View source for Grumman Gulfstream I

{{Short description|1958 executive aircraft by Grumman}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = Gulfstream I
  |image = File:Uscg vc4gulfstream 1380 1964.jpg
  |caption = USCG VC-4A Gulfstream I in flight, 1964
  |type = Business aircraft
  |national_origin = [[United States]]
  |manufacturer = [[Grumman]]
  |designer =
  |first_flight = August 14, 1958<ref name="Janes 65p238"/>
  |introduction =
  |retired =
  |status =
  |primary_user =
  |more_users =
  |produced = 1959–1969<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=236 |title=Grumman G-159 Gulfstream I &#124; Airliners.net |access-date=2009-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429014249/http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=236 |archive-date=2010-04-29 }}</ref>
  |number_built = 200
  |unit cost =
  |developed_from =
  |variants =
}}

The '''Grumman Gulfstream I''' (company designation '''G-159''') is a twin-turboprop business aircraft. It first flew on August 14, 1958.

==Design and development==
After first rejecting an idea to develop the [[Grumman Widgeon]] as an executive transport, the company studied producing an executive transport based on a turbine-powered variant of the naval utility transport [[Grumman C-1 Trader|Grumman TF-1 Trader]]. The company had already determined that any new aircraft would have to be [[turboprop]]-powered and the [[Rolls-Royce Dart]] engine was chosen. Further studies showed that the Trader-based design would not sell and they needed an all-new design with a low-wing and room to stand up in the cabin.  In June 1957 the design of G-159 was finalised and Grumman started selling slots on the production line at $10,000 each. The initial customers worked with Grumman on the detailed design and avionics fit. The G-159 was given the name ''Gulfstream'' and on 14 August 1958 the first aircraft, registered ''N701G'', took off from [[Bethpage, New York]] on its maiden flight. By 2 May 1959 the aircraft was awarded a [[type certificate]] by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA).

The Gulfstream I is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a semi-[[monocoque]] aluminium alloy fuselage structure. The aircraft is powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart turboprops with [[Dowty Rotol|Rotol]] four-bladed constant speed propellers. The Gulfstream I has a retractable tricycle landing gear, with twin wheels on the two main units and the nose gear.  The cabin is designed to take up to twenty-four passengers in a high-density arrangement or only eight in an executive layout, although ten to twelve was more usual. The aircraft has a hydraulically operated airstair in the forward cabin for entry and exit.

A single Gulfstream I was delivered to the [[United States Coast Guard]] (USCG) in 1963, outfitted as an executive transport and designated the '''VC-4A'''. Around this time, the [[United States Navy]] (USN) proposed to purchase the Gulfstream I as a navigation [[trainer aircraft|trainer]] and a multirole trainer/transport, designating the new variants as the '''T-41A''' and '''TC-4B''' respectively; however, the purchase was deferred. The USN finally purchased nine navigation trainers in 1966 as the '''TC-4C Academe'''; these were used to train bombardier/navigators for the [[A-6 Intruder]].<ref name=SBNavy>{{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |date=1976 |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |edition=2nd  |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-968-5 |page=439}}</ref> The USCG VC-4A was transferred to the Aircraft Repair and Supply Center (ARSC) at [[Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City]] in 1983, and was later used as a logistics and long-range command and control aircraft until 2001; it was scrapped in 2002. Another Gulfstream I was transferred to the USCG from [[NASA]] in 2001 as a replacement; this second VC-4A was returned to NASA in 2004.<ref name=USCG>{{cite web | title=Grumman VC-4A Gulfstream I | date=3 May 2022| publisher=United States Coast Guard | url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/browse-by-topic/Aviation/Article/3017291/grumman-vc-4a-gulfstream-i/ |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=USCG_Baugher>{{cite web |url=https://www.joebaugher.com/coastguardseries.html |title=US Coast Guard Aircraft Serials |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=1 September 2023 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>

