View source for HMS Malcolm (D19)

{{short description|Admiralty type flotilla leader}}
{{other ships|HMS Malcolm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Malcolm (I19) receiving the surrender of the German submarine U-541 in the Atlantic Ocean on 11 May 1945 (80-G-319661).jpg
|Ship caption=HMS ''Malcolm'' receiving the surrender of ''U-541'' on 11 May 1945
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Malcolm''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]
|Ship laid down=27 March 1918
|Ship launched=29 May 1919
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=14 December 1919
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=27 July 1945
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=14 July 1945
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship captured=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Sold to be broken up for scrap on 25 July 1945
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=*''In ardua Tendit''
* (He strives in difficulties)
|Ship honours=*North Sea (1940)
* Dunkirk (1940)
* Atlantic (1940–45)
* Arctic (1942)
* Malta Convoys (1942)
* North Africa (1942)
* English Channel (1943)
* Atlantic (1940–43)
* Biscay (1943)
|Ship badge=On a field Red, a tower silver on a mount green.
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
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|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Admiralty type destroyer leader|Admiralty-type (or ''Scott''-class) destroyer leader]]
|Ship displacement=1,530 tons
|Ship length={{convert|332|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|31|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|11|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=
|Ship propulsion=
|Ship speed={{convert|36.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range=
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|Ship test depth=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=164 to 183
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*2 × [[BL 4.7 inch /45 naval gun|BL 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns]]
* 1 × [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|3-inch anti-aircraft gun]]
* 2 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|2-pounder anti-aircraft guns]]
* 1 × 1-pounder gun
* 2 × 20 mm anti-aircraft guns
* 3 × {{convert|21|in|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes
|Ship armour=
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'''HMS ''Malcolm''''' was one of eight [[Admiralty type destroyer leader|Admiralty-type destroyer leaders]] (known as [[HMS Scott (1917)|''Scott''-class]] [[destroyer]]s) built for the [[Royal Navy]] during [[World War I]].  She was the first of only two Royal Navy ships to carry the name ''Malcolm'', although {{HMS|Valkyrie|1917|6}} was originally planned to bear the name.  She was one of two Admiralty-type leaders to miss the First World War (the other being {{HMS|Mackay|D70|6}}) but saw service in, and survived, the [[World War II|Second World War]].  Her [[pennant number]] was changed from D19 to I19 in May 1940.  She was [[Ship breaking|broken up]] in 1945.

==Construction==
In April 1916, an Admiralty type destroyer [[prototype]] ({{HMS|Scott|1917|6}}) was ordered in what would unofficially become known as the ''Scott'' class.  Two more were ordered in December of that year, and in April 1917, ''Malcolm'' and four others were ordered. [[Cammell Laird]] built most of the class, including ''Malcolm''.

Although two more were ordered in 1918, they were both cancelled and ''Malcolm'' became the last of the class to be completed.  By the time she was launched, on 29 May 1919, the war she was built for was over and one of her class, ''Scott'', has been sunk.

In the early 1920s, she served as part of the [[5th Destroyer Flotilla]], and was later put into reserve as the [[flotilla leader]] of the reserve fleet.<ref>Houterman, Hans, Koppes, Jeroen. [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersO.html Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945]</ref>

==Second World War==
In September 1939, ''Malcolm'' was deployed as leader of the [[16th Destroyer Flotilla]], based at Portsmouth and on antisubmarine patrol of the [[English Channel]] and [[Southwest Approaches]].  She stayed in this role until May 1940, when she was transferred to Dover Command to assist with the evacuation of the Netherlands.

On 14 May 1940, she helped to transfer the Navy attaché Admiral Sir [[Gerald Charles Dickens]] and two Dutch radar researchers (J.L.C.W Von Weiler and M. Staal) from [[Scheveningen]] to [[Hook of Holland|the Hook]], where they were transferred to {{HMS|Wessex}}. On 15 May 1940, she was deployed as part of ''Operation Ordnance'' off [[Hook of Holland|the Hook]] in South Holland.  From 26 May to 4 June she assisted in [[Dunkirk evacuation|the evacuation of Dunkirk]], making eight runs between [[Dunkirk]] and England.  The ship's then commander, [[Sir Thomas Halsey, 3rd Baronet|Sir Thomas Halsey]], was appointed a [[Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] on 7 June 1940 "for good services in the withdrawal of the Allied Armies from the beaches at Dunkirk".
<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34867|supp=y|page=3500|date=7 June 1940}}</ref>
In July, ''Malcolm'' was reassigned to anti-invasion patrol with {{HMS|Cardiff|D58|6}}.  On 14 August 1940, ''Malcolm'' and {{HMS|Verity|D63|6}} were attacked by six [[Kriegsmarine]] [[Naval trawler|trawlers]] and three [[E-boats]].  One E-boat and one trawler were sunk in the engagement.  On 10 September 1940, she attacked invasion barges in [[Ostend]] with {{HMS|Wild Swan|D62|6}} and {{HMS|Veteran|D72|6}}.  A few days later, the same three ships shelled [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] in a sweep along the French coast.  At the end of the year, she was deployed to the [[Western Approaches]] Escort Force for [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic convoy defence]]. In this role ''Malcolm'' was engaged in all the duties performed by escort ships; protecting convoys, searching for and attacking U-boats which attacked ships in convoy and rescuing survivors. In twelve months service ''Malcolm'' escorted 29 Atlantic and 3 Gibraltar convoys, of which 10 were attacked and she was involved in two major convoy battles. In February 1941 ''Malcolm'' joined the newly formed 8th Escort Group as senior ship, her captain, Cdr C D Howard–Johnston, being Senior Officer Escort (SOE).<ref name=Blair286>Blair p 286</ref>  On 10 May, ''Malcolm'' rescued the eleven survivors from {{SS|Empire Caribou||2}}, which had been [[torpedo]]ed and sunk by {{GS|U-556||2}}. They were later landed at [[Reykjavík]].<ref name=Uboat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/916.html |title=Empire Caribou |publisher=Uboat |access-date=11 March 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Torpedoed merchant ship.jpg|thumb|left|Typical escort duty; ship under attack from U-boats]]
[[File:HMS Ceylon depth charge.jpg|thumb|left|Typical escort duty: attacking a U-boat contact]]

