View source for Hamilton Fish III

{{Short description|American politician (1888–1991)}}
{{other people||Hamilton Fish (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name         = Hamilton Fish III
| image name   = FISH, HAMILTON, JR. LCCN2016857712 (cropped).jpg
| state1       = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| district1    = [[United States House of Representatives, New York District 26|26th]]
| term_start1  = November 2, 1920
| term_end1    = January 3, 1945
| preceded1    = [[Edmund Platt]]
| succeeded1   = [[Peter A. Quinn]]
| state_assembly2 = New York
| district2    = Putnam
| term_start2  = January 1, 1914
| term_end2    = December 31, 1916
| preceded2    = [[John R. Yale]]
| succeeded2   = John P. Donohoe
| birth_name   = Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1888|12|07}}
| birth_place  = [[Garrison, New York]], U.S.
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1991|01|18|1888|12|07}}
| death_place  = [[Cold Spring, New York]], U.S.
| party        = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| otherparty   = [[Bull Moose Party|Progressive "Bull Moose"]] (1912–16)
| alma_mater   = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| parents      = [[Hamilton Fish II]]<br/>Emily Mann
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Grace Chapin|1920|1960|reason=d.}}
* {{marriage|Marie Blackton|1967|1974|reason=d.}}
* {{marriage|Alice Desmond|1976|1984|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Lydia Ambrogio|1988}}
}}
| children     = [[Hamilton Fish IV]]<br/>Lillian Veronica Fish<br/>Elizabeth Fish
| relatives    = [[Fish family]]
| allegiance   = {{flag|United States|1912}}
| branch       = <!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add the Army flag adopted by the U.S. government in 1956 (37 years after Fish's discharge from active service) as it would be historically inaccurate. Thank you. -->[[United States Army]]
|rank         = [[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|23px]] [[Major (United States)|Major]] (Army)<br/>[[File:US ARMY COL.gif|25px]] [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] (Reserve)
|serviceyears = 1917–1919 (Army)<br/>1920-1948 (Reserve)
|commands     = Company K, [[369th Infantry Regiment (United States)|369th Infantry]], [[93rd Infantry Division (United States)|93d Division]]
|battles      = [[World War I]]<br />
*[[United States campaigns in World War I#Champagne-Marne, 15–18 July 1918|Champagne-Marne]]
*[[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Meuse-Argonne]]
*[[Western Front (World War I)|Defensive Sector]]
|mawards      = {{Unbulleted list|[[File:Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Silver Star]]|[[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|War Cross 1914–1918]] ([[France]])}}
| module      = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Rep. Hamilton Fish III on Declaring War on Japan.ogg|title=Fish's voice|type=speech|description=Fish speaks in support of [[United States declaration of war on Japan|declaring war on Japan]]<br/>Recorded December 8, 1941}}
}}

'''Hamilton Fish III''' (born '''Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish''' and also known as '''Hamilton Fish Jr.'''; December 7, 1888 – January 18, 1991) was an American [[soldier]], author, and politician from [[United States Congressional Delegations from New York|New York]]. He represented [[New York's 26th congressional district]] in the [[Hudson Valley]] region in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1920 to 1945. In the second half of his House career, Fish was a chief critic and opponent of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], especially on matters of international affairs and [[American entry into World War II]] prior to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].

Born into [[Fish family|a political family]] whose legacy dated to the Dutch settlement of [[New Amsterdam]], Fish was educated at [[St. Mark's School (Massachusetts)|St. Mark's School]] and [[Harvard College]], where he graduated at the age of 20 before enrolling at [[Harvard Law School]]. He was elected to the [[New York State Assembly]] from [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam County]] in 1913 as a member of the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)|Progressive Party]]. He served three terms before enlisting in World War I, in which he commanded a company of the [[369th Infantry Regiment (United States)|369th Infantry Regiment]], a unit of African-American soldiers known as the "[[Harlem]] Hellfighters." After the war, Fish was elected to the United States House as a Republican. In the House, he advocated for veterans and the [[anti-lynching movement]]. He became the body's leading anti-communist as chair of the Fish Committee, a special body established in 1930 to investigate Soviet and communist influence in the United States. He also sponsored the [[Lodge–Fish Resolution]], expressing American support for the [[Mandate for Palestine|British establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine]].

In 1932, Fish crossed party lines to privately support Hudson Valley native [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for president, but he soon became a leading critic of Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] legislation and [[Atlanticism|Atlanticist]] foreign policy. Throughout the 1930s, Fish was the subject of multiple [[Foreign electoral intervention|foreign influence campaigns]], since he was identified by [[Nazi Party]] officials as a natural ally to their international ambitions (though he was on the record criticizing the treatment of Jews in Germany) and by British security organizations as an obstacle to American aid for Great Britain. His chief of staff, George Hill, was convicted of perjury in relation to his involvement with [[George Sylvester Viereck]], and agents of the [[British Security Co-ordination]] office repeatedly raised money for Fish's opponents and published anti-Fish leaflets in his district. In 1941, Fish was
implicated in an [[America First Committee]] franking controversy leading to William Power Maloney's grand jury investigating Nazi penetration in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/msnbc/msnbc-podcast/archives-episode-five-ncsl1300334 | title=From the Archives: Episode Five | website=[[NBC News]] | date=October 28, 2022 }}</ref>

