View source for HMS E18

{{Short description|Submarine of the Royal Navy}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
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|Ship image=HMS E18.jpg
|Ship caption=''E18'' shortly after passing through the Øresund in September 1915. Note the camouflage paintwork to prevent detection by shore observers
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|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''E18''
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|Ship builder=[[Vickers]]
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|Ship laid down=1 January 1914
|Ship launched=4 March 1915
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|Ship commissioned=6 June 1915
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|Ship fate=Lost with all hands, late May 1916
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{{Infobox ship characteristics
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|Ship class=[[British E-class submarine|E-class]] [[submarine]]
|Ship type=
|Ship displacement=*662 tons (surfaced
*807 tons (submerged)
|Ship length=54.86 m
|Ship beam=6.86 m
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|Ship draught=3.81 m
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|Ship propulsion=Twin propellers, 2 × {{convert|800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} [[Vickers]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]], 2 × {{convert|420|shp|kW|0|abbr=on}} electric motors
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|Ship speed=*15.25 knots (surfaced)
*9.75 knots (submerged)
|Ship range=325 nm surfaced
|Ship endurance=24 days
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|Ship complement=3 officers, 28 ratings
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|Ship armament=*2 × 18 inch bow tube
*2 × 18 inch beam tubes
*1 × 18 inch stern tube
*(10 torpedoes)
*1 × 12 pdr deck gun
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'''HMS ''E18''''' was an [[British E class submarine|E-class submarine]] of the [[Royal Navy]], launched in 1915 and lost in the [[Baltic Sea]] in May 1916 while operating out of [[Reval]]. The exact circumstances surrounding the sinking remain a mystery. The wreck of the submarine was discovered in October 2009.

==Design==
Like all post-''E8'' [[British E-class submarine]]s, ''E18'' had a displacement of {{convert|662|LT|t}} at the surface and {{convert|807|LT|t}} while submerged. She had a total length of {{convert|180|ft|m}}<ref name="McCartneyBryan2013">{{cite book|author1=Innes McCartney|author2=Tony Bryan|title=British Submarines of World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWFapIxWZSUC&pg=PA11|date=20 February 2013|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0035-0|pages=11–12}}</ref> and a beam of {{convert|22|ft|8.5|in}}. She was powered by two {{convert|800|hp}} Vickers eight-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines and two {{convert|420|hp}} electric motors.<ref name=Akerman>Akerman, P. (1989). ''Encyclopaedia of British submarines 1901&ndash;1955''. &nbsp;p.150. Maritime Books. {{ISBN|1-904381-05-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csubmarine.org/html/class/eclass.html|title=E Class|publisher=Chatham Submarines|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813023119/http://csubmarine.org/html/class/eclass.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|16|kn|km/h mph}} and a submerged speed of {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph}}. British E-class submarines had fuel capacities of {{convert|50|LT|t}} of diesel and ranges of {{convert|3255|mi|km nmi}} when travelling at {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="McCartneyBryan2013"/> ''E18'' was capable of operating submerged for five hours when travelling at {{convert|5|kn|km/h mph}}.

As with most of the early ''E'' class boats, ''E18'' was not fitted with a deck gun during construction but later had a [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder {{convert|76|mm|abbr=on}}]] [[quick firing gun|QF]] gun mounted forward of the conning tower. She had five [[British 18 inch torpedo|18 inch (450 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s, two in the bow, one either side amidships, and one in the stern; a total of 10 torpedoes were carried.<ref name=Akerman/>

E-Class submarines had wireless systems with {{convert|1|kW}} power ratings; in some submarines, these were later upgraded to {{convert|3|kW}} systems by removing a midship torpedo tube. Their maximum design depth was {{convert|100|ft}} although in service some reached depths of below {{convert|200|ft}}. Some submarines contained [[Fessenden oscillator]] systems.<ref name="McCartneyBryan2013"/>