In May convoy HX 126 came under attack, losing 6 ships; ''Malcolm'' and 8 EG were sent as reinforcement, repelling further attacks and preventing further losses. During the action {{GS|U-74|1940|2}} was badly damaged and forced to return to base.<ref name=Blair286/> In June 1941 ''Malcolm'' and her group were assigned to HX 133, which had lost five ships in one night.  Over the next four days the group fought off further attacks, and on 29 June 1941,  ''Malcolm'' helped to sink the German U-boat {{GS|U-651||2}}.<ref>Blair p313</ref> 45 of her crew were later rescued and interrogated by the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].

On 3 February 1942, she collided with the {{sclass2|Town|destroyer|1}} [[USS Aulick (DD-258)|HMS ''Burnham'']].  Neither ship was badly damaged and both continued in their convoy defence roles. On 11 August 1942, she was transferred to [[Gibraltar]] and assigned to escort the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Furious|47|2}} from Malta after delivering [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] to the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|besieged island]].  Whilst escorting the carrier, on 12 August, she came under attack by the {{ship|Italian submarine|Dagabur}}.  The submarine was later rammed and destroyed by {{HMS|Wolverine|D78|6}}. On 7 September her next escort duty was the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic convoy]] [[Convoy PQ 18|PQ 18]] to the [[Soviet Union]] in which she was leader of the close escort. She arrived in [[Arkhangelsk]] on 21 September 1942 after a seven-day running battle, in which 13 ships were sunk, while 3 U-boats were destroyed and 40 aircraft claimed shot down. In October she was in [[Liverpool]] to have extra armour plating added to her bridge and bow in preparation for the invasion of [[North Africa]].

On 8 November 1942 ''Malcolm'' and {{HMS|Broke|D83|6}} were part of [[Operation Terminal]]: an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault]] on the port of [[Algiers]]. It was hoped, and expected by some of the operation's planners, that the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] would choose not to fire on the approaching British ships, but they were proved wrong when the shore batteries opened up on both ships. ''Malcolm'' tried to break through the boom but was hit and severely damaged by a shell fired from the shore.  Ten of her crew were killed, many more were injured and three of her four boilers were extinguished, cutting her speed to {{convert|4|kn}}.  She was forced to retreat and played no further part in the operation.  Although the operation did not go well, the main objective to take Algiers Harbour, before it could be destroyed, was achieved.

''Malcolm'' was repaired and returned in her convoy escorting role on 22 January 1943, escorting convoys in the [[South Atlantic]] from [[Freetown]] to Gibraltar. Between 30 June and 24 August ''Malcolm'' was at Southampton for engine and general repairs. On 4 October ''Malcolm'' was deployed at [[Freetown]] for convoy defence. In August 1944 she left Freetown and was deployed at Gibraltar for convoy defence until 11 June 1945. On 14 June 1945 she arrived in Plymouth, at the end of July she arrived in tow at Barrow Breakers' Yard.

===Convoys escorted===
HMS ''Malcolm'' escorted the following convoys during the war.

KJ 002, FS 238, OB 236, HX 082, OB 239, OB 245, HX 85/1, OG 50, HG 50, OB 283, [[Convoy HX 106|HX 106]], OB 289, HX 109, OG 58, OB 311, HX 121, SC 29, HX 124, HX 126, HX 128, OB 338, HX 133, OB 344, ON 1, HX 140, ON 6, HX 143, ON 11, SC 41, ON 16, HX 149, ON 23, HX 153, ON 30, SC 51, [[Convoy PQ 18|PQ 18]], KX 4A, KMF 1, TS 40F, SR 5/1, CG 37, KMF 24, MKF 24, RS 10, SR 6/1, RS 11, SR 7/1, RS 12, SR 8, SR 9, RS 14, SR 10, RS 15, SR 12, RS 16, SR 13, RS 17, STL 23, STL 26, LTS 27 and MKF 41.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Clay Blair : ''Hitler's U-Boat War Vol I''  (1996) {{ISBN|0-304-35260-8}}
* {{cite book |last=English |first=John |title=Grand Fleet Destroyers: Part I: Flotilla Leaders and 'V/W' Class Destroyers |year=2019 |location=Windsor, UK |publisher=World Ship Society |oclc=1181228146}}
* {{cite book |last=Plevy |first=Harry |title=Destroyer Actions: September 1939 – June 1940 |year=2008 |location=Stroud, UK |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-86227-483-9}}
* ''With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945'', Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8131-2338-0}}
* Arctic Victory: Story of Convoy PQ 18 (1994) {{ISBN|0-947554-44-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Winser |first=John de S. |title=B.E.F. Ships before, at and after Dunkirk |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Gravesend, Kent |date=1999 |isbn=0-905617-91-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-03Scott-Malcolm.htm HMS Malcolm at naval histories]
* [http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4285.html HMS Malcolm at uboat.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060322035349/http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/boat.cgi?boat=651 U-651 at ubootwaffe]

{{Admiralty type destroyer leader}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malcolm}}
[[Category:Ships built on the River Mersey]]
[[Category:1919 ships]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Admiralty type flotilla leaders]]