View source for Hamilton, Ontario

{{Short description|City in Ontario, Canada}}
{{For|the township in Northumberland County|Hamilton Township, Ontario}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hamilton
| official_name           = City of Hamilton
| settlement_type         = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|single-tier]])
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
| border            = infobox
| perrow            = 1/2/2/2
| total_width       = 280
| align             = center
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = View to Hamilton from the Mountain (6577549603).jpg
| caption1          = Skyline of Downtown Hamilton
| image2            = Birds-Eye View of Hamilton City Hall.jpg
| caption2          = [[Hamilton City Hall]]
| image3            = Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario 2023 - Quintin Soloviev.jpg
| caption3          = [[Hamilton Stadium]]
| image4            = 2020-09-06 Dundurn Castle 011.jpg
| caption4          = [[Dundurn Castle]]
| image5            = Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Exterior 1.jpg
| caption5          = [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]]
| image6            = Central Fire Station, Hamilton, Ontario.jpg
| caption6          = Central Fire Station
| image7            = Flickr - paul bica - websters falls revisited.jpg
| caption7          = [[Webster's Falls]]
}}
| image_flag               = Flag of Hamilton.svg
| flag_size                = 
| flag_alt                 = A vertical triband design (yellow, blue, yellow) with a Canadian pale in the centre
| flag_border              = 
| flag_link                = Flag of Hamilton, Ontario
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| seal_alt                 = 
| seal_link                = 
| seal_type                = 
| image_shield             = Coat of arms of Hamilton, Canada.png
| shield_size              = 
| shield_alt               = A coat of arms with a yellow and blue Canadian pale in the middle, a crown made from castle bricks with a red Canadian maple leaf on top, a deer to the left and a tiger to the right. Below is green grass with a banner that has the city's motto: Together Aspire – Together Achieve.
| shield_link              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = Hamilton City logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type        = Logo
| blank_emblem_size        = 100px
| blank_emblem_alt         = 
| blank_emblem_link        = 
| nicknames                = [[List of city nicknames in Canada#Ontario|"The Ambitious City", "The Electric City", "The Hammer", "Steeltown"]]<ref name=HAMBIO2>{{Cite book |title=Dictionary of Hamilton Biography |volume=II, 1876–1924 |first=Thomas Melville |last=Bailey |publisher=W.L. Griffin Ltd |year=1991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2226428-bieber-fever-hits-the-hammer/ |title=Bieber Fever hits the Hammer |author=Daniel Nolan |date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=Metroland Media |newspaper=[[The Hamilton Spectator]] |access-date=January 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219021159/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2226428-bieber-fever-hits-the-hammer/ |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2179772-showdown-in-steeltown/ |title=Showdown in Steeltown |author=Daniel Nolan |date=April 6, 2011 |publisher=Metroland Media |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |access-date=January 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190752/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2179772-showdown-in-steeltown/ |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| motto                    = {{Langx|en|Together Aspire – Together Achieve}}
| image_map                = {{Location map+ |CAN ON Hamilton|caption=|float=center|places=
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = {{em|Hamilton}}|mark = Western Canada Map Assets City.svg|label_size = 140|marksize = 12|position = top|lat_deg = 43.255|lon_deg = -79.870}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|{{em|Stoney Ck}}]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets City.svg|label_size = 120|marksize = 10|position = top|lat_deg = 43.227|lon_deg = -79.72}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Ancaster, Ontario|{{em|Ancaster}}]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets City.svg|label_size = 120|marksize = 10|position = left|lat_deg = 43.216667|lon_deg = -80}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Dundas, Ontario|{{em|Dundas}}]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets City.svg|label_size = 120|marksize = 10|position = left|lat_deg = 43.26|lon_deg = -79.953182}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Binbrook, Ontario|Binbrook]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 8|position = left|lat_deg = 43.1217|lon_deg = -79.8045}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Waterdown, Ontario|Waterdown]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 8|position = left|lat_deg = 43.333333|lon_deg = -79.883333}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Carlisle, Hamilton, Ontario|Carlisle]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 8|position = top|lat_deg = 43.394|lon_deg = -79.981}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Mount Hope, Hamilton, Ontario|Mt Hope]]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 8|position = left|lat_deg = 43.156|lon_deg = -79.915}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Flamborough, Ontario|''Flamborough'']]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 0|position = top|lat_deg = 43.355|lon_deg = -80.04}}
{{Location map~ |CAN ON Hamilton|label = [[Glanbrook, Hamilton, Ontario|''Glanbrook'']]|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg|marksize = 0|position = top|lat_deg = 43.14|lon_deg = -79.815}}
}}
| mapsize                  = 
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = Major communities
| pushpin_map              = Canada Southern Ontario#Ontario#Canada
| pushpin_mapsize          = 
| pushpin_map_alt          = 
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in Southern Ontario##Location in Ontario##Location in Canada
| coordinates              = {{Coord|43|14|34|N|79|59|22|W|region:CA-ON_type:city|name=Hamilton|notes=<ref name=cgndbham>{{Cite cgndb|FEVNS|Hamilton}}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = Canada
| subdivision_type1        = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Ontario]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of regions of Canada|Region]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Southern Ontario]]
| established_title        = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date         = {{start date and age|1846|06|09}}<ref name=1846est/>
| established_title1       = [[Merger (politics)|Amalgamated]]
| established_date1        = {{start date and age|2001|01|01}}
| named_for                = [[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]]
| government_type          = [[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|Single-tier municipality]] with a [[Mayor–council government|mayor–council system]]
| governing_body           = [[Hamilton City Council (Ontario)|Hamilton City Council]]
| leader_title             = [[Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario|Mayor]]
| leader_name              = [[Andrea Horwath]]
| unit_pref                = Metric
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="C2001CAHAM">{{SCref|year=2016|unit=csd|type=prof|code=3525005}}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = 1118.31
| area_urban_km2           = 356.03
| area_metro_km2           = 1373.15
| population_as_of         = 2021
| population_total         = 569353 ([[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|10th]])
| pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name=2021census/>
| population_density_km2   = 509.1
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name=2021census/>
| population_urban         = 729560
| population_metro         = 785184 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|9th]])
| population_demonym       = Hamiltonian
| demographics_type2       = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| demographics2_title1     = Hamilton {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}}
| demographics2_info1      = {{CAD}}37.0{{nbsp}}billion (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101 |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208063742/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101,20200101 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1                = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]]
| utc_offset1              = −05:00
| timezone1_DST            = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST          = −04:00
| area_codes               = [[Area codes 905, 289, 365, and 742|905, 289, 365, and 742]]
| geocode                  = 
| iso_code                 = 
| website                  = {{URL|www.hamilton.ca}}
}}

'''Hamilton''' is a port city in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]]. Hamilton has a population of 569,353 as of the [[2021 Canadian census]], and its [[Census Metropolitan Area|census metropolitan area]], which encompasses [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]] and [[Grimsby, Ontario|Grimsby]], has a population of 785,184. The city is situated approximately {{Convert|45|km|mi|abbr=out}} southwest of [[Toronto]] in the [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area]] (GTHA).

Conceived by [[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]] when he purchased the [[James Durand|Durand]] farm shortly after the [[War of 1812]], the town of Hamilton became the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of [[Lake Ontario]] known as the [[Golden Horseshoe]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hamilton |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=March 11, 2019 |last=Weaver |first=John C. |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195810/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the [[Merger (politics)|amalgamation]] of the original city with other municipalities of the [[Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth]].<ref name=amalgprovles>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |title=City of Hamilton Act, 1999 |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822061022/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians.<ref name=HAM100>{{cite book |title=The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives |first=Margaret |last=Houghton |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6 6] |year=2003 |isbn=1-55028-804-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/hamiltonians100f0000houg/page/6}}</ref>

Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. During the 2010s, a shift toward service sector industries such as health and sciences occurred. Hamilton is home to the [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)|Royal Botanical Gardens]], the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]], the [[Bruce Trail]], [[McMaster University]], [[Mohawk College]], and [[Redeemer University]]. McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 69th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/CA/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529142055/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=Times Higher Education |date=August 25, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Hamilton, Ontario}}
In pre-[[New France|colonial]] times, the [[Neutral Nation|Neutral First Nation]] used much of the land. They were gradually driven out by the [[Iroquois|Five (later Six) Nations]] (Iroquois) who were allied with the [[Canada under British Imperial control (1764-1867)|British]] against the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] and their French allies.<ref name=canenc/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Warrick |first=Gary |title=The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=14 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=415–466 |doi=10.1023/A:1011137725917 |jstor=25801165 |s2cid=163183815}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/74782313-5881-435D-A35C-78F0661FE11B/0/WoodburnBridgeClassEAFinalReportAppCStage1Archaeology.pdf |publisher=City of Hamilton |title=Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Woodburn Bridge Replacement |year=2014 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911032517/http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/74782313-5881-435D-A35C-78F0661FE11B/0/WoodburnBridgeClassEAFinalReportAppCStage1Archaeology.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The hamlet of [[Westover, Ontario|Westover]] was built in an area that was originally a Seneca Iroquois tribal village, [[Tinawatawa]], which was first visited by the French in September 1699.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1920.pdf |title=Eighth Annual Report |year=1920 |page=109 |publisher=Waterloo Historical Society |access-date=March 21, 2021 |quote= |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233301/https://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1920.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[American Revolutionary War]], about 10,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] left the United States to settle in [[Upper Canada]], now southern Ontario. In 1792, the Crown purchased the land on which Hamilton now stands from the [[Mississaugas]] in Treaty 3, also known as the Between the Lakes Purchase.<ref name=ontariotreaties>{{cite web |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/map-ontario-treaties-and-reserves |title=Map of Ontario treaties and reserves |publisher=Government of Ontario |date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121855/https://www.ontario.ca/page/map-ontario-treaties-and-reserves |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mncfn.ca/treaty3/ |title=Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792) |publisher=[[Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation]] |date=May 28, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210043018/http://mncfn.ca/treaty3/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Crown granted the Loyalists lands from this purchase to encourage settlement in the region.<ref name=encyclopedia/> These new settlers were soon followed by many more Americans, attracted by the availability of inexpensive, arable land. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois who had allied with Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario as compensation for lands they lost in what was now the United States.<ref name=LOYALISTS>{{cite web |url=http://www.uelac.org/PDF/loyalist.pdf |title=A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists |access-date=January 4, 2008 |last=Mackenzie |first=Ann |publisher=United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201030444/http://www.uelac.org/PDF/loyalist.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[War of 1812]], British regulars and [[Canadian militia|local militia]] defeated invading American troops at the [[Battle of Stoney Creek]], fought in what is now a park in [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|eastern Hamilton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=521 |title=Battle of Stoney Creek National Historic Site of Canada |location=Canada |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116024855/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=521 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The town of Hamilton was conceived by [[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]] (a son of a [[Queenston]] entrepreneur and founder, [[Robert Hamilton (judge)|Robert Hamilton]]), when he purchased farm holdings of [[James Durand]],<ref name="WEAVER1985">{{cite book |last=Weaver |first=John C. |title=Hamilton: an illustrated history |year=1985 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company, Publishers |pages=15–16 |isbn=0-88862-593-6}}</ref> the local member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada]], shortly after the War of 1812.<ref name="WEAVER1985"/> [[Nathaniel Hughson]], a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at [[York, Upper Canada|York]] during a session of the Legislative Assembly, which established a new [[Gore District, Upper Canada|Gore District]], of which the Hamilton townsite was a member.<ref name="WEAVER1985"/>

Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. An early indication of Hamilton's sudden prosperity occurred in 1816 when it was chosen over [[Ancaster, Ontario]] to be the new Gore District's administrative centre. Another dramatic economic turnabout for Hamilton occurred in 1832 when a canal was finally cut through the outer sand bar that enabled Hamilton to become a major port.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origin and Development of the Road Network of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario 1770&ndash;1851 |first=Andrew F. |last=Burghardt |publisher=McMaster University |year=1969}}</ref> A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832, when a cut-stone design was completed on Prince's Square, one of the two squares created in 1816.<ref name="WEAVER1985"/> Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13, 1833.<ref>''Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833'', 3° William IV, p.&nbsp;58–68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Public Market therein.</ref> Official city status was achieved on June 9, 1846, by an act of [[Parliament of the Province of Canada]].<ref name=1846est>''An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City'', Statutes of the Province of Canada 1846 (9 Vict.), c. 73.</ref><ref name=HENLEY>{{cite book |last=Henley |first=Brian |title=1846 Hamilton: From a Frontier Town to the Ambitious City |url=https://archive.org/details/1846hamiltonfrom0000henl |url-access=registration |publisher=North Shore Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0-9698460-7-X}}</ref>

By 1845, the population was 6,475. In 1846, there were useful roads to many communities as well as stagecoaches and steamboats to Toronto, Queenston, and Niagara. Eleven cargo schooners were owned in Hamilton. Eleven churches were in operation. A reading room provided access to newspapers from other cities and from England and the U.S. In addition to stores of all types, four banks, tradesmen of various types, and sixty-five taverns, industry in the community included three breweries, ten importers of dry goods and groceries, five importers of hardware, two tanneries, three coachmakers, and a marble and a stone works.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Wm. H. |date=1846 |title=Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West |url=https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit |location=Toronto |publisher=H. & W. ROWSELL |pages=[https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/75 75]–76 |access-date=May 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403155457/https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the [[Grand Lodge of Canada]] in 1855,<ref name=GRANDLODGE>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandlodge.on.ca/ |title=A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now |publisher=Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224557/http://grandlodge.on.ca/ |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |url-status=live}}(Requires navigation to article).</ref> West Flamboro Methodist Church in 1879 (later purchased by Dufferin Masonic Lodge in 1893),<ref name=dufferin>{{cite web |url=http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |title=Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M. |access-date=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083030/http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the [[British Empire]], and the second telephone exchange in all of North America were each established in the city between 1877 and 1878.<ref name=headlake>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |title=Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225930/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co.<ref>''Cataract Traction'', by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971).</ref>

Though suffering through the [[Hamilton Street Railway]] strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]], were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively. [[Procter & Gamble]] and the [[Beech-Nut|Beech-Nut Packing Company]] opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.<ref name=HISINDI>{{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |title=Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future |publisher=Canada's Digital Collections |access-date=January 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528232906/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June and July 1916, the [[1916 Hamilton machinists' strike|a strike of up to 2,000 machinists]] was caused by a failure of employers to improve working conditions or pay during a booming World War I economy. The strike disrupted production at many of the largest manufacturers and was the largest dispute in the city's history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siemiatycki |first1=Myer |title=Munitions and Labour Militancy: The 1916 Hamilton Machinists' Strike |journal=Labour / Le Travail |date=1978 |volume=3 |page=134 |doi=10.2307/25139910 |jstor=25139910 |url=https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174922/https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Population and economic growth continued until the 1960s. In 1929 the city's first high-rise building, the Pigott Building, was constructed; in 1930 [[McMaster University]] moved from Toronto to Hamilton, in 1934 the second [[Canadian Tire]] store in Canada opened here; in 1940 the airport was completed; and in 1948, the [[Studebaker Canada Ltd.|Studebaker]] assembly line was constructed.<ref name=memproj45>{{cite press release |title=The Hamilton Memory Project; STUDEBAKER |publisher=The Hamilton Spectator–Souvenir Edition |page=MP45 |date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> Infrastructure and retail development continued, with the [[Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway]] opening in 1958,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/life/local-history/2019/10/30/oct-30-1958-burlington-bay-skyway-completed.html |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |title=Oct. 30, 1958: Burlington Bay Skyway completed |date=March 3, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041411/https://www.thespec.com/life/local-history/2019/10/30/oct-30-1958-burlington-bay-skyway-completed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first [[Tim Hortons]] store in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |title=May 17, 1964: Tim Hortons store No. 1 opens on Hamilton's Ottawa Street |date=March 1, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516162033/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last [[streetcar]] line was abandoned in 1951, but HSR's service included [[Trolley buses in Hamilton|trolley bus routes]] from 1950 to 1992.<ref name="schwarzkopf-2018">{{cite book |last1=Schwarzkopf |first1=Tom |title=Tires and Wires: The Story of Electric Trolley Coaches Serving Sixteen Canadian Cities |date=2018 |publisher=Railfare DC Books and Canadian Transit Heritage Foundation |isbn=978-1927-59948-8 |pages=88–97}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations in a restructuring that also affected the United States.<ref name=HISINDI/> In 1997, there was a devastating fire at the Plastimet plastics plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt |title=Plastimet Inc. fire Hamilton, Ontario: July 9-12, 1997 |year=1997 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160547/http://www.archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> Approximately 300 firefighters battled the blaze, and many sustained severe chemical burns and inhaled [[volatile organic compound]]s when at least 400 tonnes of [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] plastic were consumed in the fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2147497-deadly-legacy-is-plastimet-killing-firefighters-/ |title=Deadly legacy: Is Plastimet killing firefighters? |website=The Hamilton Spectator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024023618/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2147497-deadly-legacy-is-plastimet-killing-firefighters-/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]], [[Glanbrook, Ontario|Glanbrook]], and [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]].<ref name=amalgprovles/><!-- <ref name=headlake/> --> Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 residents and was divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The former region of Hamilton-Wentworth had a population of 490,268. The amalgamation created a single-tier municipal government ending subsidization of its suburbs. The new amalgamated city had 519,949 people in more than 100 neighbourhoods, and surrounding communities.<ref name=FOOTSTEPS>{{cite book |title=Footsteps in Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods |first=Bill |last=Manson |publisher=North Shore Publishing Inc |year=2003 |isbn=1-896899-22-6}}</ref>

The city was impacted by [[Northeast blackout of 2003|a widespread blackout]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/headlines/10-years-after-blackout-grid-is-more-reliable-but-still-vulnerable-1.1348790 |publisher=CBC |title=10 years after blackout, grid is more reliable but still vulnerable |agency=Canadian Press |date=August 13, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512130308/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/headlines/10-years-after-blackout-grid-is-more-reliable-but-still-vulnerable-1.1348790 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a tornado in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/meteorologists-confirm-tornado-hit-hamilton-1.565514 |publisher=CBC |title=Meteorologists confirm tornado hit Hamilton |date=November 10, 2005 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512145026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/meteorologists-confirm-tornado-hit-hamilton-1.565514 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, the [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]] opened after extensive delays.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/nov-17-2007-red-hill-valley-parkway-opens.html |work=The Hamilton Spectator |title=Nov. 17, 2007: Red Hill Valley Parkway opens |date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516155534/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/nov-17-2007-red-hill-valley-parkway-opens.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Stelco]] mills were idled in 2010 and permanently closed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/economy/2013/10/29/us_steel_to_close_hamilton_operations.html |work=The Toronto Star |title=U.S. Steel closing steelmaking operations at Hamilton plant |date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030211047/http://www.thestar.com/business/economy/2013/10/29/us_steel_to_close_hamilton_operations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This closure capped a significant shift in the city's economy: the percentage of the population employed in manufacturing declined from 22 to 12 percent between 2003 and 2013.<ref name=canenc>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=Hamilton |author=John C Weaver |date=March 11, 2019 |access-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-date=March 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180424/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Hamilton, Ontario}}
Hamilton is in [[Southern Ontario]] on the western end of the [[Niagara Peninsula]] and wraps around the westernmost part of [[Lake Ontario]]; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is in the geographic centre of the [[Golden Horseshoe]]. Its major physical features are Hamilton Harbour, marking the northern limit of the city, and the [[Niagara Escarpment]] running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into "upper" and "lower" parts. The maximum high point is 250m (820') above the level of Lake Ontario.<ref name=about>{{cite web |last=Seward |first=Carrie |title=About Hamilton; Physical features |url=http://www.ueyhamilton.ca/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015210727/http://www.ueyhamilton.ca/ |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