After the 1941 Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and [[German declaration of war against the United States|German declaration of war]], Fish called for unified support for Roosevelt as a wartime president. He delivered the first speech calling for a [[United States declaration of war on Japan|declaration of war against Japan]] and sought to re-enlist but was denied a commission by Roosevelt; he later returned to his criticism, arguing that Roosevelt [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|should have prevented the Japanese strike]]. Like many leading isolationists, Fish's popularity waned during wartime, and he was defeated for re-election in 1944. Late in the decade, former [[United States Department of Justice]] prosecutor [[O. John Rogge]] accused Fish of Nazi sympathies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldcat.org/title/1013227589|title=The official German report : Nazi penetration, 1924-1942 ; Pan-Arabism, 1939-today &#124; WorldCat.org}}</ref> He continued to actively comment on American diplomacy and military strategy during and after the [[Cold War]], criticizing the [[United Nations]], [[John Foster Dulles]], and the [[Vietnam War]] while supporting [[NATO]], the American [[United States invasion of Grenada|invasions of Grenada]] and [[United States invasion of Panama|Panama]], and the [[Gulf War]].

==Family and early life==
{{Further|Fish family|Stuyvesant family}}
Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish was born on December 7, 1888, in [[Garrison, New York]] to [[Hamilton Fish II]] and the former Emily Mann. Hamilton Fish II had been a Republican member of the New York Assembly and would later serve as Speaker of the Assembly and a United States Representative. [[Hamilton Fish]], the paternal grandfather of this article's subject, was [[United States Secretary of State]] under President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=7–12}}

In 1898, the young Fish's cousin, also named [[Hamilton Fish II (Rough Rider)|Hamilton Fish]] and a volunteer in [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Rough Riders]], was the first American soldier killed in action in the [[Spanish–American War]]. In his honor, Fish's father legally changed his ten-year-old son's name from ''Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish'' to just ''Hamilton Fish''.{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=7–12}}

During his childhood, Fish attended Chateau de Lancy near [[Geneva]], which his father had also attended. The younger Fish learned [[French language|French]], played soccer, and spent summers with his family in [[Bavaria]]. He returned to the United States to attend the [[Fay School]] in [[Southborough, Massachusetts]] and [[St. Mark's School (Massachusetts)|St. Mark's School]], a [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] also in Southborough. In his memoirs, Fish described himself as a "B student" at St. Mark's but successful in several different sports.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=12–19}}
[[File:Hamilton Fish at Harvard.jpg|left|thumb|At Harvard, Fish was a star football player and was later inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]].]]
Fish graduated from St. Mark's in 1906 and attended [[Harvard College]], where he graduated in the class of 1910.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=12–19}} He was a member of the [[Porcellian Club]] and played [[tackle (position)|tackle]] for Harvard's [[American football|football]] team. Standing {{convert|6|ft|4|in|m}} and weighing {{convert|200|lb|kg}}, "Ham" Fish was highly successful as a football player; he was twice an [[College Football All-America Team|All-America]] and was inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] in 1954.<ref>{{cfbhof|id=1227|name=Hamilton Fish}}</ref> He was the only Harvard man on Yale graduate [[Walter Camp]]'s all-time All-American team.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bookoffootball00camp | page=[https://archive.org/details/bookoffootball00camp/page/346 346] |title = The Book of Foot-ball| publisher=Century Company |last1 = Camp|first1 = Walter|year = 1910}}</ref> After graduating, Fish continued his involvement in football. He donated $5,000.00 for several awards to Harvard football players and organized the [[Harvard Law School]] football team, which played exhibition games with other colleges around the country.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=12–19}} During his time at Harvard, Fish became friends with [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.]], the son of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=19–24}}

In 1909, at 20, Fish graduated early from Harvard with a ''[[cum laude]]'' degree in history and government. He declined an offer to teach history at Harvard and instead attended [[Harvard Law School]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pederson |first=William D. |date=2006 |title=Presidential Profiles: The FDR Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cv-kRJoXag4C&q=%22hamilton+fish%22+%22harvard+law+school%22&pg=PA84 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |page=84 |isbn=978-0-8160-5368-1}}</ref> He left law school before graduating, and took a job in a New York City insurance office.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=12–19}}

===New York State Assembly (1914–16)===
Since Fish's father had served as Assistant Treasurer of the United States in Theodore Roosevelt's administration, and Fish himself had befriended Roosevelt's son at Harvard, he actively supported Roosevelt in the [[1912 Republican Party presidential primaries|1912 primaries]] against President [[William Howard Taft]]. Fish attended the [[1912 Republican National Convention]] with his father and was dismayed when Taft was nominated despite popular support for Roosevelt.{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=19–24}}{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}} Fish joined Roosevelt in bolting the Republican Party and, with assistance from his father, he was appointed chair of the Putnam County [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Bull Moose Party]]. They campaigned for Roosevelt in the general election but, despite Roosevelt's defeat, Fish remained a committed Progressive.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}}

In 1913, Fish ran for Assembly against Republican county [[political boss]] John Yale, whom Fish later remembered as "thoroughly corrupt."{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=19–24}} In a largely rural county facing challenges from industrialization and modernization, Fish's message of limiting private influence in government without limiting the exercise of private liberties was popular.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}} Yale ultimately withdrew from the Assembly race in favor of a political ally, whom Fish easily defeated running on an anti-corruption platform.{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=19–24}}{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}} As a progressive, Fish enjoyed the support of former President Roosevelt and a friendly relationship with Roosevelt's distant cousin [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], a State Senator and resident of [[Hyde Park, New York|Hyde Park]] in neighboring [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]]. Before Fish's election, Fish and Senator Roosevelt collaborated on a plan to establish direct primary elections in 1912. The two men would continue cordial relations for the next two decades; after Franklin left Albany to become [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]], he continued to assist Fish with [[patronage]] requests and securing federal contracts for his insurance firm, the John Paige Insurance Company.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}}

