View source for Haddock

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{About|a fish|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image2 = Haddock, Boston Aquarium.JPG
| image2_caption = Haddock at the [[New England Aquarium]]
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Sobel, J. |year=1996 |title=''Melanogrammus aeglefinus''|page=e.T13045A3406968 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T13045A3406968.en |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Melanogrammus
| parent_authority = [[Theodore Gill|T. N. Gill]], 1862
| species = aeglefinus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms =
* ''Gadus aeglefinus'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
* ''Morhua aeglefinus'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
* ''Aeglefinus linnei'' <small>[[August Wilhelm Malm|Malm]], 1877</small>
}}

The '''haddock''' ('''''Melanogrammus aeglefinus''''') is a [[saltwater]] [[ray-finned fish]] from the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gadidae]], the true [[cods]]. It is the only species in the [[Monotypy|monotypic]] [[genus]] ''Melanogrammus''. It is found in the North [[Atlantic Ocean]] and associated seas, where it is an important species for fisheries, especially in northern Europe, where it is marketed fresh, frozen and [[Smoked fish|smoked]]; smoked varieties include the [[Finnan haddie]] and the [[Arbroath smokie]].  Other smoked versions include long boneless, the fileted side of larger haddock smoked in oak chips with the skin left on the fillet.

==Description==

[[File: Melanogrammus aeglefinus.png|thumb]]
The haddock has the elongated, tapering body shape typical of members of the cod family.<ref name = Marlin>{{cite web | url = https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/79 | author = Barnes, M.K.S. | year = 2008 | title = ''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' Haddock | editor1 = Tyler-Walters H. | editor2 = Hiscock K.| work = Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews| publisher = Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom | access-date = 13 April 2018}}</ref> It has a relatively small mouth which does not extend to below the eye; with the lower profile of the face being straight and the upper profile slightly rounded, this gives its snout a characteristic wedge-shaped profile. The upper jaw projects beyond the lower more so than in the [[Atlantic cod]].<ref name = gma>{{cite web | url = http://www.gma.org/fogm/Melanogrammus_aeglefinus.htm | title = Haddock ''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = United States Fish and Wildlife Service | work = Fishes of the Gulf of Maine | author1 = Henry B. Bigelow | author2 = William C. Schroeder | name-list-style=amp | year = 1953}}</ref> There is a rather small barbel on the chin.<ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Melanogrammus|aeglefinus|month=February|year=2018}}</ref> There are three [[dorsal fin]]s, the first being triangular in shape<ref name = BSF>{{cite web | url = https://britishseafishing.co.uk/haddock/ | title = Haddock | date = 20 August 2012 | access-date = 7 January 2019 | publisher = British Sea Fishing }}</ref> and these dorsal fins have 14 to 17 fin rays in the first, 20 to 24 in the second, and 19 to 22 in the third. There are also two [[anal fin]]s and in these there are 21 to 25 fin rays in the first and 20 to 24 fin rays in the second.<ref name = gma/> The anal and dorsal fins are all separated from each other.<ref name = FAO>{{cite book | editor1 = Daniel M. Cohen | editor2 = Tadashi Inada | editor3 = Tomio Iwamoto | editor4 = Nadia Scialabba | name-list-style=amp | year = 1990 | title = VOL. 10 Gadiform Fishes of the World (Order Gadiformes) An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date | publisher = [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations | isbn = 978-92-5-102890-2 | pages = 54–55 | url = http://www.fao.org/3/T0243E/t0243e.pdf | access-date = 2 April 2018 }}</ref> The pelvic fins are small with an elongated first fin ray.<ref name = Wheeler>{{cite book | author = Alwyne Wheeler | year = 1992 | title = The Pocket Guide to Salt Water Fishes of Britain and Europe | publisher = Parkgate Books | edition = 1997 | isbn = 978-1855853645 | page = 47| author-link = Alwynne Cooper Wheeler }}</ref>

