View source for Group concept mapping

{{short description|Method of organizing groups of related concepts}}
{{Distinguish|Concept mapping}}
[[File:Concept Map Showing Clusters.jpg|thumb|A group concept map showing clusters]]
{{InfoMaps}}
'''Group concept mapping''' is a structured methodology for organizing the ideas of a group on any topic of interest and representing those ideas visually in a series of interrelated maps.<ref name="ref1">Kane M, Trochim WM (2007). Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</ref><ref name="ref2">Trochim W (1989). [https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/research/epp89/Trochim1.pdf An introduction to concept mapping for evaluation and planning]. Evaluation and Program Planning, 12(1), 1–16.</ref> It is a type of integrative [[Mixed-method research|mixed method]],<ref>Caracelli VW, Greene JC (1993). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/01623737015002195 Data analysis strategies for mixed-method evaluation designs]. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(2), 195–207.</ref><ref>Greene JC, Caracelli VJ, Graham WF (1989). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1004.4570&rep=rep1&type=pdf Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs]. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 255–274.</ref> combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to [[data collection]] and [[analysis]]. Group concept mapping allows for a collaborative group process with groups of any size, including a broad and diverse array of participants.<ref name="ref1" /> Since its development in the late 1980s by William M.K. Trochim at [[Cornell University]], it has been applied to various fields and contexts, including community and public health,<ref>Rao JK, Alongi J, Anderson LA, Jenkins L, Stokes GA, Kane M (2005). [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/88ab/b4a3554ccf7a52f644fd8dc4e5c9d3ca3e36.pdf Development of public health priorities for end-of-life initiatives]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(5), 453–460.</ref><ref>Risisky D, Hogan VK, Kane M, Burt B, Dove C, Payton M (2008). [https://www.academia.edu/download/44627736/ethn-18-01-77.pdf Concept mapping as a tool to engage a community in health disparity identification]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Ethnicity & Disease, 18, 77–83.</ref><ref>Trochim W, Milstein B, Wood B, Jackson S, Pressler V (2004). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.929.6511&rep=rep1&type=pdf Setting objectives for community and systems change: an application of concept mapping for planning a statewide health improvement initiative]. Health Promotion Practice, 5, 8–19.</ref><ref>Trochim WM, Cabrera DA, Milstein B, Gallagher RS, Leischow SJ (2006). [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066001 Practical challenges of systems thinking and modeling in public health]. American Journal of Public Health, 96(3), 538–546.</ref> social work,<ref>Petrucci C, Quinlan KM (2007). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J079v34n02_03 Bridging the research-practice gap: concept mapping as a mixed-methods strategy in practice-based research and evaluation]. Journal of Social Science Research, 34(2), 25–42.</ref><ref>Ridings JW, Powell DM, Johnson JE, Pullie CJ, Jones CM, Jones RL, Terrell KJ (2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10705420801977890 Using concept mapping to promote community building: the African American Initiative at Roseland]. Journal of Community Practice, 16(1), 39–63.</ref> health care,<ref>Trochim WM, Kane M (2005). [https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/17/3/187/1837835 Concept mapping: an introduction to structured conceptualization in health care]. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 7(3),187–191.</ref> human services,<ref>Pammer W, Haney M, Wood BM, Brooks RG, Morse K, Hicks P, Handler EG, Rogers H, Jennett P (2001). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Penny_Jennett/publication/11813571_Use_of_Telehealth_Technology_to_Extend_Child_Protection_Team_Services/links/004635193c90266a09000000/Use-of-Telehealth-Technology-to-Extend-Child-Protection-Team-Services.pdf Use of telehealth technology to extend child protection team services]. Pediatrics, 108(3), 584–590.</ref><ref>Paulson BL, Truscott D, Stuart J (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Derek_Truscott/publication/232463291_Clients'_perceptions_of_helpful_experiences_in_counseling/links/549ef8d70cf281d393a252d5.pdf Clients' perceptions of helpful experiences in counseling]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 317–324.</ref> and biomedical research and evaluation.<ref>Kagan JM, Kane M, Quinlan KM, Rosas S, Trochim WMK (2009). [https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4505-7-12 Developing a conceptual framework for an evaluation system for the NIAID HIV/AIDS clinical trials networks]. Health Research Policy and Systems, 7, 12.</ref><ref>Robinson JM, Trochim WMK (2007). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13557850701616987 An examination of community members', researchers' and health professionals' perceptions of barriers to minority participation in medical research: an application of concept mapping]. Ethnicity & Health, 12(5), 521–539.</ref><ref>Trochim WM, Markus SE, Masse LC, Moser RP, and Weld PC (2008). [https://www.academia.edu/download/41989813/The_evaluation_of_large_research_initiat20160203-21599-1ca6chy.pdf The evaluation of large research initiatives: a participatory integrative mixed-methods approach]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. American Journal of Evaluation, 29(1), 8–28.</ref>

==Overview==
Group concept mapping integrates qualitative group processes with [[multivariate analysis]] to help a group organize and visually represent its ideas on any topic of interest through a series of related maps.<ref name="ref1" /><ref name="ref2" /> It combines the ideas of diverse participants to show what the group thinks and values in relation to the specific topic of interest. It is a type of structured conceptualization used by groups to develop a conceptual framework, often to help guide evaluation and planning efforts.<ref name="ref2" /> Group concept mapping is participatory in nature, allowing participants to have an equal voice and to contribute through various methods.<ref name="ref1" /> A group concept map visually represents all the ideas of a group and how they relate to each other, and depending on the scale, which ideas are more relevant, important, or feasible.

