View source for Gungnae

{{Short description|Second capital of Goguryeo}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS           = Guonei City
| image         = Corner of Gungnae Fortress (GuoNei Fortress).JPG
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = 
| location      = [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]], [[Jilin]], [[China]]
| part_of       = [[Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom]]
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)}}(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)
| ID            = 1135-002
| coordinates   = {{coord|41|8|19.4|N|126|10|34.3|E|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year          = 2004
| area          = {{convert|59.24|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| embedded      = {{Chinese|child=yes
|t=國內城
|s=国内城
|p=Gúonèi Chéng
|w=Kuo-Nei Ch'eng
|hanja=國內城
|hangul=국내성
|rr=Gungnae-seong
|mr=Kungnae-sŏng
}}
| locmapin      = China Jilin#China
| map_caption   = 
|Criteria=}}
'''Gungnaeseong''' ({{Korean|hangul=국내성|hanja=國內城}}) or '''Guonei''' ({{Lang-zh|c=國內}}) was the capital of the ancient Korean<ref>{{cite AV media
 | title = Complex of Koguryo Tombs (UNESCO/NHK)
 | medium = Youtube
 | publisher = UNESCO
 | date = 2010
 | url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1091/video }}</ref> kingdom of [[Goguryeo]], which was located in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula.<ref>[http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/?bmode=view&stype=2&sidx=240&page=18&mode=&s_word=&bidx=37&search= The Capital City of Koguryo Viewed from the Satellite (enlarged edition)] Northeast Asian History Foundation, Retrieved 2015-06-27</ref> The perimeter of its outer fortress measures 2,686m.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=21838 "Gungnae Fortress", ''Naver encyclopedia'']</ref>
It is located in present day [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]] city, [[Jilin]] province, northeast China. Because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture, Gungnae was designated as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title = Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1135/ |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 10 Apr 2021}}</ref> It is part of the [[Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom]] World Heritage Site, together with nearby [[Hwando]] Mountain City and the [[Wunü Mountain|Onyeosan]] City, in modern [[northeast China]].

==History==
Gungnae was chosen to become the capital city by the ruler, [[Yuri of Goguryeo| Yuri]] during the 10th month of the year 3 AD. The city was sacked several times until the rise of the 19th ruler, [[Gwanggaeto the Great]], who greatly expanded [[Goguryeo]]'s territory and made it a formidable power in northeast Asia.<ref>Water Jung, 《Nation building:the geopolitical history of Korea》, University Press of America, 1998. {{ISBN|0761812733}} p.18</ref> When King Gwanggaeto died in 413, his son, [[Jangsu of Goguryeo]], inherited the throne and moved the capital down to [[Pyongyang]] in 427.<ref>Hyon-hui Yi, Song-su Pak, Naehyeon Yun, 《New history of Korea》, Jimoondang, 2005, p.224 {{ISBN|8988095855}}</ref> The city played a central role of the kingdom after the power transfer.<ref name="Goguryeo">Ho-tae Cheon, 《The Dreams of the Living and Hopes of the Dead:Goguryeo Tomb Murals》, Seoul National University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|8952107292}} p.4, p.10</ref>

Just before the fall of Goguryeo, Gungnae City fell to the [[Silla]]-[[Tang dynasty|Tang Chinese]] alliance when General [[Yŏn Namsaeng]], son of [[Yŏn Kaesomun]], surrendered the city in 666.<ref name="Goguryeo"></ref>  Goguryeo fell in 668<ref>Djun Kil Kim, "This history of Korea, 2nd edition", The greenwood histories of the modern nations, {{ISBN|1610695828}}, p.43</ref> when the Tang army captured Pyongyang and took [[Bojang of Goguryeo|King Bojang]] and [[Yŏn Namgŏn]] into custody.<ref>Northeast History Foundation, "Journal of Northeast Asian History" Vol.4 1-2. 2007. p.181</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="225" heights="200" classes="center">
File:Statues and Gungnae Fortress (GuoNei Fortress).JPG|Modern statues in the ruins
File:Stretch of Gungnae Fortress Wall (GuoNei Fortress).JPG|City wall
File:Corner of Gungnae Fortress (GuoNei Fortress).JPG|A corner of the ruins
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jilin topics}}

[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in China]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Jilin]]
[[Category:Ancient Korean cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Korea]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in China]]
[[Category:Goguryeo fortresses]]