The upper side of the haddock's body varies in colour from dark grey brown to nearly black while the lower part of the body is dull silvery white. It has a distinctive black [[lateral line]] contrasting with the whitish background colour and which curves slightly over the [[pectoral fin]]s. It also has a distinctive oval black blotch or ‘thumbprint’, sometimes called the "Devil's thumbprint",<ref name = FOC>{{cite web | url = http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/sustainable-durable/fisheries-peches/haddock-aiglefin-eng.htm | title = Haddock | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Fisheries and Oceans Canada}}</ref> which sits between the lateral line and the pectoral fin,<ref name = FAOCDR>{{cite web | url = http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5939e/x5939e01.htm | title = The haddock | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | author = Torry Research Station | archive-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226100838/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5939e/x5939e01.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> a feature which leads to the name of the genus ''Melanogrammus'' which derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''"melanos"'' meaning "black" and ''"gramma"'' meaning letter or signal.<ref name = FishBase/> The dorsal, pectoral, and [[caudal fin]]s are dark grey in colour while the anal fins are pale matching the colour of the silvery sides, with black speckles at their bases. The pelvic fins are white with a variable amount of black spots. Occasionally there are differently coloured variants recorded which may be barred, golden on the back or lack the dark shoulder blotch.<ref name = gma/>

The longest haddock recorded was {{convert|94|cm|in|abbr=off}} in length and weighed {{convert|11|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. However, haddock are rarely over {{convert|80|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in length and the vast majority of haddocks caught in the United Kingdom measure between {{convert|30|and|70|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}.<ref name = FAOCDR/> In eastern [[Canada]] waters, haddock range in size from {{convert|38|to|69|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|0.9|to|1.8|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} in weight.<ref name=FOC/>

==Distribution==
The haddock has populations on either side of the north Atlantic but it is more abundant in the eastern Atlantic than it is on the North American side. In the north-east Atlantic it occurs from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to [[Spitzbergen]]; however, it is most abundant north of the [[English Channel]]. It also occurs around [[Novaya Zemlya]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in the Arctic.<ref name="FAO" /> The largest stocks are in the [[North Sea]], off the [[Faroe Islands]], off [[Iceland]] and the coast of Norway but these are discrete populations with little interchange between them. Off North America, the haddock is found from western [[Greenland]] south to [[Cape Hatteras]], but the main commercially fished stock occurs from [[Cape Cod]] and the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]].<ref name = FAOCDR/>

==Habitat and biology==
[[File:Haddock fins.tiff|thumb|left|[[Fish fin|Fins]], [[barbel (anatomy)|barbel]] and [[lateral line]] on a haddock. Haddock have three [[dorsal fin]]s and two [[anal fin]]s.]]
The haddock is a [[demersal fish|demersal species]] which occurs at depths from {{convert|10|to|450|m|ft fathom|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, although it is most frequently recorded at {{convert|80|to|200|m|ft fathom|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. It is found over substrates made up of rock, sand, gravel or shells and it prefers temperatures of between {{convert|4|and|10|°C|°F}}. Off Iceland and in the Barents Sea, haddock undergo extensive migrations, but in the north western Atlantic its movements are more restricted, consisting of movements to and from their spawning areas. They reach sexual maturity at 4 years old in males and 5 years old in females, except for the population in the North Sea which matures at ages of 2 years in males and 3 years in females. The overall sex ratio is roughly 1:1, but in shallower areas, females predominate, while the males show a preference for waters further offshore.<ref name = FAO/>