As an Assemblyman for three terms, Fish championed progressive social and political reforms, including the reform of the New York state primary election system, a widow's pension, penal reforms, and workmen's compensation.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}} With support from Theodore Roosevelt, Fish opposed a bill which would allow insurance companies to bypass the workmen's compensation scheme to settle claims and attacked the Speaker of the Assembly, [[Thaddeus Sweet]], for misuse of public funds and hiring political allies for no-show jobs. Though Fish never substantiated his allegations, he won public applause.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=26–39}}

==Military service==
{{further|Harlem Hellfighters}}
Prior to the United States entering the First World War, Fish was captain of Company K, 15th New York Infantry. When the 15th was mobilized for Federal service, Fish accepted an offer from Col. [[William Hayward (American attorney)|William Hayward]] to retain his position in the [[369th Infantry Regiment (United States)|369th Infantry]] (as the 15th New York was re-designated following mobilization). The 369th was a unit of African American enlisted men with white officers (and a few African American officers at the start of the war)<ref>Staff writer (August 10, 1942). [https://archive.org/download/summer-politics.-life-vol.-13-no.-6-august-10-1942-pp.-28-31-32/Summer%20Politics.%20Life%2C%20Vol.%2013%2C%20No.%206%2C%20August%2010%2C%201942%2C%20pp.%2028%2C%2031-32.pdf "Summer Politics."] ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 28, 31-32. Archived from [https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 the original.]</ref> which came to be known as the "Harlem Hellfighters." The 369th Infantry was assigned to the [[93rd Infantry Division (United States)|93d Division]].
[[File:Hamilton Fish Jr. - War Records of the Knickerbocker Club.jpg|thumb|271x271px|In the [[World War I|First World War]], Fish was decorated with the [[Silver Star]] and [[Croix de Guerre]] as captain of the [[369th Infantry Regiment (United States)|369th Infantry Regiment]].]]
The summer after President Wilson's declaration of war against [[Imperial Germany|Germany]] (in April 1917), Fish and about two thousand soldiers began training at Camp Whitman (in New York). In October 1917, the unit was ordered to [[Camp Wadsworth]] (in South Carolina) for further training. In November 1917, the regiment boarded the USS ''Pocahontas'', destined for [[France]], although shortly thereafter the ship returned to shore due to engine problems. After another aborted departure, the ship left on December 13, 1917. Despite colliding with another ship and not having a [[destroyer (ship)|destroyer]] escort to protect against [[U-boat|German submarines]], the regiment reached France. (Fish complained to [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] Franklin D. Roosevelt about the lack of an escort.){{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=25–28}}

[[File:MAJOR GENERAL MARK L. HERSEY, Commanding 4th Division; Major A.C. Tipton, G-3, 4th Div.; Capt. Hamilton Fish, captain of the 4th Division football team. Bad Bertrich, Rhine Province - DPLA - ef82c9a28f40e2e47d058b8bdb803350 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Fish (right) with senior officers of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Division]] in Germany during the [[occupation of the Rhineland]], December 1918.]]

Fish and his unit landed in [[Brest, France|Brest]] on December 26 and were placed under the control of the [[French army]] by U.S. General [[John J. Pershing]].{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=28}} Altogether, the 369th Infantry spent 191 days on the front lines, the longest of any American regiment. It was also the first [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] regiment to reach the [[Rhine River]]. Fish received the [[Silver Star]] and the French [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|War Cross 1914–1918]].<ref>Brooks, Steve (May 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111148if_/http://desmondfishlibrary.org/lisa/unknown.pdf "Hamilton Fish: The Tomb of the Unknowns was his idea."] ''[[American Legion Magazine]]'', p. 46.</ref> In addition, Fish and his sister Janet, who had been a nurse near the front lines, were both later inducted into the French [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] for their wartime service.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=31}}

Fish was promoted to major on March 13, 1919. He returned to the United States on April 25 and was discharged on May 14.<ref>Harvard's Military Record in the World War, p. 327.</ref> He continued as a member of the [[United States Army Reserve|Organized Reserve Corps]] until 1948, and attained the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=August 20, 1939 |title=Honorable Hamilton Fish, M.C.: Peace Goddess' Little Brother |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52799439/ |newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Richard |date=January 20, 1991 |title=Isolationist Congressman Hamilton Fish Sr. Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1991/01/20/isolationist-congressman-hamilton-fish-sr-dies/4544ee14-84a6-4827-9744-5c7bd599615a/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=U.S. Army Adjutant General |date=1955 |title=Official Army Register |volume=II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prKLcujLFDgC&pg=PA152 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=152 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Fish later credited his service with the 369th Infantry for his long support for civil rights in Congress. In 1922, 1937, and 1940, Fish joined with other Republicans and northern Democrats to pass anti-lynching bills, each of which was defeated in the Senate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bean |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsOdb4hN5YAC&q=%22hamilton+fish%22+%22civil+rights%22&pg=PA167 |title=Race and Liberty in America: The Essential Reader |date=2009 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-2545-9 |location=Lexington, KY |page=167}}</ref> During debate on the Military Appropriations Bill of 1941, Fish succeeded in adding an amendment to ban racial discrimination in the selection and training of military personnel, which was credited as an important step leading to desegregation of the military.<ref>{{cite book |last=Janken |first=Kenneth Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIVAz0BJOA4C&q=%22hamilton+fish%22+%22roosevelt%22+%22african+americans%22&pg=PA119 |title=Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African American Intellectual |date=1993 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-0-87023-858-1 |location=Amherst, MA |page=119}}</ref> Fish continued to advocate for the equal treatment of Black servicemen throughout [[World War II]], remarking in 1944, "Fourteen millions of loyal Americans have the right to expect that in a war for the advancement of the '[[Four Freedoms]],' their sons be given the same right as any other American to train, to serve, and to fight in combat units in defense of the United States in this greatest war in its history."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klinkner |first1=Philip A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP3DbiRcbPAC&q=%22hamilton+fish%22+%22fourteen+millions%22&pg=PA188 |title=The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America |last2=Smith |first2=Rogers M. |date=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-44339-3 |location=Chicago, IL |page=188}}</ref>

