot, and his head stuffed with straw (for display)."}} followed by a massive destruction of the infrastructure fabric of Hampi and the metropolitan Vijayanagara.<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=23}} The city was pillaged, looted and burnt for six months after the war, then abandoned as ruins, which are now called the Group of Monuments at Hampi.<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=23}}{{refn|group=note|The destruction and burning down of the city is evidenced by the quantities of charcoal, the heat-cracked basements and burnt architectural pieces found by archaeologists in Vijayanagara region.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Verghese | first=Anila | title=Deities, cults and kings at Vijayanagara | journal=World Archaeology | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2004 | doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726812a | pages=416–431| s2cid=162319660 }}</ref><ref name="Lycett 2013 433–470"/>}}

===Archaeological site===
[[File:Hampi_Ruins_Map.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hampi layout]]
Hampi and its nearby region remained a contested and fought-over region claimed by the local chiefs, the [[Hyderabad]] [[Islam|Muslim]] [[nizam]]s, the [[Marathas|Maratha]] [[Hindu]] kings, and [[Hyder Ali]] and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] of Mysore through the 18th century.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}} In 1799, Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed when the British forces and [[Wadiyar dynasty]] aligned. The region then came under British influence.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}} The ruins of Hampi were surveyed in 1800 by Scottish Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]], first [[Surveyor General of India]]. Mackenzie wrote that the Hampi site was abandoned and only wildlife live there. The 19th-century speculative articles by historians who followed Mackenzie blamed the 18th-century armies of [[Hyder Ali]] and the [[Marathas]] for the damage to the Hampi monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Garuda Temple, Maha Mandapa and Eastern Gopura, Vitthala Temple Complex 1856 photo.jpg
| width1 = 165
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = The elegant stone chariot.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = The Garuda stone chariot and Vitthala temple gopuram in 1856 (left) and 2016.
}}

The Hampi site remained ignored until the mid-19th century, when ''Alexander Greenlaw'' visited and photographed the site in 1856.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}} He created an archive of 60 [[calotype]] photographs of temples and royal structures that were standing in 1856. These photographs were held in a private collection in the United Kingdom and were not published until 1980.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}} They are the most valuable source of the mid-19th-century state of Hampi monuments to scholars.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}}

The monuments at this site would have had colours rather than the sandstone tint that they appear in today.

A translation of the memoirs written by [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi]], a Persian envoy in the court of Devaraya II (1424–1446), published in the early 1880s described some monuments of the abandoned site. This translation, for the first time, uses Arabic terms such as "zenana" to describe some of the Hampi monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} Some of these terms became the names thereafter. [[Alexander Rea]], an officer of the Archaeological Survey department of the [[Madras Presidency]] within British India, published his survey of the site in 1885.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] published his scholarly treatise ''A Forgotten Empire''<ref name = reprint>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Sewell |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.77323/2015.77323.Forgotton-Empire |title=A Forgotten Empire |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |date=1900 |edition=1924 Reprint}}</ref> in 1900, bringing Hampi to the widespread attention of scholars.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} The growing interest led Rea and his successor Longhurst to clear and repair the Hampi group of monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}}

The site is significant historically and archaeologically, for the Vijayanagara period and before.{{sfn|J.M. Fritz|George Michell|2001}} The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] continues to conduct excavations in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp| title=Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka – Archaeological Survey of India| publisher=Asi.nic.in| access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>

==Description==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Hampi, India, View of Hampi Bazaar from Matanga Hill.jpg|View of Hampi Bazaar from Matanga Hill
File:Hampi, India, Sri Krishna Temple, Ancient ruins of Hampi.jpg|Entrance to Sri Krishna Temple
File:Hampi, India, Temple on top of Matanga Hill.jpg|Temple on top of Matanga Hill
File:6 Sasivekalu temple de Ganesha Hindu Hampi Vijayanagar Karnataka India.jpg|Sasivekalu Ganesha monument
File:A temple near the sunset point of Hemakuta hill.jpg|Dhwaja Stambha at Chandikesvara Temple, Hemakuta Hill
File:Sri Prasanna Anjaneya Gudi on Hemakuta hill (02).jpg|Sri Prasanna Anjaneya Gudi on Hemakuta hill
File:Two temples and their reflection on Hemakuta temple complex.jpg|Mandapam with water body. 
</gallery>
Hampi is located in hilly terrain formed by granite boulders {{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=13–14}} The Hampi monuments comprising the UNESCO world heritage site are a subset of the Vijayanagara ruins. Almost all of the monuments were built between 1336 and 1570 CE during the Vijayanagara rule.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp Hampi], Archaeological Survey of India</ref> The site has about 1,600 monuments and covers {{convert|41.5|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref name=unescosum/>

The Hampi site has been studied in three broad zones; the first has been named the "sacred centre" by scholars such as Burton Stein and othersl;<ref name="Stein1989p31"/> the second is referred to as the "urban core" or the "royal centre"; and the third constitutes the rest of metropolitan Vijayanagara. The sacred centre, alongside the river, contains the oldest temples with a history of pilgrimage and monuments pre-dating the Vijayanagara empire.<ref name="Stein1989p39"/> The urban core and royal centre have over sixty ruined temples beyond those in the sacred centre, but the temples in the urban core are all dated to the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core also includes public utility infrastructure such as roads, an aqueduct, water tanks, mandapa, gateways and markets, monasteries{{refn|group=note|According to Anila Verghese and Dieter Eigner, literary and epigraphical data evidence the existence of Advaita-Smarta ''[[matha]]s'' (monasteries), as well as Shaiva and Vaishnava monasteries – both Sri Vaishnavism and Dvaita Vaishnavism ''mathas''. All these were supported by the Vijayanagara rulers. However, of all these only Advaita and Shaiva survived after the collapse of Vijayanagara.<ref name=dieter127/>}} This distinction has been assisted by some seventy-seven stone inscriptions.<ref name="Stein1989p39">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA31|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=31–39}}</ref><ref name=dieter127>{{cite journal | last1=Verghese | first1=Anila | last2=Eigner | first2=Dieter | title=A Monastic Complex in Vithalapura, Hampi Vijayanagara | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=1998 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1998.9628555 | pages=127–140}}</ref><ref name=fritz44>{{cite journal | last=Fritz | first=John M. | title=Vijayanagara: Authority and Meaning of a South Indian Imperial Capital | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=88 | issue=1 | year=1986 | doi=10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00030 | pages=44–55| s2cid=143926888 }}</ref>

