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{{Short description|Fighter aircraft in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Ajeet
| image = File:Ajeet at HAL Museum 7693.JPG
| caption = The prototype Ajeet, E1083, preserved outside HAL's headquarters in Bangalore
| type = Fighter
| national_origin = India
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| first_flight = 6 March 1975
| introduction = 1977
| retired = 1991
| status = Retired
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF)
| more_users = 
| produced = 
| number_built = 89 (including 10 upgraded Gnats)
| developed_from = [[Folland Gnat]]
| variants = 
}}

The '''HAL Ajeet''' ({{langx|sa|अजीत}}; [[IAST]]: Ajīt, {{lit}} ''Undefeatable'' or ''Unconquerable'') was a [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] [[fighter aircraft]] developed and manufactured by Indian [[aerospace]] manufacturer [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). It was operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) between 1977 and 1991.

The Ajeet is a derivative of the British [[Folland Gnat]] light fighter aircraft. The Gnat, which had been procured in large numbers for the IAF and [[licensed production|produced under license]] by HAL, had acquitted itself favourably during its Indian service, including in active combat roles during multiple conflicts with Pakistan, including the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. As such, the IAF had a positive attitude towards the type, despite observing shortcomings in maintainability and some subsystems. Thus, during 1972, the service issued a requirement calling for the development of an upgraded and more capable variant of the Gnat, leading to the development of the Ajeet by HAL.

In the design phase of the Ajeet, HAL redesigned several aspects of the aircraft while seeking to improve both the reliability and effectiveness of several subsystems, such as the [[avionics]] and [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] systems. The adoption of a [[wet wing]] expanded the fighter's internal fuel capacity and freed-up several underwing [[hardpoint]]s for other purposes, effectively increasing both the range and payload capability of the aircraft. On 6 March 1975, the first of two Ajeet prototypes, producing via the conversion of the final two licence-produced Gnat fighters, conducted its [[maiden flight]]. The satisfactory performance of these prototypes contributed to the issuing of a production order for the Ajeet. On 30 September 1976, the first production aircraft performed its maiden flight.<ref name="Ajeet p288">Chopra 1977, p. 288.</ref> Introduced to service during the following year, the Ajeet had a relatively brief and unremarkable service life, equipping only a single IAF squadron and being withdrawn from service during 1991.

==Development==
===Background===
During the 1950s, the government of India had come to an agreement with the United Kingdom to procure a large number of [[Folland Gnat]] fighters, a light combat-capable [[jet propulsion|jet-propelled]] aircraft, for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF). In addition to the acquisition of British-built Gnats, the type was also manufactured under a [[licensed production|licensing arrangement]] in India by aviation company [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). During its production run, in excess of 200 aircraft were constructed by HAL for the IAF; as much as 85 per cent of the airframe and 60 per cent of the engine were domestically produced.<ref name = "smith 160"/> During 1958, the first Gnat fighter was accepted by the IAF into squadron service.<ref name = "smith 159">Smith 1994, p. 159.</ref>

During its service life with the IAF, the Gnat proved to be relatively successful when deployed for active combat missions. The type was used in both the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and the follow-up [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] against neighbouring Pakistan. Operationally, it was used to conduct both low-level [[air superiority]] missions and to perform short range ground attack runs. Due to its effectiveness against Pakistani fighters, such the [[North American F-86 Sabre]], the type was given the moniker of ''Sabre Slayer''.<ref>Khan 2004, p. 137.</ref> The Gnat was ultimately operated by the IAF for several decades up until its retirement during the 1980s.