According to all records from local [[historians]], this district was called ''Attiwandaronia'' by the native [[Neutral Nation|Neutral people]].<ref name=SAGA>{{cite news |title=Saga of a City |first=Milton |last=Watson |work=The Hamilton Spectator |year=1938}}</ref> Hamilton is one of 11 cities showcased in the book, ''Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places'' by Quebec author [[Mary Soderstrom]], which examines the city as an example of an industrial powerhouse co-existing with nature.<ref name=GREENCITY>{{cite book |last=Soderstrom |first=Mary |title=Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places |publisher=Independent Pub Group |year=2006 |isbn=1-55065-207-9}}</ref> Soderstrom credits [[Thomas McQuesten]] and family in the 1930s who "became champions of parks, greenspace and roads" in Hamilton.<ref name=GREENCITY2>{{cite news |first=B. |last=Lawson |title=Green City |work=The Hamilton Spectator |page=Go-7 |date=January 26, 2007}}</ref>

[[Hamilton Harbour]] is a natural harbour with a large [[sandbar]] called the Beachstrip. This sandbar was deposited during a period of higher lake levels during the last [[Quaternary glaciation|ice age]] and extends southeast through the central lower city to the escarpment. Hamilton's deep sea port is accessed by ship canal through the beach strip into the harbour and is traversed by two bridges, the QEW's [[Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway]] and the lower Canal Lift Bridge.<ref name=Bay>{{cite web |title=Burlington Bay/ Beach strip, Hamilton Harbour, Skyway Bridge |url=http://beachvideo.info/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084635/http://beachvideo.info/ |archive-date=December 15, 2007 |url-status=live}} (Requires navigation to relevant articles.)</ref>

[[File:Waterdawn Webster Falls5.jpg|thumb|[[Webster's Falls]] at [[Spencer Gorge Conservation Area]]. There are [[List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario|more than 100 waterfalls]] in the city.]]

Between 1788 and 1793, the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.<ref name=headlake/> John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth".<ref name=barton2>{{cite web |title=A History of the city of Hamilton |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225925/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[George Hamilton (city founder)|George Hamilton]], a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion of Barton Township in 1815. He kept several east–west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north–south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed [[James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|James Street]] or Highway 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed [[King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|King Street]] or Highway 8.<ref name=HAMBIO1>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791–1875) |first=Thomas Melville |last=Bailey |publisher=W.L. Griffin Ltd |year=1981}}</ref> The townsite's design, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace. George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in [[Upper Canada]] and throughout the American frontier. The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve-foot lane. It took at least a decade to sell all the original lots, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827 encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828–9. At this time he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the town's natural growth occurred to the north of Hamilton's plot.<ref name=Hamilton2>{{cite DCB |last=Weaver |first=John C. |volume=7 |title=Hamilton, George |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamilton_george_1788_1836_7E.html}}</ref>

The [[Hamilton Conservation Authority]] owns, leases or manages about {{convert|4500|ha|acre|-2}} of land with the city operating {{convert|1077|ha|acre|0}} of parkland at 310 locations.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Hamilton Conservation Authority]] |title=HCH History: A Long History&nbsp;... |url=http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607221331/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp |archive-date=June 7, 2007 |access-date=June 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=City of Hamilton |publisher=myhamilton.ca |title=Hamilton Conservation Authority: City Parks |url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234254/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2007 |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref> Many of the parks are along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from [[Tobermory, Ontario|Tobermory]] at the tip of the [[Bruce Peninsula]] in the north, to [[Queenston]] at the [[Niagara River]] in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at Lake Ontario's western end. The hiking path [[Bruce Trail]] runs the length of the escarpment.<ref name=BRUCETRAIL>{{cite web |title=Bruce Trail Association |url=http://www.brucetrail.org/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711004543/http://www.brucetrail.org/ |archive-date=July 11, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton is home to more than 100 waterfalls]] and cascades, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/waterfalls |title=Waterfalls - Hamilton Conservation Authority |work=conservationhamilton.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015739/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/waterfalls |archive-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref> Visitors can often be seen swimming in the waterfalls during the summertime, although it is strongly recommended to stay away from the water: much of the watershed of the Chedoke and Red Hill creeks originates in storm sewers running beneath neighbourhoods atop the Niagara escarpment, and water quality in many of Hamilton's waterfalls is seriously degraded. High ''e. coli'' counts are regularly observed through testing by McMaster University near many of Hamilton's waterfalls, sometimes exceeding the provincial limits for recreational water use by as much as 400 times. The storm sewers in upstream neighbourhoods carry polluted runoff from streets and parking lots, as well as occasional raw sewage from sanitary lines that were improperly connected to the storm sewers instead of the separate sanitary sewer system. Notably, in March 2020, it was revealed that as much as 24 billion litres of untreated wastewater has been leaking into the Chedoke creek and Cootes' Paradise areas since at least 2014 due to insufficiencies in the city's sewerage and storm water management systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 9, 2020 |title=Chedoke Creek's sad legacy of abuse: 10 things you didn't know |language=en |work=The Hamilton Spectator |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/03/09/chedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html |access-date=June 23, 2020 |issn=1189-9417 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626002908/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/03/09/chedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:8Hamilton Marina.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Harbour]] during the winter.]]
Hamilton's climate is [[Humid continental climate|humid-continental]], characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], Hamilton is on the Dfb/Dfa boundary, found in [[southern Ontario]] because the average temperature in July is {{convert|22.0|C|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |title=Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map |website=www.plantmaps.com |language=en |access-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014555/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1&nbsp;°C (106&nbsp;°F) on July 14, 1868.<ref name="Hamilton (July 1868)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |title=Hamilton (July 1868) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609182902/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest temperature ever recorded was −30.6&nbsp;°C (−23&nbsp;°F) on January 25, 1884.<ref name="Hamilton (January 1884)">{{cite web |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1# |title=Hamilton (January 1884) |work=Canadian Climate Data |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191008/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was found that the city has areas of poor air quality with a high concentration of [[benzo(a)pyrene]], particularly in neighbourhoods near industrial sites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peesker |first1=Saira |title=Breathing the air in parts of Hamilton is like smoking a cigarette a day, researcher says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |website=CBC News |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713214901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Hamilton, Ontario weatherbox}}
{{Hamilton Airport weatherbox}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Hamilton, Ontario}}
{{See also|Film industry in Hamilton, Ontario|List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario}}
[[File:HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG|thumb|View of Downtown Hamilton from atop the Niagara Escarpment.]]

Manufacturing is important to Ontario's economy, and the Toronto–Hamilton region is Canada's most industrialized area. The area from [[Oshawa]], Ontario around the west end of Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls, with Hamilton at its centre, is known as the Golden Horseshoe and had a population of approximately 8.1 million people in 2006.<ref name="2006CensGGH">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/popdwell/subprov4.cfm#ggh |title=Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006: Sub-provincial population dynamics, Greater Golden Horseshoe |work=[[Statistics Canada]], 2006 Census of Population |date=March 13, 2007 |access-date=August 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315195135/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/popdwell/Subprov4.cfm#ggh |archive-date=March 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

With sixty percent of Canada's steel produced in Hamilton by [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]], the city has become known as the Steel Capital of Canada.<ref name=steelcap>{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Joe |title=Hamilton Steel capital of Canada |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/23/business/bxsteel.php |date=January 24, 2006 |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082004/http://iht.com/articles/2006/01/23/business/bxsteel.php |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> After nearly declaring bankruptcy, Stelco returned to profitability in 2004.<ref name=steelprofit>{{cite web| last = Wines| first = Leslie| title = Stelco has returned to profitability| publisher= CBS Market Watch| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid={F484DECA-6A84-4D0C-9D6F-255CF1F2AE27}&dist=ArchiveSplash&param=archive&siteid=mktw&garden=&minisite=| date=December 24, 2004|access-date = January 4, 2008}}</ref> On August 26, 2007 [[United States Steel Corporation]] acquired Stelco for C$38.50 in cash per share, owning more than 76 percent of Stelco's outstanding shares.<ref name=USSTEEL>{{cite web |title=U. S. Steel Agrees to Acquire Stelco. |url=http://www.stelco.com/investorCentre_article.aspx?releaseId=1044891 |publisher=Stelco.com |access-date=January 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031021951/http://www.stelco.com/investorCentre_article.aspx?releaseId=1044891 |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> On September 17, 2014, US Steel Canada announced it was applying for bankruptcy protection and it would close its Hamilton operations.<ref name=Globe&Mail>{{cite news |title=U.S. Steel Canada to sell Hamilton Works operations |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/us-steel-canada-to-sell-hamilton-works-operations/article20748635/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=September 23, 2014 |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925060052/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/us-steel-canada-to-sell-hamilton-works-operations/article20748635/ |archive-date=September 25, 2014 |url-status=live |last1=Keenan |first1=Greg}}</ref>