Most of the monuments are Hindu; the temples and the public infrastructure such as tanks and markets include reliefs and artwork depicting Hindu deities and themes from Hindu texts.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=20–22}} There are also six Jain temples and monuments and a Muslim mosque and tomb.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=20–22}} The architecture is built from the abundant local stone; the dominant style is [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]], with roots in the developments in Hindu arts and architecture in the second half of the 1st millennium in the Deccan region.{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=xvii–xviii}} It also included elements of the arts that developed during the [[Hoysala Empire]] rule in the south between the 11th and 14th century such as in the pillars of [[Rama]]chandra temple and ceilings of some of the Virupaksha temple complex.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=18–22}}{{refn|group=note|The Deccan region near Hampi, particularly in [[Pattadakal]] – another world heritage site, [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], [[Aihole]] to its north and stretching further south towards [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Halebidu]] had a rich tradition of building sophisticated Hindu temples with a fusion of North Indian and South Indian styles. This was abruptly terminated, state Meister and Dhaky, after the first quarter of the 14th-century after the devastating invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The South Indian artists and architects effected a recovery in Vijayanagara adopting mostly the Dravidian style.{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=xvii–xviii}}}} The architects also adopted an Indo-Islamic style in a few monuments, such as the Queen's bath and Elephant stables, which UNESCO says reflects a "highly evolved multi-religious and multi-ethnic society".<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2000|pp=1–12}}

==List of attractions==
===Hindu temples and monuments===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Le temple de Virupaksha (Hampi, Inde) (14255857272).jpg|Virupaksha temple at Hampi
File:Hampi, India, Community hall (sabha mandapa) of Vijaya Vitthala Temple.jpg|Ruins of Vijaya Vittala Temple
File:Complex of Virupaksha Temple, Hampi (01).jpg|Gopuram of Virupaksha Temple
File:Hampi - Uddana Veerabhadra Temple - Hanuman - 2.jpg|Relief of [[Hanuman]] in the court of the Uddana Veerabhadra Temple. The colour blots on the relief are made by priests or devotees with [[sindoor]].
File:2 Frescoe at Virupaksha temple, Hampi, Karnataka,.jpg|Fresco in the temple interior. Virupaksha temple
File:1 Frescoe at Virupaksha temple, Hampi, Karnataka,.jpg|Fresco in the temple interior, Virupaksha temple.
File:Relief sculpture at temple interior, Virupaksha temple.jpg|Sculpture in the temple interior, Virupaksha temple
</gallery>

====Virupaksha temple and market complex====
The Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine, the principal destination for pilgrims and tourists, and remains a Hindu worship site.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65}} Parts of the Shiva, Pampa and Durga temples existed in the 11th-century; it was extended during the Vijayanagara era.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA123|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|pages=123–124}}</ref> The temple is a collection of smaller temples, a regularly repainted, {{convert|50|m|adj=on}} high [[gopuram]], a Hindu monastery dedicated to [[Vidyaranya]] of [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition, a water tank (''Manmatha''), a community kitchen, other monuments and a {{convert|750|m}}-long ruined stone market with a monolithic [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] shrine on the east end.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=38–42}}{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=21–23, 91–92}}

The temple faces eastwards, aligning the sanctums of the Shiva and Pampa Devi temples to the sunrise; a large gopuram marks its entrance. The superstructure is a pyramidal tower with pilastered storeys on each of which is artwork including erotic sculptures.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65, 155}} The gopuram leads into a rectangular court that ends in another, smaller gopuram dated to 1510 CE. To its south side is a 100-column hall with Hindu-related reliefs on all four sides of each pillar.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}} Connected to this public hall is a community kitchen, a feature found in other major Hampi temples. A channel is cut into the rock to deliver water to the kitchen and the feeding hall. The courtyard after the small gopuram has ''dipa-stambha'' (lamp pillar) and Nandi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}}<ref name=Dallapiccola109>{{cite journal | last1=Dallapiccola | first1=A.L. | last2=Verghese | first2=Anila | title=The 'Ramanuja temple' in Vitthalapura, Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=17 | issue=1 | year=2001 | doi=10.1080/02666030.2001.9628595 | pages=109–116| s2cid=191354648 }}</ref><ref name=mack59>{{cite journal | last=Mack | first=Alexandra | title=One Landscape, Many Experiences: Differing Perspectives of the Temple Districts of Vijayanagara | journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory | volume=11 | issue=1 | year=2004 | doi=10.1023/b:jarm.0000014617.58744.1d | pages=59–81| s2cid=143695706 }}</ref>

The courtyard after the small gopuram leads to the main mandapa of the Shiva temple, which consists of the original square mandapa and a rectangular extension composed of two fused squares and sixteen piers built by Krishnadevaraya. The ceiling of the open hall above the mandapa is painted, showing the Shaivism legend relating to Shiva-Parvati marriage; another section shows the legend of Rama-Sita of the Vaishnavism tradition.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}} A third section depicts the legend of the love god Kama shooting an arrow at Shiva to get him interested in Parvati, and the fourth section shows the Advaita Hindu scholar Vidyaranya being carried in a procession. According to George Michell and other scholars, the details and colour hues suggest all the ceiling paintings are from a 19th-century renovation, and the themes of the original paintings are unknown.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cooper | first=Ilay | title=Vijayanagar or Victoria? The Ceiling of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=1997 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1997.9628526 | pages=67–69}}</ref><ref name = ceilingpaintings>{{cite journal | last=Dallapiccola | first=A.L.| doi= 10.1080/02666030.1997.9628525 | pages= 55–66| title= Ceiling Paintings in the Virupaksha Temple, Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=1997  }}</ref> The mandapa pillars have outsized ''yalis'', mythical animal melding the features of a horse, lion and other animals with an armed warrior riding it—a characteristic Vijayanagara feature.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=63}}