The fecundity of the females varies with size: a fish of {{convert|25|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} length bears 55,000 eggs while a fish at {{convert|91|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} has 1,841,000 eggs. Spawning takes place from depths of around {{convert|50|to|150|m|ft fathom|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. In the northwestern Atlantic spawning lasts from January to July, although it does not occur simultaneously in all areas, and in the northeastern Atlantic the spawning season runs from February to June, peaking in March and April.<ref name = FAO/> The eggs are pelagic with a diameter of {{convert|1.2|to|1.7|mm|in|frac=128}}, and they take one to three weeks to hatch. Following metamorphosis, the past larval fish remain pelagic until they attain a length of around {{convert|7|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, when they settle to a demersal habit.<ref name="ICES">{{cite web |title=Haddock |url=http://www.ices.dk/explore-us/projects/EU-RFP/EU%20Repository/ICES%20FIshMap/ICES%20FishMap%20species%20factsheet-haddock.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063505/http://www.ices.dk/explore-us/projects/EU-RFP/EU%20Repository/ICES%20FIshMap/ICES%20FishMap%20species%20factsheet-haddock.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |work=ICES Fish Map |publisher=[[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea]]}}</ref> Their growth rate shows considerable regional variation and fish at one year old can measure {{convert|17|to|19|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, at 2 years old {{convert|25|to|36|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, up to {{convert|75|to|82|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} at 13 years old. Their lifespan is around 14 years.<ref name = FAO/> The most important spawning grounds are in the waters off the central coast of [[Norway]], off the southwest of [[Iceland]], and over the [[Georges Bank]].<ref name = ICES/><ref name = NOAA/> The fish which spawn in inshore waters are normally smaller and younger fish than those which occur in offshore areas. The younger fish have a spawning season which is less than half of that of the larger and older stock offshore. Once hatched the larvae do not appear to travel far from their spawning grounds, however some larvae spawning off the west coast of [[Scotland]] are transported into the North Sea through the [[Fair Isle]]-[[Shetland]] Gap or to the northeast of Shetland.<ref name = ScotGov>{{cite web | url = http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marine-environment/species/fish/demersal/haddock | title = Haddock | access-date = 13 April 2018 | publisher = [[Scottish Government]] Riaghaltas na h-Alba | work = Topics Marine & Fisheries | archive-date = 14 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200314193902/https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marine-environment/species/fish/demersal/haddock | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In their larval stages, haddock mainly feed on the immature stages of [[copepod]]s, [[Ostracod|ostracods]] and [[limacina]] with their diet changing as they grow, moving on to larger pelagic prey such as [[Amphipoda|amphipods]], [[Krill|euphausiids]], eggs of invertebrates, zoea larvae of [[Decapoda|decapods]] and increasing numbers of copepods.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Bastrikin |first1=Dorota K. |last2=Gallego |first2=Alejandro |last3=Millar |first3=Colin P. |last4=Priede |first4=Imants G. |last5=Jones |first5=Emma G. |date=2014-10-01 |title=Settlement length and temporal settlement patterns of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) in a northern North Sea coastal nursery area |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/71/8/2101/753583 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=2101–2113 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsu029 |issn=1095-9289|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowlands |first1=William Ll. |last2=Dickey-Collas |first2=Mark |last3=Geffen |first3=Audrey J. |last4=Nash |first4=Richard D.M. |date=July 2008 |title=Diet overlap and prey selection through metamorphosis in Irish Sea cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/F08-041 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=1297–1306 |doi=10.1139/F08-041 |bibcode=2008CJFAS..65.1297R |issn=0706-652X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Once they have reached the settled, demersal, post-larval stage, they gradually switch from pelagic to [[benthic]] prey.<ref name=":5" />  Adults primarily feed on benthic invertebrates such as [[sea urchins]], [[Brittle star|brittlestar]]s, [[Bivalvia|bivalves]] and worms,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schückel |first1=S. |last2=Ehrich |first2=S. |last3=Kröncke |first3=I. |last4=Reiss |first4=H. |date=July 2010 |title=Linking prey composition of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus to benthic prey availability in three different areas of the northern North Sea |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02657.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=98–118 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02657.x |pmid=20646141 |bibcode=2010JFBio..77...98S |issn=0022-1112|url-access=subscription }}</ref> however, they will feed opportunistically on smaller fish such as [[capelin]], [[Sand eel|sandeels]] and ''[[Trisopterus esmarkii|'''Norway pout''']].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jónsdóttir |first1=I G |last2=Björnsson |first2=B |last3=Ragnarsson |first3=S á |last4=Elvarsson |first4=B þ |last5=Sólmundsson |first5=J |date=2024-04-25 |editor-last=Ojaveer |editor-first=Henn |title=Spatial distributional shifts and associated body condition changes of haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) following population expansion |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/81/3/587/7219434 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=587–599 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsad108 |issn=1054-3139|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adlerstein |first=S |date=June 2002 |title=Comparison of stomach contents of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from the 1981 and 1991 North Sea International Stomach Sampling Projects |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=497–515 |doi=10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197|bibcode=2002ICJMS..59..497A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Juvenile haddock are an important prey for larger demersal fish, including other [[Gadiformes|gadoids]], while seals prey on the larger fish.

