View source for HP Series 80

{{Short description|1980 Hewlett-Packard small scientific desktop computer}}
[[File:Running HP 85 with BASIC listing, 2012.jpg|thumb|300px|A running HP-85 with a BASIC listing on its screen]]
[[File:HP85B.jpg|right|thumb|300px|HP-85B]]
The '''Hewlett-Packard Series 80''' of small scientific desktop computers was introduced in 1980, beginning with the popular HP-85 targeted at engineering and control applications. They provided the capability of the [[HP 9800 series]] desktop computers with an integrated monitor in a smaller package including storage and printer, at half the price.

==Features==
[[Image:HP86B_with_9121_Disk.jpg|right|thumb|300px|HP-86B with 9121 dual diskette drive]]

The first model of the Series 80 was the HP-85, introduced in January 1980.{{r|lynch198007}} ''[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]]'' wrote "we were impressed with the performance ... the graphics alone make this an attractive, albeit not inexpensive, alternate to existing small systems on the market ... it is our guess that many personal computer experimenters and hackers will want this machine."{{r|morgan198003}}

In a typewriter-style desktop case, the {{US$|3250|1980|round=-2}} HP-85 contains the CPU and keyboard, with a ROM-based operating system (like the 9800 series), 16 [[kilobyte|KB]] [[Dynamic random-access memory|dynamic RAM]], a 5-inch [[Cathode-ray tube|CRT]] screen (16 lines of 32 characters, or 256×192 [[pixel]]s), a tape drive for [[DC100|DC-100]] cartridges ({{val|210|ul=KB}} capacity, {{val|650|ul=B/s}} transfer), and a thermal printer. Both the screen and printer display graphics in addition to text, and the printer can copy anything shown on the screen. The chassis includes four module slots in the back for expansion which can hold memory modules, ROM extensions, or interfaces such as [[RS-232]] and [[IEEE-488|GPIB]].<ref name="morgan198003">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1980-03/1980_03_BYTE_05-03_Computers_in_the_Labratory#page/n63/mode/2up | title=Hewlett-Packard's New Personal Computer | work=BYTE | date=March 1980 | accessdate=18 October 2013 | author=Morgan, Christopher P | pages=60}}</ref> 
All components were designed at the Hewlett-Packard ''Personal Computer Division'' in [[Corvallis, Oregon]], including the processor and core chipset.<ref name=lynch198007>{{cite journal |first=Todd R. |last=Lynch |title=A New World of Personal/Professional Computation |journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=3–7 |date=July 1980 |url=https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-07.pdf}}</ref>

Later models offered variations such as different or external displays, built-in interfaces or a rack-mountable enclosure (see table below for details).

The machines were built around an HP-proprietary [[Central processing unit|CPU]] code-named [[Capricorn (microprocessor)|Capricorn]] running at {{convert|625|kHz|MHz|abbr=on}}  and had a BASIC interpreter in ROM ({{val|32|u=KB}}).<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Custom LSI Approach to a Personal Compute |first=Todd R. |last=Lynch |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal |date=August 1980 |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=16–22 |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614065152/https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Programs could be stored on DC-100 cartridge tapes or on external disk/tape units.

Despite the comparatively low processor clock frequency, the machines were quite advanced compared to other desktop computers of the time,<ref>e.g. [[Apple II]] (1977), Tandy [[TRS-80]] (1977), [[Commodore PET|CBM 2001]] (1977), [[Zenith Z89]] (1980)</ref> in particular regarding software features relevant to technical and scientific use.  The standard number representation was a [[floating point]] format with a 12-digit (decimal) [[significand|mantissa]] and [[exponent]]s up to ±499.  The interpreter supported a full set of scientific functions ([[trigonometric functions]], [[logarithm]] etc.) at this accuracy.  The language supported two-dimensional arrays, and a ROM extension made high-level functions such as [[matrix multiplication]] and [[matrix inversion|inversion]] available.

For the larger HP-86 and HP-87 series, HP also offered a plug-in [[CP/M]] processor card with a separate [[Zilog Z80]] processor.<ref name="personalcomputerworld198210_hp86">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1982-10/page/n120/mode/1up | title=Hewlett Packard HP86 | magazine=Personal Computer World | last1=Pountain | first1=Dick | date=October 1982 | access-date=15 May 2024 | pages=122–124,126 }}</ref> HP would later embrace CP/M more substantially and release the HP-125 running CP/M 2.2 as standard.<ref name="personalcomputerworld198203_hp125">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1982-03/page/108/mode/2up | title=The Soft Machine HP-125 | magazine=Personal Computer World | last1=Pountain | first1=Dick | date=March 1982 | access-date=15 May 2024 | pages=108–111,190–191 }}</ref>