The sanctum of the temple has a ''[[Mukhalinga|mukha-linga]]''; a Shiva [[linga]] with a face embossed with brass.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=64}} The Virupaksha temple also has smaller shrines for two aspects of Parvati-Pampa and Bhuvaneshwari to the north of the main sanctum.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=150–151}}  Bhuvaneshwari shrine is of Chalukyan architecture and it uses granite instead of pot stone. The compound has a northern gopura, smaller than the eastern gopura, that opens to the Manmatha tank and a pathway to the river with stone reliefs related to the ''Ramayana''.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}} To the west of this tank are shrines of Shaktism and Vaishnavism traditions, such as those for Durga and Vishnu respectively.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}}{{sfn|Adam Hardy|1995|pp=130–131, 330}} Some of the shrines on this pilgrim's path were whitewashed in the 19th century under orders of the British India officer F.W. Robinson, who sought to restore the Virupaksha temple complex; whitewashing of this cluster of historic monuments has continued as a tradition.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}}

According to local tradition, the Virupaksha is the only temple that continued to be a gathering place of Hindus and frequented by pilgrims after the destruction of Hampi in 1565. The temple attracts large crowds; an annual [[fête]] with a chariot procession to mark the marriage of Virupaksha and Pampa is held in spring, as is the solemn festival of [[Maha Shivaratri]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65, 155}} The temple has [https://landofsize.com/5-reasons-why-getting-an-elephant-blessing-in-india-is-unethical/ attracted criticism from tourists] for its treatment of resident elephant, Lakshmi, who lives at the back of the temple in a narrow alleyway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://landofsize.com/5-reasons-why-getting-an-elephant-blessing-in-india-is-unethical/|title = 5 reasons why getting an 'elephant blessing' in India is unethical|date = 24 April 2019}}</ref>

====Krishna temple, market, Narasimha and linga====
[[File:The ruins of Krishna Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The ruins of Krishna Temple]]
The [[Krishna]] temple, also called Balakrishna temple, on the other side of Hemakuta hill, is about {{convert|1|km|miles}} south of Virupaksha temple. It is dated to 1515 CE; this part of the Hampi complex is called Krishnapura in inscriptions.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} In front of the ruined temple is a long market street, also referred to locally as the bazaar. Between the colonnaded stone shop ruins is a broad road that allowed chariots to transport goods to and from the market, and hosted ceremonial functions and festive celebrations. To the north of this road and middle of the market is a large Pushkarani—a public utility-stepped water tank with an artistic pavilion in its centre. Next to the tank is a public hall (mandapa) for people to sit.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Giant Shiva Linga, Hampi.jpg
| width1 = 148
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Narasimha Statue in Krishnapuram 1.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Shiva linga (left) and fierce Yoga-Narasimha monoliths carved in-situ. Narasimha is damaged, his pedestal has burn marks.
}}

The temple opens to the east; it has a gateway with reliefs of all ten avatars of [[Vishnu]] starting with [[Matsya]] at the bottom. Inside is the ruined temple for Krishna and small, ruined shrines for goddesses.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} The temple compound is layered into mandapas, including an outer and an inner enclosure. The compound has two gopuram entrances. Inside, a 25 (5x5)-bay open mandapa leads to a 9 (3x3)-bay enclosed mandapa.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–71}} The original image of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) in its sanctum is now in a Chennai museum. A modern road passes in front of the eastern gopura, linking Kamalapuram to Hampi. The western gopuram has friezes of battle formation and soldiers.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

South of the Krishna temple's exterior are two adjacent shrines, one containing the largest monolithic [[Shiva Linga]] and the other with the largest monolithic Yoga-[[Narasimha]] avatar of [[Vishnu]] in Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} The {{convert|3|m}} Shiva Linga stands in water in a cubical chamber and has three eyes sketched on its top. South of this is the shrine for a {{convert|6.7|m}}-high Narasimha—the man-lion avatar of Vishnu—seated in a yoga position. The Narasimha monolith originally had goddess Lakshmi with him, but it shows signs of extensive damage and a carbon-stained floor—evidence of attempts to burn the shrine down. The statue has been cleaned and parts of the shrine have been restored.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Achyutaraya Temple, Hampi, Vijayanagara, Karnataka, India (2007) 1.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = 15th-16th century ruins of market and Vaishnavism Achyutaraya Tiruvengalanatha temple, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka 3.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Left: Achyutaraya temple ruins; Right: market in front of the temple ruins.
}}
{{anchor|Achyutaraya temple}}

====Achyutaraya temple and market complex====
The Achyutaraya temple, also called the Tiruvengalanatha temple, is about {{convert|1|km|miles}} east of Virupaksha temple and a part of its sacred centre is close to the Tungabhadra River. It is referred to be in Achyutapura in inscriptions and is dated to 1534 CE. It is one of the four largest complexes in Hampi.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=47–48}} The temple is unusual because it faces north. It is dedicated to Vishnu.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=105–107}} In Vijayanagara times, the temple was approached from the river, first past a ceremonial tank then along the market street with a broad road. The temple had an outer gopuram leading into a courtyard with a 100-column hall and an inner gopuram leading to the Vishnu temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=105–107}}<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Settar | title=Hampi, a Medieval Metropolis|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AjduAAAAMAAJ|year =1990|publisher =Kala Yatra|pages=25–27| oclc= 24461300}}</ref> On each side of each pillar in the 100-column hall are reliefs of avatars of Vishnu; other deities such as Shiva, Surya, Durga; scenes of daily life—[[rishi]], amorous couples, jokers; people in yoga [[asana]]s; people in [[namaste]] poses; and Vijayanagara emblems.<ref>[[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] and Daniela Bevilacqua (2016), [http://hyp.soas.ac.uk/hampi/ The Hatha Yoga Project], SOAS, University of London</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. M. Suresh|title=Sculptural Art of Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7xmluMu-FsC|year=1998|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|pages=190–195}}</ref>

The temple gateway shows the Vijayanagara dynastic emblems; a boar from [[Varaha]], a sword, the sun and the moon. The temple and the market street are ruined but their layout suggests it was a major market with streets provided for chariot traffic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|editor=DV Devaraj, CS Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ| year=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=179–191}}</ref>{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=47–49}}