==U.S. House of Representatives (1920–45)==
Fish represented the [[Hudson Valley]] in the U.S. House from November 2, 1920, until January 3, 1945, after he was defeated running for what would have been his thirteenth term in office.<ref name="bioguide">{{cite web |title=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: Fish, Hamilton Jr. |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000141 |access-date=December 3, 2006 |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref>

In nearly 25 years as a Representative, Fish would become known as a strong [[anticommunist]] and eventually an acerbic critic of his former ally and constituent, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], and Roosevelt's [[New Deal]], although he privately supported Roosevelt in 1932 and urged his wife to vote for him.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=21}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barone |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barone (pundit) |last2=Ujifusa |first2=Grant |title=The Almanac of American Politics |edition=1988|work=[[National Journal]] |year=1987 |page=842|title-link=The Almanac of American Politics }}</ref> His unapologetic opposition to the New Deal provoked Roosevelt to include him with two other Capitol Hill opponents in a rollicking taunt that became a staple of Roosevelt's [[1940 United States presidential election|1940 re-election campaign]]: "[[Joseph William Martin Jr.|Martin]], [[Bruce Barton|Barton]] and Fish."<ref>Mel Gussow, Arthur Miller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k8l_qv-ZxzQC&dq=roosevelt+martin+barton+and+fish&pg=PA211 Conversations with Miller], 2002, page 211</ref>

Finally, in part under the influence of New York Governor [[Thomas Dewey]], Fish's congressional career ended when he won the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] primary in his district but lost the general election in 1944.<ref>Paul Edward Gottfried, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ybuXvM_-PQC&dq=%22hamilton+fish%22+dewey+1944&pg=PA15 Making Sense of Modernity], 1993, p. 15</ref>

===Early House career===
In 1919, Fish returned home to become a founding member of the new [[American Legion]]. He was named chair of the three-member committee which wrote the preamble to the Legion's constitution and selected two other Roosevelt supporters as its other members. Though the three men collaborated on drafting, Fish later insisted he was primarily responsible for the preamble, which was a reflection of [[New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)|Rooseveltian nationalism]]. In November 1919, Fish attended the first American Legion convention in Minneapolis and backed the Roosevelt wing of the organization in its successful bid for control.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}}

====1920 election====
After the American Legion convention, Fish returned to Garrison to plan his political future. He announced on April 15, 1920, that he would challenge incumbent United States Representative [[Edmund Platt]] in the Republican primary. Platt soon opted not to run for re-election and ultimately resigned in July to join the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]].{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}} Despite this, Fish faced a fight for the Republican nomination. Putnam County, his political base, was the smallest of the three counties in the district, and Republican organizations in the other counties endorsed their own candidates. Fish instead appealed directly to voters on a fourteen-point platform which blended progressive domestic policy, opposition to internationalism, and reactionary nativism, including "restriction of immigration based on [a] character test" and "drastic action" against "Anarchists, [[Industrial Workers of the World|I.W.Ws]], Communists and ultra Socialists."{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}} Despite opposition from the party establishment, Fish enjoyed high name recognition from his and his father's time in office and support from veterans, the state Federation of Labor, and Black voters. He won the primary handily despite losing Dutchess County by 4,000 votes and very easily defeated Rosslyn Cox, the mayor of Middletown, in the general election. After his victory, Fish received congratulations from Franklin Roosevelt, who had been defeated as the Democratic nominee for vice president in the concurrent 1920 election. Roosevelt wrote,{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}}

{{blockquote|"In view of the fact that you and I are still Progressives I feel that I can very properly congratulate you on your election as my Representative. You will have a powerful opportunity to be of great service... in keeping the old-line Reactionaries... from going to such extremes as some of them are even now proposing."{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}}}}

====Tomb of the Unknown Soldier====
[[File:Tomb of the Unknowns, with U.S. Navy sailor and woman, May 1943.jpg|thumb|As a freshman House member, Fish introduced a resolution establishing the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]].]]
Upon entering the House, the young Fish was the only veteran of World War I in Congress.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}} On December 21, 1920, he introduced a resolution instituting [[Veterans Day]] as a national holiday. Fish also introduced House Resolution 67 of the 66th Congress, which provided for the interment of the remains of an unknown American soldier in a hallowed tomb to be constructed outside the Memorial Amphitheater in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Congress approved the resolution unanimously on March 4, 1921.{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}} The tomb, completed in 1937 with Fish's input,{{sfn|Troncone|1993|pp=73–86}} came to be known as the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

[[File:Hamilton Fish, Jr. makes a speech.jpg|left|thumb|Fish, pictured here delivering a speech against the [[New Deal]] in 1935, became a leading critic of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].]]