A 37-passenger stretched version, the G-159C, was developed by [[Gulfstream Aerospace|Gulfstream]] for regional airline use. Five were delivered from November 1980.<ref>Frawley, p.132</ref> Air North (based in Plattsburgh NY and which subsequently changed  its name to [[Brockway Air]]) was one of the few airlines in the U.S. to use this version before its [[Takeover|acquisition]] by [[Brockway Glass]].  Another Gulfstream I-C airline operator was Chaparral Airlines which flew passenger services  as [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] via a codesharing agreement with [[American Airlines]]. [[Royale Airlines]] also operated the G-I in scheduled passenger service in the U.S. operating as [[Continental Connection]] on behalf of [[Continental Airlines]]; however, its aircraft were standard length G-159 models and thus were not the stretched version.  Several other airlines in the U.S. as well. Air carriers in Africa, Canada, Europe and the Mideast also operated standard Gulfstream Is in scheduled passenger service, including Peregrine Air Services in the U.K., which operated airline flights for [[British Airways]].

==Operational history==
[[File:WD-G-1.jpg|thumb|Walt Disney Company G-I on display in Florida]]

As of August 2006, a total of 44 Grumman Gulfstream I aircraft remained in service. The major operator is [[Phoenix Air (USA)|Phoenix Air]] in the [[United States]] with 13 aircraft. Some 19 other airlines also operate the type.<ref>[[Flight International]], 3–9 October 2006</ref> A G-I purchased by [[Walt Disney]] in 1964 and last flown on Oct. 8, 1992 was on display at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] and is set to be moved to [[Palm Springs Air Museum]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://d23.com/walt-disneys-airplane-returns-to-palm-springs-after-d23-expo/ | title=Walt Disney's Airplane Returns to Palm Springs After D23 Expo | date=9 September 2022 }}</ref> The aircraft logged 8800 flights and 20,000 flight hours with notable passengers [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Julie Andrews]], [[Hugh O'Brian]], and [[Annette Funicello]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air Progress|date=March 1993|page=73}}</ref> The [[U.S. Agency for Global Media|Broadcasting Board of Governors]] operated a Gulfstream I as an airborne broadcasting studio for [[Radio y Televisión Martí]] in international airspace near Cuba from 2006 to 2013.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air & Space Magazine|title=AeroMartí Signs Off The airplane that doubled as a TV station|author=Amy Thompson|date=October 2014}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:TC-4C Acedeme at NAS Oceana 1989.JPEG|thumb|A U.S. Navy TC-4C Academe from [[Attack Squadron 42 (United States Navy)|VA-42]] at [[Naval Air Station Oceana|NAS Oceana]], 1989.]]
;G-159 Gulfstream I
:Twin-engined executive, corporate transport aircraft with accommodation for up to 14 passengers, powered by two 2,210-shp (1648-kW) [[Rolls-Royce Dart|Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.7/2 Mk 529-8X]] turboprop engines. 200 built.
;G-159C Gulfstream I-C
:Stretched regional airline version. Five G-I aircraft were converted into Gulfstream I-Cs, by having the fuselage lengthened by {{convert|10|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}} to provide seating for up to 37 passengers.
;T-41A
:Pre-production US Navy designation for navigation trainer variant. Redesignated TC-4C.<ref name=SBNavy/>{{efn|The T-41A designation was reassigned to the initial production variant of the [[Cessna T-41 Mescalero]].}}
;VC-4A
:VIP transport version for the US Coast Guard. One built, one transferred from NASA.<ref name=SBNavy/><ref name=USCG_Baugher/>
;TC-4B
:Pre-production US Navy designation for trainer/transport variant. Purchase canceled.<ref name=SBNavy/>
;TC-4C Academe
:[[File:TC-4C used by VA-42-side.jpg|thumb|TC-4C aircraft used by VA-42 at Davis-Monthan in 2018]]
:Trainer for US Navy and Marine Corps [[A-6 Intruder]] bombardier/navigators, nine ordered in 1966,<ref name=SBNavy/> first flown in 1967. Aircraft were fitted with an A-6 nose radome, a simulated A-6 cockpit and four bombardier/navigator consoles.{{cn|date=June 2024}}  The aircraft used by VA-42 was last seen in 2018 at the [[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base|Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG).  The "Green Pawn" emblem is still visible on the tail.{{cn|date=June 2024}}{{Update inline|date=June 2024}}