The recorded growth rates of haddock underwent significant change over the 30 to 40 years up to 2011.<ref name = ICES/> Growth has been more rapid in recent years, with haddock attaining adult size much earlier than was noted 30–40 years ago. However, the degree to which these larger, younger fish contribute to reproductive success of the population is unknown. The growth rates of haddock, however, have slowed in recent years. There is some evidence which indicates that these slower growth rates may be the result of an exceptionally large year class in 2003.<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web | url = http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/crd/crd0216/ | title = NEFSC Ref Doc | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = NOAA}}</ref> The haddock stock periodically has higher than normal productivity; for example in 1962 and 1967, and to a lesser extent, 1974 and 1999. These result in a more southerly distribution of the fish and have a strong effect on the biomass of the spawning stock, but because of high fishing mortality, these revivals do not have any lasting effect on the population. In general, there was above average recruitment from the 1960s up to the early 1980s, similar to recruitment for Atlantic cod and [[Merlangius merlangus|whiting]], this has been called the ''gadoid outburst''. There was strong recruitment in 1999 but since then, the recruitment rate has been very low.<ref name = ICES/>

==Parasites==
Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example, the [[cod worm]], ''Lernaeocera branchialis'', starts life as a [[copepod]], a small, free-swimming crustacean [[larva]]. The first host used by cod worm is a [[flatfish]] or [[lumpsucker]], which they capture with grasping hooks at the front of their bodies. They penetrate the lumpsucker with a thin [[wiktionary:filament|filament]] which they use to suck its blood. The nourished cod worms then mate on the lumpsucker.<ref name="Matthews">Matthews B (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=UILMlQpNVCYC&q=%22An+Introduction+to+Parasitology%22 ''An Introduction to Parasitology''] Page 73–74. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-57691-8}}.</ref><ref name="Piper">{{cite book

|year=2007
|title=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
|url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=9780313339226
}}</ref>

The female worm, with her now fertilized eggs, then finds a cod, or a cod-like fish such as a haddock or [[Whiting (fish)|whiting]]. There, the worm clings to the [[gill]]s while it metamorphoses into a plump, sinusoidal, wormlike body, with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear. The front part of the worm's body penetrates the body of the cod until it enters the rear bulb of the host's [[heart]]. There, firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the parasite develops like the branches of a tree, reaching into the main [[artery]]. In this way, the worm extracts nutrients from the cod's blood, remaining safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover until it releases a new generation of offspring into the water.<ref name=ICES /><ref name="Matthews" /><ref name="Piper" />

==Taxonomy and etymology==
The haddock was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Gadus aeglefinus'' in 1758 by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] in the 10th edition of volume one of his ''[[Systema naturae]]'' with a [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as "European seas".<ref name = Coffs>{{Cof record | spid = 12355 | title = ''Gadus aeglefinus'' | access-date = 6 June 2020}}</ref> In 1862 [[Theodore Nicholas Gill]] created the genus ''Melanogrammus'' with ''M. aeglefinus'' as its only species.<ref name = CofFG>{{Cof record | genid = 3044 | title = ''Melanogrammus'' | access-date = 6 June 2020}}</ref> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies the haddock within the [[subfamily]] [[Gadinae]], the typical cods, of the family Gadidae, which is within the [[Superfamily (biology)|superfamily]] [[Gadoidea]] of the order Gadiformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=299–302 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref>