===Fish Committee and opposition to Roosevelt===
Fish was a fervent anticommunist; in a 1931 article titled ''The Menace of Communism'', he described communism as "the most important, the most vital, the most far-reaching, and the most dangerous issue in the world" and believed that there was extensive communist influence in the United States.<ref>Fish, Hamilton. ''The Menace of Communism''. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1931, pp. 54&ndash;61.</ref>

On May 5, 1930, he introduced House Resolution 180, which proposed to establish a committee to investigate communist activities in the United States; the resulting committee, commonly known as the Fish Committee, undertook extensive investigations of people and organizations suspected of being involved with or supporting communist activities in the United States. Among those who testified before the committee were [[Communist Party USA]] chair [[William Z. Foster]] and [[Roger Nash Baldwin]], founder and director of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=40–49}}

On January 17, 1931, the committee issued its final report, authored by Fish.{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=40–49}} Though Fish had earlier promised that the committee would request stronger immigration restrictions and deportation of communists,<ref>"To Seek Added Law for Curb on Reds", ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 18, 1930, p. 21.</ref> his report stated, "the surest and most effective way of combatting communism in the United States is to give the fullest publicity to the fundamental principles and aims of the communist... as they are not likely to prove acceptable to any considerable number of American citizens, unless camouflaged by extraneous issues."{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=40–49}}

In 1933, Fish was on a committee{{Which|date=September 2023}} that sponsored the publication in the United States of a translation of ''Communism in Germany'' by Adolf Ehrt, a Nazi propaganda book which claimed that Jews were responsible for communism in Germany and that only [[Adolf Hitler]] could stop it. In the prefatory note, the committee said it they did not publish it as a defense of [[anti-Semitism]] or the [[Nazi regime]] but because it believed that the struggle between Nazis and communists in Germany provided a lesson about using "effective measures" to defend against communism. Under pressure from American Jewish and liberal groups, Fish and the other committee members disavowed the book.<ref>Ehrt, Adolf ''Communism in Germany'' Berlin: General League of German Anti-Communist Associations [https://archive.org/details/CommunismInGermany]</ref><ref>Richard Gid Powers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N_LbUSH0N1sC&dq=%22Communism+in+Germany%22+%22hamilton+fish%22&pg=PA91 Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism], 1998, page 91</ref>

Fish's opposition to communism and the [[Soviet Union]] led him to break with [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] upon the President's decision to extend diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union in 1933. Fish later called this decision "the first clear indication of the arrogance that would come to typify Roosevelt's administration."{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=40–49}} He also opposed the [[New Deal]] as "starting us down the road to socialism and dictatorship."{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=54–59}}

===World War II===
As the ranking Republican member on the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] in the years leading up to World War II, Fish played the leading role in advocating against American involvement in the war and Roosevelt's policy of economic aid to the Allies, especially the Soviet Union, and what Fish viewed as antagonism of Germany and Japan.{{sfn|Fish|1991|pp=60–65}}

==== Involvement with Nazi Germany ====
A [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] until after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Fish was among those in the U.S. Congress who went on record protesting the treatment of Jews in [[Adolf Hitler]]'s Germany, but Germans touted him as friendly ally in Congress.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100626070100/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849912,00.html Goebbels' Week]," ''Time'', August 24, 1942.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Gurock, editor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tc9cAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22hamilton+fish%22+jews+germany&pg=PA216 America, American Jews, and the Holocaust: American Jewish History], 2013, page 216</ref> Fish spoke from a stage decorated in swastikas at a German Day rally held at Madison Square Garden in 1938.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Richard |title=ISOLATIONIST CONGRESSMAN HAMILTON FISH SR. DIES |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1991/01/20/isolationist-congressman-hamilton-fish-sr-dies/4544ee14-84a6-4827-9744-5c7bd599615a/ |access-date=December 4, 2022}}</ref>

On August 14, 1939, Fish served as president of the United States delegation to the Interparliamentary Union Congress conference in [[Oslo, Norway]], where he flew in the private plane of [[Joachim Ribbentrop]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308055845/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772231,00.html Idle Hands]," ''Time'', October 23, 1939.</ref> At the conference, Fish advocated better diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany and hoped to solve the "[[Polish Corridor|Danzig question]]," where he believed that German claims were "just."<ref name="tout">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014180540/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790452,00.html U.S. at War: Two Out, One to Go]," ''Time'', May 11, 1942.</ref> Fish and his faction of the Republican Party received material support from the Germans to promote isolationism and non-interventionism in the United States, particularly at the [[1940 Republican National Convention]].<ref>{{cite book|title=1940|author=Susan Dunn|pages=106–107}}</ref>

Fish (and several others in Congress) became tools of the Nazi government in a plot designed to keep the US out of World War II. The German government wrote speeches that were delivered to congressional offices for members of Congress to give in the House and Senate. Once those speeches were made and published in the Congressional Record, German funds were used to print copies. Congressional mailing lists and "franked" envelopes were then used to mail the copies to hundreds of thousands of American homes and businesses. It was these actions that led to the trial of Fish's staffer, George Hill.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddow |first=Rachel |title=Prequel: An American Fight Against Fascism |publisher=Crown |year=2023 |isbn=978-0593444511 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