==Operators==
Most of the 200 Gulfstream I propjets were operated by corporate customers, with a smaller number operated by regional or commuter airlines as well as by government agencies and the military. [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency, flew the Gulfstream I as a passenger transport aircraft and operated seven G-Is.  Throughout the 1970s and mid-80s the [[Ford Motor Company]] operated a G-1 for their executives in Brazil.  The [[Walt Disney Company]] operated Gulfstream S.N. 121 with the factory assigned tail number N732G from December of 1963 to October 4, 1967, when it was changed to N234MM.

===Civilian operators===
[[File:Grumman G159 Gulfstream I OY-BEG Cimber CPH 24.09.81 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|Gulfstream I of Cimber Air operating a scheduled service from Copenhagen Airport in 1981]]

;{{CAN}}
* [[Ptarmigan Airways]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* [[Wardair]]
;{{DEN}}
* [[Cimber Air]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{flagicon|DRC}} Democratic Republic of Congo
* Malu Aviation
;{{FRA}}
* [[Air Provence]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{GAB}}
* [[Gabon Express]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{ISR}}
* Aeroel Airways - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{KEN}}
* East African Safari Air - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* Kenya Flamingo Airways - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{ESP}}
* Seven Air - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{SWE}}
* [[Swedish Civil Aviation Administration]] (CAA) - [[Flight inspection]] ([[Radio Navigational Aids]]).
;{{GBR}}
* [[Air Ecosse|Aberdeen Airways]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* [[Birmingham European Airways]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* [[Birmingham Executive Airways]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* [[British Airways]] -  Former scheduled passenger airline feeder service operated via contract by Peregrine Air Services.
* [[Capital Airlines (United States)|Capital Airlines]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
;{{USA}}
* Air North - Former scheduled passenger airline operator of the stretched, 37-passenger Gulfstream I-C.  Air North, which operated in the northeast U.S.,  subsequently changed its name to [[Brockway Air]].
* Air US - Former scheduled passenger airline operator flying several commuter routes from [[Denver]] [[Stapleton International Airport]] (DEN).  Fleet included stretched, 37-passenger Gulfstream I-C aircraft.
* [[Bonanza Air Lines]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* Chaparral Airlines - Former scheduled passenger airline operator of the stretched, 37-passenger Gulfstream I-C. Chaparral operated as [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] providing passenger feed for the [[American Airlines]] hub located at the [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]] (DFW).
* Coleman Air Transport - Former scheduled passenger airline operator which operated a small hub at the [[Chicago Rockford International Airport]] (RFD) in Illinois.<ref>http://www.departedflights.com, Nov. 15, 1979 Official Airline Guide (OAG), Rockford flight schedules</ref>
[[File:Nasa N5VX.jpg|thumb|Nasa G-I at [[Prestwick]], 1989]]
* [[NASA]] - Former operator with seven G-I aircraft being used to transport NASA and space program contractor personnel between the civilian space agency's various centers and facilities in the U.S.
* [[Phoenix Air (USA)|Phoenix Air]]
* [[Royale Airlines]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator with some flights operated via a code-sharing agreement with [[Continental Airlines]] providing passenger feed for the Continental hub located at [[Houston Intercontinental Airport]] (IAH).
* Scenic Air - Former scheduled passenger airline operator with service from [[Oakland International Airport]] (OAK).
* [[Southeast Airlines]] - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.
* Susquehanna Airlines - Former scheduled passenger airline operator.