The generic name ''Melanogrammus'' means "black line", a reference to the black lateral line of this species. The specific name is a [[Latinisation of names|latinisation]] of the vernacular names ''egrefin'' and ''eglefin'', used in France and England.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/gadiformes2/ | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 19 April 2020 | title= Order Gadiformes: Families Euclichthyidae, Moridae, Macruronidae, Merulcciidae, Ranicipitidae, Bregnacerotidae, Muraenolepididae and Gadidae | access-date = 6 June 2020 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

==Fisheries==
[[File:Haddock landings east.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Landings of haddock in the eastern Atlantic in the period 1980–2022. Data from ICES.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus_in_Division_5_a_Iceland_grounds_/21828339/1 |title=Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in Division 5.a (Iceland grounds) |date=2023-06-09 |publisher=ICES Advice: Recurrent Advice |doi=10.17895/ices.advice.21828339 |language=en |last1=ICES }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus_in_Division_7_a_Irish_Sea_/21840801/1 |title=Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in Division 7.a (Irish Sea) |date=2023-06-30 |publisher=ICES Advice: Recurrent Advice |doi=10.17895/ices.advice.21840801 |language=en |last1=ICES }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite report |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus_in_Division_5_b_Faroes_grounds_/21907938/1 |title=Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in Division 5.b (Faroes grounds) |date=2023-11-24 |publisher=ICES Advice: Recurrent Advice |doi=10.17895/ices.advice.21907938 |language=en |last1=ICES }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite report |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus_in_Divisions_7_b-k_southern_Celtic_Seas_and_English_Channel_/21840807/1 |title=Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in Divisions 7.b-k (southern Celtic Seas and English Channel)  |date=2023-06-30 |publisher=ICES Advice: Recurrent Advice |doi=10.17895/ices.advice.21840807 |language=en |last1=ICES }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite report |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus_in_Subarea_4_Division_6_a_and_Subdivision_20_North_Sea_West_of_Scotland_Skagerrak_/21840795/1 |title=Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in Subarea 4, Division 6.a, and Subdivision 20 (North Sea, West of Scotland, Skagerrak) |date=2023-06-30 |publisher=ICES Advice: Recurrent Advice |doi=10.17895/ices.advice.21840795 |language=en |last1=ICES }}</ref>]]
Haddock is fished year-round using gear such as Danish [[Seine fishing|seine net]]s, [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]], [[Longline fishing|long lines]] and [[Gillnetting|gill nets]] and is often caught in mixed species fishery with other [[groundfish]] species such as [[cod]] and whiting. The main fishing grounds in the eastern Atlantic are in the [[Barents Sea]], around [[Iceland]], around the [[Faroe Islands|Faeroe Islands]], in the [[North Sea]], [[Celtic Sea]], and in the [[English Channel]]. Landings in the eastern Atlantic have fluctuated around 200–350 thousand tonnes in the period 1980–2017. During the 1980s, the largest portion of the catch was taken at Rockall but from about 2000, the majority of the catch is caught in the Barents Sea. All the stocks in eastern Atlantic are assessed by [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], which publish a recommendations on an annual basis for Total Allowable Catch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Haddock landings west.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Landings of haddock in the western Atlantic in the period 1960–2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAO |date=2024 |title=Global Capture Production. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. [Cited Friday, April 26th 2024]. |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/capture?lang=en}}</ref>]]
In the western Atlantic the eastern Georges Bank haddock stock is jointly assessed on an annual basis by Canada and the United States and the stock is collaboratively managed through the Canada–United States Transboundary Management Guidance Committee, which was established in 2000. The commercial catch of haddock in North America was approximately 40–60 thousand tonnes per year between 1920 and 1960. This declined sharply in the late 1960s to between 5 and 30 thousand tonnes per year. Despite a few good years post-1970, landings have not returned to historical levels.<ref name="NOAA" />