==== 1940 election ====
[[File:FDR-September-11-1941.jpg|thumb|During his 1940 re-election campaign, President Roosevelt singled Fish out as one of a trio of House Republicans opposed to his agenda, along with [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] and [[Bruce Fairchild Barton]]. "Martin, Barton and Fish" became a popular campaign epithet.]]
In 1940, amid the early stages of [[World War II]], the [[British Security Co-ordination]] agency focused a great deal of effort attempting to influence the United States government through front groups and influence. In 1940, British agents established and operated the Nonpartisan Committee to Defeat Hamilton Fish to "put the fear of God into every isolationist senator and congressman."{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The committee raised substantial sums of money for Fish's opponent, co-ordinated media attacks, created false charges of wrongdoing just before elections, and helped to distribute books that accused Fish of disloyalty. The committee as much as possible tried to make attacks on Fish appear to originate from his district, but historical documents indicate that most of the efforts originated elsewhere. Despite the campaign against him, Fish won his reelection, albeit with less than half the margin of victory that he had earned two years earlier.<ref>Thomas E. Mahl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5E5nAAAAMAAJ&q=hamilton+fish Desperate Deception : British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44] (Washington D.C.: Brassey's, 1998), 107-135</ref>

In 1940, just after the presidential election, Fish sent a telegram to Roosevelt which read: "Congratulations. I pledge my support for national defense&nbsp;... and to keep America out of foreign wars."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912020547/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777549,00.html People]," ''Time'', November 18, 1940.</ref>

==== Trial of George Hill ====
In 1941, a judiciary panel investigating the activities of Nazi agents in the US, sent officers to the Washington headquarters of an anti-British organization, the Islands for War Debts Committee, to seize eight bags of [[franking|franked]] congressional mail containing speeches by isolationist members of Congress. George Hill, Fish's chief of staff, had the mail taken to Fish's office storeroom just prior to their arrival.<ref name=foul>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014154027/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932280,00.html No Fish, But Foul]," ''Time'', January 26, 1942.</ref>

A [[grand jury]] was convened and summoned Hill to explain why he had been so solicitous about the Islands for War Debts Committee's mail and his close association with [[George Sylvester Viereck]], a Nazi propaganda agent. (Viereck would later be convicted of violating the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] and for having subsidized the Islands for War Debts Committee.) Hill said that he had not sent for the mail and did not know Viereck. The jury promptly indicted Hill for [[perjury]].<ref name=foul/>

Shortly after the indictment, Fish defended Hill claiming, "George Hill is 100% O.K., and I'll back George Hill to the limit on anything."<ref name=foul/> During the trial, Hill had explained that Viereck visited Capitol Hill in 1940 and arranged for wholesale distribution of congressional speeches attacking the administration's foreign policy.<ref>"Hill Links Fish with Viereck Acts," The New York Times, 1943-02-20, at 11.</ref> After hearing that a jury had reached its verdict and anticipating a conviction, Fish issued a statement: "I am very sorry to learn that George Hill, a disabled, decorated veteran of the World War and a clerk in my office, has been convicted of perjury&nbsp;... Mr. Hill is of English ancestry&nbsp;... He had an obsession against our involvement in war."<ref name=foul/> Twenty hours later, the jury convicted Hill. He was sentenced to 2 to 6 years in prison, which was reduced to 10 months to 3 years on appeal.<ref name=foul/><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 21, 1942 |title=HILL'S SENTENCE CUT; A 'DUPE,' SAYS JUDGE; Federal Jurist Says Fish's Aide Was Misled and Has Repented (Published 1942) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/03/21/archives/hills-sentence-cut-a-dupe-says-judge-federal-jurist-says-fishs-aide.html |access-date=August 10, 2023}}</ref>

==== Pearl Harbor attack and call for war ====
On December 8, 1941, the day after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Fish made the first speech in Congress asking for a declaration of war against Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qP4LAQAAMAAJ|title=FDR: The Other Side of the Coin : how We Were Tricked Into World War II|first=Hamilton|last=Fish|date=March 12, 1976|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=978-0-533-02220-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref> He volunteered for Army service, "preferably with colored troops," to avenge the attack. At age 53, he did not have an opportunity to volunteer, and continued to serve in Congress.{{blockquote|"Now that we are to fight, let us go in with our heads and chins up the American way, and let us serve notice upon the world that this is not only a war against aggression and in defense of our own territories, but a war for freedom and democracy all over the world, and that we will not stop until victory is won. […] I appeal to all American citizens, particularly to members of my own party, and to noninterventionists, to put aside personal views and partisanship, and unite behind the President, our commander-in-chief, in assuring victory to the armed forces of the United States. […]Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be right, but right or wrong, our country!"}}Fish later said he regretted his call for war and would not have made his speech had he been aware of Roosevelt's policy toward Japan before the attack. He published ''FDR: The Other Side of the Coin'' in 1976, arguing that Roosevelt had deliberately provoked the Japanese and had [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|advance knowledge of the attack]].<ref name=":0" /> In his 1991 memoirs, Fish described himself as "ashamed of his remarks" in support of Roosevelt.{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=21}}