====Vitthala temple and market complex====
[[File:Hampi Vitthala Temple 3465.jpg|thumb|left|Vitthala Temple at Hampi]]

The [[Vithoba|Vitthala]] temple and market complex is over {{convert|3|km|miles}} north-east of the Virupaksha temple near the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is an artistically sophisticated Hindu temple in Hampi, and is part of the sacred centre of Vijayanagara. It is unclear when the temple complex was built, and who built it; most scholars date it to a period of construction in the early-to-mid-16th century.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} Some of the books mention that its construction began during the time of Devaraya II and continued during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Achuytaraya, and probably Sadasivaraya and it stopped due to the destruction of the city in 1565.<ref name=":0" /> The inscriptions include male and female names, suggesting that the complex was built by multiple sponsors. The temple was dedicated to [[Vitthala]], a form of Krishna also called Vithoba.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The temple opens to the east, has a square plan and features an entrance gopuram with two side gopurams. The main temple stands in the middle of a paved courtyard and several subsidiary shrines, all aligned to the east.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The temple is a unified structure in a courtyard measuring 500 by 300 feet which is surrounded by a triple row of pillars. It is a low structure of one storey with an average height of 25 height.  The temple has three distinct compartments: a ''garbhagriha, an ardhamandapa and a mahamandapa (or sabha mandapa).<ref name=":0" />''

[[File:Vittala temple complex Rath MS.jpg|thumb|The Garuda shrine in the form of stone chariot at Vitthala temple.]]
The ''Vitthala'' temple has a ''Garuda shrine'' in the form of a stone chariot in the courtyard; it is an often-pictured symbol of Hampi. Above the chariot is a tower, which was removed during 1940s, as per historian Dr.S.Shettar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Shyam S |title=A Mistake of Elephantine Proportions |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/A-mistake-of-elephantine-proportions/articleshow/44927944.cms |access-date=12 November 2020 |agency=Times group |publisher=Bangalore Mirror news |date=25 October 2014}}</ref> In the front of the stone chariot is a large, square, open-pillared, axial ''sabha mandapa'', or community hall.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The mandapa has four sections, two of which are aligned with the temple sanctum. The mandapa has 56 carved stone beams of different diameters, shape, length and surface finish that produces musical sounds when struck; according to local traditional belief, this hall was used for public celebrations of music and dancing.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Patil | first1=Hemant A. | last2=Gajbhar | first2=Shrishail S. | title=2012 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) | chapter=Acoustical analysis of musical pillar of great stage of Vitthala temple at Hampi, India | publisher=IEEE | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4673-2014-6 | doi=10.1109/spcom.2012.6290213 | pages=1–5| s2cid=6715610 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=Anish | last2=Jayakumar | first2=T. | last3=Rao|display-authors=etal | first3=C. Babu | title=Nondestructive characterization of musical pillars of Mahamandapam of Vitthala Temple at Hampi, India | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume=124 | issue=2 | year=2008 | doi=10.1121/1.2945170 | pmid=18681583 | pages=911–917| bibcode=2008ASAJ..124..911K }}</ref> It is classified as Karakkoil, a temple fashioned after temple chariots which are taken in procession around the temple during festivals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|pages=31, 32|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4|year=2010}}</ref>

[[File:15th-16th century ruins of market and Vaishnavism Vitthala temple, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|Vitthala temple gopuram and market.]]
The mandapa links to an enclosed ''pradakshina patha'' for walking around the sanctum. Around this axial mandapa are (clockwise from east); the Garuda shrine, the Kalyana mandapa (wedding ceremonies), the 100-columned mandapa, the Amman shrine and the Utsav mandapa (festival hall). The walled enclosure covers about {{convert|1.3|ha|acres}} with colonnaded verandahs lining the compound walls. In the south-east corner is a kitchen with a roof window ([[clerestory]]).{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}}<ref name=dieter127/><ref name=mack24>{{cite journal|author= Alexandra Mack| title= The temple district of Vitthalapura| journal= Marg: A Magazine of the Arts| year= 2001| volume = 53| issue = 1| pages=24–39}}</ref>

Outside the temple compound, to its east-south-east, is a colonnaded market street almost {{convert|1|km|miles|spell=in}} long; all of which is now in ruins. To the north is another market and a south-facing shrine with reliefs of Ramayana scenes, Mahabharata scenes and of Vaishnava saints. The north street ended in a temple honouring the Hindu philosopher [[Ramanuja]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}}<ref name=Dallapiccola109/> The region around the Vitthala temple was called Vitthalapura. It hosted a Vaishnava [[matha]] (monastery), designed as a pilgrimage centre centred around the [[Alvar]] tradition. It was also a centre for craft production according to inscriptions found.<ref name=dieter127/><ref name=Dallapiccola109/><ref name=mack24/>

====Hemakuta hill monuments====
The Hemakuta hill lies between the Virupaksha temple complex to the north and the Krishna temple to the south. It is a collection of modestly sized monuments that are preserved examples of pre-Vijayanagara and early-Vijayanagara temples and construction. The site has several important inscriptions, is easily accessible and provides views of the some parts of Hampi and the fertile, agricultural valley that separates the sacred centre from the urban core with its royal centre.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=66–69}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}

[[File:Temples on the Hemakuta Hill.jpg|thumb|Hemakuta hill temples]]
The hill has more than thirty small-to-moderate-sized temples, together with water cisterns, gateways, and secular pavilions.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}} The latest examples are dated to the early 14th century.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} Some of the structures are differently-sized prototypes of temples or mandapas, assembled from blocks of stones. Others are completed monuments of different designs, such as the ''Phamsana'' style.{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=72–74}} Two temple groups in this style look similar; each has a triple vimana consisting of square sanctums with each set connected to its own shared square mandapa.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} The towers (shikaras) on these are pyramidal granite structures consisting of eleven stacked, shrinking squares and a top in the Deccan-style square kalasha finial.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} Both sets are Shiva temples with triple linga; early sources misidentified these as Jain temples because of their simple exterior and interior walls.