Haddock currently resides on the Greenpeace seafood red list due to concerns regarding the impact of bottom trawls on the marine environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-indonesia/campaigns/Laut/seafood/red-list-of-species/|title=Greenpeace International|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704140252/https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-indonesia/campaigns/Laut/seafood/red-list-of-species/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In contrast, Monterey Bay Aquarium considers haddock a "good alternative".<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.seafoodwatch.org/search?q=Haddock |title=Haddock| access-date =15 February 2021| publisher =Monterey Bay Aquarium}}</ref> Many haddock fisheries have been certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.msc.org|title=MSC}}</ref> All seven stocks assessed in the eastern Atlantic are currently considered by ICES to be harvested sustainably. The haddock populations in the western Atlantic (offshore grounds of [[Georges Bank]] off [[New England]] and [[Nova Scotia]]) are also considered to be harvested sustainably.<ref name = TS>{{cite web | url = https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/27476/title/The-Great-Haddock-Revival/ | title = The Great Haddock Revival | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = The Scientist | author = Kirsten Weir | date = July 2009}}</ref>

==As food==
{{See also|Cod as food}}
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Haddock, roast| kJ=469 | protein=24.24 g | fat=0.93 g | carbs=0.0 g | fiber= 0.0 g | | iron_mg=1.35 | calcium_mg=42 | magnesium_mg=50 | phosphorus_mg=241 | potassium_mg=399 | zinc_mg=0.48 | vitC_mg=0.00 | pantothenic_mg=0.150 | vitB6_mg=0.346 | folate_ug=13 | thiamin_mg=0.040 | riboflavin_mg=0.045 | niacin_mg=4.632 | source_usda=1 }}
Haddock is very popular as a food fish. It is sold fresh or preserved by smoking, freezing, drying, or to a small extent canning. Haddock, along with [[Atlantic cod]] and [[plaice]], is one of the most popular fish used in British [[fish and chips]].<ref name="F&C2">{{cite web|url=http://www.seafish.org/plate/fishandchips.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050658/http://www.seafish.org/plate/fishandchips.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2008|title=Fish and chips|publisher=Seafish Business to Business Website|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>[[File:10th May 2012 Smoked Haddock.jpg|thumb|left|Smoked haddock served with [[onion]]s and [[capsicum|red peppers]]]] When fresh, the flesh of haddock is clean and white and its cooking is often similar to that of cod.<ref name="BSF" /> A fresh haddock fillet will be firm and translucent and hold together well but less fresh fillets will become nearly opaque.<ref name="SSF">{{cite web | url = http://sevenseasfoods.com/products/whole-fish-seafood/haddock | title = Products > Whole Fish & Seafood > Haddock ''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = SevenSeasFoods | archive-date = 14 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234239/http://sevenseasfoods.com/products/whole-fish-seafood/haddock | url-status = dead }}</ref> Young, fresh haddock and cod fillets are often sold as [[scrod]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]];<ref name="RG">{{cite web | url = https://www.reluctantgourmet.com/cod-or-scrod-whats-the-difference/ | title = Cod or Scrod – What's the Difference? | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Reluctant Gourmet | author = G. Stephen Jones | date = 23 July 2010}}</ref> this refers to the size of the fish which have a variety of sizes, i.e., scrod, markets, and cows.<ref name="rastelli">{{cite web | url = http://www.rastelliseafood.com/POS/POS%20Fresh%20Haddock.pdf | title = Haddock | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Rastelli Seafood | archive-date = 14 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234411/http://www.rastelliseafood.com/POS/POS%20Fresh%20Haddock.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Haddock is the predominant fish of choice in Scotland in a fish supper.<ref name="SEK">{{cite web | url = http://www.scotlands-enchanting-kingdom.com/traditional-fish-and-chips-in-batter.html | title = Traditional Fish and Chips in Batter | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Scotland's Enchanted Kingdom}}</ref> It is also the main ingredient of Norwegian fishballs (''fiskeboller'').<ref name="Webb">{{cite book | author1 = Lois Sinaiko Webb | author2 = Lindsay Grace Cardella | name-list-style=amp | year = 2011 | title = Holidays of the World Cookbook for Students, 2nd Edition: Updated and Revised | page = 2018 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 978-0313383946}}</ref> Unlike cod, haddock is not an appropriate fish for [[Salted fish|salting]] and preservation is more commonly effected by [[Dried fish|drying]] and [[Smoked fish|smoking]].<ref name="AllFish">{{cite web | url = http://www.allfishingbuy.com/Fish-Species/Haddock.htm | title = Haddock fish identification, its habitats, characteristics, fishing methods | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = All Fishing Guide}}</ref>