==== 1942 election ====
In the 1942 election, Fish, like other former isolationists, was considered vulnerable. The Orange and Putnam district, which Fish represented, had begun to turn against him. Polls predicted, incorrectly, that Fish would not even win the Republican primary. For the first time in his 22 years of political campaigning, he opened campaign headquarters. Soon thereafter, he was repudiated by the popular Republican gubernatorial candidate, Thomas Dewey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091029130635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773811,00.html U.S. at War: Is this the Year]?' ''Time'', November 2, 1942.</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], a persistent critic of Fish, termed him "the Nation's No. 1 isolationist."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014151343/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932836,00.html U.S. at War: Sloppy Citizenship]," ''Time'', November 16, 1942.</ref> Less than two weeks before the 1942 election, [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]]'s nationally syndicated column ''Washington Merry-Go-Round'' described in detail how in 1939, Fish had received over $3,100 in cash from a source with German ties.<ref>Drew Pearson, "''The Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round''," The Daily Sheboygan, 1942-10-26, at 14.</ref> Hill narrowly won re-election against judge and Democratic activist Ferdinand A. Hoyt, by four percentage points, 48,793 to 44,751 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trimble |first=South |date= |quote=Compiled from official sources by William Graf under the direction of Soutl Crimble, Clerk of the House of Representatives |title=STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1942 |url=https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1942election.pdf |access-date=October 21, 2025 |website=United States House of Representatives |page=22 |publication-date=January 30, 1943}}</ref>

==== 1944 defeat ====
However, reapportionment, which took effect in 1944, fragmented what had been his [[New York's 26th congressional district|26th District]]. That year, he ran in the [[New York's 29th congressional district|29th District]], which no longer included his home county of Putnam but included one county (Orange) from his previous district and three new counties.<ref>"Solons End 1942 Session; Set Up 2 N.Y.C. Districts," Dunkirk Evening Observer, April 25, 1942, at 1.</ref> [[Augustus W. Bennet]] of [[Newburgh, New York|Newburgh]] defeated Fish by approximately 5,000 votes.<ref name="dkirk">"Ham Fish Beaten for Re-Election by A.W. Bennet," Dunkirk Evening Observer, November 8, 1944, at p. 1.</ref> As ''Time'' magazine reported, "In New York, to the nation's delight, down went rabid anti-Roosevelt isolationist Hamilton Fish, after 24 years in Congress. His successor: liberal Augustus W. Bennet, Newburgh lawyer."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081215011210/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801531,00.html The Election: The New House]," ''Time'', November 13, 1944.</ref>

Fish said in his concession speech that his defeat "should be largely credited to Communistic and Red forces from New York City backed by a large slush fund probably exceeding $250,000."<ref name="dkirk" /> In a farewell speech before the House on December 11, 1944, he stated, "It took most of the New Deal Administration, half of Moscow, $400,000, and Governor Dewey to defeat me."<ref>United Press, "Fish Assails Dewey In House Swan Song," ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Tuesday December 12, 1944, Volume 51, page 2.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706090127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791798,00.html Last Words]," ''Time'', January 1, 1945.</ref> Fish also stated, "I particularly wanted to be elected to serve as chairman of the Rules Committee to stop the march toward communism and totalitarianism in America. I have no regrets whatever, as I waged the strongest possible fight that I knew how."<ref>Associated Press, "Fish Tells of His Disappointment in Defeat at Polls," ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Thursday November 9, 1944, Volume 51, page 3.</ref>

Embittered by his defeat, Fish promptly sued Robert F. Cutler, the executive secretary of the group Good Government Committee for [[libel]], seeking $250,000 in damages for advertisements depicting Fish as a Nazi sympathizer. The ads also depicted Fish associating with the "American Führer," [[Fritz Julius Kuhn|Fritz Kuhn]]. He would later discontinue the lawsuit without a [[legal settlement|settlement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=$250,000 LIBEL SUIT IS DROPPED BY FISH |work=The New York Times |date=August 26, 1944 |page=13 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/08/26/archives/250000-libel-suit-is-dropped-by-fish-action-against-cutler-begun-in.html}}</ref>

==Later life==
Fish was one of the witnesses portrayed in the 1981 [[Warren Beatty]] film ''[[Reds (film)|Reds]]'', which depicts the life of journalist [[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]] and his experiences during Russia's 1917 [[October Revolution]], which led to the creation of a communist state in [[Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. As part of producing the film, the crew interviewed in the 1970s several individuals who had witnessed the events of 1917. The interviews were used throughout the film to describe places and events and to bridge transitions between the scenes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=December 4, 1981 |title=Review: Beatty's 'Reds,' With Diane Keaton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/04/movies/beatty-s-reds-with-diane-keaton.html?pagewanted=all |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

Fish endorsed Conservative Party nominee [[James L. Buckley]] in the [[1970 United States Senate election in New York]].<ref>{{cite news |date=October 7, 1970 |title=Betros Endorses Buckley For Senate |page=64 |work=Poughkeepsie Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53004347/poughkeepsie-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200608163145/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53004347/poughkeepsie-journal/ |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

In his 1991 memoirs, Fish would accuse the [[United Nations]] of being a means for Franklin Roosevelt to "become president of the entire world."{{sfn|Fish|1991|p=126}} In addition, Fish would express support for [[NATO]], United States invasions of Panama and Grenada, and the 1990 [[Gulf War]], while criticizing the [[Vietnam War]]. Harshly critical of American support for France against Southeast Asian independence movements, Fish would describe [[John Foster Dulles]] as the “worst Secretary of State in American history.”{{sfn|Fish|1991|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}

==Personal life==
Fish was married four times. His first marriage in 1921 to Grace Chapin Rogers (1885–1960), daughter of former mayor of Brooklyn [[Alfred C. Chapin]] (1848–1936), produced three children. Their son, [[Hamilton Fish IV]], was a thirteen-term U.S. Representative from New York, holding office from 1969 to 1995. The Fishes' daughter Lillian Veronica Fish married David Whitmire Hearst, son of [[William Randolph Hearst]].<ref name="bioguide" />