One of these groups has a historically important inscription that records that ''Kampila'' built the monument in the early 14th century. This inscription links Hampi with the [[Kampili kingdom]] and suggests an association of the Kampili history with that of Vijayanagara Empire that followed it.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} The style of temples on the Hemakuta hill suggest it may have been a study centre for experimenting with different types of Hindu temples. The styles present include those of the Chalukya period, the Rashtrakuta period and later periods. It may also have been the template for the original Virupaksha temple, which was later greatly expanded with gopuram, mandala and other additions. A similar monument dedicated to Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is located east of Hampi; an inscription near it states that it was operating in 1379 CE.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}

The Hemakuta hill also has monuments with two monolithic [[Ganesha]]; the Kadalekalu Ganesha and the Sasivekalu Ganesha.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=68–69}} The Kadalekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's ''gram''-shaped belly, is in the middle of Hampi's sacred centre on the east side of the hill near Matanga.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=27, 36–37}} A colonnaded, open mandapa leads to the sanctum, which houses a monolithic image of Ganesha more than {{convert|4.5|m}} high, which was carved ''in-situ'' from extant rock. Ganesha's tusk and other parts have been damaged, but the left hand—which holds a rice cake treat with his trunk reaching out for it—has survived.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=66–69}}

The Sasivekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's mustard seed-shaped belly, is near the Krishna temple south-west of the Kadalekalu Ganesha. It is a {{convert|2.4|m|ft}}-high monolith that was also carved ''in-situ'' from extant rock. The Sasivekalu Ganesha is carved with his mother Parvati, in whose lap he sits. She is only visible from the back of the statue. The monument is housed inside an open-pillared mandapa; the left hand and tusk have been damaged.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=36–37}}

====Hazara Rama temple====
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Perspective view of Garbhagriha in Hazara Rama Temple.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Ornate Carvings on Garbhagriha of Hazara Rama Temple, Hampi (01).jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Left: Hazara Rama Temple Garbhagriha; Right: Ornate Carvings on the temple
}}
The Hazara Rama temple, referred to as the Ramachandra temple in inscriptions, occupied the western part of the urban core in the royal centre section of Hampi. This temple was dedicated to Rama of the ''Ramayana'' fame, and an avatar of Vishnu. It was the ceremonial temple for the royal family. The temple is dated to the early 15th century and is attributed to [[Deva Raya|Devaraya I]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The temple's outer walls portray the Hindu Mahanavami ([[Vijayadashami|Dasara]]) and the spring [[Holi]] festival procession and celebrations in parallel bands of artwork.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The lowest band shows marching elephants, above it are horses led by horsemen, then soldiers celebrated by the public, then dancers and musicians, with a top layer depicting a procession of the general public. The depiction mirrors the description of festivals and processions in surviving memoirs of Persians and Portuguese who visited the Vijayanagara capital.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=The Ramachandra Temple at Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS4ASa7WCfMC|year=1992|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-85425-27-6|pages=1–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anna L Dallapiccola|editor=DV Devaraj, CS Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=128–134}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Le temple Hazara Rama Thousand Vishnu Avatar Hampi Vijayanagar India 2014.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Le temple Hazara Rama (Hampi, Inde) (14302319731).jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Left: Outer walls of the Hazara Rama temple show Hindu festive processions; Right: [[The Buddha]] as an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] as per Vishnu Purana, inside the temple
}}

The inner walls of the temple has friezes containing extensive narration of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=roger273/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The temple has an entrance mandapa and a [[yajna]] ceremony hall, whose ceiling is designed to ventilate fumes and smoke through the roof. Inside the main mandapa are four intricately carved pillars in the Hoysala style; these carving include depictions of Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita of [[Vaishnavism]], Durga as Mahishasuramardini of [[Shaktism]] and Shiva-Parvati of [[Shaivism]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} Images are missing from the square sanctum. The temple has a smaller shrine with friezes depicting the legends of Vishnu avatars.<ref name=roger273>{{cite book|author=Roger Töpelmann|title=Indien in Deutschland: Darmstädter Beiträge zum Diskurs über indische Religion, Kultur und Gesellschaft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctgyAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=P. Lang|language=de|isbn=978-3-631-42335-6|pages=273–278}}</ref>

This ruined temple complex is known for its thousands of carvings and inscriptions, its elaborate frescoes depicting Hindu theosophy and its sprawling courtyard laid with gardens.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal| first=Madan|year= 1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]| editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

====Kodandarama temple and riverside monuments====
[[File:Nandi at the Tungabhadra river, Hampi.jpg|thumb|Shivling and Nandi sculptures on the rocks of the Tungabhadra river, Hampi]]
The Kodandarama temple complex lies near the Tungabhadra River, and is north of Achyutaraya temple. The temple overlooks [[Chakratirtha]], where the Tungabhadra turns northwards towards the Himalayas. The river banks, considered holy, accommodate a Vijayanagara-era ghat and mandapa facilities for bathing. In front of the temple is a ''dipa stambha'' (lighting pillar) under a Pipal tree, and inside is a sanctum dedicated to Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=108–109}} Nearby, and continuing until Kotitirtha to its north, are a number of smaller shrines, dedicated to Vitthala, Anjaneya, Shiva and other deities. On the rock face are reliefs of Anantashayana Vishnu (reclining Vishnu creating the cosmic cycle, Ranganatha), friezes narrating the legends of Narasimha and Prahlada, and the twenty-four avatars of Vishnu according to the Puranic tradition of Vaishnavism. Near the river is a rock carved with Shaivism's 1,008 lingas.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=108–109}}

[[File:Pattabhirama temple in Hampi 1.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Pattabhirama temple in Hampi suburbs]]

====Pattabhirama temple complex====
The Pattabhirama temple complex is in the southern suburban centre outside the sacred centre and the urban core, about {{convert|500|m|yards}} from the ASI Hampi museum.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}} It was at the nucleus of economic and cultural activity of this suburb, now located north-east of Kamalapura. The complex, also known as Varadevi Ammana Pattana, was likely built in the early 16th century and dedicated to Rama (Vishnu avatar).{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}} The complex has a main temple, a colonnaded courtyard inside an enclosure and a 64 (8x8 square)-pillared and roofed mandapa in front of the sanctum. The complex and the sanctum face east; the normal entrance was through the eastern gopura.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=73–74}} The ruins suggest the gopuram had six tiers. The Pattabhirama temple included a 100-pillared hall—likely a feeding hall—attached to the southern wall of the enclosed compound. The pillars have reliefs depicting Hindu themes which include gods, goddesses, a scene from a Hindu text, yoga and namaste.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. M. Suresh|title=Sculptural Art of Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7xmluMu-FsC|year=1998|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|pages=84–87}}</ref>