==Historical context==
The late 1970s saw the development of inexpensive home computers such as the [[Apple II]] and [[TRS-80]]. [[Steve Wozniak]], while working at HP, had developed the Apple computer in his spare time, with the idea of a computer that worked in BASIC when it was turned on. He offered HP rights to the Apple computer, but was turned down and was given a legal release. In an interview he did note that soon after that, the calculator division was starting an 8-bit computer project called Capricorn, and he wasn't allowed to work on that project.<ref>[http://apple2history.org/museum/articles/byte8412/ Byte Interview with Steve Wozniak]</ref> Ultimately, the market for desktop computing would go to [[IBM PC compatible]] personal computers with a floppy disk drive based operating system, and an industry standard [[Intel 8088]] processor  (the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] was announced shortly after the 80 series).

==Hardware==
===Models===
{{anchor|85|85A|85B|83|86|86A|86B|87|87XM|9915A|9915B}}
{| class=wikitable
!width="20%" | Model ||  Year  ||  Price  || Remarks
|-
| HP-85A || 1980 || $3,250<ref>{{US$|3250|1980|round=-2}} (see [http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/sahr.htm Inflation Conversion Factors for Dollars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230220607/http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/sahr.htm |date=2007-12-30 }})</ref> || 16 K RAM, 32 K ROM; 5" CRT, 32×16 text or 256×192 graphics; tape drive, printer
|-
|HP-83     || 1981 || $2,250<ref>{{US$|2250|1981|round=-2}} (ibid.)</ref>|| same as HP-85 without printer and tape drive
|-
|HP-86A    || 1982 || $1,795<ref>{{US$|1795|1982|round=-2}} (ibid.)</ref>|| external composite monitor, no tape drive or printer;<br>two interfaces for 9130 floppy and one [[IEEE 1284|Centronics printer port]] built in; 64 K RAM
|-
|HP-87     || 1982 || $2,495 || 9" 80×16 (256×128) display, no printer, no tape, built-in HPIB; 32 K RAM
|-
|HP-85B    || 1983 || $2,995<ref>{{cite web|title=Series 80 Personal Computer Price List, July 1, 1983|url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/document.php?catfile=410|accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref>
 || update to HP-85A; 64 K RAM (32 K program/variables, 32 K [[RAM disk]];<br>I/O, EDISK, and Mass Storage ROM built in
|-
|HP-86B    || 1983 || $1,595<ref>{{cite web|title=Series 80 Personal Computer Price List, July 1, 1983|url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/document.php?catfile=410|accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref> || update to HP-86; built-in HPIB instead of diskette and Centronics ports; 128 K RAM; EDISK ROM built-in
|-
|HP-87XM   || 1983 || $2,995<ref>{{US$|2995|1983|round=-2}} (ibid.)</ref> || update to HP-87; built-in HPIB; 128 K RAM
|-
|HP-9915A/B || 1980 || $1,675<ref>{{cite web|title=HP 9915A Pricing Information, December 1980|url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/document.php?hwfile=3354|accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref> || industrial rack-mount version of HP-85A/B without screen or keyboard, I/O ROM and Program Development ROM built in
|}

===ROM extensions===
[[Image:HP 92936A ROM Drawer.jpg|thumb|200px|right|82936A drawer with three ROM modules]]

''Note'': The HP-86/87 series used different ROMs (yellow labelling) from the 85/83 models (white labelling).

{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | 83/85 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | 86/87 ||Function || Description || ID<ref>"ID" refers to the internal ROM identification, i.e. the base address, which needs to be unique in the system.</ref>
|- 
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15003 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15003 || I/O || Access [[GPIB]], serial and parallel (GPIO) interfaces || 192
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15001  ||style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | built-in ||Mass storage || Access "[[HP 300|Amigo]]" compatible diskette/disk drives on GPIB.  Built into 85B and all 86/87 models. || 208
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15002 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15002 || Printer / plotter || Support for external printer/plotter (on 86/87 needed for plotter only) || 240
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15005 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15005  || Advanced programming|| Extended [[Rocky Mountain BASIC|Basic]] commands || 232,231
|-
| {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15012 ||Electronic disk || Use part of [[RAM disk|RAM as a disk drive]], built into 85B, 86B. || 209
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15004 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | 00087-15004 ||Matrix || Mathematical matrix operations including inversion (solving linear equation systems) || 176
|-
| {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | 00087-15004 ||Matrix 2 ||  Additional matrix operations || 177
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15007 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15007  ||Assembler || Edit and assemble Series 80 assembler source ||40
|-
| {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15011 ||MIKSAM || Indexed file record management || 14
|-
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00085-15013 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |00087-15013  ||EMS || ''Extended Mass Storage'', access to SS-80 compatible mass storage || 207
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 00085-60952 || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 00087-60912 ||Service - system || Diagnostic routines for service/maintenance || 224 
|-
| {{dunno}}          || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 00087-60913 || Service - HPIB   || Diagnostic routines for service/maintenance || 225
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| 98151A || {{n/a}} ||Program development || Support HP-9915 front panel, or to emulate it on an 83/85 || 8
|-
| {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"| AKSO-Sysext ||Sysext || System-Extension: structured programming, self modifying code, low level programmierung, made by Andre Koppel Software<ref>{{cite web|title=SYSEXT-ROM-Manual (german)|url=http://www.akso.de/fileadmin/Series_80/Sysext.pdf|accessdate=2016-04-27}}</ref>|| 56
|}