In 1976, Hamilton Fish III  married Alice Desmond, the widow of his long-time colleague Thomas Desmond.  In 1980, Fish and Desmond created a library for the Garrison, NY community where the Fish family had family ties. Mrs. Fish gave the funds to establish the Alice Curtis Desmond and Hamilton Fish Library. The couple divorced in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://desmondfishlibrary.org/mission-history/ | title=Mission + History &#124; Desmond-Fish Public Library }}</ref>

Fish married his fourth and final wife, Lydia Ambrogio Fish, on September 9, 1988, Fish was aged 99 while Ambrogio was aged 56. They remained married until his death. She died in [[Port Jervis, New York|Port Jervis]] on January 12, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 14, 2015 |title=Obituary: Lydia Ambrogio Fish (1932-2015) |newspaper=Poughkeepsie Journal |location=Poughkeepsie, NY |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/poughkeepsiejournal/obituary.aspx?pid=173840110}}</ref>

==Death and burial==
Fish died in [[Cold Spring, New York]], on January 18, 1991. He was buried at Saint Philip's Church Cemetery in [[Garrison, New York]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Works==
===Books===
* [https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00fish/ ''George Washington in the Highlands, or Some Unwritten History.''] Newburgh, NY: Newburgh News (1932).
* ''The Red Plotters.'' New York: Domestic and Foreign Affairs Publishers (1947).<ref>Woolbert, Robert Gale (Apr. 1948). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030135 "Recent Books on International Relations."] Review of ''The Red Plotters'' by Hamilton Fish. ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 573. Archived from [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1948-04-01/red-plotters the original.] {{JSTOR|20030135}}. {{doi|10.2307/20030135}}. "The Communist danger exposed by one of our most indefatigable Red-hunters."</ref>
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001136480 ''The Challenge of World Communism.''] Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company (1946).<ref>Adams, Frank S. (September 8, 1946). [https://archive.org/download/adams-frank-s.-opinions-of-hamilton-fish.-review-of-the-problem-if-world-communi/Adams%2C%20Frank%20S.%20%22Opinions%20of%20Hamilton%20Fish.%22%20Review%20of%20The%20Problem%20if%20World%20Communism%20by%20Hamilton%20Fish%20III.%20New%20York%20Times%2C%20September%208%2C%201946%2C%20p.%20BR13.pdf "Opinions of Hamilton Fish."] Review of ''The Challenge of World Communism'' by Hamilton Fish III. ''[[New York Times]]'', p. BR13.</ref>
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000736750 ''FDR: The Other Side of the Coin: How We Were Tricked Into World War II.''] New York: [[Vantage Press]] (1976). {{ISBN|978-0533022205}}.
* ''Lafayette in America During and After the Revolutionary War and Other Essays on Franco-American Relations.'' New York: [[Vantage Press]] (1976). {{ISBN|0533023149|978-0533023141}}.
* [https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatebatt00fish ''New York State: The Battleground of the Revolutionary War.''] New York: [[Vantage Press]] (1976). {{ISBN|0533021286|978-0533021284}}.
* ''Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II''. Preface by the publisher. Old Greenwich, Conn.: [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]] (1983). {{ISBN|0815969171|978-0815969174}}.
* {{cite book|last=Fish|first=Hamilton III|location=Chicago|publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]]|year=1991|title=Hamilton Fish: Memoir of an American Patriot|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirofamerican0003fish/|isbn=0895265311}}

===Reports===
* [https://books.google.com/books/download/Participation_in_the_Preparatory_Commiss.pdf ''Participation in the Preparatory Commission to Consider Questions of Reduction and Limitation of Armaments'' (To Accompany H. J. Res. 352)] (February 12, 1927).

===Public addresses===
* [https://archive.org/download/speecheshonoringfish_0/speecheshonoringfish_0.pdf "The Republican Party Keeps Faith With Lincoln."] (February 13, 1928). Delivered at the Lincoln Club in St. Paul, Minnesota.

==Further reading==
* Fish, Stuyvesant (1929). [[iarchive:ancestorsofhamil00fish|''Ancestors of Hamilton Fish and Julia Ursin Niemcewicz Kean, His Wife'']]. New York: [[The Evening Post]].
* {{cite book|last=Troncone|first=Anthony C.|year=1993|title=Hamilton Fish Sr. and the Politics of American Nationalism, 1912–1945|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|publisher=Rutgers The State Univ. of New Jersey}} (Ph.D. dissertation)
* {{cite book |last=Maddow |first=Rachel |year=2023 |title=Prequel: An American Fight Against Fascism |location=New York, N. Y. |publisher=Crown}}

==See also==
* [[List of members of the American Legion]]
* [[List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)]]
* [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
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*[http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=gds;cc=gds;rgn=main;view=text;idno=fis13968.00408.025 Interview] for ''The Great Depression'', 1990. 
::Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection.
* {{cfbhof|id=1227|name=Hamilton Fish}}
* {{Find a Grave}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/005245}}
* {{YouTube|id=soKZoG1MS5w|title="Hamilton Fish, Congressman." Personalities w/ Jessie Gray}}
* {{YouTube|id=TYJLP8LkKls|title=Hamilton Fish III: Lend-Lease Bill, 1941}}{{CongBio|F000142}}
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