According to aviation author Pushpindar Chopra, the design of the Gnat had both positive and negative attributes; while being inexpensive to construct and to operate, several of the onboard systems had been allegedly prone to low levels of reliability, particularly the control system of the aircraft, while some aspects had proved to be difficult to maintain.<ref name="Ajeet p284-6">Chopra 1977, pp. 284–286.</ref> The reliability issues had been a known contributing factor to several accidents which had resulted in the total loss of individual Gnats and the deaths of several pilots.<ref name = "smith 160"/>

===Programme launch===
Accordingly, while the Gnat had been determined to be effective as a combat aircraft, it was also viewed that there was room for improvement on the design of its subsystems. During 1972, the IAF therefore issued a formal requirement, calling for the development and production of an improved model of the Gnat. Although the original revision of the requirement had called for the type to be produced to function as an [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]], it was subsequently modified to incorporate a secondary [[ground-attack]] role for the new model as well.<ref name="Ajeet p286-7">Chopra 1977, pp. 286–287.</ref> According to a report by the Public Accounts Committee of the Indian Parliament, the IAF officials tasked with overseeing the programme lacked realistic concepts of what was involved in the development process nor firm ideas on what the aircraft was required for.<ref name = "gupta 50">Gupta 1997, p. 50.</ref>

In response to the issuing of the original requirement, HAL set about designing their revision of the Gnat. Their work was greatly aided by an earlier decision by India to, upon the [[liquidation]] of [[Folland Aircraft]] during the 1960s, acquire many former assets of the company. The residual rights for the type had been transferred to the IAF while other items, such as the [[Jig (tool)|jig]]s and test apparatus, had been moved to HAL.<ref name = "smith 160">Smith 1994, p. 160.</ref> Early on, the fledgling aircraft design received the name "Ajeet", [[Sanskrit]] for "Invincible" or "Unconquered". As the design developed, differences between the Ajeet and the original model of the Gnat that had served as its starting point became considerable. During the development process, deliberate efforts were made to rectify the encountered shortcomings and troubles discovered within the design of the earlier Gnat.<ref name="Ajeet p287-8"/>

In support of the development programme, HAL decided to modify the final pair of Gnats on the production line to serve as prototypes for the Ajeet. On 6 March 1975, the first of these prototypes conducted its [[maiden flight]] while the second prototype following on 5 November that year.  The flight testing phase of the programme reportedly validated the success of the re-designed aircraft, leading to a production order being placed for the Ajeet. On 30 September 1976, the first production aircraft performed its maiden flight.<ref name="Ajeet p288"/> Despite this, as late as 1979, additional development tasks and changing requirements were being added onto the programme; these were attributed by defense analyst Amit Gupta as having caused the Ajeet's associated costs to substantially rise as well as having led to setbacks in the programme's manufacturing effort.<ref name = "gupta 50"/>

===Further development===
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, HAL undertook work on a project intending to produce a training-oriented variant of the Ajeet.  During 1982, this programme had progressed to the point where the initial flight of a prototype for evaluation purposes occurred.  This sole aircraft was soon lost in a crash later that same year.  The following year, a second prototype performed its maiden flight and was closely followed by a third.

However, information on the Ajeet trainer programme was received with a lack of interest on the part of the Indian government. IAF Air Commodore [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]] observed that there was little need for a trainer version of the Ajeet as the original Gnat had already been developed into a training aircraft and therefore could have been acquired already if the IAF had the desire to do so.<ref>Singh 2013, {{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> The twin factors of the anticipated imminent phaseout of the Ajeet fighter and pessimism over the project's value from officials heavily contributed to the trainer initiative being curtailed without any further examples being produced. The two surviving aircraft were dispatched to briefly serve with the IAF's No.2 Squadron, where they were used until the phaseout of the Ajeet was completed during 1991.

==Design==
[[File:HAL Ajeet F.1 (E1076) (or possibly IE1076) (26982567376).jpg|thumb|IAF Ajeet on undergoing cosmetic restoration, 2016]]
The HAL Ajeet was a jet-propelled light fighter, primarily intended to function as a low-level [[interceptor aircraft]], while also being capable of ground-attack missions. Being a derivative of the earlier Gnat, the aircraft appeared to be visually similar to its predecessor; the presence of a pair of extra underwing [[hardpoint]]s being amongst the only obvious distinguishing features from the older Gnat. In general, the Ajeet was equipped with a variety of more capable [[avionics]] and onboard systems than the original design.<ref name="Ajeet p288"/> However, the addition of these extra subsystems and features was not without consequence, as the Ajeet was less agile than the original Gnat.<ref name = "kumar 373">Kumar 2012, p. 373.</ref>