==Crew==
Her [[Ship's company|complement]] was three officers and 28 men.<ref name="McCartneyBryan2013"/>

==Service history==
=== 1915 ===
''E18'' entered service in the UK in 1915, commanded by [[Lieutenant-Commander]] R.C. Halahan. She joined [[HMS Maidstone (1912)|HMS ''Maidstone'']] on 25 June 1915 and soon began [[North Sea]] patrols with the 8th Flotilla at [[Harwich Dockyard|Harwich]]. On her one and only patrol prior to leaving for the Baltic ''E18'' departed Yarmouth with [[HMS D7|''D7'']] and [[HMS E13|''E13'']] on 9 July 1915. On 14 July 1915 when at the mouth of the [[Ems (river)|Ems]] deep in enemy waters Halahan brought ''E18'' to the surface as he preferred the sea to using the toilet arrangements on board. While in this awkward situation a [[Zeppelin]] appeared, ''E18'' dived to the sea bed but was easily visible from the air. ''E18'' was then straddled with 12 bombs which caused no damage other than some embarrassment to Halahan in being caught unawares. The fact ''E18'' was surfaced wasn't passed on via Halahan's patrol report, he stated he was submerged at 20&nbsp;ft, and an inquiry into submarine visibility from the air led ''E18'' being painted in her camouflage scheme. Strangely there is no German claim of an attack on a submarine - the Zeppelins in the air that day in this area were, ''L4'', ''L6'' and ''L7'', none of which sighted a submarine let alone attacked one. ''L6'' was the closest to ''E18'''s position when a Zeppelin was sighted but she moved away to the west when the explosions occurred. German minesweeping divisions were exploding mines during the time of the alleged attack which could explain what the crew of ''E18'' heard while submerged.

''E18'' was dispatched to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] as part of the [[British submarine flotilla in the Baltic]]. She left Harwich on 28 August with her sister-ship [[HMS E19|HMS ''E19'']], first travelling to [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] to swing their compasses during which ''E19'' burnt out one of her main armatures. After the delay to repair E19 they left Newcastle for the Baltic on 4 September at 1630 hrs. The two submarines separated and passed through the [[Øresund]] between [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] on the night of 8–9 September. During the passage ''E19'' at one stage found herself only metres from ''E18'''s stern and decided not to enter together.  ''E18'' encountered two German destroyers. She dived into water only {{convert|23|ft|m|0}} deep and — for almost three hours — progressed by crashing into the seabed and rising back up to break the surface. After several hours resting in deep water she surfaced in the morning only to be fired on by the German cruiser {{SMS|Amazone||2}}; once again she dived to the bottom. The German cruiser and attending destroyers then began to criss-cross over ''E18'' knowing her batteries would be very low. ''E18'' had to remain on the bottom until the German ships, not then equipped with [[depth charge]]s, left the area. After escaping she was attacked by another two destroyers, one of which came close to ramming her. On 10 September 1915 Halahan sighted what he thought were the German [[battlecruiser]]s [[SMS Lützow|''Lutzow'']] and [[SMS Seydlitz|''Seydlitz'']], and tried in vain to get into an attacking position, but in fact the ships were two German destroyers, the battlecruisers not in the area at the time. On 12 September ''E18'' joined ''E19'' and [[HMS E9|''E9'']] off [[Dagerort]], arriving in Reval (now [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]) on the 13th. Halahan later wrote that entering the Baltic again should not be attempted unless absolutely necessary.