A stand-alone subsidiary of [[ArcelorMittal]], the world's largest steel producer, Dofasco produces products for the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, appliance, packaging, and steel distribution industries.<ref name="dofasco">{{cite web |url=http://www.dofasco.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=2347-2349-93261 |title=Dofasco one of North America's most profitable steel companies |last=Forstner |first=Gordon |date=October 31, 2005 |publisher=Dofasco |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006160056/http://www.dofasco.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=2347-2349-93261 |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref> It has approximately 7,300 employees at its Hamilton plant, and the four million tons of steel it produces each year is about 30% of Canada's flat-rolled sheet steel shipments. Dofasco was North America's most profitable steel producer in 1999, the most profitable in Canada in 2000, and a long-time member of the [[Dow Jones Sustainability World Index]]. Ordered by the U.S. Department of Justice to divest itself of the Canadian company, ArcelorMittal has been allowed to retain Dofasco provided it sells several of its American assets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamilton Spectator News Wire |title=Dofasco deadline looms |work=Hamilton Spectator |date=December 14, 2006 |url=http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1166050213293&call_pageid=1020420665036&col=1112101662835 |access-date=September 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194234/http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&cid=1166050213293&call_pageid=1020420665036&col=1112101662835 |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King 2018 - Hamilton, ON.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King (Hamilton)|Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King]] is the seat for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario|Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton]]. [[Catholicism]] is the largest religious denomination in the city.]]{{Historical populations|[[Canada 1871 Census|1871]]|26,716|[[1881 Canadian census|1881]]|35,961|[[1891 Canadian census|1891]]|47,245|[[1901 Canadian census|1901]]|52,634|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|81,969|[[Canada 1921 Census|1921]]|114,151|[[Canada 1931 Census|1931]]|155,547|[[Canada 1941 Census|1941]]|166,337|[[Canada 1951 Census|1951]]|208,321|[[1956 Canadian census|1956]]|239,625|[[1961 Canadian census|1961]]|273,991|[[1966 Canadian census|1966]]|298,121|[[Canada 1971 Census|1971]]|309,173|[[Canada 1976 Census|1976]]|312,003|[[Canada 1981 Census|1981]]|306,434|[[Canada 1986 Census|1986]]|306,728|[[Canada 1991 Census|1991]]|318,499|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|322,352|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|490,268|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|504,559|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|519,949|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|536,917|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|569,353|align=right|title=Historical populations|type=Canada}}
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Hamilton had a population of {{val|569353|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|222807|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|233564|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:569353-536917}}|536917|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|536917|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{cvt|1118.31|km2|sqmi}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|569353|1118.31|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141434/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Hamilton CMA had a population of {{val|785184|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|307382|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|320081|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:785184-747545}}|747545|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|747545|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{cvt|1373.15|km2|sqmi}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|785184|1373.15|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085922/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Canadian census|2016 Canadian census]], 24.69% of the city's population was [[Immigration to Canada|not born in Canada]]. Hamilton is home to 26,330 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 2001 and 2010 and 13,150 immigrants who arrived between 2011 and 2016.<ref name="StatsCan2016">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=May 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035413/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2014, the city's council voted to declare Hamilton a [[sanctuary city]], offering municipal services to [[undocumented immigrants]] at risk of [[deportation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/4364479-hamilton-to-become-sanctuary-city-for-newcomers-who-fear-deportation/ |title=Hamilton to become 'sanctuary city' for newcomers who fear deportation |last=Van Dongen |first=Matthew |date=February 12, 2014 |work=The Hamilton Spectator |access-date=February 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225061237/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/4364479-hamilton-to-become-sanctuary-city-for-newcomers-who-fear-deportation/ |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/02/12/hamilton_declares_itself_sanctuary_city_for_undocumented_immigrants.html |title=Hamilton declares itself 'sanctuary city' for undocumented immigrants |last=Nursall |first=Kim |date=February 12, 2014 |work=Toronto Star |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214171252/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/02/12/hamilton_declares_itself_sanctuary_city_for_undocumented_immigrants.html |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Children aged 14 years and under accounted for 16.23% of the city's population, a decline of 1.57% from the 2011 census. Hamiltonians aged 65 years and older constituted 17.3% of the population, an increase of 2.4% since 2011.<ref name="StatsCan2016"/><ref name="statscan-ham">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005 |title=2006 Community Profiles - Hamilton |date=March 13, 2007 |work=Statistics Canada |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220042700/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005 |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city's average age is 41.3 years. 54.9% of Hamiltonians are married or in a common-law relationship, while 6.4% of city residents are divorced.<ref name="StatsCan2016"/> Same-sex couples (married or in common-law relationships) constitute 0.8% (2,710 individuals) of the partnered population in Hamilton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/fam/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=12&Geo=00 |title=Families, Households and Marital Status Highlight Tables |publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada |access-date=May 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802034649/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/fam/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=12&Geo=00 |archive-date=August 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume, sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians — who are tech-savvy and university-educated — choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visiting intermittently. More two and three-storey townhouses and apartments will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Ainslie Wood, Ontario|Ainslie Wood]] and [[Westdale, Ontario|Westdale]] to accommodate newly retired seniors. Furthermore, additional retail and commercial zones will be created.<ref name=FUTURE>{{cite news |last=Choi |first=Paul |title=How does your city grow? |pages=Go-16 |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=January 19, 2007}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
Hamilton maintains significant [[Italian Canadian|Italian]], [[English Canadian|English]], [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]], [[German Canadian|German]] and [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] ancestry. 130,705 Hamiltonians claim English heritage, while 98,765 indicate their ancestors arrived from Scotland, 87,825 from Ireland, 62,335 from Italy, and 50,400 from Germany.<ref name="StatsCan2016"/> The top countries of birth for the newcomers living in Hamilton in the 1990s were: [[SFRY|former Yugoslavia]], [[Polish Canadian|Poland]], [[Indo-Canadians|India]], [[Chinese Canadian|China]], the [[Filipino Canadian|Philippines]], and [[Iraqi Canadian|Iraq]].<ref name=StatsCan02>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/etoimm/subprovs.cfm#hamilton |title=Hamilton: The top countries of birth for the newcomers arriving in Hamilton in the 1990s |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=2001 Canadian Census |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223165939/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/subprovs.cfm#hamilton |archive-date=December 23, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamilton also has a [[Francophones in Ontario|notable French community]] for which provincial services are offered in French. In Ontario, urban centres where there are at least 5,000 Francophones are designated areas where bilingual provincial services have to be offered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/government-services-french |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario |title=Government services in French |access-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420015306/https://www.ontario.ca/page/government-services-french |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the 2016 census, the Francophone community maintains a population of 6,760, while 30,530 residents, or 5.8% of the city's population, have knowledge of both official languages. The Franco-Ontarian community of Hamilton boasts two school boards, the public ''[[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]]'' and the Catholic ''[[Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir]]'', which operate five schools (2 secondary and 3 elementary). Additionally, the city maintains a Francophone community health centre that is part of the LHIN (Centre de santé communautaire Hamilton/Niagara), a cultural centre (Centre français Hamilton), three daycare centres, a provincially funded employment centre (Options Emploi), a community college site (Collège Boréal) and a community organization that supports the development of the francophone community in Hamilton (ACFO Régionale Hamilton).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) |url=http://www.hnhblhin.on.ca/goalsandachievements/integrationpopulationbased/French%20Language%20Health%20Services.aspx |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=www.hnhblhin.on.ca |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/http://www.hnhblhin.on.ca/goalsandachievements/integrationpopulationbased/French%20Language%20Health%20Services.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Hamilton (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Hamilton, City (C) [Census subdivision], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Hamilton&DGUIDlist=2021A00053525005&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130171209/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Hamilton&DGUIDlist=2021A00053525005&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |archive-date=Jan 30, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Hamilton, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Hamilton, Census division [Census division], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3525&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208014132/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3525&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=November 27, 2015 |title=NHS Profile, Hamilton, C, Ontario, 2011 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180601/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |archive-date=Feb 5, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=August 20, 2019 |title=2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021003241/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=July 2, 2019 |title=2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180559/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
| 407,445
| {{Percentage | 407445 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 415,735
| {{Percentage | 415735 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 419,345
| {{Percentage | 419345 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 421,925
| {{Percentage | 421925 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 425,410
| {{Percentage | 425410 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 34,790
| {{Percentage | 34790 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 22,105
| {{Percentage | 22105 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 17,240
| {{Percentage | 17240 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 14,765
| {{Percentage | 14765 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 11,000
| {{Percentage | 11000 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 28,415
| {{Percentage | 28415 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 20,245
| {{Percentage | 20245 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 16,110
| {{Percentage | 16110 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 13,900
| {{Percentage | 13900 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 10,455
| {{Percentage | 10455 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| 22,855
| {{Percentage | 22855 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 15,130
| {{Percentage | 15130 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 11,335
| {{Percentage | 11335 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 8,840
| {{Percentage | 8840 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 5,765
| {{Percentage | 5765 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| 20,175
| {{Percentage | 20175 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 14,655
| {{Percentage | 14655 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 13,045
| {{Percentage | 13045 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 10,035
| {{Percentage | 10035 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 8,880
| {{Percentage | 8880 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
| 14,470
| {{Percentage | 14470 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 13,220
| {{Percentage | 13220 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 11,335
| {{Percentage | 11335 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 11,825
| {{Percentage | 11825 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 9,715
| {{Percentage | 9715 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 12,520
| {{Percentage | 12520 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 12,135
| {{Percentage | 12135 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 10,320
| {{Percentage | 10320 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 7,625
| {{Percentage | 7625 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 6,270
| {{Percentage | 6270 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 11,145
| {{Percentage | 11145 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 8,425
| {{Percentage | 8425 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 7,335
| {{Percentage | 7335 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 5,585
| {{Percentage | 5585 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 4,250
| {{Percentage | 4250 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
| 9,095
| {{Percentage | 9095 | 560915 | 2 }}
| 6,275
| {{Percentage | 6275 | 527930 | 2 }}
| 3,570
| {{Percentage | 3570 | 509635 | 2 }}
| 2,890
| {{Percentage | 2890 | 497395 | 2 }}
| 2,625
| {{Percentage | 2625 | 484385 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 560,915
! {{Percentage | 560915 | 569353 | 2 }}
! 527,930
! {{Percentage | 527930 | 536917 | 2 }}
! 509,635
! {{Percentage | 509635 | 519949 | 2 }}
! 497,395
! {{Percentage | 497395 | 504559 | 2 }}
! 484,385
! {{Percentage | 484385 | 490268 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 569,353
! {{Percentage | 569353 | 569353 | 2 }}
! 536,917
! {{Percentage | 536917 | 536917 | 2 }}
! 519,949
! {{Percentage | 519949 | 519949 | 2 }}
! 504,559
! {{Percentage | 504559 | 504559 | 2 }}
! 490,268
! {{Percentage | 490268 | 490268 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}}
|}
{{clear}}