One of the more significant changes made for the Ajeet was the addition of a [[wet wing]], housing aviation fuel in the interior space within the wing. This had several effects on the overall design, including the substantial expansion of its internal fuel capacity and the freeing up of several underwing hardpoints that had been previously occupied by external fuel tanks, allowing for their use in the carriage of other equipment and armaments.<ref name="Ajeet p287">Chopra 1977, p. 287.</ref> Furthermore, the carriage of even-greater payloads was also enabled via the installation of an additional pair of underwing hardpoints.<ref name="Ajeet p287"/>

Certain aspects of the aircraft were heavily redesigned from the Gnat, such as the much enhanced [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] systems, the improved [[landing gear]] arrangement, and refined control systems, to produce superior performance, compared to their original counterparts.<ref name="Ajeet p287-8">Chopra 1977, pp. 287–288.</ref> The control surfaces were enhanced via the adoption of a [[Stabilator|all-moving tail plane]] configuration, which was unique to the Ajeet.<ref name="Ajeet p288"/> It was also decided to outfit the aircraft with improved [[Martin-Baker]] GF4 [[ejection seats]] for improved survivability.<ref name="Ajeet p288"/>

==Operational history==
During 1977, the HAL Ajeet was accepted into operational service with the IAF. However, only one squadron of the IAF ultimately operated the type, this being No.2 Squadron. According to political author Chris Smith, the lack of enthusiasm on the part of the IAF for the Ajeet was down to a change in attitudes; the service had allegedly become increasingly opposed to the use of single-engine aircraft while a preference for fighters capable of [[supersonic]] speeds had also grown, as such, the Ajeet contrasted poorly with these new priorities.<ref name = "smith 160"/> However, also according to Smith, the Ajeet benefitted both from the positive combat reputation garnered by the Gnat, as well as for its relatively low [[radar cross-section]] (RCS).<ref name = "smith 160"/>

Having fallen out of political favour, fewer than a hundred Ajeets were ultimately procured and the whole programme was effectively terminated barely a decade after its initiation.<ref name = "kumar 373"/> The aircraft built had relatively short and uneventful careers, and were retired from IAF service during 1991. The Ajeet was never deployed in combat operations.

==Variants==
* '''Gnat Mk 2''' : The original Indian Air Force designation for the Ajeet Mk 1.
* '''Ajeet Mk 1''' : Single-seat lightweight ground-attack and interceptor [[fighter aircraft]].
* '''Ajeet Mk 2 Trainer''' : Two-seat advanced jet training prototype.

==Operators==
; {{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]]
** [[No. 2 Squadron, Indian Air Force]]

==Surviving aircraft==
Survivors are listed at [[List of surviving Folland Gnats]].