''E18'' operated out of Reval through the autumn of 1915, departing on her first Baltic patrol on 21 September 1915. The following day she was in an excellent position to torpedo the German cruiser ''Bremen'', but a surfaced Russian submarine caused the ''Bremen'' to turn away just as ''E18'' was about to fire and the opportunity was lost; she returned to Reval on 29 September.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashmore |first1=L. H. |title=Forgotten flotilla : British submariners in Russia, 1914-1919 |date=2001 |publisher=Manuscript Press in association with the Royal Navy Submarine Museum |location=Portsmouth |isbn=978-1903702017}}</ref>

On 9 October 1915 ''E18'' departed for her second patrol, by 12 October she was in position to attack the pre-dreadnought [[SMS Braunschweig|SMS ''Braunschweig'']] whilst off [[Liepāja|Libau]] (now Liepāja, [[Latvia]]), but her torpedo tube bow caps could not be opened. She then tried her beam tube but was forced to dive by German destroyers. When she did manage to fire a torpedo from her stern tube, the range was too great. She returned to Reval on 16 October.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Michael|title=Baltic assignment : British Submariners in Russia 1914-1919 |date=1985 |publisher=Leo Cooper in association with Secker & Warburg |location=London |isbn=978-0436578014}}</ref>

''E18'' departed Reval on 9 November 1915 to patrol the Swedish trade routes, returning on 15 November having sighted nothing of significance.  During this patrol the crew had missed the visit of the [[Tzar]].

Her fourth and final patrol of 1915 was off Libau and try to find a way through the minefields by following the courses of German traffic. She departed for this patrol on 30 November and returned on 4 December.

=== 1916 ===
''E18'' left for her fifth patrol on 6 January 1916, her orders were to patrol the area between the Sound and [[Bornholm]].  Attempts were made to recall her, as the patrol had been cancelled but she did not reply.  On returning, she encountered gale-force winds and icy conditions to the point where she had difficulty closing her [[conning tower]] hatch owing to ice. She was unable to return to Reval on her own and had to wait for the [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finnish]] ice breaker ''[[Sampo (1892)|Sampo]]'' to arrive and guide her in, completely iced over. The British submarines remained iced-in and could not move until April.  Although she did not sail, ''E18'' was made ready for sea by 13 February, and was the first of the British submarines to sail on 29 March after the freeze.

''E18'' resumed patrols on 28 April, her penultimate patrol to the [[Gulf of Riga]] with [[HMS E1|HMS ''E1'']], to show their presence to the Germans, this was achieved by diving twice while Russian destroyers shelled beaches.  While returning to Reval via [[Moon Sound]] on 1 May, ''E18'' ran aground and had to be towed off.<ref name="Wilson"/>

On May 25 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karapetyan |first=Ella |date=2009-10-28 |title=Missing sub resurfaces after 90 years |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/23767/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=www.baltictimes.com}}</ref>''E18'' sailed on her final patrol; ''E1'', ''E8'', and [[American Holland class submarine|two Russian submarines]] left the same day.  Records differ on her exact fate, but it is certain neither she nor any of her crew survived.

The diary of Francis Goodhart, commander of ''E8'', states that ''E1'' and the Russian ''Bars'' departed at 1400 hrs, ''E8'', ''E18'' and the Russian ''Gerpard'' left port together at 1800 hrs on 25 May; ''E8''{{'}}s patrol was uneventful, and she returned to Reval on the 31st. However, ''E18'' failed to return; by 5 June Goodhart noted that the crews were "very worried". On the 6th, he noted that he had "Heard from Essen that their W.T. had vaguely indicated presence of a submarine off Redshoff"<ref group=Note>There does not appear to be a place called "Redshoff"; it may be a mishearing of ''Kurisches Haff'', a German term for the [[Curonian Lagoon]] south of Memel/Klaipėda</ref>'' on Tuesday''<ref group=Note>i.e. 30 May 1916</ref>''. Very slender hope...''" By the next day, 8 June, he recorded that a meeting had noted she had sailed with only 15 days food; the situation was "very hopeless now, I fear. No news whatsoever" By the 9 June ''E8''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s officers began collecting the belongings of ''E18''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Halahan, Landale and Colson from their cabins.<ref name="Goodhart">''Diary of Francis Goodhart'', published in ''Imperial War Museum Review no. 9''</ref>