==Process==

Group concept mapping involves a structured multi-step process, including [[brainstorming]], sorting and rating, [[multidimensional scaling]] and [[cluster analysis]], and the generation and interpretation of multiple maps.<ref name="ref1" /><ref name="ref2" /> The first step requires participants to brainstorm a large set of statements relevant to the topic of interest, usually in response to a focus prompt. Participants are then asked to individually sort those statements into categories based on their perceived similarity and rate each statement on one or more scales, such as importance or feasibility.

The data is then analyzed using The Concept System software, which creates a series of interrelated maps using [[multidimensional scaling]] (MDS) of the sort data, [[hierarchical clustering]] of the MDS coordinates applying [[Ward's method]], and the computation of average ratings for each statement and cluster of statements.<ref name="ref3">Rosas SR, Camphausen (2007). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718907000043 The use of concept mapping for scale development and validation in evaluation]. Evaluation and Program Planning, 30, 125–135.</ref> The resulting maps display the individual statements in two-dimensional space with more similar statements located closer to each other, and grouped into clusters that partition the space on the map. The Concept System software also creates other maps that show the statements in each cluster rated on one or more scales, and absolute or relative cluster ratings between two cluster sets. As a last step in the process, participants are led through a structured interpretation session to better understand and label all the maps.

==History==
Group concept mapping was developed as a methodology in the late 1980s by William M.K. Trochim at [[Cornell University]]. Trochim is considered to be a leading evaluation expert, and he has taught evaluation and research methods at Cornell since 1980.<ref name="ref4">Cornell University, College of Human Ecology (2012). William Trochim biographical statement. http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=wmt1.</ref> Originally called "concept mapping", the methodology has evolved since its inception with the maturation of the field and the continued advancement of the software, which is now a Web application.

==Uses==
Group concept mapping can be used with any group for any topic of interest. It is often used by government agencies, academic institutions, national associations, not-for-profit and community-based organizations, and private businesses to help turn the ideas of the group into measurable actions. This includes in the areas of organizational development, strategic planning, needs assessment, curriculum development, research, and evaluation.<ref name="ref1" /> Group concept mapping is well-documented, well-established methodology, and it has been used in hundreds of published papers.

==Versus concept mapping and mind mapping==
{{Main|Concept map|Mind map}}
More generally, concept mapping is any process used for visually representing relationships between ideas in pictures or diagrams.<ref name="ref1" /> A [[concept map]] is typically a diagram of multiple ideas, often represented as boxes or circles, linked in a [[Graph drawing|graph (network) structure]] through arrows and words where each idea is connected to another.<ref name="ref5" /> The technique was originally developed in the 1970s by [[Joseph D. Novak]] at [[Cornell University]].<ref name="ref5">Novak JD, Gowin DB (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jkBcSDQPXcC Learning How to Learn]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Concept mapping may be done by an individual or a group.

A [[mind map]] is a diagram used to visually represent information, centering on one word or idea with categories and sub-categories radiating off of it in a [[tree structure]].<ref>Buzan T (2010). The Mind Map Book: Unlock Your Creativity, Boost Your Memory, Change Your Life. Essex: British Broadcasting Company.</ref> Popularized by [[Tony Buzan]] in the 1970s, mind mapping is often a spontaneous exercise done by an individual or group to gather information about what they think around a single topic.

Unlike Novak's concept maps and Buzan's mind maps, ''group concept mapping'' has a structured mathematical process (sorting and rating, [[multidimensional scaling]] and [[cluster analysis]]) for organizing and visually representing multiple ideas of a group through a series of specific steps.<ref name="ref1" /> In other words, in group concept mapping, the resulting visual representations are mathematically generated from mixed ([[Qualitative research|qualitative]] and [[Quantitative research|quantitative]]) data collected from a group of [[Human subject research|research subject]]s, whereas in Novak's concept maps and Buzan's mind maps the visual representations are drawn directly by the subjects resulting in diagrams that are qualitative data and final product at the same time.

==See also==
* [[Card sorting]]
* [[Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software]]
* [[Idea networking]]&nbsp;– a very similar method of cluster analysis
* [[Knowledge representation and reasoning]]
* [[List of concept- and mind-mapping software]]
* [[Problem structuring methods]]
* [[Q methodology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/mapping/mapping.htm Concept mapping research guide]

[[Category:Diagrams]]
[[Category:Knowledge representation]]
[[Category:Survey methodology]]