===Military operators===
[[File:HAFm 7078.JPG|thumb|G-159 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum at Dekelia (Tatoi), Athens, Greece]]
;{{GRE}}
* [[Hellenic Air Force]] - One aircraft delivered in July 1964, now preserved at Dekelia Air Base. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haf.gr/en/history/museum/exhibits/ |title=Hellenic Air Force Museum exhibits |publisher = Hellenic Air Force }}</ref>
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Army]] - The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] operated a single Gulfstream I (with a civilian colour scheme and registration) between 1961 and 1981. The US Army also later received at least one  Gulfstream I that had been confiscated from drug dealers.<ref name="Harding Army p131-3">Harding 1990, pp. 131–133.</ref>
* [[United States Coast Guard]]
* [[United States Marine Corps]]
* [[United States Navy]]

==Specifications==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66 <ref name="Janes 65p238">Taylor 1965, p.238.</ref><!-- reference -->
|prime units?=imp<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show -->
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=10–24 passengers / {{cvt|4270|lb|0}} maximum payload
|length ft=63
|length in=9
|length note=
|span ft=78
|span in=6
|span note=
|height ft=22
|height in=9
|height note=
|wing area sqft=610.3
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=10
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 63A-214]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 63A-314]]
|empty weight lb=21900
|empty weight note=equipped
*'''Maximum zero-fuel weight:''' {{cvt|26170|lb|0}}
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=35100
|max takeoff weight note=<br />
*'''Maximum landing weight:''' {{cvt|33600|lb|0}}
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1550|USgal|impgal l|1}} in integral wing tanks
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Dart Mk.529]] or Mk.529-8E
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]]
|eng1 shp=2190
|eng1 note=equivalent

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=[[Rotol]] constant-speed fully-feathering propellers
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed mph=348
|cruise speed note=maximum cruise, at {{convert|25000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at MTOW
::::{{cvt|288|mph|kn km/h|0}} economical cruise, at {{convert|25000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at MTOW
*'''Approach speed;''' {{cvt|128|mph|kn km/h|0}}
|stall speed kmh=<!-- aerobatic -->
|stall speed mph=<!-- aerobatic -->
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range miles=2540
|range note=with max. fuel, {{cvt|2740|lb|0}} payload, 45 minutes hold and {{cvt|200|mi|nmi km|0}} diversion
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=33600
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1900
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=57.2
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|more performance=<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|2550|ft|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt|2875|ft|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|1525|ft|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt|2125|ft|0}}
*'''FAA take-off field length:''' {{cvt|4350|ft|0}}
*'''FAA landing field length:''' {{cvt|4000|ft|0}}
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Grumman Gulfstream II]]
* [[Gulfstream III]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Beechcraft King Air]]
* [[Dassault Hirondelle]]
* [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite book |last= Frawley|first= Gerard|title=The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003-2004 |year= 2003 |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location= Fyshwick, ACT, Australia |isbn=1-875671-58-7 |pages=132 }}
* {{cite book|last=Harding |first= Stephen|title= U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947  |year= 1990|publisher= Airlife|location=Shrewsbury, UK |isbn=1-85310-102-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|author-link=John W. R. Taylor |title= Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66 |year=1965 |publisher=Samson Low, Marston |location= London}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Grumman Gulfstream I}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100429014249/http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=236 The Grumman G-159 Gulfstream I on Airliners.net]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200921.html "Dart-Powered Executive"] a 1959 ''Flight'' article on the Gulfstream
* [http://g159hrm.com/ "Online Gulfstream 1 Museum"] Information on every G159 manufactured

{{Grumman aircraft}}
{{Gulfstream}}
{{US transport aircraft}}

[[Category:1950s United States business aircraft]]
[[Category:Grumman aircraft|Gulfstream I]]
[[Category:Gulfstream aircraft|Gulfstream I]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1958]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]