====Mahanavami platform, public square complex====
The Mahanavami platform, also called the "Great Platform", "Audience Hall", "Dasara" or "Mahanavami Dibba" monument, is within a {{convert|7.5|ha|acres|adj=on}} enclosure at one of the highest points inside the royal centre (urban core). It has ceremonial structures.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}<ref name="Dallapiccola1998p27"/> It is mentioned in the memoirs of foreigners who visited Vijayanagara, some calling it the "House of Victory".{{refn|The memoirs of the Portuguese who visited and traded with Vijayanagara mention it.<ref name=fritz44/>}} The largest monument in this complex has three ascending square stages leading to a large, square platform that likely had a wooden mandapa above it. This was burnt down during the destruction of Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}

[[File:Mahanavami Dibba1.jpg|thumb|Mahanavami platform monument]]
The two lower levels of the platform is made of granite. It has reliefs—possibly a catalogue of 14th-century royal activities—and lines of marching animals including elephants, horses and camels.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}<ref>{{cite book|author = Anna Dallapiccola| year=2010| title= Great Platform at Vijayanagara: Architecture & Sculpture| publisher= Manohar| isbn =978-8173048586| pages=1–9}}</ref> Reliefs on the south side show musicians and dancers, including female [[Dandiya Raas|stick-dancers]]. The third level reliefs show a battle procession, couples and scenes of common citizens celebrating [[Holi]] (Vasantotsava) by throwing water at each other.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}<ref name="Dallapiccola1998p27">{{cite book|author1=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|author2=Anila Verghese|title=Sculpture at Vijayanagara: Iconography and Style|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GzqAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Manohar Publishers |isbn=978-81-7304-232-4|pages=2–3, 27–28, 91–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=G Michell|editor=Lokesh Chandra |editor2=Jyotindra Jain|display-editors=etal |title=Dimensions of Indian Art |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cafAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|pages=101–104 | chapter= Chapter: Folk tradition in the Monumental Setting: Sculptures on the Great Platform at Vijayanagara}}</ref> Near the great platform is an audience hall, which also probably had a wooden pavilion, evidenced by 100 stone stubs; this too was burnt down.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}

South of the platform is an aqueduct leading water to large, symmetrical, stepped tank made of granite that was excavated by archaeologists in the 1980s. The complex has another large water pool, possibly for water sports and a garden and various mandapa. there is a ruined temple-like monument near the step tank.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}<ref name=fritz44/>

====Water infrastructure====
[[File:Krishna Pushkarani - Hampi Ruins.jpg|thumb|[[Temple tank|Water tank]] at the Krishna temple]]
[[File:IMG 2272 Queen's Bath.jpg|thumb|Queen's Bath built in [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] style]]
The Square Water Pavilion, also called the Queen's Bath, is in the south-east of the royal centre. It has a pavilion, a water basin and a method of moving fresh water to it and taking away wash water and overflows. The basin is enclosed within an ornate, pillared, vaulted bay.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}} Nearby are ruins of the aqueduct.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}} The modern name of this building, the Queen's bath, is probably a misnomer because this was a public bath for men and travellers.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}}<ref name=michell19/> The building's interior arches show influence from [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], reflecting an era in which Hindu and Muslim arts influenced each other in India.<ref>{{cite journal| title=At the Margins of Architectural and Landscape History| journal= Muqarnas| author= D. Fairchild Ruggles |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles| volume= 30| issue= 1| pages= 95–117| year= 2013| doi= 10.1163/22118993-0301P0006}}</ref>

The Vijayanagara empire built extensive water infrastructures,<ref name=michell19/><ref>{{cite book|author=Dominic J. Davison-Jenkins|title=The Irrigation and Water Supply Systems of Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTXbAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-031-3|pages=1–12|oclc= 879239921}}</ref> some examples include - the Manmatha tank near Virupaksha temple, which is dated to about the 9th century, predates the Vijayanagara. According to an inscription found there, the Manmatha tank was upgraded and a Durga shrine added in 1199 CE.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=65}} The inclusion of artwork at the tank, such as a warrior fighting a lion, is dated to the 13th century, when Hoysalas frequented Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=65}}

[[File:15th century aqua duct to Mahanavami platform Pushkarani step well, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|A stepped square water tank]]
The Hampi monuments include aqueducts to carry water to tanks and other parts of the city, as well as drains and channels to remove water overflow.<ref name=michell19>{{cite journal | last=Michell | first=George | title=Vijayanagara: the architectural record | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=1985 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1985.9628330 | pages=19–41}}</ref> Excavations in the 1980s near the Mahanavami platform in the urban core revealed a large, square-stepped tank that was fed by an aqueduct.<ref>Roger Dunn (2005), [http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=br_rev Photographs of Hampi, India], Bridgewater Review, 24(1), pp. 15–18</ref> The tanks were public utilities; some were perhaps used for royal ceremonies.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=90}}

Archaeological excavations in 1990 revealed twenty-three wells and cisterns in the Hampi-Vijayanagara metropolis. Of these, thirteen were found outside the city walls in the suburbs, and ten inside. Of these were twelve at roadsides, eight near temples, ten in residential areas and two were used for irrigation within the urban core. More water structures were found in Daroji valley for agriculture. According to archaeologists Kathleen Morrison and Carla Sinopoli, the Hampi water infrastructure was for the use of travellers, rituals, domestic use and irrigation.<ref>Kathleen Morrison Carla Sinopoli (1991), ''Archaeological Survey in the Vijayangara Metropolitan Region: 1990'', in Vijayanagara: Progress of Research, Editors: DV Devaraj, CS Patil, pages 67–69</ref>

====Fountains and community kitchen====
Several major temples in Hampi have an embedded kitchen and 100-or-more-pillared feeding halls.<ref name=Dallapiccola109/><ref name=mack59/> Hampi also had a dedicated public ''Bhojana shala'' (house of food) where numerous ''thali'' (dish) were carved in series in a rock on both sides of a water channel. One example is found near an octagonal fountain in the south of the royal centre;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=74}} according to epigraphical sources, this Hampi ''bhojan shala'' was a ''utada kaluve'' or "canal connected with eating".{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=30}}