===Religion===
According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], religious groups in Hamilton included:<ref name="2021censusB"/>
* [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] (309,780 persons or 55.2%)
* [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligion]] (183,965 persons or 32.8%)
* [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (37,980 persons or 6.8%)
* [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] (10,200 persons or 1.8%)
* [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] (7,270 persons or 1.3%)
* [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] (4,765 persons or 0.8%)
* [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] (3,045 persons or 0.5%)
* [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Spirituality]] (375 persons or 0.1%)
* Other (3,535 persons or 0.6%)

The most described [[Religion in Canada|religion]] in Hamilton is Christianity although other religions brought by immigrants are also growing. The 2011 census indicates that 67.6% of the population adheres to a Christian denomination, with [[Catholicism|Catholics]] being the largest at 34.3% of the city's population. The [[Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)|Christ the King Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario|Diocese of Hamilton]]. Other denominations include the [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] (6.5%), [[Anglican]] (6.4%), [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] (3.1%), [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]] (2.9%), and other denominations (9.8%). Other religions with significant populations include [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (3.7%), [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] (0.9%), [[Sikhism|Sikh]] (0.8%), [[Hinduism|Hindu]] (0.8%), and [[Judaism|Jewish]] (0.7%). Those with no religious affiliation accounted for 24.9% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3525005&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |work=statcan.gc.ca |date=May 8, 2013 |access-date=November 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703083244/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=3525005&TABID=1 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government==
{{Main|Politics of Hamilton, Ontario}}
{{See also|Hamilton City Council (Ontario)|Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario}}
Citizens of Hamilton are represented at all three levels of Canadian government: federal, provincial, and municipal. Hamilton is represented in the [[Parliament of Canada]] by five [[Members of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] and in the [[Legislature of Ontario]] by five [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|members of Provincial Parliament]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right"
|+ Federal MPs for Hamilton, Ontario
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Name
! Electoral District
! First elected
|-
{{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Dan Muys]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Flamborough—Glanbrook—Brant North]]|| [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Aslam Rana]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton Centre (federal electoral district)|Hamilton Centre]]|| [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Ned Kuruc]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (federal electoral district)|Hamilton East—Stoney Creek]]|| 2025
|-
{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Lisa Hepfner]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton Mountain (federal electoral district)|Hamilton Mountain]]|| 2021
|-
{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[John-Paul Danko]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas (federal electoral district)|Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas]]|| 2025
|-
|colspan="5"; style="text-align:left;" |<small>Ref:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/search |publisher=Parliament of Canada |title=Current Members of Parliament: Ontario |access-date=14 May 2025 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506154717/https://www.ourcommons.ca/Members/en/search?province=ON |url-status=dead}}</ref></small>
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right"
|+ Provincial MPPs for Hamilton, Ontario
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Name
! Electoral District
! First elected
|-
{{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Donna Skelly]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Flamborough—Glanbrook (provincial electoral district)|Flamborough—Glanbrook]]|| [[2018 Ontario general election|2018]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Robin Lennox]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton Centre (provincial electoral district)|Hamilton Centre]]|| [[2025 Ontario general election|2025]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Neil Lumsden]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (provincial electoral district)|Hamilton East—Stoney Creek]]|| [[2022 Ontario general election|2022]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Monica Ciriello]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton Mountain (provincial electoral district)|Hamilton Mountain]]|| [[2025 Ontario general election|2025]]
|-
{{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|row-name}}
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Sandy Shaw (politician)|Sandy Shaw]]||style="text-align:left;" |[[Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas (provincial electoral district)|Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas]]|| 2018
|-
|colspan="5"; style="text-align:left;" |<small>Ref:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ola.org/en/members/current |title=Current MPPs |website=Legislative Assembly of Ontario |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124002313/https://www.ola.org/en/members/current |archive-date=24 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{reflist|group=a}}</small>
|}

[[File:Birds-Eye View of Hamilton City Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Hamilton City Hall]] is the [[Hamilton City Council (Ontario)|seat of municipal government]].]]
Hamilton's municipal government has a mayor, elected citywide, and 15 city councillors—one per city ward—to serve on the Hamilton City Council. The province grants the Hamilton City Council authority to govern through the Municipal Act of Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/01m25_e.htm |title=Municipal Act, 2001 (Requires navigation to article) |publisher=Ontario |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621231757/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/01m25_e.htm |archive-date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> Hamilton's current mayor is [[Andrea Horwath]], elected on [[2022 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election|October 24, 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hamilton.ca/city-council/council-committee/city-council-members/mayors-office |title=Mayor's Office - Mayor Andrea Horwath |first=City of |last=Hamilton |date=28 December 2022 |website=www.hamilton.ca |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124000104/https://www.hamilton.ca/city-council/council-committee/city-council-members/mayors-office |archive-date=24 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamilton's next municipal election will be held in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Elections {{!}} AMO |url=https://www.amo.on.ca/about-us/municipal-101/municipal-elections |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=www.amo.on.ca |archive-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110054351/https://www.amo.on.ca/about-us/municipal-101/municipal-elections |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hamilton is served by four school boards: the English language [[Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board]] and [[Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board]] and the French language [[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]] and [[Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir]]. Each school board is governed by trustees. The English language school boards are represented by trustees elected from wards in Hamilton. The HWDSB has 11 trustees and the HWCDB has 9 trustees. The French language school boards are represented by one trustee each from Hamilton and the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario School Board Trustees - French-language School Boards |url=https://www.acepo.org/en/about/school-board-trustees/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Acepo |language=en-CA |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/https://www.acepo.org/en/about/school-board-trustees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:JohnWeirFooteVCArmouries.JPG|thumb|left|John Weir Foote V.C. Armoury is a [[Canadian Forces]] facility that houses several regiments based in Hamilton.]]
The [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian Military]] maintains a presence in Hamilton, with the [[John Weir Foote|John Weir Foote Armoury]] in the downtown core on James Street North, housing the [[Royal Hamilton Light Infantry]] as well as the 11th Field Hamilton-Wentworth Battery and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada. The Hamilton Reserve Barracks on Pier Nine houses the [[Canadian Forces Primary Reserve|naval reserve]] division {{HMCS|Star}}, 23 Service Battalion and the 23 Field Ambulance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=English |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvK3DAAAQBAJ&q=%22hamilton%22+23+Service+Battalion+and+the+23+Field+Ambulance&pg=PA177 |title=The Canadian Army & Normandy Campaign |date=August 18, 2009 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-1-4617-5185-4 |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324020508/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvK3DAAAQBAJ&q=%22hamilton%22+23+Service+Battalion+and+the+23+Field+Ambulance&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q=%22hamilton%22%2023%20Service%20Battalion%20and%20the%2023%20Field%20Ambulance&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Crime===
The [[Criminal Code of Canada]] is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The [[Hamilton Police Service]] is chiefly responsible for the enforcement of federal and provincial law. Although the Hamilton Police Service has authority to enforce, bylaws passed by the Hamilton City Council are mainly enforced by Provincial Offences Officers employed by the City of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/90p33_e.htm#1.(3) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233807/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/90p33_e.htm#1.(3) |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |title=Provincial Offences Act (Requires navigation to article) |publisher=Ontario |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref>