The smoking of haddock was highly refined in [[Grimsby]]. [[Traditional Grimsby smoked fish]] (mainly haddock, but sometimes cod) is produced in the traditional smokehouses in Grimsby, which are mostly family-run businesses that have developed their skills over many generations.<ref name="gtfs">[http://www.gtfsgroup.co.uk/history.html Grimsby Traditional Fish Smokers Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903070347/http://www.gtfsgroup.co.uk/history.html |date=3 September 2010 }}</ref> Grimsby fish market sources its haddock from the North East Atlantic, principally Iceland, Norway and the Faroe Islands. These fishing grounds are sustainably managed<ref name="ice">[http://www.ices.dk/committe/acom/comwork/report/2010/Special%20Requests/Icelandic%20cod%20management%20plan.pdf Icelandic Request on the Evaluation of Icelandic Cod and Haddock Management Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206231019/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acom/comwork/report/2010/Special%20Requests/Icelandic%20cod%20management%20plan.pdf |date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> and have not seen the large scale depreciation in fish stocks seen in EU waters.<ref name="eu">[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0331 European Commission, Communication on Fishing Opportunities for 2009. May 2008]</ref>

One popular form of haddock is [[Finnan haddie]] which is named after the fishing village of [[Findon, Aberdeenshire|Finnan or Findon]] in Scotland, where the fish was originally cold-smoked over smouldering [[peat]]. Finnan haddie is often [[poaching (cooking)|poached]] in milk and served for [[breakfast]].<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Food%20Recipes&vxClipId=1380_SMG1149&vxBitrate=300 Full recipe for Finnan Haddie from Scottish chef John Quigley] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024113234/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Food%20Recipes&vxClipId=1380_SMG1149&vxBitrate=300 |date=24 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name = rampantscotland>{{cite web | url = http://www.rampantscotland.com/recipes/blrecipe_finnan.htm | title = Traditional Scottish Recipes - Finnan Haddie | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = RampantScotland}}</ref>

The town of [[Arbroath]] on the east coast of Scotland produces the [[Arbroath smokie]]. This is a hot-smoked haddock which requires no further cooking before eating.<ref name = Smokie>{{cite web | url = http://www.arbroathsmokies.net/what-is-a-smokie.html | title = What Is A 'Smokie?' | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = Iain R Spink "The Smokie Man" | archive-date = 30 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121230001621/http://www.arbroathsmokies.net/what-is-a-smokie.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Smoked haddock is naturally an off-white colour and it is frequently [[dye]]d yellow, as are other smoked fish. Smoked haddock is the essential ingredient in the Anglo-Indian dish [[kedgeree]],<ref name = BSF/> and also in the Scottish dish [[Cullen skink]], a [[chowder]]-like soup.<ref name = BBC>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/cullenskink_92467 | title = Cullen skink | access-date = 14 April 2018 | publisher = [[BBC]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Alan Davidson, ''North Atlantic Seafood'', 1979, {{ISBN|0-670-51524-8}}.
* [http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/haddock/species_pages/haddock.htm Haddock]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119150938/http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/haddock/species_pages/haddock.htm |date=19 January 2013 }}. ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|haddock}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Melanogrammus aeglefinus|''Melanogrammus aeglefinus''}}
* {{Cookbook-inline|Haddock}}

{{Commercial fish topics}}
{{Meat}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q202406|from2=Q17379593}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Gadidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]