====Elephant stables and enclosure====
In the east of the royal centre lies the Gajashala, or elephant stables, which consist of eleven square chambers aligned north–south. The openings to the stables are arched; above ten chambers are alternating fluted and plain domes. In the middle of the stables are stairs to reach the roof.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=82–83}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=70–72}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lotus Mahal Pavilion MS.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Closeup of Elephant Stables, Hampi.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Lotus Mahal (left) and elephant stables: syncretic style monuments.
}}

The enclosure is close to the elephant stables; it was thus named in a Persian memoir whose 19th-century translation was an early introduction to Hampi ruins for many.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} {{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–78}} The enclosure contains the [[Lotus Mahal]] which is a two-storeyed pavilion in the royal centre.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}} The Lotus Mahal combines a symmetrical, square, Hindu mandala design with lobed arches, vaults, and domes of the Indo-Islamic style. Its basement and pyramidal towers are based on Hindu temple architecture.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}} Like almost all of the structures in Hampi's royal centre, this monument has no inscriptions nor epigraphs mentioning it and therefore dating it and establishing its function with evidence has been difficult. The Lotus Mahal and other structures in the Hampi urban core, however, were not built with Muslim patronage, unlike the tombs in the various Muslim quarters of the city. These buildings reflect the assimilative approach of the Vijayanagara Hindu rulers. Lotus Mahal looks like a syncretic, congested space and its purpose is unclear. Speculations include it being a council hall.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=68–70}}

====Other Hindu temples and monuments====
In the sacred centre near the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River and close to the Vitthala temple complex, are gateways and a monument now called the King's Balance.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=49}}{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=102–103}} The latter is similar to those found at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples for the ''tula-purush-[[dāna]]'' or ''thulabharam'' ceremonies in which a person gives a gift by weight equal to, or greater than, their body weight.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=49}}{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=102–103}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Rao | first=Nalini | title=Royal religious beneficence in pre-modern India: social and political implications | journal=International Journal of Dharma Studies | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=19 July 2016 | doi=10.1186/s40613-016-0030-z | pages=7–19| doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Vijayanagara rulers built forts, fortified gateways and watchtowers after their dynasty was founded from the ruins of war and for security from repeated raids and invasion. Hindu-style corbelled arches are the common gateways and watchtowers in Hampi.{{refn|group=note|The Hampi builders also included Islamic style arches in fortified gateways at some places.}} One such gateway is located south-east of Ganagitti Jain temple;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} it incorporate a central barbican wall designed to entrap and confuse a stranger aiming for a surprise, while frequent visitors knew the three changes of direction before the gateway. These functional Hindu monuments are identifiable by a legendary Hindu character incorporated into them, such as of Bhima of the Mahabharata's Pandava fame. Another such gate is found on the north-east road to Talarighat Hindu monument and the Vitthala temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=57–58}}

The Hampi site has over 1,600 surviving ruins—mostly Hindu—spread over a wide area.<ref name=unescosum/> Other significant monuments include a temple near the octagonal bath for [[Saraswati]], a Hindu goddess of knowledge and music; a temple in the suburbs for Ananthasayana Vishnu; an Uddana Virbhadra temple for Shiva and Vishnu; a shrine for Kali, the fierce form of Durga unusually shown holding a ball of rice and a ladle ([[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]);{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=73}} an underground temple in the royal centre; a Sugriva cave temple;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=104}} the Matanga hill monuments; the [[Purandara Dasa|Purandaradasa]] temple dedicated to the scholar-musician famed for the [[Indian classical music#Carnatic music|Carnatic music]] tradition; the Chandrashekhara temple for Shiva near the Queen's bath monument; and the Malyavanta hill dedicated to Rama-Sita-Lakshmana and Shiva. The Malyavanta hill features several shrines including the Raghunatha temple and a row of Shiva lingas carved in stone.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=96}}

===Jain monuments===
Reliefs of [[Jain]] temples at Hampi include ''Hemkut Jain temples'', Ratnantraykut, Parsvanath Charan and Ganagitti Jain temples. Most of the idols are now missing from these temples, which were built in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/hampi.htm |title=Jain: Hampi |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030073327/http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/hampi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Ganagitti temple complex====
[[File:Flat elevation of Ganagitti Sri Jaina Basadi.jpg|thumb|Ganagitti Jain temple]]

The Ganigitti Jain temple is near Bhima's gate in the south-east of the urban core section of Hampi. In front of it is a monolithic lamp pillar.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} The temple faced north; it is dated to 1385 CE, during the rule of [[Hindu king]] Harihara II, based on an inscription in the temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} It is dedicated to Tirthankara [[Kunthunatha]] and has plain walls, a pillared mandapa and a square sanctum from which the Jina's statue is missing. There are capitals on the pillars and the doorways have decoration. Over the sanctum is a Dravidian-style, narrowing square, pyramidal tower. Other monuments in the temple compound are in ruins.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}}

====Other Jain temples and monuments====
A cluster of Jain {{convert|150|meters|yards}} east of the elephant stables. One north-facing temple is dedicated to [[Parshvanatha]] Tirthankara. It was built by King Devaraya II and dates to 1426 CE, per an inscription in the temple. In front of the temple are two ruined temples; one of Shiva and the other dedicated to [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=83}} Jain Tirthankaras are also included in reliefs inside Hindu temples.<ref name="ceilingpaintings" /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Alan | title=Rock-cut Features at Vijayanagara | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=1999 | doi= 10.1080/02666030.1999.9628564 | pages=41–46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=H. T. Talwar|title=Jaina Art and Architecture at Vijayanagara, Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQDWAAAAMAAJ|year=1997 |publisher= Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|pages=15–21 |oclc= 40418652}}</ref>