==Specifications (HAL Ajeet)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref= ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83''<ref name="Janes 82 p93-4">Taylor 1982, pp. 93–94.</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|length m=9.04
|length note=
|span m=6.73
|span note=
|height m=2.46
|height note=
|wing area sqm=12.69
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=3.56
|airfoil=RAE 102<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=2307
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=3539
|gross weight note=clean take-off weight
|max takeoff weight kg=4173
|max takeoff weight note=<br>
*'''Normal landing weight:''' {{cvt|2767|kg|0}}
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[TJE HAL/Bristol Siddeley Orpheus 701-01]]
|eng1 type=[[turbojet]] engine
|eng1 kn=20
|eng1 note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=1152
|max speed note=at sea level ISA <big>+</big>30°
::::{{cvt|1134|km/h|mph kn}} at sea level ISA <big>+</big>15°
::::{{cvt|1102|km/h|mph kn}} at sea level ISA
*'''Maximum Mach number:''' M0.948 at {{cvt|12000|m}}, ISA <big>+</big>30°
::::M0.953 at {{cvt|12000|m}}, ISA <big>+</big>15°
::::M0.96 at {{cvt|12000|m}}, ISA
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range note=
|combat range km=172
|combat range note=lo-lo-lo, with two {{cvt|250|kg|0}} bombs
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=13720
|ceiling sigfig=2
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude={{cvt|12000|m}} in 6 minutes 2 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=328.8
|wing loading note=max
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=<br/>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|1376|m|-2}} ISA <big>+</big>30° at {{cvt|4136|kg|0}}, 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
::::{{cvt|1180|m}} ISA <big>+</big>15° at {{cvt|4136|kg|0}}, 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
::::{{cvt|1034|m|-2}} ISA at {{cvt|4136|kg|0}}, 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
*'''Landing run no brake chute:''' {{cvt|1047|m}} ISA <big>+</big>30° at NLW
:::{{cvt|997|m|-2}} ISA <big>+</big>15° at NLW
:::{{cvt|951|m}} ISA at NLW
*'''Landing run with brake chute:''' {{cvt|725|m}} ISA <big>+</big>30° at NLW
::::{{cvt|695|m}} ISA <big>+</big>15° at NLW
::::{{cvt|658|m|-2}} ISA at NLW
*'''Sustained turn:''' 5g - ISA <big>+</big>30° at {{cvt|834|km/h|mph kn}}, sea level
::::5.28g - ISA <big>+</big>15° at {{cvt|834|km/h|mph kn}}, sea level
::::5.3g ISA at {{cvt|834|km/h|mph kn}}, sea level
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=2 × {{cvt|30|mm|3}} [[ADEN Mk.4 cannon]] with 90 rpg
|hardpoints=4
|hardpoint capacity={{cvt|900|kg}} total
|hardpoint rockets=rocket pods
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=2x {{cvt|250|kg|0}} bombs
|hardpoint other= 2x {{cvt|136.5|L|USgal impgal}} drop tanks

|avionics=
:* [[Ferranti]] F195R/3 ISIS weapons sight
:* Ferranti navigation system
:* [[Vinten]] G90 gun camera
:* [[Bendix Aviation|Bendix]] TA/RA-22 VHF tx/Rx {V/UHF later)
:* Bendix BEL AX-3 standby VHF
:* Bendix DFA-73 ADF
:* [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] Mk.10

}}

==Notable appearances in media==
An Ajeet and four privately owned Gnat T.1s portrayed the fictional carrier-based "Oscar EW-5894 Phallus" tactical fighter bombers flown by US Navy pilots in the 1991 comedy ''[[Hot Shots!]]''.<ref>[https://www.impdb.org/index.php?title=Hot_Shots!  "Hot Shots! (1991)."] ''IMPDb.'' Retrieved 28 January 2024.</ref>

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Folland Gnat]]
* [[Folland Midge]]

|similar aircraft=
* [[Northrop F-5]]
* [[Northrop T-38 Talon]]
* [[T-33 Shooting Star]]

|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]

|see also=
}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Chopra, Pushpindar. "Ajeet". ''[[Air International]]'', June 1977, Vol 12 No 6. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. pp.&nbsp;284–290.
* Gupta, Amit. "Building an Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures." Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. {{ISBN|0-2759-5787-X}}.
* [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W R]] (editor). ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83''. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7106-0748-2}}.
* Khan, J. A. "Air Power And Challenges To IAF." APH Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|8-1764-8593-4}}.
* Kumar, Satish. "India’s National Security: Annual Review 2009." ''Routledge'', 2012. {{ISBN|1-1367-0491-4}}.
* Singh, Jasjit. "Indian Air Force: The Case for Indigenisation." KW Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2013. {{ISBN|9-3857-1483-X}}.
* Smith, Chris. "India's Ad Hoc Arsenal: Direction Or Drift in Defence Policy?" Oxford University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-1982-9168-X}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020614210520/http://www.vectorsite.net/avgnat.html Folland Gnat / HAL Ajeet from Greg Goebel's Air Vectors]}}

{{HAL aircraft}}

[[Category:HAL aircraft|Ajeet]]
[[Category:1970s Indian fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Shoulder-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1976]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]