In 2020, the city saw 18 murders and 51 shootings (up from 47 in 2019), the most shootings the city seen in at least a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton reports historic low in homicides for 2022, but shootings still high: police - Hamilton {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9441630/hamilton-historic-low-in-homicides-2022/ |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=Global News |language=en-CA |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055815/https://globalnews.ca/news/9441630/hamilton-historic-low-in-homicides-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=April 13, 2021 |title=Number and rate of homicide victims, by Census Metropolitan Areas |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519155616/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101 |url-status=live }}</ref> 2021 saw the homicides in the city increase to 20, giving the city a rate of around 3.5 per 100,000 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=January 1, 2021 |title=Hamilton, Ontario 2021 Homicide Victim List - Homicide Canada |url=https://homicidecanada.com/hamilton-ontario-2021-homicide-victim-list/ |access-date=August 24, 2023 |website=homicidecanada.com |language=en-CA |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055818/https://homicidecanada.com/hamilton-ontario-2021-homicide-victim-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Hamilton ranked first in Canada for police-reported hate crimes in 2016, with 12.5 hate crimes per 100,000 population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2018001/article/54915-eng.htm |title=Police-reported hate crime in Canada, 2016 |last=Gaudet |first=Maxime |date=April 25, 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021102435/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2018001/article/54915-eng.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Organized crime]] also has a notable presence in Hamilton<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicole |first=O'Reilly |date=March 3, 2020 |title=Mob wars: An early history of Mafia in Hamilton |language=en-CA |work=The Hamilton Spectator |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/crime/2020/01/03/mob-wars-an-early-history-of-mafia-in-hamilton.html |access-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155040/https://www.thespec.com/news/crime/2020/01/03/mob-wars-an-early-history-of-mafia-in-hamilton.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with three centralized Mafia organizations: the [[Luppino crime family]], the [[Papalia crime family]], and the [[Musitano crime family]].<ref name="Mobsters free">{{cite news |title=Unease as mobsters set free |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=b9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629210748/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=b9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |newspaper=National Post |access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/news-story/7285963-a-short-history-of-mob-violence-in-hamilton/ |title=A short history of mob violence in Hamilton |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=May 3, 2017 |publisher=thespec.com |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095224/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/7285963-a-short-history-of-mob-violence-in-hamilton/ |archive-date=February 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Street gangs such as the Original/Oriental Blood Brothers & the Oriole Crescent Crips,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-06 |title=Police nab leader, drugs in bid to break gang |language=en |work=The Hamilton Spectator |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/police-nab-leader-drugs-in-bid-to-break-gang/article_c16ec6c1-391e-5faf-8d93-7b4001f284f8.html |access-date=August 4, 2023 |issn=1189-9417 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055816/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/police-nab-leader-drugs-in-bid-to-break-gang/article_c16ec6c1-391e-5faf-8d93-7b4001f284f8.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spectator |first=Paul Morse The Hamilton |date=2007-10-17 |title=Criminal enterprise |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/criminal-enterprise/article_0801cf50-3196-5807-808f-74b6edd216e2.html |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=Toronto Star |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055806/https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/criminal-enterprise/article_0801cf50-3196-5807-808f-74b6edd216e2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and biker crews such as [[Satan's Choice MC]] and the [[Hells Angels]] also have presence in Hamilton.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/hail-hail-the-gangs-all-here/article_f08a41d9-24b0-5c07-8e19-99cdf26c6e8a.html? |title=Hail, hail, the gang's all here |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |publisher=thespec.com |date=June 7, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804160910/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/hail-hail-the-gangs-all-here/article_f08a41d9-24b0-5c07-8e19-99cdf26c6e8a.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot/?li_source=li&li_medium=mobile_ymbii&li_pl=9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7&li_tr=mobile_ymbii |title=Hamilton biker 'Johnny K-9' embroiled in B.C. gang murder plot |publisher=kitchenerpost.ca |date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804160910/https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot/?li_source=li&li_medium=mobile_ymbii&li_pl=9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7&li_tr=mobile_ymbii |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Dundurn Castle in the Summer.jpg|thumb|Dundurn Castle is a [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] mansion. It is presently a major attraction and landmark for the city.]]
{{Main|Culture of Hamilton, Ontario}}
{{See also|Media in Hamilton, Ontario|List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario}}
Hamilton's local attractions include the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]], the {{HMCS|Haida}} National Historic Site,<ref name=HMCS>{{cite web |title=Parks Canada HMCS Haida website |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/haida/index_e.asp |access-date=January 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165534/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/haida/index_e.asp |archive-date=April 1, 2007}}</ref> [[Dundurn Castle]] (the residence of an [[Allan MacNab]], the [[List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada|8th Premier]] of [[Canada West]]),<ref name=dundurn>{{cite web |title=Dundurn Castle |url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CityandGovernment/CultureandRecreation/Arts_Culture_And_Museums/HamiltonCivicMuseums/Dundurn/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234133/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CityandGovernment/CultureandRecreation/Arts_Culture_And_Museums/HamiltonCivicMuseums/Dundurn/ |archive-date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario|Royal Botanical Gardens]], the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]], the [[African Lion Safari]] Park, the [[Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)|Cathedral of Christ the King]], the Workers' Arts and Heritage Centre, and the Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wahc-museum.ca/ |title=Workers Arts and Heritage Centre |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409014226/http://www.wahc-museum.ca/ |archive-date=April 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/hamilton-civic-museums/hamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site |title=Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology |access-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234940/https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/hamilton-civic-museums/hamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of|2018|September}}, there are 40 pieces in the city's Public Art Collection. The works are owned and maintained by the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/culture/public-art |title=Public Art |date=October 1, 2018 |website=City of Hamilton |access-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103920/https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/culture/public-art |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Information and the locations of each piece in Public Art Collection can be viewed on [http://spatialsolutions.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1fb631efadbc44f78db08c202ec27256 this interactive map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102533/http://spatialsolutions.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1fb631efadbc44f78db08c202ec27256 |date=October 2, 2018 }}.</ref> Founded in 1914, the [[Art Gallery of Hamilton]] is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The gallery has over 9,000 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th-century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.<ref name=ARTGALLERY>{{cite web |title=Art Gallery of Hamilton |url=http://www.artgalleryofhamilton.com |access-date=July 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807120951/http://artgalleryofhamilton.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[McMaster Museum of Art]] (MMA), founded at McMaster University in 1967, houses and exhibits the university's art collection of more than 7,000 objects.<ref name=fbook>{{cite web |title=McMaster University Fact Book 2009–2010 |url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20092010.pdf |date=November 2010 |publisher=International Research & Analysis, McMaster University |access-date=August 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401030829/http://www.mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20092010.pdf |archive-date=April 1, 2012}}</ref>

[[Supercrawl]] is a large community arts and music festival that takes place in September in the James Street North area of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://supercrawl.ca/about |title=Supercrawl - About |date=2018 |website=Supercrawl |access-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141627/http://supercrawl.ca/about |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Supercrawl celebrated its 10th anniversary with over 220,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/8904632-happy-10th-anniversary-supercrawl-and-thanks-for-the-party/ |title=Happy 10th anniversary, Supercrawl ... and thanks for the party |last=Rockingham |first=Graham |date=September 17, 2018 |work=The Hamilton Spectator |access-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113146/https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/8904632-happy-10th-anniversary-supercrawl-and-thanks-for-the-party/ |archive-date=December 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2015, Hamilton was host to the [[Juno Awards of 2015|JUNO Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kakoullis |first1=Adrienne |title=Hamilton to Host the 2015 JUNO Awards |url=http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2015 |agency=CARAS |publisher=CTV |date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060112/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Hamilton Film Festival]] stages an annual program of over 100 independent feature and short films annually, many but not all with direct production connections to the city.<ref>Daniel Nolan, [https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/movies/the-19th-annual-hamilton-film-festival-has-130-movies-for-film-fans-this-year/article_a8396e83-9b69-5dc0-875b-aeb3e1578dae.html "The 19th annual Hamilton Film Festival has 130 movies for film fans this year"]. ''[[Hamilton Spectator]]'', October 18, 2024.</ref>

Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered media attention for Hamilton. A 2006 article in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', entitled "Go West, Young Artist", focused on Hamilton's growing art scene.<ref name="GOWEST">{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/go-west-young-artist/article700964/ |title=Go west, young artist |last=Mowat |first=Bruce |date=January 7, 2006 |work=Globe and Mail |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425122104/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/go-west-young-artist/article700964/ |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre,<ref name=FACTORY>{{cite web |title=The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre |url=http://www.hamiltonmediaarts.org/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222074730/http://www.hamiltonmediaarts.org/ |archive-date=December 22, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> opened a new home on James Street North in 2006. Art galleries have sprung up on streets across the city: [[James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|James Street]], [[King William Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|King William Street]], [[Locke Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Locke Street]] and [[King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|King Street]]. The opening of the Downtown Arts Centre<ref name=DAC>{{cite web |title=Downtown Arts Centre, Hamilton, Ontario |url=http://www.dachamilton.com/index.html |access-date=January 4, 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813190815/http://www.dachamilton.com/index.html |archive-date=August 13, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> on Rebecca Street has spurred creative activities in the core. The Community Centre for Media Arts<ref name=CCMA>{{cite web |title=Community Centre for Media Arts |url=http://www.ccma.ws/site/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233519/http://www.ccma.ws/site/ |archive-date=December 12, 2007 |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref> (CCMA) continues to operate in downtown Hamilton. The CCMA works with marginalized populations and combines new media services with arts education and skills development programming.<ref name=INVESTH20>Invest in Hamilton, Economic Development Review 2005, Wednesday, June 28, 2006, "City Remains Committed To Growing Arts & Culture" Page H20</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Hamilton, Ontario}}
{{See also|List of sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario|Category:Sport in Hamilton, Ontario}}
[[File:Tim Hortons Field Exterior.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Stadium]] is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in Hamilton. It is presently used as the home stadium for the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]'s [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]].]]
Hamilton hosted Canada's first major international athletic event, the first [[Commonwealth Games]] (then called the British Empire Games) in [[1930 British Empire Games|1930]]. Hamilton bid for the Commonwealth Games in [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010]] but lost to [[2010 Commonwealth Games|New Delhi]].<ref name="memproj56">{{cite press release |title=Tigertown Triumphs |publisher=The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) |page=MP56 |date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> On November 7, 2009, in [[Guadalajara, Mexico]], it was announced Toronto would host the [[2015 Pan Am Games]] after beating out two rival [[South American]] cities, [[Lima]], [[Peru]], and [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. The city of Hamilton co-hosted the Games with Toronto. Hamilton Mayor [[Fred Eisenberger]] said "the Pan Am Games will provide a 'unique opportunity for Hamilton to renew major sport facilities giving Hamiltonians a multi-purpose stadium, a 50-metre swimming pool, and an international-calibre [[velodrome]] to enjoy for generations to come'."<ref name="PANAM">{{cite web |title=Toronto, Hamilton win Pan Am Games bid. |url=http://thespec.com/article/667961 |access-date=November 8, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hamilton's major sports complexes include [[Hamilton Stadium]] and [[TD Coliseum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure Ontario |url=https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/Document-dinformation-Stades-et-v%C3%A9lodrome-des-Jeux-panam%C3%A9ricains-fr/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=www.infrastructureontario.ca |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140708/https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/Document-dinformation-Stades-et-v%C3%A9lodrome-des-Jeux-panam%C3%A9ricains-fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hamilton is represented by the [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats|Tiger-Cats]] in the [[Canadian Football League]]. The team traces its origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] museum.<ref name=foothof>{{cite web |title=Canadian Football Hall of Fame & Museum |url=http://www.cfhof.ca/ |access-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330001037/http://www.cfhof.ca/ |archive-date=March 30, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.<ref name=hallfame>{{cite web |title=Five more walk into Canadian Football's hallowed shrine |url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |publisher=Hamilton Scores! |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015201959/http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426 |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=IVORW>{{cite web |url=http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |title=Ivor Wynne Stadium Information |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231122708/http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[108th Grey Cup|108th championship game]] of the Canadian Football League, the [[Grey Cup]], was played in Hamilton in 2021 and won by the [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |title=Blue Bombers defeat Tiger-Cats 33-25 in OT to repeat as Grey Cup champions |first=Dan |last=Ralph |work=[[CBC Sports]] |date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228160730/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton,_ON.jpg|thumb|left|[[TD Coliseum|FirstOntario Centre]] is an indoor arena and was the home arena for the [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]'s [[Hamilton Bulldogs]].]]
In 2019, [[Forge FC]] debuted as Hamilton's [[association football|soccer]] team in the [[Canadian Premier League]]. The team plays at Hamilton Stadium and shares the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Former Hamilton Forge FC defender David Edgar joins CPL champion's coaching staff |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200757/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Hamilton Honey Badgers]] debuted as Hamilton's [[basketball]] team in the [[Canadian Elite Basketball League]]. The team played its home games at the [[TD Coliseum|FirstOntario Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honey Badgers select Atlantic MVP in CEBL U Sports Draft |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7758123/honey-badgers-atlantic-mvp-cebl-u-sports-draft/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=900 CHML |language=en-CA |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/https://globalnews.ca/news/7758123/honey-badgers-atlantic-mvp-cebl-u-sports-draft/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, the Honey Badgers relocated to Brampton, Ontario due to the renovations occurring at FirstOntarioCentre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arena Closure in Hamilton Forces CEBL To Relocate Honey Badgers to Brampton |url=https://www.honeybadgers.ca/arena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=Honey Badgers |date=November 28, 2022 |language=en-CA |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128174627/https://www.honeybadgers.ca/arena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1958, the [[Hamilton Cardinals]] have been Hamilton's [[baseball]] team in the [[Intercounty Baseball League]]. The team has played its home games at [[Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium]] since 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernie Arbour Stadium |url=https://www.iblcardinals.ca/bernie-arbour-stadium |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=IBL Cardinals |language=en-CA |archive-date=September 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921183044/https://www.iblcardinals.ca/bernie-arbour-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Around the Bay Road Race]] circumnavigates [[Hamilton Harbour]]. Although it is not a marathon distance, it is the longest continuously held long-distance foot race in North America.<ref name=memproj56-68>{{cite press release |title=Tigertown Triumphs |publisher=The Hamilton Spectator – Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56-MP68 |date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> The local newspaper also hosts the amateur [[Spectator Indoor Games]].<ref name="memproj56-68" />

In addition to team sports, Hamilton is home to an auto race track, [[Flamboro Speedway]] and Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track, [[Flamboro Downs]].<ref name=flamboro>{{cite web |title=Flamboro Downs |url=http://www.flamborodowns.com/about_us.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231155607/http://www.flamborodowns.com/about_us.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 |publisher=Official web site |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref> Another auto race track, [[Cayuga International Speedway]], is near Hamilton in the [[Haldimand County]] community of Nelles Corners, between [[Hagersville, Ontario|Hagersville]] and [[Cayuga, Ontario|Cayuga]].<ref name=Cayuga>{{cite web |title=New owners give Cayuga International Speedway its old name |url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/autoracing/news/?article=061508168 |publisher=Hamilton Scores! |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015201937/http://www.hamiltonscores.com/autoracing/news/?article=061508168 |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Professional teams
|-<!-- Table Header -->
! Club
! League
! Venue
! Established
! Championships
|-<!-- Rows -->
| [[Forge FC]]
| [[Canadian Premier League]]
| [[Hamilton Stadium]]
| align="center" | 2017
| align="center" | 4
|-
| [[Hamilton Cardinals]]
| [[Intercounty Baseball League]]
| [[Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium]]
| align="center" | 1958
| align="center" | 1
|-
|-
| [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]]
| [[Canadian Football League]]
| [[Hamilton Stadium]]
| align="center" | 1950
| align="center" | 8
|-
|[[Toronto Rock]]
|[[National Lacrosse League]]
|[[TD Coliseum]]
| align="center" |1998
| align="center" |6
|}

==Education==
{{Further|List of secondary schools in Ontario#Hamilton}}
[[File:Alma mater - recent grad.jpg|thumb|[[McMaster University]] is the only university whose main campus is in the city.]]
Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions.
* [[McMaster University]] moved to the city in 1930 and now has some 30,000 students, of which almost two-thirds come from outside the Hamilton region.<ref name=Mac>{{cite web |title=McMaster's Economic Impact on the Hamilton Community |publisher=McMaster University |url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/pres/chambercomm.html |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194015/http://mcmaster.ca/pres/chambercomm.html |archive-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref><ref name=MACU>{{cite web |title=McMaster University Office of Public Relations |url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/opr/html/opr/fast_facts/main/studentEnrolment.html |access-date=September 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915114404/http://www.mcmaster.ca/opr/html/opr/fast_facts/main/studentEnrolment.html |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> 
* [[Brock University]] of [[St. Catharines, Ontario]] has a satellite campus used primarily for teacher education in Hamilton.<ref name=BROCK>{{cite web |title=Brock University: Official web site |url=http://www.brocku.ca |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326094800/http://www.brocku.ca/ |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
* [[McMaster Divinity College]], a Christian [[seminary]] affiliated with the [[Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec]] since 1957. It is located on the [[McMaster University]] campus and it is affiliated with the university.
* [[Mohawk College]] of Applied Arts and Technology since 1967 with 10,000 full-time, 40,000 part-time, and 3,000 apprentice students.<ref name=MOHAWK>{{cite web |title=Mohawk College of Applied Arts & Technology |url=http://www.mohawkcollege.ca/homepage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516145009/http://www.mohawkcollege.ca/homepage.html |archive-date=May 16, 2006 |access-date=January 4, 2008}}</ref> 
* [[Redeemer University College|Redeemer University]], a private Christian liberal arts and science university opened in 1982.