===Muslim monuments===
[[File:Tomb enroute to Hampi.JPG|thumb|Ahmad Khan tomb in Hampi]]
The Hampi site includes a Muslim quarter with Islamic tombs, two mosques and a cemetery. These are neither in the sacred centre nor in the royal centre of the Hampi site. Some Muslim monuments are a part of the urban core while others are in the suburbs where most Vijayanagara residents lived. These are in the north-east valley of the urban core, where settlements of Hindus and Jains are also found. Much of this region is deeply silted and the soil conceals abandoned temples, roads, water tanks, gateways and residential quarters.<ref name="Vatsyayan1991p198">{{cite book|author1=John Fritz|author2=George Michell|editor=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Concepts of Space, Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1a7XZdH1V0C&pg=PA198 |year=1991|publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-252-9|pages=198–199}}</ref>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}}

====Ahmad Khan mosque and tomb ====
There is a Muslim monument in the south-east of the urban core on the road from Kamalapura to Anegondi, before Turuttu canal in the irrigated valley. This monument was first built in 1439 by Ahmad Khan, a Muslim officer in the army of [[Hindu king]] Devaraya II. The monuments include a mosque, an octagonal well, and a tomb. The mosque lacks a dome and is a pillared pavilion, while the tomb has a dome and arches.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}} Other Muslim monuments and a graveyard were added later near the Ahmad Khan's legacy.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}}

==Reception==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| header = Hampi ruins, 19th century
| image1 = Ruins of Bala Krishna Temple Vijayanagara Hampi 1868 Edmund Lyon photo.jpg| caption1 = Krishna temple in 1868
| image2 = Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg| caption2 = Rama temple in 1868
| image3 = Interior of Vitthala temple mandapa in Hampi, Vijayanagara 1880 photo.jpg| caption3 =  Vitthala temple in 1880
| image4 = Hampi King's Balance Vitthala temple street entrance near river 1856 photo.jpg| caption4 = King's balance in 1858
}}
In the memoirs of [[Niccolò de' Conti]], an [[Italy|Italian]] merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of {{convert|60|miles|km}} and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī|Abdul Razzaq]], who visited from [[Persia]], described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets).<ref>{{cite book|author=Carla M. Sinopoli|title=The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c.1350–1650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nHg-eKWuIC&pg=PA146|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44074-5|pages=146–149}}</ref>

In 1520, [[Domingo Paes]], a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as ''Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'', in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight&nbsp;... the best provided city in the world".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R.SarDesai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99743-0|page=66}}</ref><ref name=Raychaudhuri122>{{cite book|author1=Tapan Raychaudhuri|author2=Irfan Habib|author3=Dharma Kumar|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122 |year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22692-9|page=122}}</ref> According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes&nbsp;...".<ref name=Raychaudhuri122/>

[[Cesare Federici]], an [[Italy|Italian]] merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carla Sinopoli|author2=Peter Johansen|author3=Kathleen Morrison|editor=Steven E. Falconer and Charles L. Redman|title=Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkYdxK29RHkC&pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2603-1|page=37}}</ref>

The historian [[Will Durant]], in his ''Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization'' recites the story of [[Vijayanagara]] and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, "its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence."<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Durant|author-link=Will Durant|title=Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru4LPyMAxxkC&pg=PT579 |year=2011| publisher=Simon and Schuster| isbn=978-1-4516-4668-9| page=579}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Hampi (town)|Hampi]]'s history, ruins and temples made it an early site for offbeat tourism in the 1960s and after. Tourists would gather on its hills and midst its ruins, to hold parties and spiritual retreats, and these have been called "Hampi Hippies" and Hampi as the "lost city" in some publications.<ref name="Aitken1999p219">{{cite book|author=Bill Aitken|title=Divining the Deccan: A Motorbike to the Heart of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564711-2|pages=219–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Hatcher Childress|title=Lost Cities of China, Central Asia, and India: A Traveler's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBAeAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Adventures |isbn=978-0-932813-00-8|pages=186–187}}</ref>}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Anegundi]]
* [[Bukka]]
* [[Kanakagiri]]
* [[Krishna Deva Raya]]
* [[Suratrana]]
* [[Vidyaranya]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Vijayanagara Architecture]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* S.Srinivasachar, T.S.Satyan, ''Hampi : The fabled capital of the Vijayanagara Empire'', (Directorate of Archaeology and Museums), Govt. of Karnataka, 1995
* {{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars  |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Eaton|first=Richard M. |title= A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|year= 2006|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-71627-7 }}
* {{cite book| author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ |year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1=J.M. Fritz| editor2 = George Michell| title= New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara| isbn= 978-81-85026-53-4| publisher = Marg| year=2001}}
* {{cite book|last1= Fritz|first1= John M|last2 =Michell| first2 =George|title=Hampi Vijayanagara|publisher = Jaico|isbn= 978-81-8495-602-3| year=2016}}
* {{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995|publisher= Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath |first= Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title= A Concise History of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY9AAAAMAAJ |publisher= Jupiter Books |location= Bangalore |oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass  |isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
* {{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
* {{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Architecture and Art of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C&pg=PR11|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44110-0}}
* {{cite book|author=David Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
* {{citation| author= James Lochtefeld| year= 2002| title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z| publisher= Rosen Publishing| isbn= 978-0-8239-2287-1| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}
* A.N. Longhurst, ''Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated'', (Laurier Books Ltd., 1998) {{ISBN|81-206-0159-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1GzJRNhnnsC| year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2}}
* {{cite book |last= Sastri |first= K.A. Nilakanta |title= A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |year=1955 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035/page/n7/mode/2up |oclc=1035966644}}
* {{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|title=Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDduAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565433-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|title=Archaeology, Art and Religion: New Perspectives on Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZzpAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564890-4}}
* ''The Ruins of Hampi:Travel Guide'' {{ISBN|81-7525-766-0}}
* Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983.

==External links==
{{commons category|Hampi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hampi}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_hampi.asp Hampi Museum], Archaeological Survey of India
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 Group of Monuments at Hampi], UNESCO World Heritage List
* [https://www.penn.museum/research/projects-researchers/asian-section/115-vijayanagara-research-project Vijayanagara Research Project], Penn Museum
* [http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf053-001.pdf Fields of Victory: Vijayanagara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921224314/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf053-001.pdf |date=21 September 2015 }}, Kathleen Morrison, UC Berkeley

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hampi| ]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]