===Hardware extensions===

[[Image:HP 85 module slots.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rear of an HP-85B showing the four extension slots]]

{| class=wikitable
|width="12%" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82936A || [[Read-only memory|ROM]] drawer for up to six of the above ROMs (max one per unit)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82903A || 16 K memory module, for HP-85A only (max one per unit) Note: *Do not use with HP-85B, may cause damage*
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82908A || 64 K memory module, for HP-85B or HP-86/87
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82909A || 128 K memory module, for HP-85B or HP-86/87
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82900A ||  [[CP/M]] System (for HP-86/87 only).  Contains a [[Zilog Z80]] microprocessor and 64 [[kilobyte]]s dedicated RAM.
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82928A || System monitor for assembly development. Sets break-points for debugging.
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82929A || Programmable ROM drawer for standard [[EPROM]]s
|-
|}

===Interfaces===
[[Image:HP 82940A GPIO Interface interior.jpg|thumb|200px|right|82940A GPIO Interface, enclosure removed]]

The interface modules for the Series 80 were built around a proprietary bus interface chip connecting a standard [[Intel 8048|Intel 8049 microcontroller]] to the main bus.  Interface functions such as handshaking were offloaded to the 8049 [[firmware]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=John H. |last=Nairn |first2=Tim I. |last2=Mikkelsen |first3=David J. |last3=Sweetser |title=Adding I/O Capability to the HP-85  |journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=7–13 |date=July 1980 |url=https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-07.pdf}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|width="12%" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82937A || [[IEEE-488|HP-IB]] Interface (GPIB, IEEE-488, IEC625)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82938A || [[HP-IL]] Interface
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82939A || [[RS-232]] Serial interface
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82940A || GPIO interface (general-purpose 4 × 8-[[bit]] parallel)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82941A || BCD interface (parallel, 11 binary coded decimal digits + sign)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82949A || Printer interface ([[IEEE 1284|Centronics parallel interface]])
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82950A || Modem (110/300 bit/s, [[Bell 103 modem|Bell 103]]/113)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82966A || Data Link Interface (to connect to HP1000/[[HP 3000|3000]] hosts)
|-
|style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" |82967A || Speech synthesis module, 1500-word vocabulary using a [[Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips|Texas Instruments TMS5220 synthesizer chip]]<ref>{{cite web|title=HP Computer Museum: 82967A|url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display_item.php?hw=186|accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==

<references />

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.series80.org/ series80.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106234134/http://www.series80.org/ |date=2006-01-06 }}
*http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp85.htm
*{{cite web |url=http://hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class=1&cat=9 |title=Technical Desktops |publisher=HP Computer Museum}}
*[https://groups.io/g/hpseries80 HP Series 80 discussion and support group]
*https://vintagecomputers.sdfeu.org/hp85/
*{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/museum/personalsystems/0029/0029sixviews.html |title=HP-85 personal computer, 1980—six views |work=History: Virtual Museum: Personal Systems |publisher=Hewlett-Packard}}
*[http://www.voidware.com/calcs/hp85rep.htm Repairing the HP-85 tape drive]
*[http://www.akso.de/235.html Series 80 Listings and files hosted at AKSO]
*[http://www.computercollector.com/archive/ HP Series 80 Configuration Guide hosted at www.computercollector.com]
*[http://gtello.pagesperso-orange.fr/hp86_f.htm Page WEB française] Page perso d'un utilisateur du HP86, périphériques, programmation, transfert de fichiers, photos. (français)
*[http://gtello.pagesperso-orange.fr/hp86_e.htm English WEB page] HP86 user Web page with photos, peripherals, programmation, file transfer. (English)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5SzKM7g5Ds HP85 Vintage Computer Teardown]
*[http://www.kaser.com/hp85.html MS Windows Series 80 emulator and ROM/binary-program Disassembler.]

[[Category:HP personal computers|Series 80]]
[[Category:8-bit computers]]