Four school boards administer public education for students from kindergarten through high school. The [[Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board]] manages 93 public schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board » About Us |url=http://www.hwdsb.on.ca/about/ |website=www.hwdsb.on.ca |date=May 18, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920224024/https://www.hwdsb.on.ca/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the [[Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board]] operates 57 schools in the greater Hamilton area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hwcdsb.ca/parents/schoolfinder/ |title=School Finder & Transportation (BETA) |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508215134/http://www.hwcdsb.ca/parents/schoolfinder/ |archive-date=May 8, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]] operates one elementary and one secondary school ([[École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier]]) in the area, and the [[Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir]] operates two elementary schools and one secondary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trouver une école |url=https://csviamonde.ca/nos-ecoles/trouver-une-ecole/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Conseil scolaire Viamonde |language=fr |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140707/https://csviamonde.ca/nos-ecoles/trouver-une-ecole/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Calvin Christian School, Providence Christian School and Timothy Christian School are independent Christian elementary schools. [[Hamilton District Christian High School]], Rehoboth Christian High School and [[Guido de Bres Christian High School]] are independent Christian high schools in the area. Both HDCH and Guido de Brès participate in the city's interscholastic athletics. [[Hillfield Strathallan College]] is on the West Hamilton mountain and is a [[Canadian Accredited Independent Schools|CAIS]] member, non-profit school for children from early Montessori ages through grade twelve and has around 1,300 students. [[Columbia International College]] is Canada's largest private boarding high school, with 1,700 students from 73 countries.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web |title=Columbia International College: At a glance |url=http://www.cic-totalcare.com/2/english/about.html |access-date=November 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830042120/http://www.cic-totalcare.com/2/english/about.html |archive-date=August 30, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school founded in the city in 1964. In 1998, as a joint venture with McMaster University, a full-time diploma program was launched for students.<ref name=dvalley>{{cite web |title=Dundas Valley School of Art |url=http://www.dvsa.ca/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226092147/http://www.dvsa.ca/ |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the area's young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school is known for having a keyboard studio, dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall.<ref name=hamcon>{{cite web |title=Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts |url=http://www.hcarts.ca/ |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008074155/http://www.hcarts.ca/ |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamilton is home to two [[think tanks]], the Centre for Cultural Renewal and Cardus, which deals with social architecture, culture, urbanology, economics and education and also publishes the ''LexView Policy Journal'' and ''Comment Magazine''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardus.ca |title=Cardus |work=Cardus.ca |access-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810165314/https://www.cardus.ca/ |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{See also|Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario|List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario}}
The primary highways serving Hamilton are [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]], the [[QEW]], the [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]], and the [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]]. Other highways connecting Hamilton include [[Highway 5 (Ontario)|Highway 5]], [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|Highway 6]] and [[Highway 8 (Ontario)|Highway 8]]. Public transportation is provided by the [[Hamilton Street Railway]], which operates an extensive local bus system. Hamilton and [[Metrolinx]] will build a provincially-funded [[Light rail|LRT]] line ([[Hamilton LRT]]) in the 2020s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-budget-1.5094808 |title=Provincial budget confirms - again - that Hamilton will get LRT |last=Craggs |first=Samantha |date=April 11, 2019 |work=CBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625020957/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-budget-1.5094808 |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
Intercity public transportation, including frequent service to Toronto, is provided by [[GO Transit]]. The [[Hamilton GO Centre]] (formerly the [[Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway]] station), as well as [[Confederation GO Station]] and [[West Harbour GO Station]] are three [[commuter rail]] stations on the [[Lakeshore West line]] of GO Transit that serve the city, with the latter having hourly service to Toronto. Regional bus services operated by GO Transit also run to [[Brantford]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], and cities along the [[Ontario Highway 407]]. [[Aldershot GO Station|Aldershot station]] in nearby [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]], is the intercity ([[Via Rail]]) station for both Burlington and Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: Hamilton-Toronto GO Transit service impacted amid anticipated ridership drop |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Global News |language=en-CA |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140527/https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1940s, the [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] was a wartime air force training station. Today, managed by TradePort International Corporation, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has grown from 90,000 in 1996 to approximately 900,000 in 2002 with mostly domestic and vacation destinations in the United States, Mexico and Central America. The airport's mid-term growth target for its passenger service is five million air travellers annually. The airport's air cargo sector has 24–7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000&nbsp;[[metric tonnes]] (100,000&nbsp;[[Short ton|tons]]) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include [[United Parcel Service]] and Cargojet Canada.<ref name=airport2>{{cite web |title=2009 Annual Report |publisher=John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport |url=http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |access-date=October 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021951/http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2003, the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive [[aerotropolis]] industrial park centred on Hamilton Airport. Advocates of the aerotropolis proposal, now known as the ''Airport Employment Growth District'', tout it as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.<ref name=AirportB>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Gord |title=Energy City |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=December 18, 2007}}</ref> The closest other international airport to Hamilton is [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], located northeast of the city in [[Mississauga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Ontario asks federal government to make interprovincial travellers take COVID-19 tests |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests/ |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Toronto |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132838/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-asks-federal-government-to-make-interprovincial-travellers-take-covid-19-tests-1.5403698 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop {{convert|1000|ha|acre|-2}} of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could create an estimated 90,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed [[aerotropolis]] industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers.<ref name=Airport2>{{cite news |last=McacIntyre |first=Nicole |title=Airport land 'key to future' |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |date=April 16, 2007}}</ref>

Hamilton also plays a major role in Ontario's marine shipping industry as the [[Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority|Port of Hamilton]] is Ontario's busiest port handling between 9 and 12 million tonnes of cargo annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Summary Report of Sustainability Actions in 2018 |url=http://hamiltonharbour.ca/resources/documents/2018_HPA_SustainabilityRept_web.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=[[Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority|Hamilton Port Authority]] |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132840/http://hamiltonharbour.ca/resources/documents/2018_HPA_SustainabilityRept_web.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Major highways====
* {{jcon|hwy|403||city=}}
* {{jcon|hwy|QEW||city=}}
* [[File:RHVP_Shield.png|32x32px]] [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]] 
* [[File:LINC_Shield.png|32x32px]] [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]]
* {{jcon|hwy|5||city=}}
* {{jcon|hwy|6||city=}}
* {{jcon|hwy|8||city=}}

===Health===
[[File:Juravinski mainentrance.jpg|thumb|Margaret & Charles Juravinski Centre for Integrated Healthcare at the West 5th Campus; 2016.]]
The city is served by the [[Hamilton Health Sciences]] hospital network of five hospitals with more than 1,100 beds: [[Hamilton General Hospital]], [[Juravinski Hospital]], [[McMaster University Medical Centre]] (which includes [[McMaster Children's Hospital]]), [[St. Peter's Hospital, Hamilton|St. Peter's Hospital]] and West Lincoln Memorial Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/about-us/our-organization/our-history/ |title=Our History |publisher=Hamilton Health Sciences |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709214850/https://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/about-us/our-organization/our-history/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other buildings under Hamilton Health Sciences include [[Juravinski Cancer Centre]], Regional Rehabilitation Centre, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, and the West End Clinic and Urgent Care Centre. Hamilton Health Sciences is the largest employer in the Hamilton area and serves as academic teaching hospital affiliated with [[McMaster University]] and [[Mohawk College]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hamiltonchamber.ca/member/hamilton-health-sciences/ |title=Hamilton Health Sciences &#124; Hamilton Chamber of Commerce |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709215404/https://www.hamiltonchamber.ca/member/hamilton-health-sciences/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The only hospital in Hamilton not under Hamilton Health Sciences is [[St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton]], which has 777 beds and three campuses (Charlton Campus, King Campus, and West 5th Campus).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact - St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton |url=https://www.stjoes.ca/Contact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317040349/https://www.stjoes.ca/contact |archive-date=March 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton |language=EN |url-status=live }}</ref> This healthcare group provides inpatient and outpatient services, and mental illness or addiction help.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/melissa-farrell-named-new-president-of-st-joseph-s-healthcare-hamilton-895497542.html |title=Melissa Farrell named new President of St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton |publisher=newswire.ca |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709180317/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/melissa-farrell-named-new-president-of-st-joseph-s-healthcare-hamilton-895497542.html |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stjoes.ca/about/get-to-know-st.-joe-s/our-vital-statistics?resourceID=3192 |title=Our Vital Statistics |website=St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516102032/http://www.stjoes.ca/about/get-to-know-st.-joe-s/our-vital-statistics?resourceID=3192 |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
The City of Hamilton is twinned with ten [[Sister city|sister cities]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Twinning (City Wide) (FCS06049) Referred from Corporate Administration Committee on March 23, 2005 |url=http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/56D8FE88-414D-452E-9C18-AB66450CC434/0/May17FCS06049CityTwinning.pdf |access-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628030233/http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/56D8FE88-414D-452E-9C18-AB66450CC434/0/May17FCS06049CityTwinning.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NUEVO LEÓN |url=https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=portales.sre.gob.mx |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010611/https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=カナダハミルトン市(ダンダス)中高生派遣交流事業{{!}}加賀市 |url=https://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/soshiki/sangyoshinkou/kankokouryu/2/kokusai/1308.html |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp |language=ja |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628030234/https://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/soshiki/sangyoshinkou/kankokouryu/2/kokusai/1308.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Shawinigan]], [[Québec|Quebec]], Canada (1958)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Kaga, Ishikawa|Kaga]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], Japan (1968)
** Sister City agreement originally with [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Ontario]].
** Converted to sister city agreement with the City of Hamilton following Dundas's amalgamation into Hamilton.
* {{flagdeco|India}} [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India (1968)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan (1975)
* {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Racalmuto]], [[Sicily]], Italy (1987)
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Ma'anshan|Ma'Anshan]], [[Anhui]], China (1987)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Michigan]], United States (1987)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]], [[Florida]], United States (1991)
* {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Valle Peligna]], [[Abruzzo]], Italy (1991)
* {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[Monterrey]], [[Nuevo León]], Mexico (1993)

==See also==
* [[Hamilton City Council (Ontario)|Hamilton City Council]]
* [[Auchmar (Hamilton, Ontario)|Auchmar House]]
* [[List of people from Hamilton, Ontario|List of people from Hamilton]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hamilton (Ontario)|Hamilton, Ontario}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Hamilton|Cool=}}
{{Navboxes|list ={{Geographic location<!-- This geographic box is for DIRECTLY ADJACENT municipalities as standardized for all other municipalities. -->
 | Centre    = Hamilton
 | North     = [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]]
 | Northeast = ''[[Lake Ontario]]''
 | East      = [[Grimsby, Ontario|Grimsby]]<br />[[West Lincoln, Ontario|West Lincoln]]
 | Southeast =
 | South     = [[Haldimand County]]
 | Southwest = [[County of Brant|Brant]]
 | West      = [[North Dumfries, Ontario|North Dumfries]]
 | Northwest = [[Puslinch, Ontario|Puslinch]], [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]]
}}
{{Roads in Hamilton, Ontario}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{Subdivisions of Ontario}}}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hamilton, Ontario| ]]
[[Category:1810s establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Cities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Niagara Escarpment]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1810s]]
[[Category:Populated places on Lake Ontario in Canada]]
[[Category:Port settlements in Ontario]]
[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)]]