Michael Wilson, a historian, records that ''E8'' and ''E18'' sailed on the 25th and parted the next day. On the 26th, at 4:42 PM, ''E18'' torpedoed the German destroyer ''V100'', blowing off her bow. Had it not been for the calm seas, it is likely she would have sunk from the damage; as it was, she was towed back to port with several of her crew killed, requiring major repairs. Two days later, on the 28th, ''E18'' was sighted by a German aircraft off [[Klaipėda|Memel]] (now Klaipėda, Lithuania), ''E18'' was last sighted on the 1 June 1916 at 1500 hrs sailing north by the German U-boat ''[[UB-30]]'' northwest of Steinort. Wilson further states that it is believed she was lost "most likely by striking a mine" on her return to Reval west of [[Saaremaa|Osel]].<ref name="Wilson"/> The logs of the German destroyers with ''V100'' also support the same dates as Goodhart's diary and Wilson's observations.

Various sources record her simply as having been sunk on 24 May by a German [[Merchant raider|decoy ship]],<ref group=Note>For example, a footnote by the editor of Goodhart's diary, which gives her as "sunk off Bornholm". The German ship is sometimes named as ''KE41''; [http://www.naval-history.net/WW1AreaBaltic1916.htm naval-history.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813074614/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1AreaBaltic1916.htm |date=13 August 2006 }} refers simply to "decoy ship ''K''".</ref> though this clashes with the known attack on ''V100'' on the 26th and the observations reported by Wilson and Goodhart in subsequent days. It is quite possible that this is a garbling of an encounter between one of the Russian submarines and a decoy vessel around the same time. The German decoy ship ''Kronprinz Wilhelm'' (known as ''Schiff K''<ref group=Note>See [[:de:SMS Schiff K|SMS ''Schiff K'' at German Wikipedia]]</ref>) did attack two submarines during ''E18'''s patrol in May. ''K'' rammed the Russian ''Gerpard'' and the following day took the Russian ''Bars'' under fire in [[Hano Bay]]. The Germans believed they had sunk both submarines; ''E18'' was not in the area of these actions.

[[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] sent a telegram of condolence on the loss of ''E18'', and posthumously decorated the crew; Halahan awarded the [[Order of St. George]], the other two officers the [[Order of St. Vladimir]]. These Orders were not normally awarded posthumously.<ref name="Wilson"/> Three of ''E18''{{'}}s crew did not sail on her last mission; one, Jeremiah Ryan had measles and later transferred to ''E19''; another, Albert Phillips, missed her patrol for unknown reasons.  The third was signalman Albert Edward Robinson who was replaced on this mission by ''E8''{{'}}s telegraphist George Gaby; he was later sent home in January 1917 and joined [[HMS E4|''E4'']] on her recommissioning. Ryan and Phillips went home in January 1918.

NB: 11 June 1916 is stated on the crew's papers as the date of being 'lost at sea', purely for administration purposes to close the books on ''E18'', as the timing and circumstances of ''E18''{{'}}s loss were unknown.

===Discovery of the wreck, 2009===
In October 2009, the wreck of HMS ''E18'' was discovered by a [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]] deployed by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] survey vessel MV ''Triad''. The position of the wreck lies off the coast of [[Hiiumaa]], [[Estonia]]. Photographs taken of the wreck show the submarine with its hatch open, suggesting that it struck a [[naval mine|mine]] while sailing on the surface.<ref name=BBC8321516>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8321516.stm |title=Sub's wartime grave discovered |publisher=BBC News Online |access-date=23 October 2009 | date=23 October 2009}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite Colledge2006}}

==External links==
* [http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=5 'Submarine losses 1904 to present day' - Royal Navy Submarine Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133847/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=5 |date=25 September 2015 }}
{{British E class submarine}}
{{May 1916 shipwrecks}}
{{Coord missing|Baltic Sea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:E18}}
[[Category:British E-class submarines of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:1915 ships]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1916]]
[[Category:Lost submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Royal Navy ship names]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of Estonia]]
[[Category:Warships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]